Search CTL/CD8+ T-Cell Epitope Database

Found 17 matching records:

Displaying record number 59841

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif(31-39)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	IF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*18)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Flow cytometric T-cell cytokine assay
Keywords	rate of progression, optimal epitope, chronic infection

Notes

Correlation between HLA class I and spontaneous control of HIV-1 was significant for 7-8 epitopes when 341 chronic, HIV-infected subjects, divided into controllers and non-controllers, were tested for EliSpot responses to 257 optimally defined epitopes. 21 epitopes were associated with viral progression. Protective epitopes tend to cluster in regions of critical stability for the protein, therefore constraining escape.
ISKKAKGWF had a significantly positive association with HLA B*18; it was recognized by 9/20 B*18-positive subjects and 33/284 B*18-negative subjects.

References

Pereyra2014 Florencia Pereyra, David Heckerman, Jonathan M. Carlson, Carl Kadie, Damien Z. Soghoian, Daniel Karel, Ariel Goldenthal, Oliver B. Davis, Charles E. DeZiel, Tienho Lin, Jian Peng, Alicja Piechocka, Mary Carrington, and Bruce D. Walker. HIV Control Is Mediated in Part by CD8+ T-Cell Targeting of Specific Epitopes. J. Virol., 88(22):12937-12948, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25165115. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 59840

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif(31-39)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	IF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B35:01, B35:08)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Flow cytometric T-cell cytokine assay
Keywords	rate of progression, optimal epitope, chronic infection

Notes

Correlation between HLA class I and spontaneous control of HIV-1 was significant for 7-8 epitopes when 341 chronic, HIV-infected subjects, divided into controllers and non-controllers, were tested for EliSpot responses to 257 optimally defined epitopes. 21 epitopes were associated with viral progression. Protective epitopes tend to cluster in regions of critical stability for the protein, therefore constraining escape.
ISKKAKGWF had a significantly positive association with HLA B*3501,B*3508; it was recognized by 8/29 B*3501,B*3508-positive subjects and 7/177 B*3501,B*3508-negative subjects.

References

Displaying record number 59839

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif(31-39)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	IF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B35:02, B35:03, B*53:01)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Flow cytometric T-cell cytokine assay
Keywords	rate of progression, optimal epitope, chronic infection

Notes

Correlation between HLA class I and spontaneous control of HIV-1 was significant for 7-8 epitopes when 341 chronic, HIV-infected subjects, divided into controllers and non-controllers, were tested for EliSpot responses to 257 optimally defined epitopes. 21 epitopes were associated with viral progression. Protective epitopes tend to cluster in regions of critical stability for the protein, therefore constraining escape.
ISKKAKGWF had a significantly positive association with HLA B*3502,B*3503,B*5301; it was recognized by 23/37 B*3502,B*3503,B*5301-positive subjects and 42/304 B*3502,B*3503,B*5301-negative subjects.

References

Displaying record number 61568

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	B57-IF9(vif)
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Patient MHC/HLA	AC-43: A24, A31, B14, B57, C07, C08
Country	United States
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Intracellular cytokine staining
Keywords	acute/early infection, protective allele

Notes

HLA-B*57-restricted CTL responses were relatively immunodominant in breadth and strength during acute early infection of HIV-1. 6/9 HLA-B*57 patients controlled viremia to <5000 copies/ml for up to 29 months post-infection.
Epitope B57-IF9(vif), ISKKAKGWF, elicited CTL response in 1/9 acute early HIV-1-infected subjects; AC-43 = 140 SFC/10⁶ PBMC.

References

Altfeld2003a Marcus Altfeld, Marylyn M. Addo, Eric S. Rosenberg, Frederick M. Hecht, Paul K. Lee, Martin Vogel, Xu G. Yu, Rika Draenert, Mary N. Johnston, Daryld Strick, Todd M. Allen, Margaret E. Feeney, James O. Kahn, Rafick P. Sekaly, Jay A. Levy, Jürgen K. Rockstroh, Philip J. Goulder, and Bruce D. Walker. Influence of HLA-B57 on Clinical Presentation and Viral Control during Acute HIV-1 Infection. AIDS, 17(18):2581-2591, 5 Dec 2003. PubMed ID: 14685052. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 54825

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vpr(31-39)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	vifIF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Country	Kenya, United Kingdom
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	TCR usage, structure, characterizing CD8+ T cells

Notes

CD8+ T cell repertoire recognizing KAFSPEVIPMF [KF11] and variants and the structure of individual B*57-peptide complexes were studied.
In addition, immunodominancye of the previously mapped B*57 epitopes during chronic infection was assessed. KGFNPEVIPMF and ISPRTLNAW were immunodominant both in frequency and magnitude of recognition.

References

Gillespie2006 Geraldine M. A. Gillespie, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Jaya Rengasamy, Tara Beattie, Job J. Bwayo, Francis A. Plummer, Rupert Kaul, Andrew J. McMichael, Philippa Easterbrook, Tao Dong, E. Yvonne Jones, and Sarah L. Rowland-Jones. Strong TCR Conservation and Altered T Cell Cross-Reactivity Characterize a B*57-Restricted Immune Response in HIV-1 Infection. J. Immunol., 177(6):3893-3902, 15 Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 16951352. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 54385

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	IF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	escape

Notes

Impact of CTL escape mutations in HLA-B57 positive elite supressors was examined. Escape mutations in B57-restricted Gag epitopes were present in all viruses derived from plasma but were lacking in proviruses, suggesting a strong selective pressure acting upon virus in plasma. IFN-gamma responses were detected to both wild-type epitopes and mutant plasma virus epitopes. In some individuals, CD8 IL-2 secretion, rather than IFN-gamma responses, showed better correlation with the plasma viral variants.
HLA-B*57-restricted optimal epitope ISKKAKGWF was tested for immune response.

References

Bailey2006 Justin R. Bailey, Thomas M. Williams, Robert F. Siliciano, and Joel N. Blankson. Maintenance of Viral Suppression in HIV-1-Infected HLA-B*57+ Elite Suppressors Despite CTL Escape Mutations. J. Exp. Med., 203(5):1357-1369, 15 May 2006. PubMed ID: 16682496. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 62126

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif(31-39)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	B*57-IF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57)
Immunogen	computer prediction
Country	Argentina
Experimental methods	Other, Relative replication capacity assay
Keywords	binding affinity, structure, assay or method development, contact residues

Notes

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are used in a novel method of predicting residues in conserved epitopes with a high mutation cost to HIV fitness that are best targeted by a vaccine. Protein structure-based network analysis was used to quantify the topological importance of each residue to the tertiary and quaternary structure of HIV p24 protein as residue-residue interactions. A network score was generated for each residue (node) using data on non-covalent interactions (edges) - van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, salt bridges, disulfide bonds, π-π interactions, π-cation interactions, metal-coordinated bonds and local hydrophobic packing. Residues of low-mutation tolerance were at important network positions and impaired viral replication fitness greatly. These residues were found in highly networked epitopes that were presented more often by protective HLA. Natural controllers of infection targeted more of these highly networked CTL epitopes, even in the absence of protective presenting HLA alleles.
Comparison within 5,430 Clade B isolates showed an inverse relationship between network score and mutational frequency in 11 additional HIV proteins. Gag p24 was the most highly networked protein due to extensive capsid multimerization requirements, making it mutationally fragile and linking Gag-specific CTL breadth with lower VL.
Experimental mutation of highly networked residues resulted in impairment of HIV infectivity at 2 days and viral replication at 7 days but mutation of residues with poor network scores was not impactful.
Risk versus Protective HLA alleles were able to be delineated by averaging residue network scores involved in HLA binding, TCR recognition, and peptide processing of an epitope associated with that HLA allele. Protective vs. non-protective HLA of controllers, however, had no significant difference in their eptiopes' network scores.
Neutral-HLA-restricted immunodominant epitopes of controller subjects contained much more highly networked residues than progressor subjects'. Controllers and progressors with similar CTL proliferation also had a significant difference in the sum of network scores of targeted epitopes.
IF9 is the representative protective-HLA-B*57-restricted epitope of a progressor. It is poorly networked. IF9 binds HLA-B*5701, and has a normalized network score of 1.84.
Supplementary Table S3 contains Epitope Network Scores of 260 HIV optimal CTL epitopes, pp. 25-27, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2019/05/01/364.6439.480.DC1.

References

Gaiha2019 Gaurav D. Gaiha, Elizabeth J. Rossin, Jonathan Urbach, Christian Landeros, David R. Collins, Chioma Nwonu, Itai Muzhingi, Melis N. Anahtar, Olivia M. Waring, Alicja Piechocka-Trocha, Michael Waring, Daniel P. Worrall, Musie S. Ghebremichael, Ruchi M. Newman, Karen A. Power, Todd M. Allen, James Chodosh, and Bruce D. Walker. Structural Topology Defines Protective CD8+ T Cell Epitopes in the HIV Proteome. Science, 364(6439):480-484, 3 May 2019. PubMed ID: 31048489. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 55607

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	IF9
Subtype	B
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Country	Netherlands
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	computational epitope prediction

Notes

Peptide prediction programs based on MHC binding, proteasomal cleavage and TAP transport were applied to select novel epitopes absent from the Los Alamos HIV database. 22 novel epitopes were tested by IFN-gamma ELISpot and 19 (11 HLA-B27 restricted, 8 HLA-B57 restricted) induced strong positive responses.
Magnitude of response generated was similar to that of previously identified epitopes, but the number of individuals responding was lower. This could be explained by less stringent HLA-typing of subjects and perhaps high sequence variability within these novel epitopes.
IF9, ISKKAKGWF, is a known HLA-B57-restricted epitope used as a positive control for eliciting CTL IFN-gamma response.

References

Schellens2008 Ingrid M. M. Schellens, Can Kesmir, Frank Miedema, Debbie van Baarle, and José A. M. Borghans. An Unanticipated Lack of Consensus Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitopes in HIV-1 Databases: The Contribution of Prediction Programs. AIDS, 22(1):33-37, 2 Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18090389. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 54391

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	B57-IF9(Vif)
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	rate of progression, immunodominance, early-expressed proteins

Notes

Immunodominant HIV epitopes in early, primary infection of CTLs were identified and the relative contributions of immune responses restricted to individual HLA class I molecules were studied.
This epitope-HLA combination was recognized. The most frequently recognized epitopes also elicited the greatest CTL response.
HIV-1 Epitope sequence variability was not correlated with immunodominant versus immune sub-dominant responses.
HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*27 restricted responses were the strongest in these early and acute infections - due to dominant responses to a single epitope in each case (TW10 for B*57 and KK10 for B*27).
In the presence of HLA-B*57 and HLA-B*27 restricted responses, the relative contributions of other restricting HLA dropped greatly.

References

Altfeld2006 Marcus Altfeld, Elizabeth T. Kalife, Ying Qi, Hendrik Streeck, Mathias Lichterfeld, Mary N. Johnston, Nicole Burgett, Martha E. Swartz, Amy Yang, Galit Alter, Xu G. Yu, Angela Meier, Juergen K. Rockstroh, Todd M. Allen, Heiko Jessen, Eric S. Rosenberg, Mary Carrington, and Bruce D. Walker. HLA Alleles Associated with Delayed Progression to AIDS Contribute Strongly to the Initial CD8+ T Cell Response against HIV-1. PLoS Med., 3(10):e403, Oct 2006. PubMed ID: 17076553. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 53650

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*58:01, B57)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Chromium-release assay
Keywords	responses in children, mother-to-infant transmission, escape

Notes

Escape mutations in TW10 and other B57-restricted epitopes were shown to arise early in infants following perinatal infection. Some escape variants were likely to have been transmitted vertically, from HLA-B57/5801 positive HIV-1 infected mothers, while others arose during infancy in cases where the children inherited the B57/5801 allele paternally. In contrast to adults, the majority of children showed a robust response to the escape variants, suggesting that infants are able to mount functional immune responses and drive immune escape and that a developing immune system may exhibit greater plasticity in recognizing viral variants.

References

Feeney2005a Margaret E. Feeney, Yanhua Tang, Katja Pfafferott, Kathleen A. Roosevelt, Rika Draenert, Alicja Trocha, Xu G. Yu, Cori Verrill, Todd Allen, Corey Moore, Simon Mallal, Sandra Burchett, Kenneth McIntosh, Stephen I. Pelton, M. Anne St. John, Rohan Hazra, Paul Klenerman, Marcus Altfeld, Bruce D. Walker, and Philip J. R. Goulder. HIV-1 Viral Escape in Infancy Followed by Emergence of a Variant-Specific CTL Response. J. Immunol., 174(12):7524-7530, 15 Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15944251. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 61689

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif(31-39)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	IF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57:01)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ
Keywords	review

Notes

This review makes the argument that T-cell subsets recognizing the HIV/SIV viral infectivity factor Vif, may be essential for control of HIV replication as vif-deficient strains can only complete one round of replication and Vif targets the cellular viral-restriction-factor, APOBEC3G (A3G) with the help of Elongin B/C and Cullin-5 to proteasomal degradation.
HIV-1 HLA-B*5701 restricted epitope IF9, ISKKAKGWF (Vif 31-39) abuts Vif A3G binding domain, YRHHY.

References

Silver2017 Zachary A. Silver and David I. Watkins. The Role of MHC Class I Gene Products in SIV Infection of Macaques. Immunogenetics, 69(8-9):511-519, Aug 2017. PubMed ID: 28695289. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 1268

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif(31-39 SF2)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57:01)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods
Keywords

Notes

CTL responses against HIV-1 Vpr, Vpu, and Vif were analyzed in multiple HIV-1-infected individuals.
10/29 (35%) individuals tested responded to Vif.
This epitope was recognized by 2/6 individuals expressing B*5701 allele.

References

Altfeld2001c M. Altfeld, M. M. Addo, R. L. Eldridge, X. G. Yu, S. Thomas, A. Khatri, D. Strick, M. N. Phillips, G. B. Cohen, S. A. Islam, S. A. Kalams, C. Brander, P. J. Goulder, E. S. Rosenberg, B. D. Walker, and The HIV Study Collaboration.. Vpr is preferentially targeted by CTL during HIV-1 infection. J. Immunol., 167(5):2743-52, 1 Sep 2001. URL: http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/content/full/167/5/2743. PubMed ID: 11509618. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 52599

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif(31-39)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57:01)
Immunogen
Experimental methods
Keywords	optimal epitope, A-list

References

Llano2019 Anuska Llano, Samandhy Cedeño, Sandra Silva Arrieta, and Christian Brander. The 2019 Optimal HIV CTL Epitopes Update: Growing Diversity in Epitope Length and HLA restriction. 2019. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 58992

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif(31-39)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Subtype	B
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57:01)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Country	Argentina
Experimental methods	Other
Keywords	mutation acquisition

Notes

Computational genome-wide scans were run to find associations between (subjects' ) host genome DNA polymorphisms, and infecting HIV-1 genome sequence variation from 1071 subjects, as well as their viral load (VL). Such genome-to-genome approaches also reveal sites of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) linked to variant HIV-1 amino acids that either limit viral efficiency or that are easily tolerated by it.
48 amino acid residues of HIV-1 were linked to human SNPs, and the variants were not antiretroviral drug resistance mutations. 50% of these viral amino acids were located within previously defined optimal epitopes, such as ISKKAKGWF, whose variation at position 33 is associated with SNP chr6:31430060.

References

Bartha2013 István Bartha, Jonathan M. Carlson, Chanson J. Brumme, Paul J. McLaren, Zabrina L. Brumme, Mina John, David W. Haas, Javier Martinez-Picado, Judith Dalmau, Cecilio López-Galíndez, Concepción Casado, Andri Rauch, Huldrych F. Günthard, Enos Bernasconi, Pietro Vernazza, Thomas Klimkait, Sabine Yerly, Stephen J. O'Brien, Jennifer Listgarten, Nico Pfeifer, Christoph Lippert, Nicolo Fusi, Zoltán Kutalik, Todd M. Allen, Viktor Müller, P. Richard Harrigan, David Heckerman, Amalio Telenti, and Jacques Fellay. A Genome-to-Genome Analysis of Associations between Human Genetic Variation, HIV-1 Sequence Diversity, and Viral Control. eLife, 2:e01123, 2013. PubMed ID: 24171102. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 52401

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif(31-39)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Subtype	B
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(B*57:01)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Patient MHC/HLA	00870: A11:01, A24:02, B35:01, B55:01, C03:03, C04:01
Experimental methods
Keywords	early-expressed proteins

Notes

CTL responses against regulatory and accessory proteins in 70 HIV-1 infected patients were studied using overlapping peptides and Elispot.
28% targeted one or more overlapping Tat peptides; 36%, Rev peptides; 33%, Vif peptides; 40%, Vpr peptides; and 2%, Vpu peptides.
All known optimally defined epitopes were summarized for the five proteins.

References

Addo2002a M. M. Addo, X. G. Yu, E. S. Rosenberg, B. D. Walker, and M. Altfeld. Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) Responses Directed against Regulatory and Accessory Proteins in HIV-1 Infection. DNA Cell Biol., 21(9):671-678, Sep 2002. PubMed ID: 12396610. Show all entries for this paper.

Displaying record number 59842

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location	Vif(31-39)
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Epitope Name	IF9
Species (MHC/HLA)	human(C*06)
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods	CD8 T-cell Elispot - IFNγ, Flow cytometric T-cell cytokine assay
Keywords	rate of progression, optimal epitope, chronic infection

Notes

Correlation between HLA class I and spontaneous control of HIV-1 was significant for 7-8 epitopes when 341 chronic, HIV-infected subjects, divided into controllers and non-controllers, were tested for EliSpot responses to 257 optimally defined epitopes. 21 epitopes were associated with viral progression. Protective epitopes tend to cluster in regions of critical stability for the protein, therefore constraining escape.
ISKKAKGWF had a significantly positive association with HLA C*06; it was recognized by 18/78 C*06-positive subjects and 15/206 C*06-negative subjects.

References

Displaying record number 52058

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HXB2 Location	Vif(31-39) DNA(5131..5157)	Vif Epitope Map
Author Location
Epitope	`ISKKAKGWF`	Epitope Alignment
Subtype	B
Species (MHC/HLA)	human
Immunogen	HIV-1 infection
Experimental methods
Keywords	epitope processing, escape

Notes

Epitopes that have been described in the literature and included in this database tend to cluster in conserved regions and be absent or rarely found in highly variable regions in Nef, Env, and p17.
While the uneven distribution of epitopes may be in part due to a limited cross-recognition of specific responses because of differences between peptides used to probe the immune response and autologous strains, regions with a paucity of defined epitopes also had higher frequencies of amino acids that tend to not be found in C-terminal positions of epitopes, and had lower cleavage prediction scores for epitope processing. This suggests that in the regions of the virus where variation is best tolerated traces of immune escape have left an imprint on the viral population. Epitopes also were concentrated in alpha-helix and turn regions in the proteins.
In the more conserved p24, and Pol proteins RT and Protease, epitopes are more evenly distributed.
What was learned from proteins where many epitopes have been defined (Gag, Pol, Env and Nef) was used to develop an algorithm to predict where epitopes would be localized in Rev, Tat, Vif, and Vpr. Predictions were made blinded, and then compared to the first 15 epitopes defined in these proteins; the epitopes were concentrated in the predicted regions.

References

Yusim2002 Karina Yusim, Can Kesmir, Brian Gaschen, Marylyn M. Addo, Marcus Altfeld, S\oren Brunak, Alexandre Chigaev, Vincent Detours, and Bette T. Korber. Clustering Patterns of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Epitopes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Proteins Reveal Imprints of Immune Evasion on HIV-1 Global Variation. J. Virol., 76(17):8757-8768, Sep 2002. PubMed ID: 12163596. Show all entries for this paper.