Search CTL/CD8+ T-Cell Epitope Database

Found 18 matching records:

Displaying record number 59962

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Pol(888-896)
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	KF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*1524)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Flow cytometric T-cell cytokine assay
Keywords	rate of progression, optimal epitope

Notes

Correlation between HLA class I and spontaneous control of HIV-1 was significant for 7-8 epitopes when 341 chronic, HIV-infected subjects, divided into controllers and non-controllers, were tested for EliSpot responses to 257 optimally defined epitopes. 21 epitopes were associated with viral progression. Protective epitopes tend to cluster in regions of critical stability for the protein, therefore constraining escape.
KTAVQMAVF had a significantly positive association with HLA B*1524; it was recognized by 1/1 B*1524-positive subjects and 9/204 B*1524-negative subjects.

References

Pereyra2014 Florencia Pereyra, David Heckerman, Jonathan M. Carlson, Carl Kadie, Damien Z. Soghoian, Daniel Karel, Ariel Goldenthal, Oliver B. Davis, Charles E. DeZiel, Tienho Lin, Jian Peng, Alicja Piechocka, Mary Carrington, and Bruce D. Walker. HIV Control Is Mediated in Part by CD8+ T-Cell Targeting of Specific Epitopes. J. Virol., 88(22):12937-12948, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25165115. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 59959

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Pol(888-896)
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	KF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B3502, B3503, B*5301)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Flow cytometric T-cell cytokine assay
Keywords	rate of progression, optimal epitope

Notes

Correlation between HLA class I and spontaneous control of HIV-1 was significant for 7-8 epitopes when 341 chronic, HIV-infected subjects, divided into controllers and non-controllers, were tested for EliSpot responses to 257 optimally defined epitopes. 21 epitopes were associated with viral progression. Protective epitopes tend to cluster in regions of critical stability for the protein, therefore constraining escape.
KTAVQMAVF had a significantly positive association with HLA B*3502,B*3503,B*5301; it was recognized by 7/32 B*3502,B*3503,B*5301-positive subjects and 10/205 B*3502,B*3503,B*5301-negative subjects.

References

Displaying record number 59961

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Pol(888-896)
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	KF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*40)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Flow cytometric T-cell cytokine assay
Keywords	rate of progression, optimal epitope

Notes

Correlation between HLA class I and spontaneous control of HIV-1 was significant for 7-8 epitopes when 341 chronic, HIV-infected subjects, divided into controllers and non-controllers, were tested for EliSpot responses to 257 optimally defined epitopes. 21 epitopes were associated with viral progression. Protective epitopes tend to cluster in regions of critical stability for the protein, therefore constraining escape.
KTAVQMAVF had a significantly positive association with HLA B*40; it was recognized by 3/20 B*40-positive subjects and 6/184 B*40-negative subjects.

References

Displaying record number 53494

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Pol
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	KF9
Subtype	B
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	subtype comparisons, escape, characterizing CD8+ T cells, viral fitness and reversion

Notes

Two-thirds of all mutations arising in non-envelope proteins during the transition from acute to chronic infection were found to be due to either CD8 T-cell-associated selective pressures or reversion of HLA-I-associated mutations selected in a previous host.The predominance of escape mutations at highly polymorphic sites was observed across different HIV-1 clades.
This epitope was quite conserved in people carrying B57, but two substitutions were found in 11 B57+ individuals tested: Rtavqmavf and ktavqmavL.

References

Allen2005a Todd M. Allen, Marcus Altfeld, Shaun C. Geer, Elizabeth T. Kalife, Corey Moore, Kristin M. O'Sullivan, Ivna DeSouza, Margaret E. Feeney, Robert L. Eldridge, Erica L. Maier, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Matthew P. Lahaie, Laura Reyor, Giancarlo Tanzi, Mary N. Johnston, Christian Brander, Rika Draenert, Jurgen K. Rockstroh, Heiko Jessen, Eric S. Rosenberg, Simon A. Mallal, and Bruce D. Walker. Selective Escape from CD8+ T-Cell Responses Represents a Major Driving Force of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Sequence Diversity and Reveals Constraints on HIV-1 Evolution. J. Virol., 79(21):13239-13249, Nov 2005. PubMed ID: 16227247. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 54890

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection, vaccine
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Flow cytometric T-cell cytokine assay
Keywords	vaccine-induced immune responses, characterizing CD8+ T cells

Vaccine Details

Vaccine type	canarypox, canarypox prime with recombinant protein boost
Vaccine strain	B clade BRU, B clade LAI, B clade MN, multiple epitope immunogen
Vaccine component	Gag, gp120, gp41, Nef, Pol, Protease

Notes

CD8+ T-cell function induced by HIV-1 immunogens and natural infection was compared. Natural infections consisted of early, chronic, and long term nonprogressors.
B27- and B57-restricted CD8+ T cells from nonprogressors exhibited greater expansion than those restricted by other alleles, providing an explanation for the observed association between HLA-B27/B57 and control of HIV-1 infection.

References

Horton2006 Helen Horton, Ian Frank, Ruth Baydo, Emilie Jalbert, Justin Penn, Sean Wilson, John P. McNevin, Matthew D. McSweyn, Deborah Lee, Yunda Huang, Stephen C. De Rosa, and M. Juliana McElrath. Preservation of T Cell Proliferation Restricted by Protective HLA Alleles Is Critical for Immune Control of HIV-1 Infection. J. Immunol., 177(10):7406-7415, 15 Nov 2006. PubMed ID: 17082660. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 53552

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Pol(889-897)
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Subtype	B
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Patient MHC/HLA	A1, A3, B57, B7, Cw6, Cw7
Country	United States
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords

Notes

Two-thirds of all mutations arising in non-envelope proteins during the transition from acute to chronic infection were found to be due to either CD8 T-cell-associated selective pressures or reversion of HLA-I-associated mutations selected in a previous host.The predominance of escape mutations at highly polymorphic sites was observed across different HIV-1 clades.
This epitope was reactive, but escape mutations did not accrue in it over time.

References

Displaying record number 581

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Pol(888-896)
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B57)
Immunogen
Experimental methods
Keywords

Notes

Epitope is motif based, personal communication from C. Hay.

References

Hay1999 C. Hay. Personal communication, 1999. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 53646

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*5801, B57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Chromium-release assay
Keywords	responses in children, mother-to-infant transmission, escape

Notes

Escape mutations in TW10 and other B57-restricted epitopes were shown to arise early in infants following perinatal infection. Some escape variants were likely to have been transmitted vertically, from HLA-B57/5801 positive HIV-1 infected mothers, while others arose during infancy in cases where the children inherited the B57/5801 allele paternally. In contrast to adults, the majority of children showed a robust response to the escape variants, suggesting that infants are able to mount functional immune responses and drive immune escape and that a developing immune system may exhibit greater plasticity in recognizing viral variants.

References

Feeney2005a Margaret E. Feeney, Yanhua Tang, Katja Pfafferott, Kathleen A. Roosevelt, Rika Draenert, Alicja Trocha, Xu G. Yu, Cori Verrill, Todd Allen, Corey Moore, Simon Mallal, Sandra Burchett, Kenneth McIntosh, Stephen I. Pelton, M. Anne St. John, Rohan Hazra, Paul Klenerman, Marcus Altfeld, Bruce D. Walker, and Philip J. R. Goulder. HIV-1 Viral Escape in Infancy Followed by Emergence of a Variant-Specific CTL Response. J. Immunol., 174(12):7524-7530, 15 Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15944251. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 61566

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Integrase
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	B57-KF9(int)
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Intracellular cytokine staining
Keywords	acute/early infection, protective allele

Notes

HLA-B*57-restricted CTL responses were relatively immunodominant in breadth and strength during acute early infection of HIV-1. 6/9 HLA-B*57 patients controlled viremia to <5000 copies/ml for up to 29 months post-infection.
Epitope B57-KF9(int), KTAVQMAVF, elicited no CTL response in 9 acute early HIV-1-infected subjects.

References

Altfeld2003a Marcus Altfeld, Marylyn M. Addo, Eric S. Rosenberg, Frederick M. Hecht, Paul K. Lee, Martin Vogel, Xu G. Yu, Rika Draenert, Mary N. Johnston, Daryld Strick, Todd M. Allen, Margaret E. Feeney, James O. Kahn, Rafick P. Sekaly, Jay A. Levy, Jürgen K. Rockstroh, Philip J. Goulder, and Bruce D. Walker. Influence of HLA-B57 on Clinical Presentation and Viral Control during Acute HIV-1 Infection. AIDS, 17(18):2581-2591, 5 Dec 2003. PubMed ID: 14685052. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 54382

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	KF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	escape

Notes

Impact of CTL escape mutations in HLA-B57 positive elite supressors was examined. Escape mutations in B57-restricted Gag epitopes were present in all viruses derived from plasma but were lacking in proviruses, suggesting a strong selective pressure acting upon virus in plasma. IFN-gamma responses were detected to both wild-type epitopes and mutant plasma virus epitopes. In some individuals, CD8 IL-2 secretion, rather than IFN-gamma responses, showed better correlation with the plasma viral variants.
HLA-B*57-restricted optimal epitope KTAVQMAVF was tested for immune response.

References

Bailey2006 Justin R. Bailey, Thomas M. Williams, Robert F. Siliciano, and Joel N. Blankson. Maintenance of Viral Suppression in HIV-1-Infected HLA-B*57+ Elite Suppressors Despite CTL Escape Mutations. J. Exp. Med., 203(5):1357-1369, 15 May 2006. PubMed ID: 16682496. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 54820

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Integrase(173-181)
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	intKF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Country	Kenya, United Kingdom
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	TCR usage, structure, characterizing CD8+ T cells

Notes

CD8+ T cell repertoire recognizing KAFSPEVIPMF [KF11] and variants and the structure of individual B*57-peptide complexes were studied.
In addition, immunodominancy of the previously mapped B*57 epitopes during chronic infection was assessed. KGFNPEVIPMF and ISPRTLNAW were immunodominant both in frequency and magnitude of recognition.

References

Gillespie2006 Geraldine M. A. Gillespie, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Jaya Rengasamy, Tara Beattie, Job J. Bwayo, Francis A. Plummer, Rupert Kaul, Andrew J. McMichael, Philippa Easterbrook, Tao Dong, E. Yvonne Jones, and Sarah L. Rowland-Jones. Strong TCR Conservation and Altered T Cell Cross-Reactivity Characterize a B*57-Restricted Immune Response in HIV-1 Infection. J. Immunol., 177(6):3893-3902, 15 Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 16951352. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 59309

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Integrase
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	KF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	rate of progression

Notes

620 patients in early/acute stages of infection were screened for Elispot responses to optimally defined epitopes to find associations between specific CTL responses and long-term control of HIV-1. Seven epitope-specific responses were associated with delayed initiation of ART, and 12 were associated with a more rapid initiation of therapy. While initial viremia, HLA Class I genotype and viral set points were associated, breadth and magnitude of response did not influence early viral set point. A broader CTL response to Gag, however, associates with slower disease progression.
Initial specificity of CTL response rather than restricting HLA-I molecule contributes to disease control.
The HLA-B*57-restricted epitope KTAVQMAVF was associated with accelerated initiation of ART.

References

Streeck2014 Hendrik Streeck, Richard Lu, Noor Beckwith, Mark Milazzo, Michelle Liu, Jean-Pierre Routy, Susan Little, Heiko Jessen, Anthony D. Kelleher, Frederick Hecht, Rafick-Pierre Sekaly, Galit Alter, David Heckerman, Mary Carrington, Eric S. Rosenberg, and Marcus Altfeld. Emergence of Individual HIV-Specific CD8 T Cell Responses during Primary HIV-1 Infection Can Determine Long-Term Disease Outcome. J. Virol., 88(21):12793-12801, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25165102. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 59960

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Pol(888-896)
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	KF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Flow cytometric T-cell cytokine assay
Keywords	rate of progression, optimal epitope

Notes

Correlation between HLA class I and spontaneous control of HIV-1 was significant for 7-8 epitopes when 341 chronic, HIV-infected subjects, divided into controllers and non-controllers, were tested for EliSpot responses to 257 optimally defined epitopes. 21 epitopes were associated with viral progression. Protective epitopes tend to cluster in regions of critical stability for the protein, therefore constraining escape.
KTAVQMAVF had a significantly positive association with HLA B*57; it was recognized by 18/104 B*57-positive subjects and 17/237 B*57-negative subjects.

References

Displaying record number 582

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Pol(888-896)
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*5701)
Immunogen
Experimental methods
Keywords	optimal epitope

Notes

C. Brander notes this is a B*5701 epitope.
Epitope is motif based, personal communication from C. Hay.
Subtype of B*57 not determined.

References

Llano2019 Anuska Llano, Samandhy Cedeño, Sandra Silva Arrieta, and Christian Brander. The 2019 Optimal HIV CTL Epitopes Update: Growing Diversity in Epitope Length and HLA restriction. 2019. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 58826

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Integrase
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	KF9 Int
Subtype	C
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B5703, B5801)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Country	Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, HLA binding, Intracellular cytokine staining, Tetramer binding
Keywords	optimal epitope, HLA associated polymorphism, novel epitope

Notes

1,010-HIV C clade-chronically infected subjects were tested in order to distinguish levels of immune control by related but different HLA-B*57/58. B*57 micropolymorphisms (B*5703 and B*5702) as well as B*5801 have differing CTL specificity and also present different p24 Gag epitopes. This results in different immune selection pressures on the HIV-C virus.
Though all three studied HLA alleles, B*5801, B*5702 and B*5703 are significantly associated with lower viral-load (VL) set points, HLA-B*5703, followed closely by B*5702 is the most potent controller with lowest VL and HLA-B*5702, followed by B*5703 and then B*5801 are associated with highest CD4 counts.
By using 410 overlapping 18-mers that span the HIV-C proteome in EliSpot assays, 17 epitopes were identified that are presented by one of HLAs-B*5801/5702/5703, 13 of them novel.
Novel epitope KF9 Int, KTAVQMAVF, was previously known to bind HLA-B*5703, but here was found to also be restricted by B*5801. ˜10% B*5702-positive responders recognized KF9 Int, while <10% of B*5801- and B*5703-positive responders recognized it.
The binding affinity of KF9 Int is greatest to B*5702, but stability is greatest with HLA-B*5703, followed by -B*5801.
˜10% B*5702-positive subjects carried mutations in KF9 Int, while <10% of non-B*57 subjects sustained KF9 variations. At 20%, the largest number of KF9 mutations were seen in HLA-B*5801-positive subjects, but there were no detectable changes in KF9 Int in B*5703-subjects.

References

Kloverpris2012 Henrik N. Kloverpris, Anette Stryhn, Mikkel Harndahl, Mary van der Stok, Rebecca P. Payne, Philippa C. Matthews, Fabian Chen, Lynn Riddell, Bruce D. Walker, Thumbi Ndung'u, Søren Buus, and Philip Goulder. HLA-B*57 Micropolymorphism Shapes HLA Allele-Specific Epitope Immunogenicity, Selection Pressure, and HIV Immune Control. J. Virol., 86(2):919-929, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22090105. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 57890

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Integrase
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Subtype	C
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*5801)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Patient MHC/HLA	A0205, A2601, B0705, B5801, Cw0701, Cw0702
Country	South Africa
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	rate of progression, acute/early infection

Notes

HLA-B*5801 is associated with slow progression. Six B*5801-positive subtype C-infected subjects were followed for up to 31 months from infection. CTL responses during acute infection predominantly targeted the TW10 and KF9 epitopes. Transmitted escape and compensatory mutations appeared to limit the protective effect of the B*5801 allele.
In EliSpot assays of overlapping peptides across the entire proteome, 1/6 patients targeted a peptide containing this epitope; a single-peptide response was not confirmed.

References

Chopera2011 D. R. Chopera, M. Mlotshwa, Z. Woodman, K. Mlisana, D. de Assis Rosa, D. P. Martin, S. Abdool Karim, C. M. Gray, C. Williamson, and CAPRISA 002 Study Team. Virological and Immunological Factors Associated with HIV-1 Differential Disease Progression in HLA-B*58:01-Positive Individuals. J. Virol., 85(14):7070-7080, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21613398. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 57881

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location	Integrase
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Subtype	C
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*5801)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Country	South Africa
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	rate of progression, acute/early infection

Notes

HLA-B*5801 is associated with slow progression. Six B*5801-positive subtype C-infected subjects were followed for up to 31 months from infection. CTL responses during acute infection predominantly targeted the TW10 and KF9 epitopes. Transmitted escape and compensatory mutations appeared to limit the protective effect of the B*5801 allele.
In EliSpot assays of overlapping peptides across the entire proteome, 2/6 patients targeted a peptide containing this epitope; a single-peptide response was not confirmed.

References

Displaying record number 57664

HXB2 Location	Pol(888-896) Integrase(173-181) DNA(4746..4772)	Pol Epitope Map
Author Location
Epitope	`KTAVQMAVF`	Epitope Alignment
Species (MHC/HLA)	macaque
Immunogen	vaccine
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell RecycleSpot - IFNγ
Keywords	vaccine-induced immune responses, vaccine antigen design

Vaccine Details

Vaccine type	DNA, modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), Semliki-Forest Virus, adenovirus, Long Peptides, HIVconsv
Adjuvant	Montanide (ISA 51)

Notes

Immunogenicity of HICconsv (HIV conserved regions) vaccine was studied in rhesus macaques. Six different vaccine modalities were delivered: plasmid DNA, attenuated human and chimpanzee adenoviruses, modified vaccinia virus Ankara, synthetic long peptides, and Semliki Forest virus replicons.
Adjuvanted synthetic long peptides HIVconsv (SLP.HIVconsv) elicited T-cell responses to a much larger number of epitopes compared with conventional single-open-reading-frame genetic vaccines
This peptide was recognized by 2/3 HIVconsv-vaccinated rhesus macaques.

References

Rosario2010 Maximillian Rosario, Anne Bridgeman, Esther D. Quakkelaar, Maire F. Quigley, Brenna J. Hill, Maria L. Knudsen, Virginia Ammendola, Karl Ljungberg, Nicola Borthwick, Eung-Jun Im, Andrew J. McMichael, Jan W. Drijfhout, Hui Yee Greenaway, Vanessa Venturi, Daniel C. Douek, Stefano Colloca, Peter Liljeström, Alfredo Nicosia, David A. Price, Cornelis J. M. Melief, and Tomáš Hanke. Long Peptides Induce Polyfunctional T Cells against Conserved Regions of HIV-1 with Superior Breadth to Single-Gene Vaccines in Macaques. Eur. J. Immunol., 40(7):1973-1984, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20468055. Show all entries for this paper.