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• CH02: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied and future directions for the field. Recombinant native-like HIV Env trimers have enabled the identification of CH02, a potent ‘PG9-class’ bNAb. Antigenic region V2 apex (Table:1). Walker2018 (antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
• CH02: An atomic-level understanding of V1V2-directed bNAb recognition in a donor was used in the design of V1V2 scaffolds capable of interacting with quaternary-specific V1V2-directed bNAbs. The cocrystal structure of V1V2 with antibody CH03 from a second donor is reported and Env interactions of antibody CAP256-VRC26 from a third donor are modeled. V1V2-directed bNAbs used strand-strand interactions between a protruding Ab loop and a V1V2 strand but differed in their N-glycan recognition. Ontogeny analysis indicated that protruding loops develop early, and glycan interactions mature over time. CH02 did not bind to the monomeric V1V2 scaffolds. The quaternary dependence might be one possible explanation for this lack of recognition. Gorman2016 (glycosylation, structure, antibody lineage)
• CH02: The sequential development of three distinct bnAb responses within a single host, CAP257, over 4.5 years of infection has been described. It showed how escape from the first wave of Abs targeting V2 exposed a second site that was the stimulus for a new wave of glycan dependent bnAbs against the CD4 binding site. These data highlighted how Ab evolution in response to viral escape mutations served to broaden the host immune response to two epitopes. A third wave of neutralization targeting an undefined epitope that did not appear to overlap with the four known sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope has been reported. These data supported the design of templates for sequential immunization strategies. Wibmer2013 (escape)
• CH02: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 V1V2 site, penetrating CDR H3 binds two glycans and strand, PG9 class, CH01 family. Kwong2012 (review, structure, broad neutralizer)
• CH02: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as V1/V2 conformational epitope bnAb, isolated after 2009 by neutralization screening of cultured, unselected IgG+ memory B cells. Bonsignori2012b (vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
• CH02: Vaccination efficacy of RV144 is described. The authors proposed that RV144 induced antibodies against Env V1/V2. The relationship between vaccine status and V1/V2 sequence have been characterized. The RV144 trial demonstrated 31% vaccine efficiency and antibodies against the HIV envelop V1/V2 inversely correlated with infection. This paper showed that vaccine induced immune responses against V1/V2 selectively impact or sieve HIV-1 break through viruses and the immune responses were associated with two signatures in V1/V2 at AA position 169 and 181. CH02 was referred as a quaternary-structure-preferring (QSP) Ab which exhibited that mutations at 169 and 181 were associated with alterations in neutralization. These result suggest that K169X mutations could be a mechanism to avoid QSP and other V2-specific antibodies. Rolland2012 (vaccine-induced immune responses)
• CH02: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was merely a trend of better antibody binding compared to the parent WT VLPs, uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and CH02 neutralization. Tong2012 (neutralization, binding affinity)
• CH02: Clonal lineage of four V2/V3 conformational epitope broadly neutralizing antibodies (CH01 to CH04) from an African HIV-1-infected broad neutralizer was identified. Common reverted unmutated ancestor (RUA) antibodies were inferred. CH02 neutralized 36% of 91 isolates from major clades, while the RUAs neutralized only 16% of HIV-1 isolates. The RUAa however retained the ability to bind to the E.A244 gp120 HIV-1 envelope with an affinity predicted to trigger B cell development. MAbs CH01 to CH04 recognized a PG9/PG16-like conformational epitope. Despite notable similarities, differences in breadths of neutralization and sensitivities to amino acids at positions 127, 159, 171, and 181 indicated either that MAbs CH01 to CH04 bind to a discretely different epitope or that they approach the same epitopes of PG9 and PG16 but in a different orientation. MAb CH03 was autoreactive for ribonucleoprotein, centromere B, and histone antigens, and MAbsCH01 to CH03 were polyreactive with the hepatitis C virus E2 protein and gut flora antigens, raising the possibility that MAbs CH01 to CH04 may be subjected to tolerance mechanisms. Bonsignori2011 (antibody binding site, antibody generation, neutralization, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)

References

Showing 8 of 8 references.

Isolation Paper
Bonsignori2011 Mattia Bonsignori, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Xi Chen, Chun-Yen Tsao, Lynn Morris, Elin Gray, Dawn J. Marshall, John A. Crump, Saidi H. Kapiga, Noel E. Sam, Faruk Sinangil, Marie Pancera, Yang Yongping, Baoshan Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Peter D. Kwong, Sijy O'Dell, John R. Mascola, Lan Wu, Gary J. Nabel, Sanjay Phogat, Michael S. Seaman, John F. Whitesides, M. Anthony Moody, Garnett Kelsoe, Xinzhen Yang, Joseph Sodroski, George M. Shaw, David C. Montefiori, Thomas B. Kepler, Georgia D. Tomaras, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Analysis of a Clonal Lineage of HIV-1 Envelope V2/V3 Conformational Epitope-Specific Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Inferred Unmutated Common Ancestors. J. Virol., 85(19):9998-10009, Oct 2011. PubMed ID: 21795340. Show all entries for this paper.

Bonsignori2012b Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, Laurent Verkoczy, Georgia D. Tomaras, Barton F. Haynes, and M. Anthony Moody. HIV-1 Antibodies from Infection and Vaccination: Insights for Guiding Vaccine Design. Trends Microbiol., 20(11):532-539, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22981828. Show all entries for this paper.

Gorman2016 Jason Gorman, Cinque Soto, Max M. Yang, Thaddeus M. Davenport, Miklos Guttman, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Brandon J. DeKosky, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Michael J. Ernandes, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marissa C. Jarosinski, M. Gordon Joyce, Thomas M. Lemmin, Sherman Leung, Mark K. Louder, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Sandeep Narpala, Marie Pancera, Jonathan Stuckey, Xueling Wu, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Ulrich Baxa, George Georgiou, Adrian B. McDermott, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Penny L. Moore, Lynn Morris, Kelly K. Lee, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structures of HIV-1 Env V1V2 with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Reveal Commonalities That Enable Vaccine Design. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 23(1):81-90, Jan 2016. PubMed ID: 26689967. Show all entries for this paper.

Kwong2012 Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947. Show all entries for this paper.

Rolland2012 Morgane Rolland, Paul T. Edlefsen, Brendan B. Larsen, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Eric Sanders-Buell, Tomer Hertz, Allan C. deCamp, Chris Carrico, Sergey Menis, Craig A. Magaret, Hasan Ahmed, Michal Juraska, Lennie Chen, Philip Konopa, Snehal Nariya, Julia N. Stoddard, Kim Wong, Hong Zhao, Wenjie Deng, Brandon S. Maust, Meera Bose, Shana Howell, Adam Bates, Michelle Lazzaro, Annemarie O'Sullivan, Esther Lei, Andrea Bradfield, Grace Ibitamuno, Vatcharain Assawadarachai, Robert J. O'Connell, Mark S. deSouza, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Merlin L. Robb, Jason S. McLellan, Ivelin Georgiev, Peter D. Kwong, Jonathan M. Carlson, Nelson L. Michael, William R. Schief, Peter B. Gilbert, James I. Mullins, and Jerome H. Kim. Increased HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy against Viruses with Genetic Signatures in Env V2. Nature, 490(7420):417-420, 18 Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22960785. Show all entries for this paper.

Tong2012 Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141. Show all entries for this paper.

Wibmer2013 Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Elin S Gray, Nancy Tumba, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Carolyn Williamson, Lynn Morris, and Penny L. Moore. Viral Escape from HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Drives Increased Plasma Neutralization Breadth through Sequential Recognition of Multiple Epitopes and Immunotypes. PLoS Pathog, 9(10):e1003738, Oct 2013. PubMed ID: 24204277. Show all entries for this paper.

Walker2018 Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211. Show all entries for this paper.