Found 11 matching records:
Displaying record number 1370
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MAb ID |
2G12 (c2G12, G12) |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp120 |
Research Contact |
Herman Katinger, Inst. Appl. Microbiol. or Polymun Scientific Inc., Vienna, Austria, |
Epitope |
(Discontinuous epitope)
|
Subtype |
AD |
Ab Type |
gp120 glycosylation sites in C2, C3, C4, and V4, gp120 glycans |
Neutralizing |
L P View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG1κ) |
Patient |
|
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, brain/CSF, broad neutralizer, cell-line isolated antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, dendritic cells, drug resistance, dynamics, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, enhancing activity, escape, genital and mucosal immunity, glycosylation, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, isotype switch, kinetics, memory cells, mimics, mimotopes, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, NK cells, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, supervised treatment interruptions (STI), therapeutic vaccine, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 562 of
562 notes.
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2G12: Eighty clusters of overlapping epitopes that could bind to MHC Class II HLA-DR1*01:01 (DR1) allele were identified by LC-MS/MS using a cell-free processing system that incorporated soluble DR1, HLA-DM (DM), cathepsins, and full-length protein antigens (Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Tat, Rev, and Nef). Sixteen of Env CD4+ T cell epitopes identified in this study, which were primarily located in the vicinity of the gp120/gp41 interface or the CD4bs, were assessed for overlap with bnAb binding footprints. Only unglycosylated KAM432-444 (KAMYAPPISGQIR) overlapped with the binding footprint of V3 glycan-targeting bnAb 2G12.
Sengupta2023
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Following the VRC018 clinical trial of the BG505 DS-SOSIP immunogen, donor N751 showed the highest BG505-reactive ELISA responses. B cells from this donor were sorted for binding to a novel BG505 trimer construct (BG505 glycan base); 8 clones were identified that bound to glycan-base BG505, and 2 were selected for characterization (2C06 and 2C09). The epitopes of 2C06.01 and 2C09.01 were similar to each other, and have substantial overlap with the epitope of VRC34.01, and lower overlap with two other FP-targeting mAbs, PGT151 and ACS202. Binding of mAbs to BG505 DS-SOSIP was compared with binding to the glycan base construct; some mAbs bound to both BG505 DS-SOSIP and glycan base (PGT145, VRC26.25, VRC01, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 2G12), some bound to neither (PG05, 447-52D, and 2557), and 4 base-binding mAbs bound to BG505 DS-SOSIP, but not to BG505 glycan base (1E6, 5H3, 3H2, and 9B9).
Wang2023
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
2G12: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. 2G12 was used as a reference control IgG. Inhibition of EPTC112 binding to SOSIP was moderately with 2G12 with blocking range of 28%–15%.
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: The polyclonal response of human subjects VC20013 and VC10014 demonstrated increasing neutralization breadth against a panel of HIV-1 isolates over time. Full-length functional env genes were cloned longitudinally from these subjects from months after infection through 2.6 to 5.8 years of infection. Motifs associated with the development of breadth in published, cross-sectional studies were found in the viral sequences of both subjects. To test the immunogenicity of envelope vaccines derived from time points obtained during and after broadening of neutralization activity within these subjects, rabbits were coimmunized 4 times with selected multiple gp160 DNAs and gp140-trimeric envelope proteins. In an assay of rabbit polyclonal responses, the most rapid and persistent neutralization of multiclade tier 1 viruses was elicited by envelopes that were circulating in plasma at time points prior to the development of 50% neutralization breadth in both human subjects. The breadth elicited in rabbits was not improved by exposure to later envelope variants. Env immunogen sequences were tested for binding to a panel of well studied mAbs of various binding types (VRC01, HJ16, b12, b6, PG9, PGT121, 2G12, 2F5, F240); all gp140s bound to weak or non-neutralizing antibodies b6 and F240. MAb b6 also bound BG505 SOSIP, while F240 did not, suggesting that cluster I gp41 epitopes, which become exposed during gp120 shedding, are more easily accessed on these trimers than on BG505-SOSIP. These data have implications for vaccine development in describing a target time point to identify optimal env immunogens.
Malherbe2014
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
2G12: This study used directed evolution to overcome the instability and heterogeneity of a primary Env isolate (ADA) in order to design better immunogens. HIV-1 virions were subjected to iterative cycles of destabilization and replication to select for Envs with enhanced stability. Several mutations in Env were associated with increased trimer stability, primarily in the heptad repeat regions of gp41 and V1 of gp120. Mutations from the most stable Envs were combined into a variant Env, termed "comb-mut", with superior homogeneity and stability. Comb-mut had greater binding affinity for PGT128, PG9, PG16, 2G12, VRC01, b12, and CD4-IgG2, but decreased binding to 4E10, 2F5, b6, 19b, 17b, 7B2, and D50. Comb-mut was more sensitive to neutralization by PG9. One specific mutation (K574) was shown to decrease the neutralization IC50 of mAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10, b6, 2G12, 8K8 and inhibitors sCD4, T-20, and PF-68742. Several of the Env substitutions were shown to stabilize Env spikes from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. Spike stabilizing mutations may be useful in the development of Env immunogens that stably retain native, trimeric structure.
Leaman2013
(mimics, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Persistent (VP-1) and Non-persistent (VP-2) viruses were compared in a longitudinal study of a cross-reactive neutralizing serum-possessing patient, Patient B (H19554) over 9 years. Persisting VP-1 viral clones had more mutations in variable loops V1V2 and constant region C3 of Env, particularly in the number of PNGS (potential N-linked glycosylation sites) in V1V2. While VP-1 in vitro virus chimeras showed slower replication kinetics than VP-2, there was no neutralization sensitivity change based on whether they were R5 or X4 variants. The gp160 Env was longer in the VP-2 population; but both VP-1 and VP-2 chimeras were resistant to bnAb 2G12.
vanGils2011a
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, escape)
-
2G12: Native, well-ordered, soluble mimetics of the Env trimer from subtypes B (JRFL) and C (16055) were obtained from genetically identical samples of heterogeneous mixture of disordered Env SOSIPs. Negative selection by non-nAbs was used to remove disordered oligomers, leaving well-ordered trimers that were able to bind sCD4, a panel of bnAbs that bind CD4bs, and PGT15 which is a bnAb that binds only cleavage-dependent, well-ordered, Env trimer. Several biophysical techniques were used to interrogate the structure of the purified subtype B and C trimers. Trimer antigenicity was assessed by bio-layer interferometry against F105-like non-neutralizing Abs, and some bnAbs in solution. Glycan-targeting (around N332) Ab 2G12 recognizes both the subtype B JRFL trimers as well as subtype C 16055 trimers that lack N-linked glycan at N332 but the off-rate is faster; and 2G12 cannot neutralize subtype C trimers.
Guenaga2015
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
2G12: This paper describes the development and characterization of soluble, cleaved SOSIP gp140 Env trimers using a JR-FL background. In addition to a stabilizing disulfide bond, mediated by engineered mutations A501C and T605C that are also present in SOS gp140 proteins, SOSIP gp140 proteins have an I559P mutation (aka “IP”) that increases trimer stability. Further analyses suggested that I559P destabilizes the N-terminal helix necessary for the six-helix bundle structure in the postfusion conformation. Immunoprecipitation assays with mAbs CD4-IgG2, b12 (aka IgG1b12), 17b, 2F5, 2.2B and 4D4 demonstrated that I559P did not alter expected structural epitopes when compared to SOS gp140 proteins. Neutralizing mAb 2G12 was able to bind efficiently to its mannose-dependent gp120 epitope on both SOS and SOSIP gp140 proteins.
Sanders2002a
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: The study characterized viral evolution and changes in neutralizing activity and sensitivity of a long-term non-progressing patient (GX2016EU01) with HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection. Four plasma samples were derived from the patient between 2016 and 2020, and 59 full-length env gene fragments were obtained, revealing that potential N-linked glycosylation sites in V1 and V5 significantly increased over time. While 24 Env-pseudotyped viruses from the patient remained sensitive to autologous plasma, all were resistant to bNAbs 2G12, PGT121, and PGT135. The pseudoviruses were sensitive to 10E8, VRC01, and 12A21, but became more resistant to these bnAbs and to autologous plasma at later timepoints. The neutralization breadth of plasma from all 4 sequential samples was 100% against the global HIV-1 reference panel. Immune escape mutants resulted in increased resistance to bNAbs targeting different epitopes. The study identified known mutations F277W in gp41 and previously uncharacterized mutation S465T in V5 which may be associated with increased viral resistance to bNAbs.
Wang2022
(autologous responses, glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, escape, rate of progression, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
2G12: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
2G12: 3 clonally-related autologously-neutralizing mAbs (43A, 43A1, and 43A2), isolated from rabbit 5743 which was co-immunized with BG505- and B41-based SOSIP soluble trimers [Klasse2016, PMID: 27627672], bind to an immunodominant epitope in V1 overlapping the bnAb N332 glycan supersite without interacting with glycans. In a BG505 SOSIP.664 binding assay, mAbs 43A, 43A1, and 43A2, individually at 2-50 μg/ml concentrations, competed at various levels with mAb 2G12 with 30-35%, 58-62% and 57-67% residual binding, respectively.
Nogal2020
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
2G12: Env clones were obtained from donor CBJC515 plasma. The neutralization of these clones was tested against 3 donor serum samples (2005, 2006, 2008) and 6 bnAbs (10E8, 2G12, PGT121, PGT135, VRC01, 12A21). In phylogeny, the sequences clustered into 2 major clusters. Cluster I viruses vanished in 2006 and then appeared as recombinants in 2008. In Cluster II viruses, the V1 length and N-glycosylation sites increased over the four years of the study period. Most viruses were sensitive to concurrent and subsequent autologous plasma, and to bNAbs 10E8, PGT121, VRC01, and 12A21, but all viruses were resistant to PGT135. Overall, 90% of Cluster I viruses were resistant to 2G12, while 94% of Cluster II viruses were sensitive to 2G12. The study confirmed that HIV-1 continued to evolve even in the presence of bnAbs, and two virus clusters in this donor adopted different escape mechanisms under the same humoral immune pressure.
Hu2021
(autologous responses, glycosylation, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
2G12: Improvements to the standardization of the HIV-1 pseudovirus production procedure by implementing an automated system for aliquoting of HIV-1 pseudovirus stocks up to liter-scale are described. The automated platform and the aliquoting process were validated on as accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. Lot-to-lot variations and virus stock integrity were assessed through two parallel neutralization assays run with the automatically aliquoted HIV pseudovirus and a manually aliquoted reference virus of the same type, by using five control reagents: sCD4, b12, 2F5, 4E10 and TriMab consisting of 2G12, IgG1b12 and 2F5.
Schultz2018
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: Novel Env clones of subtypes G (n=15) and F (n=7) were produced and tested for neutralization and coreceptor usage. All 15 subtype G-enveloped pseudoviruses were resistant to neutralization by MAbs b12 and 2G12, while a majority were neutralized by 2F5 and 4E10. All 7 subtype F pseudoviruses were resistant to 2F5 and b12, 6 were resistant to 2G12, and 6 were neutralized by 4E10. Coreceptor usage testing revealed that 21 of 22 envelopes were CCR5-tropic, including all 15 subtype G envelopes, 7 of which were from patients with CD4 T cell counts <200/ml. TriMab (a mixture of b12 + 2G12 + 2F5) neutralized only four (27%) viruses, and this activity correlated with that of the 2F5 component. These results confirm the broadly neutralizing activity of 4E10 on envelope clones across all tested group M clades, including subtypes G and F, reveal the resistance of most subtype F pseudoviruses to broadly neutralizing MAbs b12, 2G12, and 2F5, and suggest that, similarly to subtype C, CXCR4 tropism is uncommon in subtype G, even at advanced stages of infection.
Revilla2011
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128 as well as 2G12 were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2G12: IgA and IgG bNAbs of 3 distinct B cell lineages were characterized in a viremic controller (pt7). Two lineages comprised only IgG+ or IgA+ blood memory B cells; the third combined both IgG and IgA clonal variants. BNAb 7-269 in the IgA-only lineage displayed the highest neutralizing capacity despite limited somatic mutation. Immunotherapy with 7-269 in humanized mice delayed viral rebound. AD8-infected cell killing by primary human natural killer (NK) cells via ADCC was observed with all pt7 bNAbs binding strongly to target cells and expressed as IgGs, except for 7-155. BNAbs in all three lineages targeted the N332 glycan supersite. Epitope mapping showed that all pt7 IgA and IgG bNAbs target the high-mannose patch centered on the N332 glycan without interacting with the V3 loop base, which contrasts with numerous bNAbs targeting the N332 supersite. The cryo-EM structure of 7-269 in complex with BG505 SOSIP revealed an epitope mainly composed of sugar residues comprising the N332 and N295 glycans; onto which 7-269 positions itself in a structurally similar way to 2G12. Binding and cryo-EM structural analyses showed that antibodies from the two other lineages interact mostly with glycans N332 and N386. Hence, multiple B cell lineages of IgG and IgA bNAbs focused on a unique HIV-1 site of vulnerability can codevelop in HIV-1 viremic controllers. Other antibodies used as controls included 10-188, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT135, 10-1074, BG8, BG18, and SF12.
Lorin2022
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
2G12: Analyses of all PDB HIV1-Env trimer (prefusion, closed) structures fulfilling certain parameters of resolution were performed to classify them on the basis of (a) antibody class which was informed by parental B cells as well as structural recognition, and (b) Env residues defining recognized HIV epitopes. Structural features of the 206 HIV epitope and bNAb paratopes were correlated with functional properties of the breadth and potency of neutralization against a 208-strain panel. Broadly nAbs with >25% breadth of neutralization belonged to 20 classes of antibodies with a large number of protruding loops and high degree of somatic hypermutation (SHM). Analysis of recognized HIV epitopes placed the bNAbs into 6 categories (viz. V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide and subunit interface). The epitopes contained high numbers of independent sequence segments and glycosylated surface area. 2G12-Env formed a distinct group within the Glycan-V3 category, Class 2G12 due to its unique VH domain structure. Data for 2G12 complexed to BG505 DS-SOSIP trimer and VRC03 as a cryo-EM electron-density map was solved and deposited as EMD-8981. 2G12 epitope residues on Env were defined as residue 411 and glycans N295, N332, N339, and N392 from the cryo-EM reconstruction.
Chuang2019
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: Rabbits were immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding JR-CSF gp120. Five sera with potent autologous neutralizing activity were selected and compared with a human neutralizing plasma (Z23) and monoclonal antibodies targeting various regions of gp120 (VRC01, b12, b6, F425, 2F5, 2G12, and X5). The rabbit sera contained different neutralizing activities dependent on C3 and V5, C3 and V4, or V4 regions of the glycan-rich outer domain of gp120. All sera showed enhanced neutralizing activity toward an Env variant that lacked a glycosylation site in V4. The JR-CSF gp120 epitopes recognized by the sera were distinct from those of the mAbs. The activity of one serum required specific glycans that are also important for 2G12 neutralization, and this serum blocked the binding of 2G12 to gp120. The findings show that different fine specificities can achieve potent neutralization of HIV-1, yet this strong activity does not result in improved breadth.
Narayan2013
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: The study compared well-characterized nAbs (2G12, b12, VRC01, 10E8, 17b) with 4 mAbs derived from a Japanese patient (4E9C, 49G2, 916B2, 917B11) in their neutralization and ADCC activity against viruses of subtypes B and CRF01. CRF01 viruses were less susceptible to neutralization by 2G12 and b12, while VRC01 was highly effective in neutralizing CRF01 viruses. 49G2 showed better neutralization breadth against CRF01 than against B viruses. CRF01_AE viruses from Japan also showed a slightly higher susceptibility to anti-CD4i Ab 4E9C than the subtype B viruses, and to CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam. Neutralization breadth of other anti-CD4i Abs 17b, 916B2 and 917B11 was low against both subtype B and CRF01_AE viruses. Anti-CD4bs Ab 49G2, which neutralized only 22% of the viruses, showed the broadest coverage of Fc-mediated signaling activity against the same panel of Env clones among the Abs tested. The CRF01_AE viruses from Japan were more susceptible to 49G2-mediated neutralization than the CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam, but Fc-mediated signaling activity of 49G2was broader and stronger in the CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam than the CRF01_AE viruses from Japan.
Thida2019
(effector function, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The authors selected an optimal panel of diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to represent the antigenic diversity of HIV globally in order to be used as antigen candidates. The selection was based on genetic and geographic diversity, and experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses. The eligibility of the envelopes as vaccine candidates was evaluated against a panel of antibodies for breadth, affinity, binding and durability of vaccine-elicited responses. The antigen panel was capable of detecting the spectrum of V2-specific antibodies that target epitopes from the V2 strand C (V2p), the integrin binding motif in V2 (V2i), and the quaternary epitope at the apex of the trimer (V2q).
Yates2018
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664 has been reported. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 HR1 region which can guide the improvement of Env glycoprotein preparations and potentially increase their effectiveness as a vaccine. 2G12 broadly neutralized HIV-1AD8 full-length and cytoplasmic tail-deleted Envs.
Castillo-Menendez2019
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
2G12: HIV Env glycoproteins were expressed by incorporation into live attenuated rubella viral vectors strain RA27/3. These vectors can stably express Env core derived glycoproteins ranging in size up to 363 amino acids from HIV clade C strain 426c. By themselves, the vectors elicited modest Ab titers to the Env insert. But the combination of rubella/env prime followed by a homologous protein boost gave a strong response. Cell lysates infected with different rubella/env vectors were immunoprecipitated with 2G12, which binds total Env protein, regardless of native folding.
Virnik2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the N332 supersite recognized by PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. Compared with BG505 SOSIP.664, the E153C/R178C V1-V2 disulfide mutant bound the VRC01, PGT151, and 2G12 slightly less well and the G152E compensatory mutation improved VRC01, PGT151, and 2G12 binding. However, sensitivity to antibodies 2G12 and PGT151 was not affected for either mutant virus E153C/K178C/G152E or I184C/E190C.
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2G12: This study looks at the role of somatic mutations within antibody variable and framework regions (FWR) in bNAbs and how these mutations alter thermostability and neutralization as the Ab lineage reaches maturation. The emergence and selection of different mutations in the complementarity-determining and framework regions are necessary to maintain a balance between antibody function and stability. The study shows that all major classes of bNAbs (DH270, CH103, CH235, VRC01, PGT lineage etc.) have lower thermostability than their corresponding inferred UCA antibodies. Fab interdomain flexibility mutations are selected early in Ab development.
Henderson2019
(neutralization, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: Two HIV-1-infected individuals, VC10014 and VC20013, were monitored from early infection until well after they had developed broadly neutralizing activity. The bNAb activity developed about 1 year after infection and mapped to a single epitope in both subjects. Isolates from each subject, taken at five different time points, were tested against monoclonal bNAbs: VRC01, B12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, and 2F5. In subject VC10014, the bNAb activity developed around 1 year postinfection and targeted an epitope that overlaps the CD4-BS and is similar to (but distinct from) bNAb HJ16. In the case of VC20013, the bNAb activity targeted a novel epitope in the MPER that is critically dependent on residue 677 (mutation K677N).
Sather2014
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: The influence of a V2 State 2/3-stabilizing Env mutation, L193A, on ADCC responses mediated by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals was evaluated. Conformations spontaneously sampled by the Env trimer at the surface of infected cells had a significant impact on ADCC. 2G12 was used as a conformation-independent antibody.
Prevost2018
(effector function)
-
2G12: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
2G12: A systems glycobiology approach was applied to reverse engineer the relationship between bNAb binding and glycan effects on Env proteins. Glycan occupancy was interrogated across every potential N-glycan site in 94 recombinant gp120 antigens. Using a Bayesian machine learning algorithm, bNAb-specific glycan footprints were identified and used to design antigens that selectively alter bNAb antigenicity. The novel synthesized antigens unsuccessfully bound to target bNAbs with enhanced and selective antigenicity.
Yu2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The first cryo-EM structure of a cross-linked vaccine antigen was solved. The 4.2 Å structure of HIV-1 BG505 SOSIP soluble recombinant Env in complex with a bNAb PGV04 Fab fragment revealed how cross-linking affects key properties of the trimer. SOSIP and GLA-SOSIP trimers were compared for antigenicity by ELISA, using a large panel of mAbs previously determined to react with BG505 Env. Non-NAbs globally lost reactivity (7-fold median loss of binding), likely because of covalent stabilization of the cross-linked ‘closed’ form of the GLA-SOSIP trimer that binds non-NAbs weakly or not at all. V3-specific non-NAbs showed 2.1–3.3-fold reduced binding. Three autologous rabbit monoclonal NAbs to the N241/N289 ‘glycan-hole’ surface, showed a median ˜1.5-fold reduction in binding. V3 non-NAb 4025 showed residual binding to the GLA-SOSIP trimer. By contrast, bNAbs like 2G12 broadly retained reactivity significantly better than non-NAbs, with exception of PGT145 (3.3-5.3 fold loss of binding in ELISA and SPR).
Schiffner2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
2G12: This study describes the generation of CHO cell lines stably expressing the following vaccine Env Ags: CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B). The antigenic profiles of the molecules were assessed with a panel of well-characterized mAbs recognizing critical epitopes and glycosylation analysis confirming previously identified sites and revealing unknown sites at non-consensus motifs. A244.AE gp120 showed low level of binding to 2G12 in ELISA EC50 and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays. 6240.B gp120 exhibited binding to 2G12.
Wen2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. 2G12 is neither autoreactive nor polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2G12: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers.
Hogan2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: SOSIP.664 trimer was modified at V3 positions 306 and 308 by Leucine substitution to create hydrophobic interactions with the tryptophan residue at position 316 and the V1V2 domain. These modifications stabilized the resulting SOSIP.v5.2 S306L R308L trimers. In vivo, the induction of V3 non-NAbs was significantly reduced compared with the SOSIP.v5.2 trimers. S306L plus R308L paired substitutions had no effect on the trimer reactivity of 2G12.
deTaeye2018
(broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: Repetitive immunization of macaques over 3 years with an Env expressing V3-high mannose glycan, CON-S gp140CFI, elicited plasma antibodies neturalizing HIV-1 expressing high mannose glycans only. NAb DH501 was isolated and found to possess a structure where 3 VH chain CDRs formed a cavity into which the HIV-1 Env V3-glycan could insert. Rhesus DH501 possessed characteristics of V3-glycan bNAb precursors but its binding to M.CON-S gp140CFI was blocked 70% by 2G12.
Saunders2017
(vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
2G12: Nanodiscs (discoidal lipid bilayer particles of 10-17 nm surrounded by membrane scaffold protein) were used to incorporate Env complexes for the purpose of vaccine platform generation. The Env-NDs (Env-NDs) were characterized for antigenicity and stability by non-NAbs and NAbs. Most NAb epitopes in gp41 MPER and in the gp120:gp41 interface were well exposed while non-NAb cell surface epitopes were generally masked. Anti-gp120 glycan NAb 2G12, had a Kd of 10.16 nM and bound the Env-ND well.
Witt2017
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2G12: DS-SOSIP.4mut (4mut) was identified as the most immunogenic and stable of 4 engineered, soluble, closed prefusion HIV-1 Env trimers. 4mut contained 4 mutations (M154, M300, M302 and L320) designed to form hydrophobic interactions between V1V1 and V3 loops. After V3-negative selection, V3-glycan-targeted mAb 2G12 recognized 4mut, the other 3 designed trimers (DS-SOSIP.6mut containing 4mut mutations, Y177W and I420M, DS-SOSIP.I423F and DS-SOSIP.A316W), and related trimers DS-SOSIP and BG505 SOSIP.664. The latter had the lowest binding affinity. Each DS-SOSIP variant was able to elicit trimer-specific responses ,comparable to BG505 SOSIP.664, in guinea pigs after 4 immunizations, but none elicited heterologous neutralizing activity. Crystal structures were generated for 4mut and 6mut.
Chuang2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2G12: Three strategies were applied to perturb the structure of Env in order to make the protein more susceptible to neutralization: exposure to cold, Env-activating ligands, and a chaotropic agent. A panel of mAbs (E51, 48d, 17b, 3BNC176, 19b, 447-52D, 39F, b12, b6, PG16, PGT145, PGT126, 35O22, F240, 10E8, 7b2, 2G12) was used to test the neutralization resistance of a panel of subtype B and C pseudoviruses with and without these agents. Both cold and CD4 mimicking agents (CD4Ms) increased the sensitivity of some viruses. The chaotropic agent urea had little effect by itself, but could enhance the effects of cold or CD4Ms. Thus Env destabilizing agents can make Env more susceptible to neutralization and may hold promise as priming vaccine antigens.
Johnson2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Man9-V3, a synthetic minimal immunogen designed to reflect the HIV-1 native Env V3-glycan bNAb epitope, binds memory B cells and V3-glycan bNAbs as well as germline bNAbs. Man9-V3 was used to isolate a bNAb from an HIV-1+ subject and also induce V3-glycan-targeting antibodies in rhesus macaques. Using the crystal structure of PGT128-gp120 Env OD (outer domain), Man9-V3 glycopeptide was synthesized based on Clade B JRFL with deletion of residues 305-320, retention of P321 and stabilization of disulfide bridge C296-C331. High mannose-glycans presented on Man9-V3 were appropriately spaced for binding to 2G12.
Alam2017
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs, regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Mice twice-primed with DNA plasmids encoding HIV-1 gp120 and gag and given a double boost with HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) i.e. DDVV immunization, elicited Env-specific antibody responses as well as Env- and Gag-specific CTL responses. In vivo electroporation (EP) was used to increase breadth and potency of response. Human anti-gp120 2G12 was used to prove that the VLP spike included the broad neutralization epitope recognized by it.
Huang2017a
(therapeutic vaccine, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: A panel of mAbs (2G12, VRC01, HJ16, 2F5, 4E10, 35O22, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074) was tested to compare their efficacy in cell-free versus cell-cell transmission. Almost all bNAbs (with the exception of anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a) blocked cell-free infection with greater potency than cell-cell infection, and showed greater potency in neutralization of cell-free viruses. The lower effectiveness on neutralization was particularly pronounced for transmitted/founder viruses, and less pronounced for chronic and lab-adapted viruses. The study highlights that the ability of an antibody to inhibit cell-cell transmission may be an important consideration in the development of Abs for prophylaxis.
Li2017
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization)
-
2G12: Compared to patient-derived mAbs, vaccine-elicited mAbs are often less able to neutralize the virus, due to a less-effective angle of approach to the Env spike. This study engineered an immunogen consisting of the gp120 core in complex with a CD4bs mAb, 17b. Rabbits immunized with this antigen displayed earlier affinity maturation and better virus neutralization compared to those immunized with the gp120 core alone. VRC01 and 2G12 bound to the the 17b-gp120 complex more avidly than to the gp120 core alone.
Chen2016b
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
2G12: The amino acid at gp120 position 375 is embedded in the Phe43 cavity, which affects susceptibility to ADCC. Most M-group strains of HIV-1 have serine at position 375, but CRF01 typically has histidine, which is a bulky residue. MAbs 2G12 and 10E8 were not affected by changes in residue 375, while recognition by CD4i mAbs 17b and A32 was increased by mutations of residue 375 to histidine or tryptophan. Participants in the AIDSVAX vaccine trial were infected by CRF01, and a significant part of the efficacy of this vaccine rested on ADCC responses. The ADCC response of MAbs derived from AIDSVAX participants (CH29, CH38, CH40, CH51, CH52, CH54, CH77, CH80, CH81, CH89, CH91, CH94) was dependent on the presence of 375H and greatly decreased by the presence of 375S.
Prevost2017
(effector function, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2G12: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2G12: Prevalence, breadth, and potency of NAb responses in 98 CRF07_BC-infected individuals using a multi-subtype panel of 30 tier 2-3 Env-pseudotyped viruses were identified and the neutralization pattern of CRF07_BC-infected people was compared with that of subtype B'-infected individuals in China. 18% of 98 plasma samples neutralized >80% of viruses, and 53% neutralized >50%, suggesting the presence of broadly NAbs. CRF07_BC-infected individuals generated higher but less broad neutralization titers against intra-subtype viruses than subtype B'-infected individuals with longer infection length, indicating the transition from narrow autologous to broad heterologous neutralization over time. Neutralization activity of the top six plasmas from each cohort was attributable to the IgG fraction, and half of them developed CD4 binding site antibody reactivity. VRC01 and 2G12 were used as controls.
Hu2017
(broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: This study investigated Ab binding abilities of saccharide ligands and the effects of the inner water molecules of ligand–Ab complexes. 2G12 complexes with saccharide ligands were studied by modeling to estimate how inner water molecules of the protein affect the dynamics of the complexes as well as the ligand–Ab interaction. This indicates that D -fructose’s strong affinity to the Ab was partly due to the good retentiveness of solvent water molecules of the ligand and its stability of the ligand’s conformation and relative position in the active site.
Ueno-Noto2016
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions)
-
2G12: The results confirm that Nef and Vpu protect HIV-1-infected cells from ADCC, but also show that not all classes of antibody can mediate ADCC. Anti-cluster-A antibodies are able to mediate potent ADCC responses, whereas anti-coreceptor binding site antibodies are not. Position 69 in gp120 is important for antibody-mediated cellular toxicity by anti-cluster-A antibodies. The angle of approach of a given class of antibodies could impact its capacity to mediate ADCC. MAb 2G12 was used as a CD4-independent outer-domain-recognizing antibody to show that more Env is present on the cell surface in cells infected with Vpu-deleted HIV.
Ding2015
(effector function)
-
2G12: The ability of neutralizing and nonneutralizing mAbs to block infection in models of mucosal transmission was tested. Neutralization potency did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4bs-specific bNAbs, in particular VRC01, blocked HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. MPER (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bNAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while bNAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) were more variable. Non-nAbs alone and in combinations, were poorly protective against mucosal infection. The protection provided by specific bNAbs demonstrates their potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing mucosal entry. 2G12 was selected to represent mAbs of the outer domain glycan class.
Cheeseman2017
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. Fig S7 showed that gp120 monomer and gp140F trimer both interfered with mAb 2G12 neutralization, but 2G12 was unable to inhibit CD4bs NAb binding.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: Nedd8 activation enzyme inhibitor, MLN4924, partially blocks Vpu activity through CD4 downregulation. Host antiviral factor BST2, however, is not inhibited and so reversal of Vpu activity is partial, exposing CD4-induced eptiopes that recruit ADCC-mediated host defense. Ab 2G12 which recognizes a CD4-independent epitope was used to show that even under best conditions, MLN4924 only minimally increases the binding of 2G12 to Env.
Tokarev2015
(effector function)
-
2G12: New antibodies were isolated from 3 patients: Donor 14 (PDGM11, PGDM12, PGDM13, PGDM14), Donor 82 (PGDM21), and Donor 26 (PGDM31). These bnAbs bound both the GDIR peptide (Env 324-327) and the high-mannose patch glycans, enabling broad reactivity. N332 glycan was absolutely required for neutralization, while N301 glycan modestly affected neutralization. Removing N156 and N301 glycans together while retaining N332 glycan abrogated neutralization for PGDM12 and PGDM21. Neutralization by PGDM11-14 bnAbs depended on R327A and H330A substitutions and neutralization by PGDM21 depended on D325A and H330A substitutions. G324A mutation resulted in slight loss of neutralization for both antibody families. In comparison, 2G12 and PGT135 did not show any dependence on residues in the 324GDIR327 region for neutralization activity, although PGT135 did show dependence on H330.
Sok2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
2G12: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
2G12: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
2G12: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
2G12: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. Glycan Ab 2G12 bound cell surface gp160 weakly and strongly bound it without its C-terminal (gp160ΔCT), whether in the presence of sCD4 or not. It was unable to neutralize the 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). OD glycan bNAb, 2G12, neutralized and bound B41 pseudovirus and trimer.
Pugach2015
-
2G12: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. 2G12 non-reciprocally out-competed PGT135 and PGT136, all N332-outer domain (OD) glycan oligomannose patch bNAbs.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
2G12: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes for all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. The Clade C trimers are reactive with bNAb 2G12, which was used to purify antigenically high quality, native-like trimers. OD-glycan binding 2G12 however, was not able to neutralize the equivalent pseudotyped viruses for either trimer.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
2G12: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Mannose patch-specific gp120-binding bNAb, 2G12, was conformationally insensitive to mild denaturation during ELISA and bound timers.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
2G12: The native-like, engineered trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 induced potent NAbs against conformational epitopes of neutralization-resistant Tier-2 viruses in rabbits and macaques, but induced cross-reactive NAbs against linear V3 epitopes of neutralization-sensitive Tier-1 viruses. A different trimer, B41 SOSIP.664 also induced strong autologous Tier-2 NAb responses in rabbits. Sera from only 2/20 BG505 SOSIP.664-D7324 trimer-immunized rabbits were capable of inhibiting N332 glycan-dependent 2G12 binding to outer domain glycans.
Sanders2015
(antibody generation, neutralization, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-OD glycan bNAb 2G12 neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: This review discusses the application of bNAbs for HIV treatment and eradication, focusing on bnAbs that target key epitopes, specifically: 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, VRC26.08, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, and 10-1074. Antibodies 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 were among the first bnAbs available for clinical testing, and a cocktail of these 3 Abs was assessed in human trials.
Stephenson2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: This study described a natural interaction between Abs and mucin protein, especially, MUC16 that is enhanced in chronic HIV infection. Agalactosylated (G0) Abs demonstrated the highest binding to MUC16. Binding of Abs to epithelial cells was diminished following MUC16 knockdown, and the MUC16 N-linked glycans were critical for binding.These point to a novel opportunity to enrich Abs at mucosal sites by targeting Abs to MUC16 through changes in Fc glycosylation, potentially blocking viral movement. In 2G12 differential G0 content was linked to MUC16 binding supporting a role for G0 glycosylation in preferential MUC16 binding, independent of antigen specificity (Fig: S4).
Gunn2016
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
2G12: A mathematical model was developed to predict the Ab concentration at which antibody escape variants outcompete their ancestors, and this concentration was termed the mutant selection window (MSW). The MSW was determined experimentally for 12 pairings of diverse HIV strains against 7 bnAbs (b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT128, 2F5). The neutralization of 2G12 was assayed against JRFL-N332S (resistant strain) and JRFL (sensitive strain).
Magnus2016
(neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: The study detailed binding kinetics of the interaction between BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer or its variants (gp120 monomer; first study of disulfide-stabilized variant gp120-gp41ECTO protomer) and several mAbs, both neutralizing (VRC01, PGV04, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT145, PGT151, 2G12) and non-neutralizing (b6, b12, 14e, 19b, F240). Glycan-binding 2G12 bound similarly to monomer and trimer and marginally better to protomer.
Yasmeen2014
(antibody binding site, assay or method development)
-
2G12: 2G12 was expressed in transgenic rice endosperm to evaluate the potential of rice seeds as a vehicle for inexpensive microbicide production. Although the heavy chain was predominantly aglycosylated, the heavy and light chains assembled into functional antibodies with more potent HIV-neutralizing activity than other plant-derived forms of 2G12 bearing typical high-mannose or plant complex-type glycans. Assembled antibody accumulated predominantly in protein storage vacuoles but also induced the formation of novel, spherical storage compartments surrounded by ribosomes indicating that they originated from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Vamvaka2016
-
2G12: Neutralization breadth in 157 antiretroviral-naive individuals infected for less than 1 year post-infection was studied and compared to a cohort of 170 untreated chronic patients. A range of neutralizing activities was observed with a panel of six recombinant viruses from five different subtypes. Some sera were broadly reactive, predominantly targeting envelope epitopes within the V2 glycan-dependent region. The Env neutralization breadth was positively associated with time post infection. 2G12 has been used as a control in detection of glycan-dependent HIV-1 neutralizing sera.
Sanchez-Merino2016
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. Outer domain glycan-binding, first generation mAb, 2G12 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=2.43 µg/ml for 2/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 17%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
2G12: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. 2G12, a high mannose (HM) cluster bnAb belonged to a group with slopes ˜1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: HIV-1 strains were isolated from 60 patients infected with CRFs 01_AE, 07_BC, and 08_BC. Eight CRF01 strains that produced high-titer Env pseudoviruses were studied further. All were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PG9, PG16, and NIH45-46, but insensitive to 2G12. Of the 8 strains, 7 lacked glycans at Env 295 or 332, or both, suggesting that these glycosylation sites play a role in 2G12 binding and neutralization.
Chen2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. 2G12 neutralized 20% of the 199 viruses tested, whereas a previous study had estimated this value at 41%.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A flow-cytometry-based assay allowed non-radioactive measurement of ADCC-mediated elimination of HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-coated target cells. This assay relies on staining target and effector cells with different dyes, which allows precise gating and permits the calculation of the number of surviving target cells by normalization to flow-cytometry particles.
Richard2014
(anti-idiotype, assay or method development, effector function)
-
2G12: This study describes a new level of complexity in antibody recognition of the mixed glycan-protein epitopes of the N332 region of HIV gp120. A combination of three antibody families that target the high-mannose patch can lead to 99% neutralization coverage of a large panel of viruses containing the N332/334 glycan site and up to 66% coverage for viruses that lack the N332/334 glycan site. PGT121, PGT128 and PGT135 families were studied. 2G12 was used as control since its binding is N332-dependent but it is less potent and broad in neutralization, recognizes glycans solely, and has a unique domain-exchanged structure.
Sok2014a
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
2G12: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10). Among the panel tested, antibodies b12, 2G12, PGT136, and PGT137 had relatively few viruses neutralized with an IC50 <1 ug/ml.
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The neutralization abilities of Abs were enhanced by bioconjugation with aplaviroc, a small-molecule inhibitor of virus entry into host cells. Diazonium hexafluorophosphate was used. The conjugated Abs blocked HIV-1 entry through two mechanisms: by binding to the virus itself and by blocking the CCR5 receptor on host cells. Chemical modification did not significantly alter the potency and the pharmacokinetics. Improvements in potency over the parent Ab was ∼3-fold for 2G12-aplaviroc against the JR-FL isolate.
Gavrilyuk2013
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Galactosyl ceramide (Galcer), a glycosphingolipid, is a receptor for the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein. This study has mimicked this interaction by using an artificial membrane containing synthetic Galcer and recombinant HIV-1 Env proteins to identify antibodies that would block the HIV-1 Env-Galcer interaction. HIV-1 ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccinee-derived MAbs specific for the gp120 C1 region blocked Galcer binding of a transmitted/founder HIV-1 Env gp140. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating CH38 IgG and its natural IgA isotype were the most potent blocking antibodies.2G12 did not block Env-Galcer binding.
Dennison2014
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation)
-
2G12: This review surveyed the Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP) strategy, which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Recently published studies in humanized mice and macaques were discussed as well as the pros and cons of VIP towards clinical applications to control HIV endemics. A single injection of AAV8 vector achieved peak Ab production in serum at week 6 and offered moderate protection. 2G12 (˜250 μg/mL) yielded partial protection.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
2G12: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Pairwise combinations of 6 NAbs (4E10, 2F5, 2G12, b12, PG9, PG16) were tested for neutralization of pseudoviruses and transmitted/founder viruses. Each of the NAbs tested targets a different region of gp120 or gp41. Some pairwise combinations enhanced neutralization synergistically, suggesting that combinations of NAbs may enhance clinical effectiveness.
Miglietta2014
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The study compared various factors affecting the accessibility of epitopes for antibodies targeting the V2 integrin (V2i) region, versus the V3 region. CD4 treament of BaL and JRFL pseudoviruses increased their neutralization sensitivity to V3 MAbs, but not to V2i MAbs. Viruses grown in a glycosidase inhibitor were more sensitive to neutralization by V3, but not V2i, MAbs. Increasing the time of virus-MAb interaction increased virus neutralization by some V2i MAbs and all V3 MAbs. The structural dynamics of V2i and V3 epitopes has important effects in neutralization. Some experiments also included CD4BS antibodies b12, 2G12 and NIH45-46.
Upadhyay2014
-
2G12: Dimeric 2G12 is much more potent than the monomeric form. This study compared monomeric and dimeric 2G12 by examination of crystal structures and electron microscopy. The greater potency and breadth of the dimeric form were attributed to intermolecular domain exchange, flexibility, and the avidity effects of bivalent binding.
Wu2013
(structure)
-
2G12: Cross-group neutralization of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, O, and P was tested with diverse patient sera and bNAbs PG9, PG16, 4E10, b12, 2F5, 2G12, VRC01, VRC03, and HJ16. The primary isolates displayed a wide spectrum of sensitivity to neutralization by the human sera, with some cross-group neutralization clearly observed. Among the bNAbs, only PG9 and PG16 showed any cross-group neutralization. The group N prototype strain YBF30 was highly sensitive to neutralization by PG9, and the interaction between their key residues was confirmed by molecular modeling. The conservation of the PG9/PG16 epitope within groups M and N suggests its relevance as a vaccine immunogen.
Braibant2013
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: The binding affinity of 2G12 for sugar molecules associated with glycans was tested through computer modeling. Affinity for D-fructose was greater than for D-mannose.
Koyama2014
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: The structure of 2G12 in association with Env trimer from HIV strain BG505-SOSIP was characterized. The 2G12 epitope overlaps with several other bNAbs that target the N332 supersite of vulnerability. Glycans N295, N392, and N339 are centrally located within the footprint of the antibody, while N448 and N386 are on the periphery. 2G12 may block membrane fusion by inducing steric hindrance upon primary receptor binding, thus abrogating Env's interaction with coreceptors.
Murin2014
(structure)
-
2G12: 2G12 was one of 10 MAbs used to study chronic vs. consensus vs. transmitted/founder (T/F) gp41 Envs for immunogenicity. Consensus Envs were the most potent eliciters of response but could only neutralize tier 1 and some tier 2 viruses. T/F Envs elicited the greatest breadth of NAb response; and chronic Envs elicited the lowest level and narrowest response. This Glycan binding Nab bound well at <10 nM to 3/5 chronic Envs, 4/6 Consensus Envs and 4/7 T/F Envs.
Liao2013c
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The infectious virion (iVirions) capture index (IVCI) of different Abs have been determined. bnAbs captured higher proportions of iVirions compared to total virus particles (rVirions) indicating the capacity, breadth and selectively of bnAbs to capture iVirions. IVCI was additive with a mixture of Abs, providing proof of concept for vaccine-induced effect of improved capacity. bnAb 2G12 showed significantly high IVCI >1.0, but did not capture HIV subtype B T/F CH040, subtype C CH185.C, or subtype A/E AE.92TH023.
Liu2014
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Study evaluated 4 gp140 Env protein vaccine immunogens derived from an elite neutralizer donor VC10042, an HIV+ African American male from Vanderbilt cohort. Env immunogens, VC10042.05, VC10042.05RM, VC10042.08 and VC10042.ela, elicited high titers of cross-reactive Abs recognizing V1/V2 regions. All the Env protein except VC10042.ela bound to 2G12, but none of the parental Env were neutralized by 2G12.
Carbonetti2014
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2G12: The effect of low pH and HIV-1 Abs which increased the transcytosis of the virus by 20 fold, has been reported. This enhanced transcytosis was due to the Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn), which facilitates HIV-1's own transmission by usurping Ab responses directed against itself. Both infectious and noninfectious viruses were transcytosed by 2G12.
Gupta2013
-
2G12: This study examined how the conserved gp120-gp41 association site adapts to glycan changes that are linked to neutralization sensitivity, using a DSR mutant virus, K601D. K601D has a defective gp120-association, and was sequentially passaged in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to select for suppressor mutations. Mutations 136 and/or glycan 142 increased the sensitivity of T138N and ΔN.
Drummer2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
2G12: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. 2G12 bound to BG505L111A monomer, but failed to neutralize BG505 pseudovirus.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: The neutralization profile of 1F7, a human CD4bs mAb, is reported and compared to other bnNAbs. 1F7 exhibited extreme potency against primary HIV-1, but limited breadth across clades. 2G12 neutralized 33% of a cross-clade panel of 157 HIV-1 isolates (Fig. S1) while 1F7 neutralized only 20% of the isolates.
Gach2013
(neutralization)
-
2G12: This study reported the Ab binding titers and neutralization of 51 patients with chronic HIV-1 infection on supressive ART for 3 yrs. A high titer of Ab against gp120, gp41, and MPER was found. Patient sera were evaluated for binding against recombinant gp120JR-FL mutants lacking either the V1/V2 loop or the V3 loop. Significantly higher end point binding titers and HIV1JR-FL neutralization were noticed in patients with >10 compared to <10 yrs of detectable HIV RNA. 2G12 was used as a CD4b Ab control.
Gach2014
(neutralization, HAART, ART)
-
2G12: This study reports the development of a new cell-line (A3R5)-based highly sensitive Ab detection assay. This T-lymphoblastoid cell-line stably expreses CCR5 and recognizes CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1. A3R5 cells showed greater neutralization potency compared to the current cell-line of choice TZM-bl. 2G12 was used as a reference Ab in neutralization assay comparing A3R5 and TZM-bl.
McLinden2013
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: The crystal structure of PGT135 with gp120, CD4 and Fab 17b was analyzed to study how PGT135 recognizes its Asn332 glycan-dependent epitope. The combined structural studies of PGT 135, PGT 128 and 2G12 show this Asn332-dependent epitope is highly accessible and much more extensive than initially appreciated, allowing for multiple binding modes and varied angles of approach, thus representing a supersite of vulnerability for antibody neutralization.
Kong2013
(structure)
-
2G12: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. 2G12 is a V3-glycan Ab, with breadth 18%, IC50 4.85 μg per ml, and its unique feature is glycan-only recognition.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
2G12: A32 and 2G12 MAbs were used to trigger ADCC activity and to show that HIV Nef and Vpu protect HIV-infected CD4+ T cells from ADCC through down-modulation of CD4 and BST2.
Pham2014
(effector function)
-
2G12: A highly conserved mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env is reported, showing that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1 infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. The mechanism might explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4v by the Vpu and Nef proteins. 2G12 was used in CD4 coexpression and competitive binding assay. Results showed a strong correlation of deletion of vpu gene and 2G12 binding.
Veillette2014
(effector function)
-
2G12: The ability of MAb A32 to recognize HIV-1 Env expressed on the surface of infected CD4(+) T cells as well as its ability to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity was investigated. This study demonstrates that the epitope defined by MAb A32 is a major target on gp120 for plasma ADCC activity. 2G12 was used as a control and A32 showed >3 fold higher ADCC activity than 2G12.
Ferrari2011a
(effector function)
-
2G12: Env pseudo-typed viruses generated from 7 transmitting and 4 non-transmitting mothers and their children were studied to identify phenotypes that associate with the risk of mother to child transmission. There were no differences in neutralization with 2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and b12, but transmitting mothers had higher autologous NAb responses against gp120/gp41, suggesting that strong autologous neutralization activity can associate with risk of transmission and be in fact detrimental.
Baan2013
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. This small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including this one. The small panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: A panel of NAbs and non-neutralizing Abs (NoNAbs) displaying the highest Fc γR-mediated inhibitory activity and significant ADCC were selected and formulated in a microbicidal gel and tested for their antiviral activity against SHIVSF162P3 vaginal challenge in non-human primates. Combination of 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 fully prevented vaginal transmission. Two NoNAbs 246-D and 4B3 had no impact on viral acquisition, but reduced plasma viral load.
Moog2014
(effector function, SIV)
-
2G12: The complexity of the epitopes recognized by ADCC responses in HIV-1 infected individuals and candidate vaccine recipients is discussed in this review. 2G12 is discussed as the C2, C3, C4 and V4 glycation sites-targeting neutralizing anti-gp120 mAb exhibiting ADCC activity and having a discontinuous epitope.
Pollara2013
(effector function, review)
-
2G12: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to 10E8-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
2G12: This paper reported the nature of junk Env glycan that undermine the development of Ab responses against gp120/gp41 trimers and evaluated enzyme digestion as a way to remove aberrant Env to produce "trimer VLPs". 2G12 with its high-mannose glycan profile showed binding to gp160ER, considered as VLP-contaminant.
Crooks2011
(glycosylation)
-
2G12: This study described a potential novel conformational epitope that is present in a subtype C infected subject during early infection. This epitope was recognized by three different B cell receptors and elicited both glycan dependent and independent MAbs. This also showed the power of a single strategically placed amino acid change in viral escape. 2G12 was discussed as a BnAb directed against glycan in describing the role of "glycan shield" in viral escape.
Lynch2011a
(glycosylation, escape, cell-line isolated antibody)
-
2G12: The role of NK cells and NK cell receptor polymorphisms in the assessment of HIV-1 neutralization is reported. 2G12 was used in viral inhibition assay as a control to compare NK cells participation and activity.
Brown2012
(neutralization, NK cells)
-
2G12: This study describes an ˜11 Angstrom cryo-EM structure of the trimeric HIV-1 Env precursor in its unliganded state. The three gp120 and gp41 subunits form a cage like structure with an interior void surrounding the trimer axis which restricts Ab access. 2G12 was used in ELISA to asses the recognition of the purified Env glycoproteins and recognized a high-mannose glycan array on the gp120 outer domain.
Mao2012
(structure)
-
2G12: The sera of 20 HIV-1 patients were screened for ADCC in a novel assay measuring granzyme B (GrB) and T cell elimination and reported that complex sera mediated greater levels of ADCC than anti-HIV mAbs. The data suggested that total amount of IgG bound is an important determinant of robust ADCC which improves the vaccine potency. 2G12 was used as an anti-gp120 to study effects of Ab specificity and affinity on ADCC against HIV-1 infected targets.
Smalls-Mantey2012
(assay or method development, effector function)
-
2G12: Isolation of VRC06 and VRC06b MAbs from a slow progressor donor 45 is reported. This is the same donor from whom bnMAbs VRC01, VRC03 and NIH 45-46 were isolated and the new MAbs are clonal variants of VRC03. 2G12 was used as a glycan specific Ab and as a negative control to compare binding specificity of VRC06.
Li2012
-
2G12: Immunogenicity of gp120 immunogens from two pairs of clade B and two pairs of clade C mother-to-child transmitted HIV-1 variants was studied in rabbits. While high level Env-specific antibody responses were elicited by all immunogens, their abilities to NAb responses differed and neutralization-resistant variants elicited broader NAb. Each of the six Env antigens resistant to 2G12 lacked at least one of the four Potential N-Linked Glycosylation sites (PNGS) important for 2G12 binding.
Wang2012
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: Protective potency of PGT121 was evaluated in vivo in rhesus macaques. PGT121 efficiently protected against high-dose challenge of SHIV SF162P3 in macaques. Sterilizing immunity was observed in 5/5 animals administered 5 mg/kg antibody dose and in 3/5 animals administered 0.2 mg/kg, suggesting that a protective serum concentration for PG121 is in the single-digit mg/mL. PGT121was effective at serum concentration 600-fold lower than for 2G12 and 100-fold lower than for b12.
Moldt2012a
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: The unbinding kinetics of the gp120-2G12, Man(4)-2G12, and Man(5)-2G12 interactions were measured by single-molecule force spectroscopy. This is the first single-molecule study aimed at dissecting the carbohydrate-antibody recognition of the gp120-2G12 interaction. The study confirmed crystallographic models that show both the binding of the linear Man(4) arm to 2G12 and also the multivalent gp120 glycan binding to 2G12.
Martines2012
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Three mouse B cell lines expressing domain-exchanged 2G12 WT, the non-domain-exchanged 2G12 I19R variant, and 2G12 gl as IgM B cell receptors (BCRs) were used to determine the potential of carbohydrate immunogens to elicit Y-shaped or domain-exchanged antibodies in vivo. HIV envelope glycoproteins and candidate glycoconjugate vaccines were compared for their ability to activate these B cell lines. Several of these immunogens were able to activate both 2G12 WT and 2G12 I19R B cell lines, and the discrete cluster of oligomannose glycans could selectively activate the domain-exchanged 2G12 WT cells. None of the immunogens tested were able to activate the germ line 2G12 B cells. The engineered B cell lines were more sensitive than standard ELISA binding assays and may help in the design of immunogens that elicit 2G12-like domain-exchanged antibodies in vivo.
Doores2013
(assay or method development, glycosylation)
-
2G12: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
2G12: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 glycan-V3 site, type glycans and domain swapping, 2G12 class, 2G12 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: This review discusses the new research developments in bnAbs for HIV-1, Influenza, HCV. Models of the HIV-1 Env spike and of Influenza visrus spike with select bnAbs bound are shown.
Burton2012
(review)
-
2G12: Somatic hypermutations are preferably found in CDR loops, which alter the Ab combining sites, but not the overall structure of the variable domain. FWR of CDR are usually resistant to and less tolerant of mutations. This study reports that most bnAbs require somatic mutations in the FWRs which provide flexibility, increasing Ab breadth and potency. To determine the consequence of FWR mutations the framework residues were reverted to the Ab's germline counterpart (FWR-GL) and binding and neutralizing properties were then evaluated. 2G12, which recognizes carbohydrates, was among the 17 bnAbs which were used in studying the mutations in FWR. Fig S4C described the comparison of Ab framework amino acid replacement vs. interactive surface area on 2G12.
Klein2013
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage)
-
2G12: Antigenic properties of 2 biochemically stable and homogeneous gp140 trimers (A clade 92UG037 and C clade CZA97012) were compared with the corresponding gp120 monomers derived from the same percursor sequences. The trimers had nearly all the antigenic properties expected for native viral spikes and were markedly different from monomeric gp120. 2G12 bound trimers and monomers equally well, indicating that the epitope is fully accessible in both forms.
Kovacs2012
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Crystal structure and mechanistic analysis of 2F5-gp41 complex is reported. b12 has been referred as a BnAb directed against the exterior gp120 envelope glycoprotein.
Ofek2004
(antibody interactions, structure)
-
2G12: Glycan shield of HIV Env protein helps to escape the Ab recognition. Several of the PGT BnAbs interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of Fabs PGT127 and PGT128 showed that the high neutralizing potency was mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface. 2G12 was discussed in terms of recognizing terminal dimannose and binding to glycan coat.
Pejchal2011
(glycosylation, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: Intrinsic reactivity of HIV-1, a new property regulating the level of both entry and sensitivity to Abs has been reported. This activity dictates the level of responsiveness of Env protein to co-receptor, CD4 engagement and Abs. 2G12 has been used as a control CD4BS binding Ab in neutralization assays.
Haim2011
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Glycan Asn332-targeting broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) antibodies were studied in 2 C-clade infected women. The ASn332 glycan was absent on infecting virus, but the BCN epitope with Asn332 evolved within 6 months though immune escape from earlier antibodies. Plasma from the subject CAP177 neutralized 88% of a large multi-subtype panel of 225 heterologous viruses, whereas CAP 314 neutralized 46% of 41 heterologous viruses but failed to neutralize viruses that lack glycan at 332. CAP177 or CAP314 clones were not sensitive to 2G12.
Moore2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: This study reports the isolation of a panel of Env vaccine elicited CD4bs-directed macaque mAbs and genetic and functional features that distinguish these Abs from CD4bs MAbs produced during chronic HIV-1 infection. 2G12 was used as a negative control Abs in competitive binding assay with non human primates mAbs.
Sundling2012
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2G12: The goal of this study was to improve the humoral response to HIV-1 by targeting trimeric Env gp140 to B cells. The gp140 was fused to a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B cell activation factor (BAFF) and CD40 ligand (CD40L). These fusion proteins increased the expression of activation-induced-cytidine deaminase (AID) responsible for somatic hypermutation, Ab affinity maturation, and Ab class switching. The Env-APRIL induced high anti-Env responses against tier1 viruses. 2G12 was used in BN-PAGE trimer shift assay.
Melchers2012
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Existing structural and sequence data was analyzed. A set of signature features for potent VRC01-like (PVL) and almost PVL abs was proposed and verified by mutagenesis. 2G12 has been referred in discussing the breadth and potency of antiCD4 abs.
West2012a
(antibody lineage)
-
2G12: Synthesis of an engineered soluble heterotrimeric gp140 is described. These gp140 protomers were designed against clade A and clade B viruses. The heterotrimer gp140s exhibited broader anti-tier1 isolate neutralizing antibody responses than homotrimer gp140. 2G12 was used to determine and compare the immunogenicity of homo and heterotrimers gp140s. 2G12 didn't exhibit any difference in binding to homotrimeric clade A and clade B gp140 binding.
Sellhorn2012
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: This paper showed that nAb 2G12, which binds to gp120 N glycans with α (1,2)-linked mannose termini and inhibits replication after passive transfer to patients, neutralizes by slowing entry of adsorbed virus. It is suggested that 2G12 competitively inhibits interactions between gp120 V3 loop and the tyrosine sulfate containing amino terminus, thus reducing assembly of complexes that catalyze entry.
Platt2012
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
2G12: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. 2G12 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes are reported. Cross-reactive plasma samples were identified and evaluated from 308 subjects tested. 2G12 was used as a control mAb in the comprehensive set of assays performed. Plasma samples C1-0763 and C1-0219 showed comparable activities with 2G12 in competition ELISA.
Tomaras2011
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: Role of envelope deglycosylation in enhancing antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 epitopes is reported. The mechanism of induction of broad neutralizing Abs is discussed. The hypothesis of presence of "holes" in the naive B cell repertoires for unmutated B cell receptor against HIV-1 Env was tested. The authors inferred that glycan interferences control the binding of unmutated ancestor Abs of broad neutralizing mAb to Env gp41.
Ma2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: The rational design of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is discussed in relation to understanding of vaccine recognition sites, the structural basis of interaction with HIV-1 env and vaccine developmental pathways. 2G12 has been mentioned regarding the recognition of high-mannose glycans
Kwong2011
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2G12: A single-cell Ab cloning method is described to isolate neutralizing Abs using truncated gp160 transfected cells as bait. Among the 15 Abs reported, only two are found to be broadly neutralizing and bind to a novel conformational HIV-1 spike epitope. 2G12 was used as a control in neutralizing assay.
Klein2012
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. 2G12 was used as a control in virus neutralization assay. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: YU2 gp140 bait was used to characterize 189 new MAbs representing 51 independent IgG memory B cell clones from 3 clade A or B HIV infected patients exhibiting broad neutralizing activity. 2G12 has been used as a positive control for epitope mapping and evaluating these anti-gp-140 antibodies and a non-sensitive control to DMR/AAA triple mutation.
Mouquet2011
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A panel of glycan deletion mutants was created by point mutation into HIV gp160, showing that glycans are important targets on HIV-1 glycoproteins for broad neutralizing responses in vivo. Enrichment of high mannose N-linked glycan(HM-glycan) of HIV-1 glycoprotein enhanced neutralizing activity of sera from 8/9 patients. 2G12 was used as a control.
Lavine2012
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Ab-driven escape and Ab role in infection control and prevention are reviewed. Main focus is on NAbs, but Ab acting through effector mechanisms are also discussed. 2G12 which was isolated in 1996 and discussed in the context of developing broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies.
Overbaugh2012
(escape, review)
-
2G12: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. 2G12 bound gp120 and Env-VLPs equivalently. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and 2G12 neutralization, while trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The ability of several broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind gp10 or gp41 to inhibit cell-cell fusion between Clone69TRevEnv cells induced to express the viral envelope proteins, gp120/gp41 and highly CD4-positive SupT1 cells was investigated. Little or no inhibitory effect on cell-cell fusion was observed. MAbs b12, m14 IgG and 2G12 had moderate inhibitory activity; MAbs 4E10 and 2F5 had no inhibitory activity.
Yee2011
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Plasma from 14 R5-tropic SHIV-infected macaques was screened for broadly neutralizing activity. A macaque with highly potent cross-clade plasma NAb response was identified. Longitudinal studies showed that the development of broad and autologous NAb responses occurred coincidentally in this animal. Serum-mapping studies, using pseudovirus point mutants and antigen adsorption assays, indicated that the plasma bNAbs are specific for epitopes that include carbohydrates and are critically dependent on the glycan at position 332 of Env gp120. MAb 2G12 was used for comparison.
Walker2011a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: The role of V1V2 in the resistance of HIV-1 to neutralizing Abs was studied using a panel of neutralization-sensitive and -resistant HIV-1 variants and through exchanging regions of Env between neutralization-sensitive and -resistant viruses. An increase in the length of the V1V2 loop and/or the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) in that same region of Env was directly involved in the neutralization resistance. The virus that was sensitive to neutralization by autologous serum was also sensitive to neutralization by MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10, while the virus that was resistant to neutralization by autologous serum was also resistant to neutralization by all of these antibodies except MAb 2G12.
vanGils2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: A standardized proficiency testing program for measurements of HIV-1-specific NAbs in the TZM-bl assay was developed. Three rounds of optimization involving 21 different test laboratories were required to design the final proficiency testing kit. MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10 and TriMab (b12+2G12+2F5) were used for testing.
Todd2012
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: The inhibitory activity of HIV-1-specific Abs against HIV-1 replication in langerhans cells (LCs) and interstitial dendritic cells (IDCs) was analyzed. Five well-known NAbs 447-52D, 4E10, b12, 2G12, 2F5 strongly inhibited HIV-1BaL and HIV-1TV1 replication in LCs and IDCs, and their inhibitory activities were stronger than those measured on PBMCs. Inhibition was more efficient by IgGs than corresponding IgAs, due to an Fc receptor-dependent mechanism, where HIV-1 inhibition occurs by binding of the Fc portion of IgGs to Fc receptors.
Peressin2011
(genital and mucosal immunity, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: The reactivity profiles of MAbs 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12 to those of four pathogenic autoAbs derived from patients with antiphospholipid-syndrome (APS), and to serum from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were compared using an autoantigen microarray comprising 106 connective tissue disease-related autoantigens. The reactivity profiles of bNt anti-HIV-1 MAbs were distinct from those of pathogenic autoAbs.
Singh2011
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
2G12: Broadly neutralizing antibodies circulating in plasma were studied by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Abs fell in 2 groups. One group consisted of antibodies with restricted neutralization breadth that had neutral isoelectric points. These Abs bound to envelope monomers and trimers versus core antigens from which variable loops and other domains have been deleted. Another minor group consisted of broadly neutralizing antibodies consistently distinguished by more basic isoelectric points and specificity for epitopes shared by monomeric gp120, gp120 core, or CD4-induced structures. The pI values estimated for neutralizing plasma IgGs were compared to those of human anti-gp120 MAbs, including 5 bnMAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, b12, and 2G12), 2 narrowly neutralizing MAbs (17b and E51), and 3 nonneutralizing MAbs (A32, C11, and 19e). bnMAbs VRC01, 2G12 and b12 had basic pIs (8.1 to >9).
Sajadi2012
(polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: Small sized CD4 mimetics (miniCD4s) were engineered. These miniCD4s by themselves are poorly immunogenic and do not induce anti-CD4 antibodies. Stable covalent complexes between miniCD4s and gp120 and gp140 were generated through a site-directed coupling reaction. These complexes were recognized by CD4i antibodies as well as by the HIV co-receptor CCR5 and elicited CD4i antibody responses in rabbits. A panel of MAbs of defined epitope specificities, was used to analyze the antigenic integrity of the covalent complexes using capture ELISA. MAb 2G12 was used to normalize the concentration of gp140 vs gp140-miniCD4 complex.
Martin2011
(mimics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Sensitivity to neutralization was studied in 107 full-length Env molecular clones from multiple risk groups in various locations in China. Neutralization sensitivity to plasma pools and bNAbs was not correlated. MAbs 2F5 and G12 failed to neutralize almost all viruses in the C/07/08/B'C subtype group. 2F5 was potent in neutralizing viruses in subtype B′ and CRF01_AE, while 2G12, could only neutralize a 6/9 of subtype B′ viruses and none of the CRF01_AE viruses. 23/24 2G12-resistant viruses lacked the glycan at position 295 or 332 or both.
Shang2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The long-term effect of broadly bNAbs on cell-free HIV particles and their capacity to irreversibly inactivate virus was studied. MPER-specific MAbs potently induced gp120 shedding upon prolonged contact with the virus, rendering neutralization irreversible. The kinetic and thermodynamic requirements of the shedding process were virtually identical to those of neutralization, identifying gp120 shedding as a key process associated with HIV neutralization by MPER bNAbs. Neutralizing and shedding capacity of 7 MPER-, CD4bs- and V3 loop-directed MAbs were assessed against 14 divergent strains. Neutralization with 2G12 was reversible, as 2G12 immediately lost the majority of neutralization activity once access antibody was removed. 2G12 induced 30-60% shedding with 5/14 probed viruses, suggesting that although not a potent shedding inducer, 2G12 can not be considered incapable of inducing shedding.
Ruprecht2011
(neutralization, kinetics)
-
2G12: Circulating HIV-1 virion-immune complexes (ICs), present in approximately 90% of acute subjects were quantified, and the levels and antibody specificity to those in chronic infection were compared. Similar to a nonneutralizing anti-gp41 MAb 7B2, purified plasma IgG from acute HIV-1 subjects bound both infectious and noninfectious virions. This was in contrast to the neutralizing antibody 2G12 MAb that bound predominantly infectious virions.
Liu2011c
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Gold nanoparticles coated with self-assembled monolayers of synthetic oligomannosides [manno-gold glyconanoparticles (GNPs)], which are present in gp120, bound 2G12 with high affinity and interfered with 2G12/gp120 binding. GNPs coated with a linear tetramannoside could block the 2G12-mediated neutralization of a replication-competent virus under conditions that resemble the ones in which normal serum prevents infection of the target cell.
Marradi2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: Deglycosylations were introduced into the 24 N-linked glycosylation sites of a R5 env MWS2 cloned from semen. Mutants N156-T158A, N197-S199A, N262-S264A and N410-T412A conferred decreased infectivity and enhanced sensitivity to a series of antibodies and entry inhibitors. Mutant N156-T158A showed enhanced neutralization sensitivity to MAb 17b in the absence of soluble CD4, suggesting that deglycosylation in these sites on gp120 may be beneficial for the exposure of a CD4 induced epitope which only exists in the CD4-liganded form of gp120.
Huang2012
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: This study analyzed the neutralization sensitivity of sequential HIV-1 primary isolates during their natural evolution in 5 subtype B and CRF02_AG HIV-1 infected drug naive individuals to 13 anti-HIV-1 MAbs (including this MAb) directed at epitopes in the V2, V3, CD4bd and carbohydrates. Patient viruses evolved to become more sensitive to neutralization by MAbs directed at epitopes at V2, V3 and CDbd, indicating that cross sectional studies are inadequate to define the neutralization spectrum of MAb neutralization with primary HIV-1 isolates.
Haldar2011
(neutralization)
-
2G12: This is a detailed systematic study of the molecular recognition of five synthetic oligomannosides 1–5 in solution by the antibody 2G12 by using ligand-based NMR techniques, specifically saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy and transferred NOE experiments.
Enriquez-Navas2011
(glycosylation, structure)
-
2G12: The sensitivity to PG9 and PG16 of pseudotyped viruses was analysed carrying envelope glycoproteins from the viral quasispecies of three HIV-1 clade CRF01_AE-infected patients. It was confirmed that an acidic residue or a basic residue at position 168 in the V2 loop is a key element determining the sensitivity to PG9 and PG16. In addition, evidence is provided of the involvement of a conserved residue at position 215 of the C2 region in the PG9/PG16 epitopes. B clones were tested against 2G12 MAb recognizing a conformational glycan-dependent epitope on gp120 but 2G12 was not used for the CRF01_AE clones since all of them lacked the N332 residue, which constitutes one of the essential N-glycosylation sites of the 2G12 epitope. 2G12 sensitivity of B clones remained comparable, with only one resistant clone, 5008CL3, which became moderately sensitive.
Thenin2012a
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Given the potential importance of cell-associated virus during mucosal HIV-1 transmission, sensitivity of bNAbs targeting HIV-1 envelope surface unit gp120 (VRCO1, PG16, b12, and 2G12) and transmembrane domain gp41 (4E10 and 2F5) was examined for both cell-free and mDC-mediated infections of TZM-bl and CD4+ T cells. It was reported that higher gp120-bNAb concentrations, but not gp41-directed bNAb concentrations, are required The IC50 and IC90 for anti-gp120–directed bNAb 2G12, were significantly higher for almost all mDC-mediated virus transmission (Lai, NL4-3, Lai/Balenv), compared with cell-free HIV-1 infection.to inhibit mDC-mediated virus spread, compared with cell-free transmission. Only cell-free and mDC-mediated infection of 89.6 virus particles demonstrated no significant IC50 difference against 2G12. 2G12 did not readily bind mDCs in the absence of virus. Around 18% of the mDC–T cell synaptic junctions displayed colocalization of Gag-eGFP VLPs with 2G12. Furthermore, 2G12 did not localize at DC–T cell synaptic junctions in the absence of Gag-eGFP VLPs.
Sagar2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: To overcome the many limitations of current systems for HIV-1 virus-like particle (VLP) production, a novel strategy was developed to produce HIV-1 VLP using stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells by cotransfecting S2 cells with plasmids encoding an envelope glycoprotein (consensus B or consensus C), a Rev-independent Gag (Pr55) protein, and a Rev protein, along with a pCoBlast selection marker. Except for antigenic epitope PG16, all other broadly neutralizing antigenic epitopes 2G12, b12, VRC01, and 4E10 tested are preserved on spikes of HIV-1 VLP produced by S2 clones.
Yang2012
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: In order to increase recognition of CD4 by Env and to elicit stronger neutralizing antibodies against it, two Env probes were produced and tested - monomeric Env was stabilized by pocket filling mutations in the CD4bs (PF2) and trimeric Env was formed by appending trimerization motifs to soluble gp120/gp14. PF2-containing proteins were better recognized by bNMAb against CD4bs and more rapidly elicited neutralizing antibodies against the CD4bs. Trimeric Env, however, elicited a higher neutralization potency that mapped to the V3 region of gp120.
Feng2012
(neutralization)
-
2g12: A way to produce conformationally intact, deglycosylated soluble, cleaved recombinant Env trimers by inhibition of the synthesis of complex N-glycans during Env production, followed by treatment with glycosidases under conditions that preserve Env trimer integrity is described to facilitate crystallography and immunogenicity studies. As expected, the glycan-dependent 2G12 did not bind to the deglycosylated trimers.
Depetris2012
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The sera of 113 HIV-1 seroconverters from three cohorts were analyzed for binding to a set of well-characterized gp120 core and resurfaced stabilized core (RSC3) protein probes, and their cognate CD4bs knockout mutants. 2G12 bound strongly to RSC3, RSC3/G367R and RSC3 Δ3711, weakly bound to RSC3 Δ3711/P363N, very weakly bound to gp120 core and did not bind to gp120 core D368R.
Lynch2012
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Sensitivity to bNAbs of primary R5 HIV-1 isolates sequentially obtained before and after AIDS onset was studied. End-stage disease HIV R5 isolates were more sensitive to neutralization by TriMab, an equimolar mix of the IgGb12, 2F5 and 2G12 antibodies, than R5 isolates from the chronic phase. The increased sensitivity correlated with low CD4+ T cell count at time of virus isolation and augmented viral infectivity. Envs from end-stage R5 variants had increased positive surface charge and reduced numbers of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS). These molecular changes in Env also correlated to sensitivity to neutralization by the individual 2G12 MAb. Molecular modeling suggested that the glycosylation sites lost at end-stage disease are located in close proximity to the 2G12 epitope.
Borggren2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: To test whether HIV-1 particle maturation alters the conformation of the Env proteins, a sensitive and quantitative imaging-based Ab-binding assay was used to probe the conformations of full-length and cytoplasmic tail (CT) truncated Env proteins on mature and immature HIV-1 particles. Binding of MPER-specific MAb Z13e1 to immature particles was greater than to mature virions and the increase was abolished by truncation of the gp41 CT. Z13e1 bound immature particles approximately 1.5 to 2 times as well as mature particles when the median binding signals were compared indicating that the recognized neutralization-sensitive epitopes undergo conformational masking during HIV-1 particle maturation.
Joyner2011
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Humoral responses to specific, linear gp41 epitopes were that were already known to be the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies were compared in a cohort of sub-Saharan mother-child pairs. TriMab positive-control Abs (2F5, 2G12, and b12) neutralized all viruses tested: the subtype B laboratory strains SF162 (R5-B) and IIIB (X4-B), and the low-sensitivity subtype C strains, primary isolates DU172 and DU156 (both R5-C). The TriMab control inhibited strain DU156 when all neutralization assays were performed on the DU156 HIV isolate (C-R5) with cord blood specimens from EUN babies.
Diomede2012
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The possibility to construct a polyepitope B-cell immunogen (TBI-2g12) containing linear mimetics of conformational epitopes and its immunogenic properties was examined. The aim was to select the most active peptide mimetic recognized by MAb 2G12 and to construct the protein immunogen by attaching the selected peptide mimotope VGAFGSFYRLSVLQS to a protein carrier. It was shown that the TBI-2g12 as well as the original TBI induce antibodies, that recognize HIV-1 proteins, TBI protein using ELISA and immunoblotting. Though only anti-TBI-2g12 serum recognized the synthetic peptide mimotope VGAFGSFYRLSVLQS, whereas the antibodies against original TBI don’t recognize it. The neutralization assay demonstrated that serum antibodies of the mice immunized with TBI-2g12 possess virus neutralizing activity suggesting that principal epitope responsible for virus neutralizing activity was formed from VGAFGSFYRLSVLQS peptide in the structure of TBI-2g12 protein.
Karpenko2012
(mimotopes, neutralization)
-
2G12: 162 full-length envelope (env) clones were generated from plasma RNA obtained from 5 HIV-1 Clade B infected mother-infant pairs and their V1-V5 genotypes and phylogeny were extensively characterized. All clones from three infants were resistant to 2G12 and exhibited mutations eliminating one of five PNGS implicated in 2G12 binding. Most maternal clones from these pairs exhibited similar levels of 2G12 resistance, and displayed the corresponding mutations.
Kishko2011
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: HIV-1 adaptation to neutralization by MAbs VRC01, PG9, PG16 was studied using HIV-1 variants from historic (1985-1989) and contemporary (2003-2006) seroconverters. 2G12 was included for comparison and neutralized 5% of contemporary viruses at IC50 < 1 μ g/ml and 14% at IC50 < 5 μ g/ml. TriMab construct, consisting of MAbs b12, 2F5 and 2G12 in equal concentrations, showed the highest neutralization correlation with 2F5 and little similarity with 2G12.
Euler2011
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The neutralization potency of PG9, PG16, VRC01 and PGV04 was approximately 10-fold greater than that of MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10.
Falkowska2012
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. Although 2G12 neutralized 32% of 162 isolates at IC50<50 μg/ml, it was almost 100-fold less potent than several new antibodies PGT 121-123 and 125-128, for which the median antibody concentration required to inhibit HIV activity by 50% or 90% (IC50 and IC90 values) was almost 100-fold lower than that of b12, 2G12 and 4E10.
Walker2011
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Studies were conducted to determine whether differences in immunogenic potential exist between two previously reported primary Env antigens (Clade B primary Env antigens LN40 and B33) with closely related gene sequences and completely different phenotypic features. The B33 Env is resistant to MAb 2G12, while the LN40 Env, having the opposite phenotype of B33, is sensitive to MAb 2G12.
Vaine2011
(neutralization)
-
2G12: HIV-1 subtype C env genes from 19 mother-infant pairs: 10 transmitting in utero (IU) and 9 transmitting intrapartum (IP) were analyzed. A severe genetic bottleneck during transmission was confirmed in all pairs. Compared to the maternal viral population, viruses transmitted IP tended to have shorter variable loops and fewer putative N-linked glycosylation sites than viruses transmitted IU. The pseudotyped viruses displayed some sensitivity to 4E10 and soluble CD4 but were resistant to 2G12, 2F5, and IgG1b12.
Russell2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: The influence of potential N-linked glycosylation site (PNGS) N302 on 2G12 sensitivity was assessed based on chimeric envelope genes created by swapping the V1V2 domains of the two env clones. Both the exchange of the V1V2 domain and the introduction of the PNGS at N302 on the 2G12-sensitive clone induced a significant decrease in sensitivity to 2G12. In contrast, the reverse V1V2 exchange and the removal of the PNGS at N302 on the 2G12-resistant clone increased sensitivity to 2G12, confirming the influence of these regions on 2G12 sensitivity. It suggests that both the V1V2 loop and an additional PNGS in V3 might limit access to the 2G12 epitope.
Chaillon2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, structure)
-
2G12: To elicit 2G12-like Ab response it was shown that Manα1→2Man motif was the primary carbohydrate neutralization determinant of HIV-1 that elicited Abs to the self oligomannose glycans. While 2G12 is known to bind to this motif, the specificity of the mannan immune serum (ΔMnn1: S. cerevisiae deficient in the α1→3 mannosyltransferase gene) seemed narrower than some alternative modes of binding postulated for 2G12. ΔMnn1 immune sera revealed fine carbohydrate specificity to Manα1→2Man units, closely matching that of 2G12. The sera also appeared to tolerate the presence of D1 glucosylation indicating perhaps a somewhat wider degree of monosaccharide or linkage specificity compared to 2G12.
Dunlop2010
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The development and characterization of a tier 1 R5 SHIV, termed SHIV-1157ipEL is reported. SHIV-1157ipEL is a chimera of the "early", neutralization-sensitive SHIV-1157ip envelope and the "late", neutralization-resistant engineered backbone of SHIV-1157ipd3N4. Molecular modeling revealed a possible mechanism for the increased neutralization resistance of SHIV-1157ipd3N4 Env: V2 loops hindering access to the CD4 binding site, shown experimentally with NAb b12. Sequence analysis performed of the SHIV-1157ipEL-p showed a loss of N295, a key amino acid residue in the epitope of 2G12 that caused SHIV-1157ipEL to become resistant to 2G12. 2G12 only neutralized SHIV-SF162P4 out of the 4 C clade and 2 B clade SHIV strains tested.
Siddappa2010
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Purified MAb 2G12, produced by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana using replicating and non-replicating systems based on deleted versions of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNA-2, was expressed and characterized based on biochemical properties, in vitro activity and neutralization capabilities. The plant derived purified 2G12 (delRNA-2 + RNA-1 or CPMV-HT) was not as pure as CHO-produced 2G12 (reference standard) although no significant differences were observed between 2G12 produced by delRNA-2 with RNA-1 or by CPMV-HT. Also, 2G12 glycosylation was not greatly affected by the presence of RNA-1 or CPMV-HT. The binding activity of plant derived 2G12 was slightly lower than CHO-produced 2G12 although its neutralization capability was similar to that of CHO-produced 2G12.
Sainsbury2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: This review discusses current understanding of Env neutralization by antibodies in relation to epitope exposure and how this insight might benefit vaccine design strategies. This MAb is in the list of current MAbs with notable cross-neutralizing activity.
Pantophlet2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
2G12: This review outlines the general structure of the gp160 viral envelope, the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response, the mechanisms of viral escape and the characterization of broadly neutralizing Abs. The review discusses the special structure of 2G12 which allows it to overcome the glycan masking strategy that HIV-1 uses to protect itself from antibody recognition. It is noted also that 2G12 can neutralize a significant number of primary isolates from clade B, but is less effective against non-clade B viruses and is not active against most clade C. 2G12 provided protection in macaques against SHIV.
Gonzalez2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, review)
-
2G12: The expression and characterization of different glycoforms of V3-Fc fusion protein along with its binding to HIV-neutralizing Abs 2G12 and 447-52D was examined. The binding affinity of 2G12 was significantly high for the high-mannose type glycoforms of V3-Fc (V3-Fc-HM, V3-Fc-M9 and the two mutants:N301A and Fc-N297A) following a quick association/dissociation kinetic process, although it was not measurable for the complex type glycoform V3-Fc-CT. The affinity to 2G12 was reduced more by removal of the N-glycan at the N301 site than at the N297 site. Very high affinity to 2G12 was observed for gp120 with extremely slow dissociation rate.
Yang2010a
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2G12: This review discusses recent rational structure-based approaches in HIV vaccine design that helped in understanding the link between Env antigenicity and immunogenicity. This MAb is mentioned in the context of immunogens based on the epitopes recognized by bNAbs. 2G12 adopts an unusual domain exchanged structure to recognize a conserved cluster of oligomannose residues on the outer domain of gp120 and has provided a basis for the design of immunogens to target the HIV-1 glycan shield.
Walker2010a
(neutralization, review)
-
2G12: 37 Indian clade C HIV-1 Env clones obtained at different time points from five patients with recent infection, were studied in neutralization assays for sensitivities to their autologous plasma antibodies and mAbs. All Env variants were resistant to 2G12, except those obtained from IVC-3 patient. This resistance was associated with the absence of N-linked glycosylation site at position 295 at the N-terminal base of V3 loop. The sensitivity of IVC-3 clones was due to the presence of N295, atypical of clade C.
Ringe2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: This review discusses strategies for design of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines against HIV-1 and recent major advances in the field regarding isolation of potent broadly neutralizing Abs.
Sattentau2010
(review)
-
2G12: The effect of absence and presence of sCD4 on accessibility and binding of HIV-1 gp41 MPER-binding epitopes on CCR5-tropic pseudoviruses from five different clades to the mAbs was studied. The 2G12 N-sites 295, 332, 339, 386, 392 were examined. 2G12 showed high binding affinity to pseudoviruses from clade A (epitope mutant:tWFDIs), clade B (NWFDIT) and clade D (NWFsIT), and very low binding affinity to clade A (NWFDIs), clade B (sWFsIT), clade C (sWFsIT), clade D (NWFsIT) and clade CRF01_AE (NWFDIT) and no binding to clade C (sWFsIT) and clade CRF01_AE (NWFDIs).
Peachman2010a
(variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Most of the 34 Env-pseudotyped viruses from HIV-1 CRF01_AE - infected plasma samples collected in China could efficiently infect target cells in the presence of high concentrations of 2G12 MAb. Only 1/34 viruses showed low 2G12 susceptibility and all viruses lacked one or more glycans at positions critical for 2G12 neutralization.
Nie2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: This review discusses the studies done on poly-reactive antibodies (binding to two different epitopes), and the importance of polyreactivity. Low polyreactivity has been reported for 2G12.
Pluckthun2010
(review, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2G12: A lentiviral vector encoding the heavy and light chains of 2G12 was transduced in the primary human B cells and directed production of 2G12. NOD/SCID/γc mice were transplanted with human hematopoetic stem cells (hu-HSC) transduced with the vector and the animals were inoculated with HIV-1. Mice engrafted with the 2G12-transducted cells displayed a 70-fold reduction in plasma RNA levels and a 200-fold reduction in HIV-1 infected spleen cells compared to control mice, indicating inhibition of in vivo HIV infection by this gene therapy approach.
Joseph2010
-
2G12: This paper shows that a highly neutralization-resistant virus is converted to a neutralization sensitive virus with a rare single mutation D179N in the C-terminal portion of the V2 domain for several antibodies. 2G12, however, did not neutralize any of the mutants tested.
ORourke2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: MAb m9 showed superior neutralization potency compared to 2G12 in a TZM-bl assay, where it neutralized all 15 isolates compared to 2G12 that neutralized only 4 clade B isolates but not clade A or C isolates.
Zhang2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A side-by-side comparison was performed on the quality of Ab responses in humans elicited by three vaccine studies focusing on Env-specific Abs. Minimal presence of 2G12-like Abs was detected in the three vaccine trials. 17% of sera from the HVTN 203 trial, 0% of sera from the HVTN 041 trial, and 24% of sera from the DP6-001 trial were able to outcompete binding to 2G12 MAb.
Vaine2010
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: This review focuses on recent vaccine design efforts and investigation of broadly neutralizing Abs and their epitopes to aid in the improvement of immunogen design. NAb epitopes, NAbs response to HIV-1, isolation of novel mAbs, and vaccine-elicited NAb responses in human clinical trials are discussed in this review.
Mascola2010
(review)
-
2G12: Naturally occurring human and experimentally induced murine and rabbit GBV-C E2 Abs were studied for their ability to neutralize diverse HIV-isolates and showed that broadly neutralizing HIV Abs were elicited on immunization of rabbits with GBV-C E2. MAb 2G12 neutralized R5 and dual R5-X4 HIV-1 isolates of subtypes A and B in primary human PBMCs. The TriMAb control including 2G12 did not neutralize the HIV-1 R5 isolate in TZM-bl cells but did in PBMCs.
Mohr2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A mathematical framework is designed to determine the number of Abs required to neutralize a single trimer called the stoichiometry of trimer neutralization. 15 different virus antibody combinations divided into five groups based on antibody binding sites were used in the designed model. 2G12 is in a group by itself as it recognizes a carbohydrate-dependent epitope on gp120. The number of 2G12 Abs needed to neutralize a single trimer was estimated as 1 with 97 percent probability.
Magnus2010
-
2G12: BanLec is a lectin isolated from the fruit of bananas that was shown to inhibit HIV-1 isolates of different subtypes and tropisms. Pretreatment of gp120 with BanLec inhibited recognition by 2G12 in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that BanLec inhibits HIV-1 by binding to high-mannose structures also recognized by 2G12.
Swanson2010
-
2G12: Four human anti-phospholipid mAbs were reported to inhibit HIV-1 infection of human PBMC's by binding to monocytes and releasing soluble chemokines. The ability of different anti-phospholid mAbs to inhibit pseudovirus infection was studied. Four out of nine anti-phospholid mAbs inhibited HIV-1 infectivity in PBMC-based virus infection inhibition assay where a mixture of mAbs 2F5, IgG1b12, and 2G12 (TriMab) was used as a positive control.
Moody2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A naturally occurring dimeric form of 2G12 was shown to have increased neutralization potency and increased ADCC activity compared to the monomeric form of 2G12. An ADCC-enhancing double mutation improved the ADCC activity of 2G12 monomer more than 2G12 dimer.
Klein2010a
(effector function)
-
2G12: Targeted neutralizing epitopes have been identified based on the change in sensitivity to neutralization due to variations in known immunoepitopes studied in 17 subjects. The glycan removal by N332S mutant from gp120 outer domain decreased the neutralization of gp160 by 2G12. In addition, the N332S mutant escaped neutralization by two patient sera.
Nandi2010
(neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: Molecular modeling was used to construct a 3D model of an anti-gp120 RNA aptamer, B40t77, in complex with gp120. Externally exposed residues of gp120 that participated in stabilizing interaction with the aptamer were mutated. Binding of 2G12 to gp120 was inhibited by B40t77, which is suggested to be due to distant conformational changes of gp120 induced by the aptamer.
Joubert2010
(binding affinity, structure)
-
2G12: A yeast glycosylation mutant was created to expose numerous terminal Man1,2-Man residues. Although the yeast did not bind to 2G12, immunization of rabbits resulted in sera containing Manα1,2-Manα1,2-Man-specific Abs that cross-reacted with Env glycoproteins from HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C.
Luallen2010
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: 2G12 was shown to capture virion particles completely devoid of HIV-1 Env. Virus capture assay was modified with added incubation of virions and MAbs in solution followed by removal of unbound MAbs, which nearly eliminated the Env-independent binding by this Ab. This modification also allowed for relative affinity of 2G12 for virions to be quantified. There was an overall reduction in the efficiency of capture of molecular clones (MC) relative to pseudotyped virions by 2G12. In addition, trimeric JR-FL MC was captured more efficiently by 2G12 than nontrimeric Envs from JR-CSF MC virus.
Leaman2010
(assay or method development, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The role of HIV-1 envelope spike density on the virion and the effect it has on MAb avidity, and neutralization potencies of MAbs presented as different isotypes, are reviewed. Engineering approaches and design of immunogens able to elicit intra-spike cross-linking Abs are discussed.
Klein2010
(review)
-
2G12: 18 unique Env clones of subtype C HIV-1 derived from six African countries and Scotland were tested for their neutralization susceptibility by 2G12. 2G12 neutralized only one of the isolates.
Koh2010a
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Glycoconjugates were designed consisting of four- and eight-valent high-mannose HIV-1 related oligosaccharides clustered onto flexible polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrons and subsequently conjugated to well-characterized nontoxic diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 as a carrier. The multivalent presentation of oligomannoses increased the avidity to 2G12. Antisera of mice and rabbits immunized with the glycoconjugates failed to recognize recombinant HIV-1 proteins.
Kabanova2010
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The effect of presence and absence of V1 loop was assessed using two approaches: remove V1 loop from the soluble trimeric gp140 construct (ΔV1SF162gp140) and second, substitute the V1 loop on SF162gp140 construct with four different V1 loops from 89.6, YU2, JRFL, and HxB2 (heterologous HIV-1 viruses). Deletion or substitution of V1 loop did not affect neutralization by 2G12 and there was only a small change in binding affinity to 2G12. D368R modification to SF162gp120 did not affect the binding by 2G12, although it abrogated neutralization by 2G12 at lower MAb concentrations.
Ching2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A hybrid nonself sugar was designed based on the crystal structure of D-fructose in complex with 2G12 Fab to elicit high 2G12 Ab response based on much enhanced (9 times) affinity of 2G12 for D-fructose compared to D-mannose. Introduction of nonself modifications into the D1 arm of high-mannose sugars led to additional interactions of nonself modifications to the 2G12 binding site resulting in enhanced antigenicity. The nonself glycan enhanced 2G12 binding compared to the self glycan, and the antibodies generated in immunized rabbits cross-reacted with the self glycan present in different conjugates, but did not bind the self D1 glycan motif when present on gp120.
Doores2010c
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The effect of HIV-1 complement opsonization on 2G12 activity was evaluated in three instances: HIV-1 transcytosis through epithelial cells, HIV-1 attachment on immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (iMDDC), and infectivity of iMDDC. 2G12 was not able to inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis. 2G12 inhibited the attachment of non-opsonised HIV to iMDDC but had no effect on the opsonized HIV-1 attachment. 2G12 was able to inhibit production of both opsonized and non-opsonized HIV-1 in iMDDCs.
Jenabian2010
(complement)
-
2G12: A germ line version of 2G12 was constructed that was not domain exchanged and did not detectably bind to gp120. Introducing increasing number of substitutions to germ line 2G12 resulted in domain exchanged wild type form of this Ab. Only 5-7 crucial substitutions were found necessary to induce considerable domain exchange of germ line 2G12; Ih19, Rh57, Eh75, Rh39, Ah14, Vh84 and Ph113.
Huber2010
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Clustering analysis was performed to find patterns of neutralization reactivity for the dataset of 103 patients sera against 20 viruses. The clustering by five MAbs (including 2G12) against the 20 isolates was less statistically robust than that with serum titers, resulting in three clusters for both cases. The membership in an isolate cluster defined by serum titers was compared with its sensitivity to every MAb to understand the relationship of serum and MAb reactivity. Membership in all the three clusters did not correlate with sensitivity to 2G12.
Doria-Rose2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The sensitivity of subtype C viruses to lectins GRFT, CV-N and SVN was analysed and compared to that of subtype A and B viruses which showed same sensitivity by all three viruses for all the three lectins. It was also examined whether lectin binding interfered with the access to the 2G12 epitope and there was competition among the compounds for virus capture. GRFT and CV-N inhibited the virus capture more effectively than SVN. Virus capture by 2G12 was inhibited for all three viruses using same amount of lectin concentrations. The results suggested overlap of 2G12 epitope with the binding sites of all the three lectins.
Alexandre2010
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Addition of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) had no effect on the potency of 2G12 neutralization in TZM-bl assay but addition of LPS in PBMC assay increased neutralization potency of 2G12. Endotoxin contamination was shown to mediate release of antiviral chemokines in PBMCs and is thus suggested to be able to cause false-positive results in PBMC-based neutralization assays.
Geonnotti2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: In order to overcome problems of the PBMC-based neutralization assay a novel approach was developed utilizing a platform based on Renilla luciferase (LucR) expressing HIV-1 proviral backbone. Env-IMC-LucR reporter viruses expressing HIV-1 envs from different virus strains were incubated with NAbs, such as 2G12, and used to infect donor PBMCs. The inhibition was assessed by measuring virus-encoded LucR activity in the cell lysates. There was a dosage dependent effect of 2G12 on virus infectivity. Variation in sensitivity to 2G12 was observed among different donor PBMCs, and this high variability was suggested to be a real biological effect attributable to use of different donor PBMCs, rather than assay-to-assay variability.
Edmonds2010
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: The identity of N-linked glycans from primary isolates of subtypes A, B and C was studied. Results showed highly conserved virus-specific glycan profile devoid of medial Golgi-mediated processing. When mutant viruses with glycosylation site deletions that disrupt the 2G12 epitope were analyzed, there was a modest decrease of Man8-9GlcNAc2 glycans, but the overall profile remained unperturbed. This confirmed the sensitivity of 2G12 for a small subset of Manα1-2Man glycans.
Doores2010b
(glycosylation)
-
2G12: Subtype B HIV-1 variants from historical seroconverters (individuals that seroconverted between 1985 and 1989) were equally sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 as variants isolated from contemporary seroconverters (ndividuals that seroconverted between 2003 and 2006).
Bunnik2010a
(neutralization, dynamics)
-
2G12: 17b was linked with sCD4 and the construct was tested for its neutralization breadth and potency. sCD4-17b showed significantly greater neutralization breadth and potency compared to 2G12, neutralizing 100% of HIV-1 primary isolates of subtypes A, B, C, D, F, CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG, while 2G12 neutralized some isolates of subtypes B and D. Unlike sCD4-17b, 2G12 was not equivalently active against virus particles generated from different producer cell types.
Lagenaur2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: A set of Env variants with deletions in V1/V2 was constructed. Replication competent Env variants with V1/V2 deletions were obtained using virus evolution of V1/V2 deleted variants. Sensitivity of the evolved ΔV1V2 viruses was evaluated to study accessibility of their neutralization epitopes. 2G12 neutralized and bound to both cleaved and uncleaved ΔV1V2 variants more potently compared to the wild type virus, indicating better accessibility of the 2G12 epitope when the V1V2 domain is deleted.
Bontjer2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Five different glycoforms of 2G12, generated in wild type and glycoengineered plants and in Chinese hamster ovary cells, were used to investigate the impact of Ab Fc glycosylation on the antiviral activity of the Ab. All five 2G12 glycoforms had similar binding profiles to cells expressing FcγRI, FcγRIIa or FcγRIIb. In contrast, two glycoforms of 2G12 lacking fucose showed significantly enhanced binding to cells expressing FcγRIIIa, compared to 2G12 glycoforms carrying core fucose. The two non-fucosylated forms of 2G12 also showed stronger antiviral activity against HIV-1 and SIV in ADCVI-assays compared to the fucosylated forms of 2G12.
Forthal2010
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A single amino acid substitution (I19R) was used to produce a nondomain-exchanged variant of 2G12 (2G12 I19R). 2G12 I19R was able to recognize the same mannose motifs on recombinant gp120, synthetic glycoconjugates, and on Candida albicans as the wild type 2G12. However, 2G12 I19R was unable to recognize the cluster of mannose motifs in the context of HIV envelope trimer, and was unable to neutralize 2G12-sensitive HIV-1 pseudovirions. Crystallographic structure of 2G12 I19R showed that this Ab and the wild type 2G12 have identical Fab binding units but that they display dramatically different juxtapositioning of their variable versus constant regions. These differences lead to remarkably different binding characteristics.
Doores2010a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
2g12: Various UV-activatable azido- and iodo-based hydrophobic compounds have been studied for their ability to inactivate HIV-1 virus while preserving their surface antigenic structures. The virus was inactivated by treating it with azido-containing hydrophobic compounds and UV irradiation. The preservation of known neutralizing epitopes on the viral surface of treated virus was tested using the known neutralizing Abs. There was no significant effect on 2g12 recognition and capture of the virus treated with azido-compounds and irradiated with UV for 2 or 15 minutes compared to the untreated virus, hence no damage to its epitopes.
Belanger2010
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: This review discusses recent research done to improve the production, quality, and cross-reactivity of binding Abs, neutralizing Abs, monoclonal Abs with broad neutralizing activity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI), and catalytic Abs. Studies focusing on several aspects of BNAb roles in vaccine development, and studies done to better understand the broad binding capacity of BNAbs are reviewed.
Baum2010
(effector function, neutralization, review)
-
2G12: Parent and GnTI (complex glycans of the neutralizing face are replaced by fully trimmed oligomannose stumps) viruses were equally sensitive to neutralization by 2G12, indicating that replacement of complex glycans does not affect the already exposed 2G12 epitope on the silent domain of the virus. Absence of the glycan at residue N301 (N301Q mutant virus) had no effect on 2G12 neutralization. Viruses subjected to removal of outer domain glycans by Endo H treatment were recognized less efficiently by 2G12.
Binley2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: Pseudoviruses containing Env mutations (V255E, S375N or A433T), which were in vitro selected with the small CD4-mimicking compound NBD-556, showed the same neutralization sensitivities as the wild type virus to 2G12.
Yoshimura2010
(mimics, neutralization)
-
2G12: Neutralizing sensitivity of L669S mutant virus to 2G12 was not significantly different from the neutralizing sensitivity of the wild type virus.
Shen2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Neutralization potency of 2G12 was compared to that of HK20 scFv in TZM-based assay using 45 Tier 1 and Tier 2 HIV isolates. 2G12 neutralized 12/45 isolates. In addition, 2G12 was used in TriMab, together with 2F5 and b12, to examine neutralization of 9 clade A, B, C, D and E isolates in PBMC assay. Here, TriMab neutralized 7 isolates with 2 not determined.
Sabin2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Using a humanized mouse model it was shown that passively transferred 2G12 dimer was more potent than 2G12 monomer at preventing CD4 T cell loss and suppressing increase in viral load in mice challenged with JR-CSF virus. 100µg/ml of combined 2G12 monomer and dimer significantly reduced the severity of HIV-1 infection in mice with high-dose challenge, but this 2G12 dose resulted in escape mutations at the N295 residue. Providing 2G12 dimers continuously at 5-25µg/ml by IgG tumor backpacks in mice resulted in effective protection against HIV-1, while complete escape to 2G12 neutralization was not observed.
Luo2010
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, escape, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: B cell depletion in an HIV-1 infected patient using rituximab led to a decline in NAb titers and rising viral load. Recovery of NAb titers resulted in control of viral load, and the newly emerged virus population was examined. The common ancestor of this new viral population showed evidence of positive selection and presence of N339E mutation, which inhibited neutralization by 2G12 fourfold. However, there was no binding competition between patient sera and 2G12.
Huang2010
(antibody interactions, escape)
-
2G12: The role of several N-glycosylation sites in 2G12 binding and neutralization was investigated on Envs of LN40 and B33 strains. Glycans at N295, N332, N386 and N392 were critical for 2G12 binding and neutralization. Substitutions in Envs which affect CD4 binding were also shown to have a strong effect on 2G12 neutralization. These residues were within and proximal to CD4bs but not involved in glycosylation. Increased avidity to CD4 did not correlate with 2G12 sensitivity, indicating that the determinants within CD4bs may act to reorient glycans on gp120.
Duenas-Decamp2010
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Unlike for b12, decreasing neutralization sensitivity during the course of infection was not observed for 2G12 in 15 patients studied. Changes in three amino acid residues (154, 178 and 389) were found to confer resistance to b12, but they did not increase resistance of LAI strain to 2G12 neutralization.
Bunnik2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Fusion of CD4 with 2G12 scFv resulted in CD4-scFv2G12 reagent with neutralization potency improved by inclusion of an IgG Fc region and by linkage of CD4 to the heavy chain of 2G12. The resulting CD4hc-IgG12G12 was, like 2G12, expressed as a mixture of monomers and dimers. CD4hc-IgG12G12 dimers showed comparable neutralization potencies with 2G12, and CD4hc-IgG12G12 monomers showed enhanced neutralization potencies. Unlike 2G12, CD4hc-IgG12G12 had the ability to neutralize some clade C HIV-1 strains.
West2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The specificities and structural analyses of 2G12 binding to Env are reviewed. This review also summarizes data on the evolution of HIV neutralizing Abs, principles of Env immunogen design to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs, and future critical areas of research for development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine.
Hoxie2010
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2G12: Three 2G12 heavy chain mutants with multiple germ line amino acid substitutions in the VDJ region were created to investigate the mechanism of domain swapping in 2G12. There were qualitative structural differences between 2G12 mutants and 2G12 wild type, and the mutants failed to neutralize or to capture free virus. Structural analyses revealed that the domain-exchanged configuration of 2G12 was fostered by single or combined effects of 4 amino acid side chains that help stabilize the elbow region (H113). The proline at H113 was not required for the domain swapping capability of 2G12. 2G12-3H6 mutant, which had the whole Vh region exchanged with that of another Ab (3H6), lacked domain swapping capability, indicating that CDR3 and J region are not sufficient to promote Vh domain exchange.
Gach2010
(neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
2G12: 58 mAbs, including 3 broadly neutralizing mAbs, were isolated from memory B cells of HIV-1 infected donors using an improved EBV immortalization method combined with a broad screening strategy. 2G12 neutralization activity was compared to the three new broadly neutralizing mAbs. 2G12 did not compete for binding to gp120 with any of the new mAbs. 2G12 neutralized 67% of Tier 1 and 23% of Tier 2 viruses, the neutralization of Tier 2 viruses being inferior to that of the new MAb HJ16. 2G12 rarely neutralized clade C isolates.
Corti2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: 433 Abs were cloned from HIV envelope-binding memory B cells from 6 patients with broadly neutralizing sera. The Abs had neutralizing activity directed against several epitopes on gp120 and the majority neutralized Tier 1 viruses. Tier-2 neutralization was observed only with mixtures of MAbs, but only at high concentrations. 2G12 was used as a control and it neutralized 4/5 Tier 1 and 4/5 Tier 2 viruses.
Scheid2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Exogenous epitope tags were introduced in different parts of three variable regions, V1, V2 and V4, of two HIV isolates, SF162 and SF33. Almost all SF162 and SF33 tagged Envs were as susceptible to neutralization by 2G12 as the wild type, except V4-tagged Envs, which were significantly more resistant to neutralization by this Ab compared to wild type. However, V4-tagged Envs were recognized by 2G12.
Wallace2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: This review discusses obstacles to elicitation of protective NAbs, recent data on viral epitopes vulnerable to broadly NAbs, qualitative and quantitative implications of NAb response for vaccine development, and possible future areas of investigation to improve understanding of Env structure and stimulation of appropriate B cell responses.
Stamatatos2009
(review)
-
2G12: The structure and dynamic of the virion spike and the 2G12 epitope are discussed. Challenges to eliciting broadly neutralizing anticarbohydrate response, such as weak protein-carbohydrate interactions and small size of glycan patches for Ab binding, are reviewed. 2G12 domain swapping solution to these problems and the implication of the data for immunogen design are discussed.
Schief2009
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2G12: TZM-bl and PBMC systems were compared to investigate the influence of target cell environment on HIV entry inhibition. The sensitivity of TZM-bl system was confirmed by inhibitory capacity of 2G12, 2F5 and b12. Virus entry increased on addition of polycation additives, but neither concentration nor type of polycation had a significant impact on the inhibitory activity of 2G12. 2G12 was shown to be significantly less active on TZM-bl cells, where it failed to inhibit 12 viruses, while it failed to inhibit 9 viruses in PBMC assay. HIV isolates were less sensitive to inhibition by 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, with up to 100-fold lower sensitivity in the TZM-bl assay.
Rusert2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: To examine the antigenicity of a defined Ab epitope on the functional envelope spike, a panel of chimeric viruses engrafted at different positions with the hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tag was constructed. The neutralization sensitivity of the all but three HA-tagged viruses to 2G12 was similar to the neutralization sensitivity of wild type virus to this Ab. The three viruses with HA-tag insertions in the V4 region were more resistant to 2G12 than the wild type virus.
Pantophlet2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: This review summarizes targets of autologous neutralizing Abs (AnAbs) in early and chronic infections. V1V2 is a frequent target of AnAbs, while V4 and V5 have marginal role and anti-V3 Abs do not contribute to autologous neutralization. In addition to variable regions, C3 is a neutralization target in subtype C viruses, and is thought to interact with V4. gp41 is thought to have marginal effect as a target of AnAbs, with only one study showing 4E10-resistant variants suggesting escape from AnAbs targeting this region. AnAb specificities and sequential development, and their role in preventing superinfection is also reviewed. The relatively high Ab titer required for prevention of superinfection and control of viremia, and the low inhibitory potential of b12, 2F5, 4E10 and 2G12 compared to antiretroviral drugs is discussed.
Moore2009
(autologous responses, review)
-
2G12: This review describes obstacles that have been encountered in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine that induces broadly neutralizing Abs, and unusual features of existing broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 2G12. Importance of identification and characterization of new epitopes, and of B-cell stimulation, is discussed.
Montefiori2009
(review)
-
2G12: An overview of the different expression strategies to over produce HIV neutralizing Abs, including 2G12, in plants. The attention is specially focused on expression strategies of Nef protein.
Marusic2009
(review)
-
2G12: Env clones of 6 out of 12 viruses were shown to be highly sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 in PBMC assay but were not inhibited by 2G12 in TZM-bl assay. All 6 envelopes carried a mutation in the core epitope of 2G12. Viruses from patients receiving passive immunization with 2G12 were sensitive to 2G12 both in vivo and in PBMC assay. Upon emergence of 2G12 resistant viruses in vivo, the viruses were shown resistant to neutralization by 2G12 in PBMC assay. The study suggests that TZM-bl assay can fail to detect neutralizing activity of in vivo relevance but may be more prone to detect epitope mismatches. Causes of the observed differences between the PBMC and TZM-bl assays were due to virus producer cells and target cells, that could influence virus entry inhibition.
Mann2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: NAb specificities of a panel of HIV sera were systematically analyzed by selective adsorption with native gp120 and specific mutant variants. The integrity and specificity of gp120 beads in adsorption assay were validated by their ability to adsorb binding activity of 2G12. gp120 point mutation D368R was used to screen the sera for CD4bs- Abs, and it was shown that this mutant could adsorb binding activity of 2G12. To test for presence of coreceptor binding region MAbs in sera, gp120 I420 mutant was used. This mutant was recognized by 2G12 at equal levels as the wild type, and it could adsorb binding activity of 2G12 in adsorption assay. In some of the broadly neutralizing sera, the gp120-directed neutralization was mapped to CD4bs. Some sera were positive for NAbs against coreceptor binding region. A subset of sera also contained NAbs directed against MPER.
Li2009c
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: 2G12 domain swapping mode of epitope recognition is reviewed in detail. The review also summarizes on how different modes of Ab binding and recognition are used to overcome viral evasion tactics and how this knowledge may be used to re-elicit responses in vivo.
Kwong2009a
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2G12: The review discusses the implications of HIV-1 diversity on vaccine design and induction of neutralizing Abs, and possible novel approaches for rational vaccine design that can enhance coverage of HIV diversity. Patterns of within-clade and between-clade diversity in core epitopes of known potent neutralizing Abs, including 2G12, is displayed.
Korber2009
(review)
-
2G12: 2G12 alone was not able to trigger complement-mediated lysis (CML) of 93BR020 and 92UG037 strains, however, it did so in combination with 4E10. Lysis experiments of viruses from three donors showed that 2G12 in combination with allotype-specific Abs Cw4 or Cw7 significantly increased CML. 2G12 in combination with Abs against HLA A1 resulted in significant reduction in CML.
Hildgartner2009
(complement)
-
2G12: The effect of continuous 2G12 infusion on protection from infection and on viral load is reviewed.
Haigwood2009
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2G12: FcγR-mediated inhibition and neutralization of HIV by 2G12 and other MAbs is reviewed. The review also summarizes the role of ADCC and ADCVI Abs on HIV infection inhibition and neutralization.
Forthal2009
(review)
-
2G12: A set of Env variants with deletions in V1/V2 were constructed. Replication competent Env variants with V1/V2 deletions were obtained using virus evolution of V1/V2 deleted variants. Most variants were found more sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 than the wild type, indicating that deletion of V1/V2 increases 2G12 epitope accessibility.
Bontjer2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: This review summarizes novel approaches to mapping broad neutralizing activities in sera and novel technologies for targeted MAb retrieval.
Binley2009
(assay or method development, review)
-
2G12: Resurfaced stabilized core 3 (RSC3) protein was designed to preserve the antigenic structure of the gp120 CD4bs neutralizing surface but eliminate other antigenic regions of HIV-1. RSC3 retained strong reactivity with 2G12. Memory B cells were selected that bound to RSC3 and full IgG mAbs were expressed. Binding profiles of the three newly detected mAbs (VRC1, VRC2 and VRC3) were compared to binding profile of 2G12.
Wu2010
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Glycosylation patterns of HIV-1 were altered using different glycosidase inhibitors or a mutant cell line. Recombinant production of gp120 in the presence of kifunensine resulted in increased neutralization by 2G12, while swainsonine and NB-DNJ treatment resulted in neutralization similar to the wild type.
Doores2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: In 25% of cases, the broad and potent neutralizing activity of sera from elite neutralizers displayed critical correlation to the N-linked glycosylation at position 332 of HIV-1. Although this N-linked glycan is important for formation of the 2G12 epitope, none of the donor sera inhibited 2G12 binding to gp120, indicating presence of NAbs distinct of 2G12. Unlike PG9 and PG16, 2G12 neutralized kifunensine-treated pseudoviruses with similar potency as wild type pseudoviruses.
Walker2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Ab gene divergence analyses found that 2G12 Ab was significantly more divergent from the closest germline Abs than were hmAbs against other viruses. Germline-like 2G12 was constructed in a scFv format. It was shown that germline-like 2G12 did not bind to recombinant gp140 although the corresponding mature 2G12 showed binding.
Xiao2009
(binding affinity, antibody sequence)
-
2G12: Patient sera from 13 HIV controllers and 75 chronic viremic patients were tested for the ability to block binding of 2G12 to Env JRFL gp140 oligomers. There was no difference observed between the controllers and chronic viremic patients. The NAb response was significantly lower in controllers, while ADCC was detected in all controllers but in only 40% of viremic patients.
Lambotte2009
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization)
-
2G12: One functional Env clone from each of 10 HIV-1 infected seroconverting individuals from India were analyzed for their sensitivity to MAbs and plasma pools of subtypes B, C and D. All 10 Envs were resistant to 2G12, and the resistance was associated with the absence of a PNLG at position 295. HIVIG neutralized all 10 Envs, and the Envs were most sensitive to neutralization by subtype C pool, followed by subtype D and B pools, respectively. Amino acid signature patterns that associated with neutralization clusters were found. Signature patterns included PNLG at positions 295, 392 and 448, which participate in the 2G12 epitope.
Kulkarni2009
(glycosylation, neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: Combinations of loop alternations, filling hydrophobic pockets (F-mutations) and introduction of inter-domain cysteine pairs (D-mutations) were used to construct four immunogens with stabilized gp120 core. Modified truncations of the V1V2 and the V3 loop had no impact on 2G12 binding. However, introduction of stabilizing F and D mutations in one case slightly reduced 2G12 affinity and in other two cases slightly increased it.
Dey2009
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: A review about the in vivo efficacy of 2G12 and other MAbs against HIV-1, and about inhibition of HIV-1 infection by Ab fragments Fab, scFv and engineered human Ab variable domains or "domain antibodies" (dAbs).
Chen2009b
(neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: Env derivatives from R3A TA1 virus with eliminated V1 and V2 regions, truncated V3, and deleted cleavage, fusion, and interhelical domains were able to bind 2G12. A membrane anchored variant of this outer domain glycoprotein was also shown to bind to 2G12. Truncations of the β20-β21 hairpin increased reactivity with 2G12. Replacement of the central 20 amino acids of the V3 loop with a basic hexapeptide further significantly increased binding to 2G12.
Wu2009a
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: During purification of 2G12 from mammalian cells, two forms of 2G12 were discovered, a monomeric and a dimeric form. The 2G12 dimer had an average increased potency of 82-fold compared to the monomer and was able to neutralize three out of 20 strains not neutralized by the monomer. Clade C strains were resistant to neutralization by both 2G12 dimer and monomer. A dimeric form of 2G12 was constructed that was more potent in neutralization of 2G12-sensitive strains than the monomeric form. There was no significant difference observed in binding of 2G12 dimers and monomers to gp120.
West2009
(neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: 2G12 neutralization breadth and potency was compared to that of two broadly neutralizing Abs PG9 and PG16 in a panel of 162 multi-clade viruses. 2G12 exhibited lower neutralization potency than PG9 and PG16. 2G12 bound with high affinity to both monomeric gp120 and trimeric Env. Binding of 2G12 to Endo H and mock treated gp120 was determined.
Walker2009a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
-
2G12: NL4.3 virus was cultured with cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) and CADA-resistant virus was selected. 2G12 MAb showed a slightly higher neutralizing potency against the CADA-resistant virus compared to wildtype. The mutations in CADA-resistant virus are suggested to stabilize the conformation of gp120 and reduce glycosylation.
Vermeire2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Glyco-engineered tobacco plants were used for efficient expression of recombinant 2G12 with quantitative β1,4-galactosylation (AA structure). Antigen binding capacity of 2G12 glycoforms compared to CHO-derived 2G12 was 115-140%. Neutralization activity of fully galactosylated 2G12 was more than 3 times higher than that of other plant-derived glycoforms and CHO-derived 2G12.
Strasser2009
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: An analytical selection algorithm and a reduced virus screening panel were created for assessment of serum neutralizing activity. It is suggested that selection of pseudoviruses for neutralization assays should focus on the overall resistance profile of the pseudovirus and against MAbs b12, 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12. Neutralization profiles of all viruses used for screenings were determined for 2G12.
Simek2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Substantial increase in neutralization potency (58-fold) of 2G12 was observed in cells expressing FcγRI against HIV 6535.3 virus strain while there was no effect on the neutralization potency of this Ab against QH0692 strain. With virus SC422661.8, FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb impaired the neutralizing activity of 2G12, suggesting possible infection enhancement.
Perez2009
(enhancing activity, neutralization)
-
2G12: Aqueous two-phase partition system (ATPS) was used to successfully separate 2G12 from unclarified tobacco extract with a yield of 85%. ATPS was successfully combined with affinity chromatography and yielded Ab was stable without any major contaminating proteins or degraded Ab variants.
Platis2009a
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: Δ49-12a, a mutant virus derived from an in-vitro passaged virus with four residues removed from the V3 stem, was shown to be completely resistant to CCR5 inhibitors but was 3-fold more sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 compared to the parental R3A virus. TA1, a mutant with a 15 amino acid deletion of the distal half of V3, was resistant to neutralization by 2G12.
Nolan2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Swarm analysis of viruses from one patient resulted in isolation of several different clones with different neutralization sensitivities against four HIV-1 positive sera. None of the clones were sensitive to neutralization by 2G12.
ORourke2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: Binding of 2G12 to gp120 was not inhibited by YZ23, an Ab derived from mice immunized with eletcrophilic analogs of gp120 (E-gp120), indicating no overlap of these MAb epitopes.
Nishiyama2009
-
2G12: Binding of 2G12 to various lipid antigens was studied. 2G12 did not bind to any lipids.
Matyas2009
-
2G12: There was no association between 2G12 Abs and anticardiolipin in serum samples from slow progressors.
Martinez2009
(autoantibody or autoimmunity)
-
2G12: By manipulation of the glycosylation machinery of S. cerevisiae a heavily glycosylated yeast protein, Pst1, was identified, that presents closely arrayed N-glycans. Pst1 produced in TM yeast bound 2G12 with high affinity and was able to inhibit 2G12 binding to gp120 more efficiently than a heterologous gp120 from the same subtype. Pst1 was also able to inhibit 2G12 neutralization of HxB and SF162 Env.
Luallen2009
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Subtype A gp140 SOSIP trimers bound to 2G12. Sera from rabbits immunized with SOSIP gp140 and gp120 were unable to capture pseudovirions of the homologous virus by 2G12. 2G12 was unable to bind to the 295 N/A mutant of the virus.
Kang2009
-
2G12: Five rhesus macaques were intravenously treated with 40mg/kg 2G12, which resulted in a high 2G12 serum concentration, and challenged with SHIV SF162P3. Three animals were protected against infection. One animal showed delayed and lower peak viremia compared to controls. Sequence analysis of one of the infected animals showed presence of T388A mutation disrupting the N-glycosylation consistent with escape. Thus, 2G12 can offer protection at relatively low titers, where a titer of 1:1 was sufficient to protect 60% of animals against infection. Vaginal concentrations of 2G12 and b12 were similar when compared in 3 animals, and thus unlikely to contribute to protection differences between the two MAbs.
Hessell2009
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape, immunotherapy, rate of progression)
-
2G12: Ten new non-neutralizing, cross-reactive mAbs were found in immunized mice. 2G12 only reacted with a subset of different Env subtypes tested. 2G12 also reacted with cells expressing A1.con, B.con, B_17779 and B_MN Envs. None of the new mAbs could bind free virus particles while 2G12 did. Binding of 2G12 to B_JRFL oligomer was not blocked by any of the newly detected mAbs.
Gao2009
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: The heavy and light chains of 2G12 were expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. The accumulation of the Ab chains was increased 2-3-fold by elastin-like peptide (ELP) fusion in both leaves and seeds of the plant. The quality of leaf-derived Abs was comparable to 2G12 generated in CHO cells, and the presence of ELP did not affect N-glycan processing nor intracellular trafficking. Plant-derived 2G12 lacking ELP was more efficient in neutralizing HIV-1 than CHO-2G12, but the fusion of ELP to either of the Ab chains significantly reduced the neutralization efficacy.
Floss2009
(neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: An international collaboration (NeutNet) was organized to compare the performance of a wide variety of HIV-1 neutralization assays performed in different laboratories. Four neutralizing agents were evaluated: 4E10, 447-52D, sCD4 and TriMab (equal mixture of 2F5, 2G12 and b12). For TriMab, the mean IC50 values were always lower in the pseudovirus assays than in virus infectivity assays. In general, there were clear differences in assay sensitivities that were dependent on both the neutralizing agent and the virus. No single assay was capable of detecting the entire spectrum of neutralizing activities.
Fenyo2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: Gene encoding gp140 was fused with three trimerization motifs, T4F, GCN and ATC. gp140, gp140(-)(with mutations in the furin-cleavage site), gp140(-)T4F and gp140(-)GCN bound 2G12 as well, or better than, gp120. gp140(-)ATC bound 2G12 less strongly than gp120.
Du2009
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Four groups of Abs were detected in a CRF02_AG infected patient directed against mimotopes of MPER, V3, C1 and LLP2. Out of four pseudoviruses from 4 different time points of infection, only one showed moderate susceptibility to 2G12.
Dieltjens2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A phylogenetic analysis of gp120 evolution was performed in patients with different patterns of disease progression. In the LNTP patient group, and in 2 NPs, many N-linked glycosylation sites were shown to be under positive selection and exposed on the surface, indicating that Abs binding close to or to 2G12 binding site exert selective pressure on the viral surface in some patients.
Canducci2009
(glycosylation, rate of progression)
-
2G12: Neutralization profiles of cloned Envs derived from recent heterosexual infections by subtypes A, C, D, and A/D from Kenya were determined. The transmitted env variants were generally resistant to neutralization by 2G12, as only 4/31 variants were neutralized by this Ab. These were also the only variants that maintained all five PNGS within the 2G12 epitope.
Blish2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: This report investigated whether mannose removal alters gp120 immunogenicity in mice. Approximately 55 mannose residues were removed from gp120 by mannosidase digestion creating D-gp120 for immunization. 2G12 was unable to bind to D-gp120, indicating that 2G12 epitope was eliminated and that the mannosidase digestion was functional.
Banerjee2009
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2G12: HIV-1 variants derived from 5 patients at different timepoints during chronic infection were analysed for their sensitivity to neutralization by b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. In four of the patients, almost all variants from all time points were resistant to neutralization by 2G12. In two of these patients, resistance to neutralization coincided with the absence of N-linked glycans at position 339 at all time points. In one patient, resistance to neutralization by 2G12 correlated with absence of N-linked glycans at positions 295, 332 and/or 339, and in the second patient, resistance correlated with absence of glycans at positions 295, 339, 386, and/or 339. In the fifth patient, early viruses were sensitive to neutralization by 2G12, but late variants were resistant, which coincided with the loss of N-linked glycans at either 386 or 392 positions.
Bunnik2009
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: 2G12 neutralized infection of PBLs with various HIV-1 strains with high potency. However, 2G12 did not inhibit transcytosis of cell-free or cell-associated virus across a monolayer of epithelial cells. A mixture of 13 MAbs directed to well-defined epitopes of the HIV-1 envelope, including 2G12, did not inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis, indicating that envelope epitopes involved in neutralization are not involved in mediating HIV-1 transcytosis. When the mixture of 13 MAbs and HIV-1 was incubated with polyclonal anti-human γ chain, the transcytosis was partially inhibited, indicating that agglutination of viral particles at the apical surface of cells may be critical for HIV transcytosis inhibition by HIV-specific Abs.
Chomont2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: 5 loop structures surrounding the CD4 binding site in the gp120 liganded conformation were identified that may protect gp120 from Abs. Loops A, B, C and E were located in the C2, C3, C4 and C5 regions respectively, and loop D was situated in the V5 region. Binding of 2G12 to gp120 was unaffected by loop deletions, as this Ab bound equally to HIV-1 IIIB wild type and its loop B deletion mutant, and to HIV-1 89.6 wild type and its loop C deletion mutant.
Berkower2008
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: A reference panel of recently transmitted Tier 2 HIV-1 subtype B envelope viruses was developed representing a broad spectrum of genetic diversity and neutralization sensitivity. The panel includes viruses derived from male-to-male, female-to-male, and male-to-female sexual transmissions, and CCR5 as well as CXCR4 using viruses. The envelopes displayed varying degrees of neutralization sensitivity to 2G12, with 11 of 19 envelopes sensitive to neutralization by this Ab.
Schweighardt2007
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: Pre-treatment of gp120 with 2G12 strongly inhibited induction of IL-10, indicating that interaction between gp120 and a mannose C-type lectin receptor is a critical trigger for IL-10 induction.
Shan2007
-
2G12: Modeling of protein-protein interaction based on the gp120 crystal structure, X-ray crystal structure of 2G12 and its complexes with glycans, suggested that the glycans attached to N295 and N302 from the V3 loop are the two most likely involved in the conformational epitope of 2G12.
Sirois2007
(review, structure)
-
2G12: A chimeric protein entry inhibitor, L5, was designed consisting of an allosteric peptide inhibitor 12p1 and a carbohydrate-binding protein cyanovirin (CNV) connected via a flexible linker. The L5 chimera inhibited 2G12-gp120 interaction, as did CNV alone, indicating that the chimera has the high affinity binding property of the CNV molecule.
McFadden2007
-
2G12: This review summarizes data on possible vaccine targets for elicitation of neutralizing Abs and discusses whether it is more practical to design a clade-specific than a clade-generic HIV-1 vaccine. Development of a neutralizing Ab response in HIV-1 infected individuals is reviewed, including data that show no apparent division of different HIV-1 subtypes into clade-related neutralization groups. Also, a summary of the neutralizing activity of MAb 2G12 in different HIV-1 clades is provided.
McKnight2007
(variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
2G12: HIV-1 passaged in the presence of chloroquine was observed to have lost two glycosylation sites important for 2G12 binding, at positions 332 and 397 in the gp120 region, indicating that the drug can alter the immunogenic properties of gp120.
Naarding2007
-
2G12: This review provides information on the HIV-1 glycoprotein properties that make it challenging to target with neutralizing Abs. 2G12 structure and binding to HIV-1 envelope and current strategies to develop versions of the Env spike with functional trimer properties for elicitation of broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 2G12, are discussed. In addition, approaches to target cellular molecules, such as CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, and MHC molecules, with therapeutic Abs are reviewed.
Phogat2007
(review)
-
2G12: This review summarizes current knowledge on the various functional properties of antibodies in HIV-1 infection, including 2G12 MAb, in vivo and in vitro activity of neutralizing Abs, the importance and downfalls of non-neutralizing Abs and antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and the complement system, and summarizes data on areas that need future investigation on Ab-mediated immune control.
Huber2007
(review)
-
2G12: A new high throughput method was developed for neutralization analyses of HIV-1 env genes by adding cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate enhancer/promoter to the 5' end of the HIV-1 rev/env gene PCR products. The PCR method eliminates cloning, transformation, and plasmid DNA preparation steps in the generation of HIV-1 pseudovirions and allows for sufficient amounts of pseudovirions to be obtained for a large number of neutralization assays. Pseudovirions generated with the PCR method showed similar sensitivity to 2G12 Ab, indicating that the neutralization properties are not altered by the new method.
Kirchherr2007
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: 2G12 structure, binding, neutralization, and strategies that can be used for vaccine antigen design to elicit 2G12-like Abs, are reviewed in detail.
Lin2007
(vaccine antigen design, review, structure)
-
2G12: This review summarizes 2G12Ab epitope, properties and neutralization activity. 2G12 use in passive immunization studies in primates and possible mechanisms explaining protection against infection are discussed.
Kramer2007
(immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: gp120 proteins were developed with double mutation T257S+S375W, which alters the cavity at the epicenter of the CD4 binding region, and used to immunize rabbits. The ability of rabbit sera to affect binding of CD4 to unmodified gp120 proteins was tested. CD4 binding to gp120 was unaffected by 2G12.
Dey2007a
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The various effects that neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-envelope Abs have on HIV infection are reviewed, such as Ab-mediated complement activation and Fc-receptor mediated activities, that both can, through various mechanisms, increase and decrease the infectivity of the virus. The importance of these mechanisms in vaccine design is discussed. The unusual features of the 2G12 MAb, and its neutralization capacities, are described.
Willey2008
(neutralization, review)
-
2G12: Current insights into CTLs and NAbs, and their possible protective mechanisms against establishment of persistent HIV/SIV infection are discussed. Pre- and post-infection sterile and non-sterile protection of NAbs against viral challenge, and potential role of NAbs in antibody-mediated antigen presentation in modification of cellular immunity, are reviewed. Use of 2G12 in immunization experiments and its in vivo anti-viral activity in suppression of viral rebound in HIV-1 infected humans undergoing structured treatment interruptions are described.
Yamamoto2008
(immunotherapy, supervised treatment interruptions (STI), review)
-
2G12: A yeast strain was produced (TM) with a deletion of genes encoding two key carbohydrate processing enzymes, Och1 and Mnn1, that resulted in efficient recognition of the TM yeast by 2G12 MAb. Four heavily glycosylated yeast proteins were isolated that supported 2G12 binding. Removal of high-mannose-type N-linked carbohydrates from the proteins resulted in loss of 2G12 recognition. Sera from rabbits immunized with TM yeast cells contained Abs that could cross-react with HIV-1 gp120 and that recognized a variety of clade B, C and SIV gp120 proteins. Like 2G12, binding of these Abs to Env proteins was abrogated by removal of N-linked high mannose glycans. The elicited Abs had 50-100-fold lower gp120 binding activity than 2G12, and the antiserum recognized a larger variety of mannose-dependent epitopes. There was no observed neutralizing activity of the sera. The results indicate that immunizations with TM yeast can elicit 2G12-like Abs.
Luallen2008
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: A mathematical model was developed and used to derive transmitted or founder Env sequences from individuals with acute HIV-1 subtype B infection. All of the transmitted or early founder Envs were sensitive to neutralization by 2G12.
Keele2008
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: This review summarizes the obstacles that stand in the way of making a successful preventive HIV-1 vaccine, such as masked or transiently expressed Ab epitopes, polyclonal B-cell class switching, and inefficient, late, and not sufficiently robust mucosal IgA and IgG responses. Possible reasons why HIV-1 envelope constructs expressing 2G12 epitope fail to induce broadly neutralizing Abs are discussed.
Haynes2008
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2G12: Transmission of HIV-1 by immature and mature DCs to CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher for CXCR4- than for CCR5-tropic strains. In addition, preneutralization of X4 virus with 2G12 prior to capture efficiently blocked transmission to 36%, while transmission of R5 was blocked to 63%, indicating that 2G12 treatment results in more efficient transfer of X4 than of R5 HIV-1.
vanMontfort2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: 2G12 did not neutralize a clade C SHIV strain in the TZM-bl based assay.
Zhang2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Sera from both gp120 DNA prime-protein boost immunized rabbits and from protein-only immunized rabbits did not compete for binding to 2G12, indicating no elicitation of 2G12-like Abs by either of the immunization regimens.
Vaine2008
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: An R5 HIV variant, in contrast to its parental virus, was shown to infect T-cell lines expressing low levels of cell surface CCR5 and to infect cells in the absence of CD4. The variant was neutralized less efficiently by 2G12 than the parental virus, indicating conformational changes in gp120. These properties of the mutant virus were determined by alternations in gp41.
Taylor2008
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
2G12: In order to assess whether small molecule CCR5 inhibitor resistant viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by NAbs, two escape mutant viruses, CC101.19 and D1/85.16, were tested for their sensitivity to neutralization by 2G12, compared to the sensitivity of CC1/85 parental isolate and the CCcon.19 control isolate. The CC101.19 escape mutant has 4 sequence changes in V3 while the D1/85.16 has no sequence changes in V3 and relies on other sequence changes for its resistance. D1/85.16, but not CC101.19 escape variant, was markedly more sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 (approx. 50-fold). As 2G12 had no significantly higher affinity for gp120 from D1/85.16, the increased sensitivity of this virus is most likely due to alternation in the conformation or accessibility of the 2G12 epitope on its Env trimer. Overall, the study suggests that CCR5 inhibitor-resistant viruses are likely to be somewhat more sensitive to neutralization than their parental viruses.
Pugach2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, escape, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The sensitivity of R5 envelopes derived from several patients and several tissue sites, including brain tissue, lymph nodes, blood, and semen, was tested against a range of inhibitors and Abs targeting CD4, CCR5, and various sites on the HIV envelope. All but one envelopes from brain tissue were macrophage-tropic while none of the envelopes from the lymph nodes were macrophage-tropic. Macrophage-tropic envelopes were also less frequent in blood and semen. There was a clear variation in sensitivity to 2G12, where most envelopes were sensitive, while some were resistant to neutralization by this Ab. There was a significant correlation between increased envelope macrophage-tropism and decreased 2G12 sensitivity. It is suggested that the macrophage-tropic brain variants are less protected by glycosylation due to absence of Abs in the brain, thus lacking N-glycosylation sites critical for 2G12 neutralization. Three of nine brain envelopes were resistant to 2G12, while only one of nine lymph node envelopes were resistant to 2G12.
Peters2008a
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: To examine sequence and conformational differences between subtypes B and C, several experiments were performed with 11 MAbs regarding binding and neutralization. Both binding and neutralization studies revealed that the 11 MAbs could be divided in three different groups, and that the most differences between the subtypes were located in the stem and turn regions of V3. 2G12 was used as control in neutralization assays, and was able to neutralize JR-FL and SF162 isolates, as well as a chimeric SF162 variant with a JR-FL-like V3 sequence.
Patel2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Contemporaneous biological clones of HIV-1 were isolated from plasma of chronically infected patients and tested for their functional properties. The clones showed striking functional diversity both within and among patients, including differences in infectivity and sensitivity to inhibition by 2G12. There was no correlation between clonal virus infectivity and sensitivity to 2G12 inhibition, indicating that these properties are dissociable. The sensitivity to 2G12 inhibition was, however, a property shared by viruses from a given patient, suggesting that the genetic determinants that define this sensitivity may lie in regions that are not necessarily subject to extensive diversity.
Nora2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A peptide 2G12.1, that binds to 2G12, was derived by screening of phage-displayed peptide libraries with 2G12. Comparison of the crystal structure of the Fab 2G12 bound to 2G12.1 peptide, and 2G12 bound to carbohydrate, revealed that 2G12 binding to peptide and carbohydrate occurs through different Ab interactions. The 2G12.1 peptide occupied a site different from, but adjacent to, the primary carbohydrate binding site on 2G12. Thus, this does not support structural mimicry of the peptide to the native carbohydrate epitope on gp120. In addition, the 2G12.1 peptide was not an immunogenic mimic of the 2G12 epitope either, since the sera from mice immunized with the peptide did not bind gp120.
Menendez2008
(mimics, structure)
-
2G12: Maize was evaluated as a potential inexpensive large-scale production system for therapeutic antibodies against HIV. 2G12 was expressed in maize endosperm. In vitro cell assays demonstrated that the HIV-neutralizing properties of the maize-produced 2G12 MAb were equivalent to those of Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived MAb 2G12.
Rademacher2008
-
2G12: Neutralization susceptibility of CRF01_AE Env-recombinant viruses, derived from blood samples of Thai HIV-1 infected patients in 2006, was tested to 2G12. Most of the 35 viruses tested replicated efficiently in the presence of 2G12, in spite of highly conserved PNLG sites recognized by this Ab, indicating that CRF01_AE is not susceptible to neutralization by 2G12. These results suggest that the protein structure , including conformation of the CD4 binding domain, may somehow be different between CRF01_AE and subtype B Env gp120.
Utachee2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Concentrations of neutralizing Abs in long-term non-progressors (LNTPs) were significantly higher than the concentrations in asymptomatic subjects and subjects with AIDS, with no statistically significant difference between the two latter groups. Amino acid substitutions in the 2G12 epitope were found in both asymptomatic subjects and subjects with AIDS, while no such mutations were found among LNTPs. Eight different mutations were found at five N-glycosylation linked sites: 295V/T/D/K, 297I, 332E. 334N, and 386D. The mutation rates of the conserved 2G12 neutralization epitopes were significantly different among LNTPs, asymptomatic patients, and patients with AIDS.
Wang2008
(escape, rate of progression)
-
2G12: Synergy of 2F5 with MAbs 2G12, D5, and peptide C34 was examined. 2G12 exhibited synergy in inhibition of HIV-1 89.6 with MAb 2F5. 2G12 was not as synergistic when combined with D5 as 2F5 was.
Hrin2008
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: A series of peptide conjugates were constructed via click reaction of both aryl and alkyl acetylenes with an internally incorporated azidoproline 6 derived from parent peptide RINNIPWSEAMM. Many of these conjugates exhibited increase in both affinity for gp120 and inhibition potencies at both the CD4 and coreceptor binding sites. None of the high affinity peptides inhibited the interactions of YU2 gp120 with 2G12 Ab. The aromatic, hydrophobic, and steric features in the residue 6 side-chain were found important for the increased affinity and inhibition of the high-affinity peptides.
Gopi2008
-
2G12: Three constructs of the outer domain (OD) of gp120 of subtype C, fused with Fc, were generated for immunization of mice: OD(DL3)-Fc (has 29 residues from the center of the V3 loop removed), OD(2F5)-Fc (has the same deletion reconstructed to contain the sequence of 2F5 epitope), and the parental OD-Fc molecule. All OD variants contained substitutions at residues 295 and 394 that reintroduced the 2G12 epitope into the used sequence. All three OD-variants reacted with 2G12, indicating that the isolated outer domain is conformationally immobile. Despite the presence of the 2G12 epitope, none of the sera from mice immunized with the three OD-constructs showed 2G12-like reactivity.
Chen2008a
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: The goal of the study was to measure NAb responses in patients infected with HIV-1 prevalent subtypes in China. g160 genes from plasma samples were used to establish a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. 2G12 neutralized 33% of subtype B clones but not subtype BC and AE clones.
Chong2008
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: To investigate B-cell responses immediately following HIV-1 transmission, Env-specific Ab responses to autologous and consensus Envs in plasma donors were determined. Broadly neutralizing Abs with specificity similar to 2G12 did not appear during the first 40 days after plasma virus detection.
Tomaras2008
(acute/early infection)
-
2G12: The neutralization profile of early R5, intermediate R5X4, and late X4 viruses from a rhesus macaque infected with SHIV-SF162P3N was assessed. 2G12 neutralized all three viruses with similar low potency.
Tasca2008
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
C2G12: Neutralization of HIV-1 IIIB LAV isolate by 2G12 was within the same range as the neutralization of the virus by natural antibodies from human sera against the gal(α1,3)gal disaccaride linked to CD4 gp120-binding peptides, indicating that the activity of natural antibodies can be re-directed to neutralize HIV-1.
Perdomo2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A new purification method was developed using a high affinity peptide mimicking CD4 as a ligand in affinity chromatography. This allowed the separation in one step of HIV envelope monomer from cell supernatant and capture of pre-purified trimer. Binding of 2G12 to gp120SF162 purified by the miniCD4 affinity chromatography and a multi-step method was comparable, suggesting that the miniCD4 allows the separation of HIV-1 envelope with intact 2G12 epitope. gp140DF162ΔV2 was purified by the miniCD4 method to assess its ability to capture gp140 trimers. Binding of 2G12 to gp140DF162ΔV2 purified by the miniCD4 affinity chromatography and a multi-step method was comparable, suggesting that the SF162 trimer antigenicity was preserved.
Martin2008
(assay or method development, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A divalent Man9ClcNAc2 glycopeptide, that binds to 2G12, was covalently coupled to the OMPC carrier and used as immunogen to test its efficacy to induce 2G12-like neutralizing Ab response. High levels of carbohydrate-specific Ab were induced in both guinea pigs and rhesus macaques, but these Ab showed poor recognition of recombinant gp160 and failed to neutralize a panel of subtype B isolates. Sera from HIV-1 positive individuals was tested for binding to the synthetic antigen but failed to recognize the mimetics, although two of the patients showed presence of 2G12-like Abs. These results suggest that presentation of Man9ClcNAc2 on the constrained cyclic scaffold is insufficient to induce a polyclonal response that recognizes native 2G12 epitope.
Joyce2008
(mimotopes, neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: MAb 2G12 binds to gp120 and is essentially inactive after CD4 engagement, with a neutralization half-life of less than 1 minute. Thus, the binding site for 2G12 on gp120 is unavailable once the CD4-induced conformational changes in gp120 have occurred.
Gustchina2008
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics)
-
2G12: Variable domains of three heavy chain Abs, the VHH, were characterized. The Abs were isolated from llamas, who produce immunoglobulins devoid of light chains, immunized with HIV-1 CRF07_BC, to gp120. It was hypothesized that the small size of the VHH, in combination with their protruding CDR3 loops, and their preference for cleft recognition and binding into active sites, may allow for recognition of conserved motifs on gp120 that are occluded from conventional Abs. 2G12 provided some inhibition of binding of the three neutralizing VHH Abs to gp120, suggesting that 2G12 imposes steric hinderance to binding of the VHH Abs to gp120.
Forsman2008
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: 24 broadly neutralizing plasmas from HIV-1 subtype B and C infected individuals were investigated using a series of mapping methods to identify viral epitopes targeted by NAbs. In competitive virus capture assays on 2G12 coated plates, some of the subtype B plasmas, and two of the subtype C plasmas, inhibited virus capture. Mutant versions of JR-FL trimers were designed to selectively eliminate neutralization epitopes, but the plasma titers against the 2G12-eliminated mutant were similar to those against the wildtype. This indicated that very few, if any, 2G12-like Abs were present in the plasmas, and that a fraction of patients developed Abs that overlap the 2G12 epitope but do not neutralize the virus.
Binley2008
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: 32 human HIV-1 positive sera neutralized most viruses from clades A, B, and C. Two of the sera stood out as particularly potent and broadly reactive. Two CD4-binding site defective mutant Env proteins were generated to evaluate whether Abs to the CD4-binding site are involved in the neutralizing activity of the two sera. The integrity of the wildtype and mutant proteins was tested for their reactivity to 2G12.
Li2007a
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: A recombinant gp120-Fc bound to 2G12, indicating it was conformationally intact. 2G12 binding to gp120 was inhibited by the soluble recombinant extracellular domain (ECD) of DC-SIGN in a dose-dependent fashion, but 2G12 did not inhibit binding of gp120 to DC-SIGN. Many single, double, and triple N-glycan mutations in the 2G12 epitope did not affect binding of gp120 to DC-SIGN, however, some of the N-glycan sites within the 2G12 epitope were shown to be optimally positioned to significantly contribute to DC-SIGN binding. Thus, it is suggested that DC-SIGN can bind to a flexible combination of N-glycans on gp120, both within and outside of the 2G12 epitope, but that its optimal binding site overlaps with specific N-glycans within the 2G12 epitope.
Hong2007
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: HIV-1 env clones resistant to cyanovirin (CV-N), a carbohydrate binding agent, showed amino acid changes that resulted in deglycosylation of high-mannose type residues in the C2-C4 region of gp120. Compared to their parental virus HIV-1 IIIB, these CV-N resistant viruses were also completely resistant to 2G12, as they lost one or more 2G12 binding glycans on gp120.
Hu2007
(neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: Chemical inhibition of mammalian glycoprotein synthesis with the plant alkaloid kifunensine resulted in an abundance of oligomannose-type glycans on the cell surface, and binding of 2G12 to previously non-antigenic self proteins and cells. Expression of gp120 in the presence of kifunensine also increased both binding and valency of gp120 to 2G12.
Scanlan2007
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The ability of 2G12 to neutralize recently transmitted viruses was examined in four homosexual and two parenteral transmission couples. The vast majority of recently transmitted viruses from homosexual recipients were resistant to neutralization by 2G12, although viruses isolated later in the course of infection showed increased sensitivity to 2G12 in one of the patients. In the parenteral transmission, one of the recipients had early viruses resistant to 2G12 neutralization, and one had viruses somewhat sensitive to 2G12 neutralization. The neutralization sensitivity patterns of recipient viruses to 2G12 did not correlate to the neutralization sensitivity patterns of their donors in the homosexual couples, while the HIV-1 variants from the one of the two parenteral pairs were similarly resistant to neutralization by 2G12. 12% of 2G12 resistant viruses had all five PNGS of the 2G12 epitope. 88.5% of the 2G12 resistant viruses lacked at least one of the five PNGS, and viruses isolated later in infection that had become sensitive to 2G12 neutralization had restored the 2G12 epitope.
Quakkelaar2007a
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: Three MAbs, 2G12, 4E10 and 2F5, were administered to ten HIV-1 infected individuals treated with ART during acute and early infection, in order to prevent viral rebound after interruption of ART. MAb infusions were well tolerated with essentially no toxicity. Viral rebound was not prevented, but was significantly delayed in 8/10 patients. 2G12 activity was dominant among the MAbs used. Baseline susceptibility to 2G12 was inversely correlated with the time to viral rebound. Escape from 2G12 was associated with viral rebound. Long-term suppression of viremia was achieved in 3/10 patients.
Mehandru2007
(escape, immunotherapy, supervised treatment interruptions (STI))
-
2G12: MBL, a lectin present in human serum that recognizes mannose-rich N-glycans, was shown to mediate increased HIV-1 infectivity, and to reduce 2G12-mediated neutralization of HIV-1.
Marzi2007
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The study compared Ab neutralization against the JR-FL primary isolate and trimer binding affinities judged by native PAGE. There was direct quantitative relationship between monovalent Fab-trimer binding and neutralization, implying that neutralization begins as each trimer is occupied by one Ab. In BN-PAGE, neutralizing Fabs, 2G12 in particular, and sCD4 were able to shift JR-FL trimers. In contrast, most non-neutralizing Fabs bound to monomer, but their epitopes were conformationally occluded on trimers, confirming the exclusive relationship of trimer binding and neutralization. For 2G12, there was a ladder of partially and fully liganded trimers
Crooks2008
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Five amino acids in the gp41 N-terminal region that promote gp140 trimerization (I535, Q543, S553, K567 and R588) were considered. Their influence on the function and antigenic properties of JR-FL Env expressed on the surfaces of pseudoviruses and Env-transfected cells was studied. Various non-neutralizing antibodies bind less strongly to the Env mutant, but neutralizing antibody binding is unaffected. There was no difference in 2G12 binding to wild type and mutant JR-FL, and 2G12 inhibited infection of the two pseudoviruses with comparable potencies.
Dey2008
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: The study explores how the V1 loop of Env influences the neutralization susceptibilities of heterologous viruses to antibodies elicited by the SF162gp140 immunogen. All viruses expressing the WT Envs were susceptible to neutralization by 2G12. Replacement of the V1 loops by that of SF162 did not alter the neutralization susceptibilities of the viruses.
Ching2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Molecular mechanism of neutralization by MPER antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, was studied using preparations of trimeric HIV-1 Env protein in the prefusion, the prehairpin intermediate and postfusion conformations. MAb 2G12 was used to analyze antigenic properties of construct 92UG-gp140-Fd, derived from isolate 92UG037.8 and stabilized by a C-terminal foldon tag. 92UG-gp140-Fd binds 2G12 with high affinity.
Frey2008
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: The study explores the development of a carbohydrate immunogen that could elicit 2G12-like neutralizing ABs to contribute to an AIDS vaccine. Specifically, the study describes the development of neoglycoconjugates displaying variable copy numbers of synthetic tetramannoside (Man(4) on bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecules by conjugation to Lys residues. Immunization of rabbits with BSA-(Man(4))(14) elicits significant serum Ab titers to Man(4). However, these Abs are unable to bind gp120.
Astronomo2008
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Addition of a glycosylation site at position V295N in three different subtype C envelope clones (COT9.6, COT6.15 and Du151.2) resulted in increase in binding of 2G12. However, only one of the viral clones (COT9.6) became sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 at high Ab concentrations. Introduction of glycosylation site at position 448 in COT6.15 further increased its binding to 2G12 and resulted in viruses more sensitive to neutralization. Furthermore, addition of glycosylation at position 442 increased binding and neutralization sensitivity of the corresponding viruses to 2G12, and deletion of glycosylation at position 386 resulted in reduction in binding and resistance to neutralization by 2G12.
Gray2007a
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: A D386N change in the V4 region, which results in restoration of N-glycosylation at this site, did not have any impact on the neutralization of a mutant virus by 2G12 compared to wildtype. Also, there was no association between increased sensitivity to 2G12 neutralization and enhanced macrophage tropism.
Dunfee2007
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: This review summarizes data on the development of HIV-1 centralized genes (consensus and ancestral) for induction of neutralizing antibody responses. Functionality and conformation of native epitopes in proteins based on the centralized genes was tested and confirmed by binding to 2G12 and other MAbs. Antibodies induced by immunization with these centralized proteins did not, however, have the breadth and potency compared to that of 2G12 and other broadly neutralizing MAbs.
Gao2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2G12: Macaques were immunized with either CD4, gp120, cross-linked gp120-human CD4 complex (gp120-CD4 XL), and with single chain complex containing gp120 rhesus macaque CD4 domains 1 and 2 (rhFLSC). Sera from the rhFLSC immunized animals showed slightly higher competition titers, being able to block gp120-CD4 complex interactions with 2G12 slightly more efficiently than sera from animals immunized with the three other proteins.
DeVico2007
(neutralization)
-
2G12: 2G12-blocking activity was very low in all of the sera from guinea pigs immunized with gp120 protein, or with three types of VLPs: disulfide-shackled functional trimers (SOS-VLP), uncleaved nonfunctional Env (UNC-VLP), naked VLP bearing no Env.
Crooks2007
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Interactions of this Ab with gp120 monomer and two cleavage-defective gp140 trimers were studied. It was shown that 2G12 interactions with the soluble monomers and trimers were minimally affected by GA cross-linking of the proteins, indicating that the 2G12 epitope was maintained after cross-linking. This Ab was associated with a small entropy change upon gp120 binding. This Ab was shown to have a kinetic advantage as it bound to gp120 faster than other less neutralizing Abs.
Yuan2006
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: No significant levels of 2G12 were shown to bind to HA/gp41 expressed on cell surfaces and this Ab did not stain cells expressing HA/gp41 in a fluorescence assay. However, it did bind to HIV 89.6 Env expressing cells.
Ye2006
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Viruses with wild-type HIV-1JR-FL Envs were neutralized by this Ab at much lower concentrations than HIV-1 YU2 Env viruses.
Yang2006
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: SHIV SF162p4 virus used as challenge in ISCOM vaccinated macaques was shown to be highly sensitive to neutralization by this Ab.
Pahar2006
(neutralization)
-
2G12: All subtype C env-pseudotyped clones derived from individuals in acute/early stage of HIV-1 infection were highly resistant to neutralization by this Ab, since each of the clones lacked a PNLG at one or more critical epitope positions. The sensitivity of clones to a mix of Abs IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5 was tracked to IgG1b12.
Li2006a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: This Ab was used as a control since its epitope is independent of either V1/V2 or V3 domains confirmed in its equal neutralization of SF162 and variants SF162(JR-FL V3), SF162(JR-FL V1/V2) and SF162(JR-FL V1/V2/V3). This Ab was also shown to neutralize viruses with V3 sequences from several different subtypes (B, F, A1, H, C, CRF02_AG and CRF01_AE).
Krachmarov2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Binding of 2G12 to wt gp120 and two constructs with 5 and 9 residues deleted in the middle of the beta3-beta5 loop in the C2 region of gp120 was examined. The deletions of the loop residues did not affect the conformation of 2G12 epitope as 2G12 Ab binding and kinetics were identical for the wt gp120 and both constructs.
Rits-Volloch2006
(antibody binding site, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: This Ab was used as a positive control in the neutralization assay. At the highest Ab concentrations, 2G12 was able to neutralize several primary isolates but not all, with a neutralization pattern similar to that of rabbit sera immunized with monovalent and polyvalent DNA-prime/protein-boost Env from different HIV-1 subtypes. At a reduced concentrations, 2G12 showed much weaker neutralizing activities.
Wang2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Novel approaches based on sequential (SAP) and competitive (CAP) antigen panning methodologies, and use of antigens with increased exposure of conserved epitopes, for enhanced identification of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing Abs are reviewed. Previously known broadly neutralizing human mAbs are compared to Abs identified by these methods.
Zhang2007
(review)
-
2G12: This Ab was used in the analysis of clade C gp140 (97CN54) antigenicity and was shown not to bind to this molecule, as the glycan epitope is absent.
Sheppard2007a
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: 2 glycosylation site additions to asparagines 295 and 392 on the clade C gp120 backbone (gp120CN54+) were used to reconstruct the 2G12 epitope, as the gp120CN54+ construct showed excellent reactivity with 2G12. gp120CN54+ and an Fc tagged outer domain of gp120 (ODCN54+-Fc) bound equally well to 2G12, while Fc fusion to gp120CN54+ reduced 2G12 binding, indicating partial occlusion of the 2G12 epitope.
Chen2007a
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Pseudoviruses derived from gp120 Env variants that evolved in multiple macaques infected with SHIV 89.6P displayed a range of degrees of virion-associated Env cleavage. Pseudoviruses with higher amount of cleaved Env were more sensitive to neutralization by 2G12, as they contained peripheral glycan N386, not present in the wildtype 89.6P.
Blay2007
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Carbohydrate-binding agents, including 2G12, are reviewed regarding to their antiviral activity, resistance development, and their potential use as therapeutic agents.
Balzarini2007
(review)
-
2G12: Increased neutralization sensitivity was observed for (R5)X4 viruses from timepoints both early and late after emergence of X4 compared to their coexisting R5 variants in one patient, and only for the early (R5)X4 viruses in another patient. In a third patient, in contrast, late (R5)X4 viruses were found to be significantly more resistant to 2G12 neutralization than their coexisting R5 variants.
Bunnik2007
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
2G12: Neutralization sensitivity of maternal and infant viruses to 2G12 close to transmission timepoint was shown to be poor. Even the viruses from one mother, that were shown to be sensitive to maternal Abs and pooled plasma, were not neutralized by 2G12, indicating that Abs in plasma are not directed to this Ab epitope.
Rainwater2007
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: 2G12-neutralized HIV-1 captured on Raji-DC-SIGN cells or immature monocyte-derived DCs (iMDDCs) was successfully transferred to CD4+ T lymphocytes, indicating that the 2G12-HIV-1 complex was disassembled upon capture by DC-SIGN-cells.
vanMontfort2007
(neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: Synthetic monomeric D1 arm oligosaccharide, corresponding to the D1 arm of Man9 which has a high affinity to 2G12, and its fluorinated derivative interacted with 2G12 only weakly. However, when four units of synthetic D1 arm tetrasaccharide were introduced to a cyclic decapeptide template, it showed high affinity to 2G12. Introduction of two T-helper epitopes onto the template did not affect 2G12 binding, indicating that the construct could be used as a new type of immunogen for raising carbohydrate-specific neutralizing Abs against HIV.
Wang2007b
(mimotopes, vaccine antigen design, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Infusion of a MAb cocktail (4E10, 2G12 and 2F5) into HIV-1 infected subjects was shown to be associated with increased levels of serum anti-cardiolipin and anti-phosphatidylserine Ab titers, and increased coagulation times. In the absence or in the presence of adult and neonate plasma, 2G12 did not bind to either phosphatidylserine nor to cardiolipin, and did not induce significant prolongations of clotting times in human plasma, indicating that infusion of 2G12 was not responsible for autoreactivity and prolonged clotting times.
Vcelar2007
(antibody interactions, autoantibody or autoimmunity, binding affinity, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: The major infectivity and neutralization differences between a PBMC-derived HIV-1 W61D strain and its T-cell line adapted counterpart were conferred by the interactions of three Env amino acid substitutions, E440G, D457G and H564N. Chimeric Env-pseudotyped virus Ch5, containing all three of the mutations, was equally neutralization sensitive to 2G12 as Ch2, which did not contain any of these mutations.
Beddows2005a
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Four primary isolates (PIs), Bx08, Bx17, 11105C and Kon, were tested for binding and neutralization by 2G12. 2G12 was only able to neutralize Bx08, but bound well to both Bx08 and Bx17 and less well to 11105C and Kon. There was no direct correlation between binding and neutralization of the four PIs by 2G12. CD4-induced gp120 shedding resulted in a decrease of 2G12 binding to Bx08. Presence of gp160 depleted of the principal immunodominant domain (PID) significantly decreased capture of Bx17 and Kon by 2G12. Presence of both gp160ΔPID and PID slightly improved the inhibition of virus capture compared to PID peptide alone, revealing an additive effect.
Burrer2005
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A panel of 60 HIV-1 isolates, with complete genome sequences available, was formed for neutralization assay standardization. It comprises of 10 isolates from each of the subtypes A, B, C, D, CRF01_AE and CRF02AG, with majority of the viruses being of R5 phenotype and few of X4 phenotype. Neutralization profile of each isolate was assessed by measuring neutralization by sCD4, a cocktail of MAbs including 2G12, 2F5 and IgG1b12, and a large pool of sera collected from HIV-1 positive patients. The MAb cocktail neutralized with >50% a large portion of the isolates (51/60) including: 10 subtype A isolates, 8 subtype B isolates, 8 subtype C isolates, 9 subtype D isolates, 7 CRF-01_AE isolates, and 9 CRF_02AG isolates.
Brown2005a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The unique structure of the 2G12 MAb, and the reasons for its unique ability to recognize oligomannose chains on the silent face of the gp120, are reviewed. Engineering of Abs based on revealed structures of broadly neutralizing MAbs is discussed.
Burton2005
(antibody binding site, review, structure)
-
2G12: SFV-gp140(-GCN4) was constructed for analysis of its immunogenic properties in animal models. Both gp120 and gp140(-GCN4) secreted from rSFV-infected cells were recognized by 2G12, suggesting that the proteins retained their native folding.
Forsell2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Monomeric gp120 and trimeric gp140CF proteins synthesized from an artificial group M consensus Env gene (CON6) bound efficiently to 2G12, indicating correct exposure of the 2G12 epitope. A mix of 2G12, 2F5 and b12 MAbs (TriMab2) was used for neutralization assessment of some subtype B isolates, but showed no significant neutralization.
Gao2005a
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: 2G12 neutralized viral isolates HXBc2, SF162, 89.6 and BaL. ADA isolate was poorly neutralized and the YU2 isolate was not neutralized. Neutralization was concentration dependent, as higher MAb concentration resulted in higher % of neutralization. The exception was the YU2 isolate, where higher concentration of 2G12 resulted in enhancement of viral infection.
Grundner2005
(enhancing activity, neutralization)
-
2G12: 2G12 bound with a higher maximal mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) to Env protein on the surface of cells producing gp140Δct-pseudotyped neutralization resistant 3.2P strain, than to the Env of pseudotyped neutralization sensitive HXBc2. Neutralization assays with the pseudotyped viruses showed that 2G12 neutralized both viruses with same potency. Furin co-transfection did not have an effect on the reactivity of pseudoviruses with 2G12 or on their neutralization sensitivity. Presence or absence of sialic acid residues did not affect Env reactivity with 2G12.
Herrera2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Why broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, are extremely rare, and their protective abilities and potential role in immunotherapy are discussed.
Julg2005
(neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: Point mutations in the highly conserved structural motif LLP-2 within the intracytoplasmic tail of gp41 resulted in conformational alternations of both gp41 and gp120. The alternations did not affect virus CD4 binding, coreceptor binding site exposure, or infectivity of the virus, but did result in increased relative neutralization resistance of the LLP-2 mutant virus to 2G12, compared with wildtype virus. The increased neutralization resistance of LLP-2 virus was associated with decreased 2G12 binding to its epitope.
Kalia2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A series of genetically modified Env proteins were generated and expressed in both insect and animal cells to be monitored for their antigenic characteristics. For 2G12, two of the modified proteins expressed in insect cells, dV1V2 mutant (V1V2 deletions) followed by the dV2 mutant, showed higher binding to the Ab than the wildtype Env did, indicating that V1V2 deletion exposes epitopes against 2G12 better than other proteins. Unlike for most of the other MAbs, 3G mutant (mutations in 3 glycosylation sites) did not show a higher binding affinity to 2G12. When expressed in animal cells, only dV2 mutant resulted in higher binding to 2G12, while all other modified proteins showed lower binding compared to the wildtype.
Kang2005
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Full-length gp160 clones were derived from acute and early human HIV-1 infections and used as env-pseudotyped viruses in neutralization assays for their characterization as neutralization reference agents. 12 out of 19 pseudoviruses were neutralized by 2G12, as were SF162.LS and IIIB strains but not the MN strain. Resistance to 2G12 was generally associated with lack of N-glycosylation sites, except in one case, where the clone was resistant to neutralization in spite of presence N-glycosylation sites. Two clones lacked N-glycosylation at residues 339 and 386, but remained sensitive to 2G12. A mixture of IgG1b12, 2F5 and 2G12 (TriMab) exhibited potent neutralizing activity against all Env-pseudotyped viruses except one. 7 out of 12 Env-pseudotyped viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 than their uncloned parental PBMC-grown viruses.
Li2005a
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: Pseudoviruses expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from BL01, BR07 and 89.6 strains were compared in neutralization assays to replication competent clone derived from transfection of 293T cells (IMC-293T) and to the IMC-293T derived from a single passage through PBMC (IMC-PBMC). The neutralization responses of pseudoviruses and corresponding IMC-293T to 2G12 were similar, while a significant decrease in viral neutralization sensitivity to 2G12 was observed for all three IMC-PBMC viruses. The decrease was associated with an increase in average virion envelope glycoprotein content on the PBMC-derived virus.
Louder2005
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: 2G12 was used as isolating template for screening of a phage library in order to develop mimotopes that target carbohydrate antigens of gp120. Specific binding of 2G12 to three phages expressing peptides was observed, however, 2G12 did not bind to the peptides themselves.
Pashov2005a
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: 2G12 neutralized JR-FL, but not YU2 HIV-1 strain. 2G12 and other neutralizing mAbs recognized JR-FL cleavage-competent and cleavage-defective env glycoproteins, while non-neutralizing Abs only recognized JR-FL cleavage-defective glycoproteins. It is suggested that an inefficient env glycoprotein precursor cleavage exposes non-neutralizing determinants, while only neutralizing regions remain accessible on efficiently cleaved spikes. For YU2, both cleavage-competent and -defective glycoproteins were recognized by both neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs.
Pancera2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A short review of 2F5 and 4E10 interaction with autoantigens, epitope accessibility, structure, neutralizing capability, and the reasons for their infrequent appearance in nature. Immunotherapy and escape to 2G12 is also discussed.
Nabel2005
(escape, immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: Viruses containing substitutions at either L568 or K574 of the gp41 hydrophobic pocket were resistant to D5-IgG1 but were as sensitive to 2G12 as the wildtype virus.
Miller2005
-
2G12: This short review summarizes recent findings of the role of neutralizing Abs in controlling HIV-1 infection. Certain neutralizing MAbs and their potential role in immunotherapy and vaccination, as well as the reasons for their poor immunogenicity, are discussed.
Montefiori2005
(antibody binding site, therapeutic vaccine, escape, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Virions containing a single point mutation Y706C in gp41 had a 10-fold increase in binding to 2G12 compared to wildtype. This, together with the same p24 supernatant levels after transfection with wildtype and mutant virus, indicated that the mutant virions contained more envelope on a per-particle basis.
Poon2005
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Escape mutations in HR1 of gp41 that confer resistance to Enfuvirtide reduced infection and fusion efficiency and also delayed fusion kinetics of HIV-1. They also conferred increased neutralization sensitivity to a subset of neutralizing MAbs that target fusion intermediates or with epitopes exposed following receptor interactions. Enhanced neutralization correlated with reduced fusion kinetics. None of the mutations had a significant effect on 2G12 neutralization of virus.
Reeves2005
(antibody binding site, drug resistance, neutralization, escape, HAART, ART)
-
2G12: There was no difference found in the neutralization sensitivity of viruses isolated from acutely and from chronically infected HIV-1 patients to this Ab, suggesting that the glycosylation sites manifesting the epitope of 2G12 are well conserved throughout the course of infection.
Rusert2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: This review summarizes data on the role of NAb in HIV-1 infection and the mechanisms of Ab protection, data on challenges and strategies to design better immunogens that may induce protective Ab responses, and data on structure and importance of MAb epitopes targeted for immune intervention. The importance of standardized assays and standardized virus panels in neutralization and vaccine studies is also discussed.
Srivastava2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, immunotherapy, review, structure)
-
2G12: Six acutely and eight chronically infected patients were passively immunized with a mix of 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 neutralizing Abs during treatment interruption. Two chronically and four acutely infected individuals showed evidence of a delay in viral rebound during Ab treatment suggesting that NAbs can contain viremia in HIV-1 infected individuals. All subjects with virus sensitive to 2G12 developed Ab escape mutants resulting in loss of viremia and failure to treatment. In several cases resistance to 2G12 emerged rapidly. Plasma levels of 2G12 were substantially higher than those of 2F5 and 4E10, and the 2G12 levels exceeded the in vitro required 90% inhibitory doses by two orders of magnitude in subjects that responded to Ab treatment. This suggested that high levels of NAbs are required for inhibition in vivo.
Trkola2005
(neutralization, acute/early infection, escape, immunotherapy, early treatment, HAART, ART, supervised treatment interruptions (STI))
-
2G12: Ab neutralization of viruses with mixtures of neutralization-sensitive and neutralization-resistant envelope glycoproteins was measured. It was concluded that binding of a single Ab molecule is sufficient to inactivate function of an HIV-1 glycoprotein trimer. The inhibitory effect of the Ab was similar for neutralization-resistant and -sensitive viruses indicating that the major determinant of neutralization potency of an Ab is the efficiency with which it binds to the trimer. It was also indicated that each functional trimer on the virus surface supports HIV-1 entry independently, meaning that every trimer on the viral surface must be bound by an Ab for neutralization of the virus to be achieved.
Yang2005b
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A substantial fraction of soluble envelope glycoprotein trimers contained inter-subunit disulfide bonds. Reduction of these disulfide bonds had little effect on binding of the 2G12 to the glycoprotein, indicating that the inter-S-S bonds had no impact on the exposure of 2G12 epitope.
Yuan2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: This review focuses on the importance of neutralizing Abs in protecting against HIV-1 infection, including mechanisms of Ab interference with the viral lifecycle, Ab responses elicited during natural HIV infection, and use of monoclonal and polyclonal Abs in passive immunization. In addition, vaccine design strategies for eliciting of protective broadly neutralizing Abs are discussed. MAbs included in this review are: 2F5, Clone 3 (CL3), 4E10, Z13, IgG1b12, 2G12, m14, 447-52D, 17b, X5, m16, 47e, 412d, E51, CM51, F105, F425, 19b, 2182, DO142-10, 697-D, 448D, 15e and Cβ1.
McCann2005
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity, immunotherapy, review, structure)
-
2G12: 2G12 was investigated in different neutralization formats, including the standard format that measures activity over the entire infection period and several formats that emphasize various stages of infection. The activity of 2G12 was induced in the post-CD4 format and was less pronounced in the standard format. 2G12 did not neutralize after CD4/CCR5 engagement. HIV-1+ human plasma mediated high-levels of post-CD4 neutralization indicating presence of b12 and 2G12 -like Abs.
Crooks2005
(antibody binding site, assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: This review summarizes data on the polyspecific reactivities to host antigens by the broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. It also hypothesizes that some broadly reactive Abs might not be routinely made because they are derived from B cell populations that frequently make polyspecific Abs and are thus subjected to B cell negative selection.
Haynes2005a
(antibody interactions, review)
-
2G12: This review summarizes data that indicate that the V3 region of HIV-1 may be an epitope to target for the induction of protective Abs. Data shows that the V3 region can induce broadly-reactive, cross-neutralizing Abs, that it is partially exposed during various stages of the infectious process, and that it is immunogenic. 2G12 is the only highly neutralizing MAb targeting the carbohydrate region of gp120, suggesting that this region does not induce protective Abs. The carbohydrate epitope is poorly immunogenic and 2G12 has an aberrant structure probably extremely rare in the human Ab repertoire.
Zolla-Pazner2005
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
2G12: In addition to gp120-gp41 trimers, HIV-1 particles were shown to bear nonfunctional gp120-gp41 monomers and gp120-depleted gp41 stumps on their surface. 2G12 effectively neutralized wildype virus particles. 2G12 was found to bind to both nonfunctional monomers and to gp120-gp41 trimers. Binding of 2G12 to trimers correlated with its neutralization of wildtype virus particles. Monomer binding did not correlate with neutralization, but it did correlate with virus capture. It is hypothesized that the nonfunctional monomers on the HIV-1 surface serve to divert the Ab response, helping the virus to avoid neutralization.
Moore2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A carbohydrate mimetic peptide with central motif versions RYRY and YPYRY was shown to precipitate human IgG Ab that bind to gp120 and to immunoprecipitate gp120 from transfected cells. 2G12 showed significant binding only to the PYPY motif version of the peptide.
Pashov2006
(mimotopes)
-
Macaques were immunized with SF162gp140, ΔV2gp140, ΔV2ΔV3gp140 and ΔV3gp140 constructs and their antibody responses were compared to the broadly reactive NAb responses in a macaque infected with SHIV SF162P4, and with pooled sera from humans infected with heterologous HIV-1 isolates (HIVIG). 2G12 recognized all four gp140 proteins equally. Low titers of Abs capable of blocking the binding of 2G12 were present in the sera from the SHIV-infected macaque, but were absent in the sera from the gp140-immunized animals.
Derby2006
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Development of neutralizing Abs and changes to Env gp120 were analyzed in SHIV infected macaques during a period of 1 year. 4 macaques showed little viral divergence while the remaining 7 showed significant env divergence from the inoculum, associated with higher titers of homologous NAbs. In five of the 7 divergent animals, the glycosylation site N386, which is a part of the 2G12 epitope, was significantly added. Glycosylation sites N392, on the inner domain of gp120, and N295, on the silent face, also forma a part of the 2G12 epitope, and were found to be highly conserved.
Blay2006
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: 2G12 did not inhibit binding of Fc-gp120 to CD4, however, it inhibited binding of Fc-gp120, and of the virus itself, to the CCR5 coreceptor and to the DC-SIGN. Thus 2G12 probably inhibits HIV-1 by two mechanisms: blocking of gp120-CCR5 and of gp120-DC-SIGN interactions. Pre-incubation of virus with sCD4 did not affect its neutralization by 2G12. This Ab was also shown to effectively inhibit trans-infection of virus from primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) to CD4+ T-cells. Attachment of Fc-gp120 to MDDCs and PBLs was partially inhibited by 2G12, while b12 and sCD4 did not inhibit binding to MDDCs but did inhibit binding to PBLs. The results indicate that Env attachment is mediated through DC-SIGN and other receptors on MDDCs while it is predominantly mediated by CD4 and CCR5 on PBLs.
Binley2006
(antibody binding site, co-receptor, neutralization, binding affinity, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: A fusion protein (FLSC R/T-IgG1) that targets CCR5 was expressed from a synthetic gene linking a single chain gp120-CD4 complex containing an R5 gp120 sequence with the hinge-Ch2-Ch3 portion of human IgG1. The fusion protein did not activate the co-receptor by binding. In cell-line based assays, the FLSC R/T-IgG1 was less potent in neutralizing R5 HIV-1 primary isolates than 2G12, while in PBMC assays they were comparable.
Vu2006
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Env-pseudotyped viruses were constructed from the gp160 envelope genes from seven children infected with subtype C HIV-1. 2G12 failed to neutralize any of the seven viruses, correlating with the absence of crucial N-linked glycans that define 2G12 epitope on these viruses. When this Ab was mixed with IgG1b12 and 2F5, the neutralization was similar as to IgGb12 alone, indicating that the majority of the pool activity was due to IgG1b12. When 4E10 was added to this mix, all isolates were neutralized.
Gray2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, responses in children, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: Pharmacokinetic properties of this Ab were studied in HIV infected patients infused with high doses of 2G12. The Ab did not elicit an endogenous immune response and had distribution and systemic clearance values similar to other Abs. The elimination half-life was measured to 21.8 days, which is significantly longer than the elimination half-life of 4E10 and 2F5.
Joos2006
(kinetics, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Inhibition of 2G12 binding to gp120 by 2G12-like Abs in sera from long-term non-progressors (LTNP) was determined. 2G12-like Abs were present in almost all sera from LTNPs but at a lower levels than b12. Higher 2G12-like Ab levels were significantly associated with the broadest neutralizing activity in sera from LNTPs.
Braibant2006
(enhancing activity, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Neutralization rates and rate constants for the neutralization of clade B primary isolates SF33, SF162 and 89.6 by this Ab were determined. Statistically significant neutralization was not observed for isolate SF162. It was shown that neutralization sensitivity is not associated with neutralization of cell-associated or free virus.
Davis2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, kinetics)
-
2G12: Cloned Envs (clades A, B, C, D, F1, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, CRF06_cpx and CRF11_cpx) derived from donors either with or without broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies were shown to be of comparable susceptibility to neutralization by 2G12.
Cham2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The ability of this Ab to inhibit viral growth was increased when macrophages and immature dendritic cells (iDCs) were used as target cells instead of PHA-stimulated PBMCs. It is suggested that inhibition of HIV replication by this Ab for macrophages and iDCs can occur by two distinct mechanisms, neutralization of infectivity involving only the Fab part of the IgG, and, an IgG-FcγR-dependent interaction leading to endocytosis and degradation of HIV particles.
Holl2006
(neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: Viruses with cleavage-competent 2G12-knockout Env and cleavage-defective Env able to bind 2G12 were constructed. The amount of Env precipitated by 2G12 was same when the two pseudotyped virus variants were mixed as with the wildtype alone, suggesting formation of heterotrimers consisting of both cleavage-competent and defective Envs. The presence of nonfunctional Envs on the surface of infectious virions did not affect the neutralization by 2G12. The neutralization by the CD4-binding agents was also unaffected by 2G12 binding to uncleaved Env indicating that the function of a trimer is unaffected sterically by the binding of an antibody to adjacent trimer.
Herrera2006
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Inhibition of R5 HIV replication by monoclonal and polyclonal IgGs and IgAs in iMDDCs was evaluated. The neutralizing activity of 2G12 was higher in iMDDCs than in PHA-stimulated PBMCs. A 90% reduction of HIV infection was observed without induction of MDDC maturation by this MAb. Blockade of FcgammaRII on iMDDCs decreased the anti-HIV activity of 2G12 while increased expression of FcgammaRI increased inhibition of HIV by 2G12, suggesting the involvement of these receptors in the HIV-inhibitory activity of this Ab.
Holl2006a
(neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: G1 and G2 recombinant gp120 proteins, consisting of 2F5 and 4E10, and 4E10 epitopes, respectively, engrafted into the V1/V2 region of gp120, were tested as an immunogen to see if they could elicit MPER antibody responses. Deletion of V1/V2 from gp120 or its replacement with G1 and G2 grafts, did not greatly affect binding of 2G12 to gp120. Shortening of the N and C termini of the V3 loop nearly abolished binding of 2G12.
Law2007
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: This review describes the effectiveness of the current HIV-1 immunogens in eliciting neutralizing antibody responses to different clades of HIV-1. It also summarizes different evasion and antibody escape mechanisms, as well as the most potent neutralizing MAbs and their properties. MAbs reviewed in this article are: 2G12, IgG1b12, 2F5, 4E10, A32, 447-52D and, briefly, D50. Novel immunogen design strategies are also discussed.
Haynes2006a
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape)
-
2G12: 2G12 was used as a negative control to investigate the relationship of MAb 412d epitope to the CCR5 binding site of gp120. These two MAbs were incubated with soluble CD4 and ADA gp120 in the presence of a peptide shown to block the association of gp120-CD4 with CCR5. As expected, the presence of the peptide did not inhibit precipitation of gp120 by 2G12, since it binds an epitope distinct from the CCR5 binding domain, while it did inhibit the 412d.
Choe2003
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The gp140δCFI protein of CON-S M group consensus protein and gp140CFI and gp140CF proteins of CON6 and WT viruses from HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C were expressed in recombinant vaccinia viruses and tested as immunogens in guinea pigs. 2G12 was shown to bind specifically to all recombinant proteins except for the subtype B gp140δCF and subtype A gp140δCFI. The specific binding of this Ab to CON-S indicated that its conformational epitope was intact. This Ab also bound specifically to the two tested subtype B gp120 proteins.
Liao2006
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Cross-neutralization was limited in this study. 2G12 neutralized subtype A strain UG273 and subtype B strains US2, NL4-3, and IIIB. It did not neutralize subtype C strain ETH2220, subtype D UG270, CRF01 A/E ID12; subtype F BZ163; nor subtype G BCF06. 3 HIV-2 strains and SIVmac 251 were also not neutralized. 2G12 bound to MN and NDK, but did not neutralize them. Neutralization resistance was selected in culture using strains NL43 and IIIB. NL43 escaped via loss of the glycosylation sequon at positions 295-297, IIIB escaped via sequon losses at positions 392-394 and 295-297, or 406-408, as expected from earlier studies defining critical mannose residues for 2G12 binding. The loss of the mannose actually enhanced mannose-specific lectin inhibition of the virus.
Huskens2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Binding of 2G12 to gp120 was not significantly affected by the small molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitor IC9564. IC9564 induces conformational change of gp120 to allow CD4i antibody 17b to bind, but inhibits CD4-induced gp41 conformational changes.
Huang2007
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The neutralizing activity of this antibody for the JR-FL Env variant with the N160K/E160K mutations was measured in comparison with the neutralizing activity of 2909, which was found to be higher.
Honnen2007
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Controlled attachment of Ab-bound HIV to cells was not affected by the presence of this Ab. However, the virus was still efficiently neutralized indicating that binding of 2G12 to the cell-free virus interferes with a step of infection subsequent to cell attachment.
Haim2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics)
-
2G12: This Ab was used to help define the antigenic profile of envelopes used in serum depletion experiments to attempt to define the neutralizing specificities of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing serum. It bound to JR-FL and JR-CSF gp120 monomers and to a lesser extent to core JR-CSF gp120 monomer.
Dhillon2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: SOSIP Env proteins are modified by the introduction of a disulfide bond between gp120 and gp41 (SOS), and an I559P (IP) substitution in gp41, and form trimers. The KNH1144 subtype A virus formed more stable trimers than did the prototype subtype B SOSIP Env, JRFL. The stability of gp140 trimers was increased for JR-FL and Ba-L SOSIP proteins by substituting the five amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of gp41 with corresponding residues from KNH1144 virus. b12, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10 and CD4-IgG2 all bound similarly to the WT and to the stabilized JRFL SOSIP timers, suggesting that the trimer-stabilizing substitutions do not impair the overall antigenic structure of gp140 trimers.
Dey2007
-
2G12: 15 subtype A HIV-1 envelopes from early in infection were not neutralized by 2G12, likely because of a deletion or shift in one or more of the 5 glycosylation sites associated with 2G12 recognition. SF162 was neutralized as expected.
Blish2007
(neutralization, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: This Ab was found to be able to bind to a highly stable trimeric rgp140 derived from a HIV-1 subtype D isolate containing intermonomer V3-derived disulfide bonds and lacking gp120/gp41 cleavage.
Billington2007
-
2G12: Yeast display was compared to phage display and shown to select all the scFv identified by phage display and additional novel antibodies. Biotinylated C11 and 2G12 were used to minimize selection of non-gp120 specific clones from the yeast displayed antibody library; these MAbs were used as they have unique epitopes with limited overlap with most known epitopes.
Bowley2007
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: Four consensus B Env constructs: full length gp160, uncleaved gp160, truncated gp145, and N-linked glycosylation-site deleted (gp160-201N/S) were compared. All were packaged into virions, and all but the fusion defective uncleaved version mediated infection using the CCR5 co-receptor. Primary isolate Envs were completely resistant or just somewhat sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 while the consensus B constructs were sensitive. Thus the 2G12 epitope is present on the consensus B Env glycoprotein and was not influenced by the Env modifications in this study.
Kothe2007
(vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Newborn macaques were challenged orally with the highly pathogenic SHIV89.6P and then treated intravenously with a combination of IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 one and 12 hours post-virus exposure. All control animals became highly viremic and developed AIDS. In the group treated with mAbs 1 hour post-virus exposure, 3/4 animals were protected from persistent systemic infection and one was protected from disease. In the group treated with mAbs 12 hour post-virus exposure, one animal was protected from persistent systemic infection and disease was prevented or delayed in two animals. IgG1b12, 2G12, and 4E10 were also given 24 hours after exposure in a separate study; 4/4 treated animals become viremic, but with delayed and lower peak viremia relative to controls. 3/4 treated animals did not get AIDS during the follow up period, and 1 showed a delayed progression to AIDS , while the 4 untreated animals died of AIDS. Thus the success of passive immunization with NAbs depends on the time window between virus exposure and the start of immunoprophylaxis.
Ferrantelli2007
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: Antigens were designed to attempt to target immune responses toward the IgG1b12 epitope, while minimizing antibody responses to less desirable epitopes. One construct had a series of substitutions near the CD4 binding site (GDMR), the other had 7 additional glycans (mCHO). The 2 constructs did not elicit b12-like neutralizing antibodies, but both antigens successfully dampened other responses that were intended to be dampened while not obscuring b12 binding. 2G12 had diminished binding to both antigen constructs.
Selvarajah2005
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2G12: Concanavalin A (ConA) binds to mannose and blocks 2G12 binding, but 2G12 does not block ConA binding. ConA binding is less sensitive to mutations in glycosylation sites than 2G12. Furthermore, ConA neutralizes HIV-1 at a post-CD4 binding step. Thus, this report indicates that designing antigens based on the HIV-1 mannose residues that bind ConA may be an effective vaccine strategy, as antibodies elicited might be broadly cross-reactive.
Pashov2005
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Passive immunization of 8 HIV-1 infected patients with 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12 (day 0, 4E10; days 7, 14 and 21 4E10+2G12+2F5; virus isolated on days 0 and 77) resulted in 0/8 patients with virus that escaped all three NAbs. Three patients had viruses that escaped 2G12, and two of these were sequenced. Each had lost two of the glycosylation sites required for 2G12 binding (one had 295 N->D and 332 N->T changes, the other had 295 N->T and 392 N->T changes). In a companion in vitro study, resistance to a single MAb emerged in 3-22 weeks, but triple combination resistance was slower and characterized by decreased viral fitness. In contrast to the in vivo escape study, only one N was lost in the in vitro experiments, a 386 N->K change in a triple resistant mutant. The lack of resistance to the combination of MAbs in vivo and the reduced fitness of the escape mutants selected in vitro suggests passive immunotherapy may be of value in HIV infection.
Nakowitsch2005
(escape, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Nine anti-gp41 bivalent Fabs that interacted with either or both of the six-helix bundle and the internal coiled-coil of N-helices of gp41 were selected from a non-immune human phage display library. The IC50 the range for the inhibition of LAV ENV-mediated cell-fusion was 6-61 ug/ml -- for context, 2F5 and 2G12 (IC50s of 0.5-1.5 ug/ml) were about an order of magnitude more potent in this assay than the best Fabs generated here.
Louis2005
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Retrovirus inactivation for vaccine antigen delivery was explored through lipid modification by hydrophobic photoinduced alkylating probe 1.5 iodonaphthylazide (INA). The viral proteins were shown to be structurally intact in the treated non-infectious virus, through the preservation of antibody binding sites for polyclonal anti-gp120 serum, and for broadly neutralizing MAbs 2G12, b12 and 4E10, although the modifications of the lipid disabled viral infection.
Raviv2005
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: This study is about the V2 MAb C108g, that is type-specific and neutralizes BaL and HXB2. JR-FL is a neutralization resistant strain; modification of JRFL at V2 positions 167 and 168 (GK->DE) created a C108g epitope, and C108g could potently neutralize the modified JR-FL. The modification in V2 also increased neutralization sensitivity to V3 MABs 4117c, 2219, 2191, and 447-52D, but only had minor effects on neutralization by CD4BS MAb 5145A, and broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5.
Pinter2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The HIV-1 Bori-15 variant was adapted from the Bori isolate for replication in microglial cells. Bori-15 had increased replication in microglial cells and a robust syncytium-forming phenotype, ability to use low levels of CD4 for infection, and increased sensitivity to neutralization by sCD4 and 17b. Four amino acid changes in gp120 V1-V2 were responsible for this change. Protein functionality and integrity of soluble, monomeric gp120-molecules derived from parental HIV-1 Bori and microglia-adapted HIV-1 Bori-15 was assessed in ELISA binding assays using CD4BS MAbs F105 and IgG1b12, glycan-specific 2G12, and V3-specific 447-52D, and were unchanged. Association rates of sCD4 and 17b were not changed, but dissociation rates were 3-fold slower for sCD4 and 14-fold slower for 17b.
Martin-Garcia2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Sera from subtype A infected individuals from Cameroon have antibodies that react strongly with subtype A and subtype B V3 loops in fusion proteins, and neutralize SF162 pseudotypes, while sera from 47 subtype B infected individuals reacted only with subtype B V3s. Sera from Cameroon did not neutralize primary A or B isolates, due to indirect masking by the V1/V2 domain rather than due to loss of the target epitope. Neutralization by Cameroonian sera MAbs was blocked by Clade A and B V3 loop fusion proteins, while NAbs to non-V3 epitopes, 2F5, 2G12, and b12, were not blocked.
Krachmarov2005
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Of 35 Env-specific MAbs tested, only 2F5, 4E10, IgG1b12, and two CD4BS adjacent MAbs (A32 and 1.4G) and gp41 MAbs (2.2B and KU32) had binding patterns suggesting polyspecific autoreactivity, and similar reactivities may be difficult to induce with vaccines because of elimination of such autoreactivity. Unlike the other three broadly neutralizing human anti-HIV-1 MAbs, 2G12 has no indication of polyspecific autoreactivity.
Haynes2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: 2909 is a human anti-Env NAb that was selected by a neutralization assay and binds to the quaternary structure on the intact virion. ELISA-based competition assays and subsequent mutational analysis determined that the CD4BS and V2 and V3 loops contribute to the 2909 epitope: 2909 binding was inhibited by MAbs 447-52d (anti-V3), 830A (anti-V2), and IgG1b12 (anti-CD4BS) and sCD4. 2909 was not inhibited by MAbs 670, 1418, nor 2G12; in fact, 2G12 enhanced 2909 binding.
Gorny2005
-
2G12: Precise characterization of 2G12 binding to carbohydrate was undertaken; the 2G12 Fab was co-crystallized with four oligomannose derivatives, Man4, Man5, Man7 and Man8. 2G12 recognizes the terminal Manα1-2Man both in the context of the D1 arm (Manα1-2Manα1-2Man) and D3 arm (Manα1-2Manα1-6Man) of the Man9GlcNAc2 moiety, but not the D2 arm. This gives the 2G12 more binding flexibility than previously thought, as only the D1 arm binding had been shown previously.
Calarese2005
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
2G12: The lack of glycosylation sites at residues Asn 295 and Thy 394 within C-clade gp120s generally causes the loss of 2G12 recognition. Introduction of glycans in the subtype C strain HIV-1CN54 at these positions restored 2G12 binding, and addition of just a single glycan partially restored binding (V295N + A394T >> V295N > A395T). 2G12 epitope recovery decreased b12 binding.
Chen2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: By adding N-linked glycosylation sites to gp120, epitope masking of non-neutralizing epitopes can be achieved leaving the IgG1b12 binding site intact. This concept was originally tested with the addition of four glycosylation sites, but binding to b12 was reduced. It was modified here to exclude the C1 N-terminal region, and to include only three additional glycosylation sites. This modified protein retains full b12 binding affinity and it binds to the neutralizing MAb 2G12. It masks other potentially competing epitopes, and does not bind to 21 other MAbs to 7 epitopes on gp120.
Pantophlet2004
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Infusions of 2F5 and 2G12 intravenously administered 24h prior to vaginal SHIV-89.P challenge are able to protect macaques from infections. Animals that receive a IL-2 adjuvanted DNA immunization SIV Gag and HIV Env have T-cell responses and lower viral loads, but were not protected. Suboptimal levels of 2F5 and 2G12 were not able to confer sterile protection in combination with the T-cell responses stimulated by DNA immunizations.
Mascola2003
-
2G12: Nabs against HIV-1 M group isolates were tested for their ability to neutralize 6 randomly selected HIV-1 O group strains. 2G12 did not neutralize O group strains, although it was included in a quadruple combination of b12, 2F5, 2G12, and 4E10, that neutralized the six Group O viruses between 62-97%.
Ferrantelli2004a
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Neonatal rhesus macaques were exposed orally to a pathogenic SHIV, 89.6P. 4/8 were given an intramuscular, passive immunization consisting of NAbs 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, each given at a different body sites at 40 mg/kg per Ab, at one hour and again at 8 days after exposure to 89.6P. The four animals that were untreated all died with a mean survival time of 5.5 weeks, the four animals that got the NAb combination were protected from infection. This model suggests Abs may be protective against mother-to-infant transmission of HIV.
Ferrantelli2004
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: 93 viruses from different clades were tested for their neutralization cross-reactivity using a panel of HIV antibodies. 2G12 primarily neutralized B clade viruses with sporadic neutralization of A, D, and two AC recombinants, and no C or CRF01 (E) isolates. Envelopes from subtypes C and E have generally lost critical glycans for 2G12 binding.
Binley2004
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Env sequences were derived from 4 men at primary infection and four years later; the antigenicity in terms of the ability to bind to 2G12, 2F5 and IgG1b12 was determined. 2G12 bound primarily to late clones in 3 of the 4 patients, and to both early and late in the other patient. Neither 2F5 nor IgG1b12 showed a difference in binding affinity to early or late envelopes. The number of glycosylation sites increased in the three patients. The ability to bind to 2G12 correlated perfectly with having all three sites known to be important for binding: N295 in C2, N332 in C3, and N392 in the V4 loop.
Dacheux2004
(antibody binding site, acute/early infection, kinetics)
-
2G12: Crystal structure analysis of Fab 2G12 alone or complexed with Manα1-2Man or Man9GlcNac2 demonstrates that the exchange of VH domains forms stable dimers for gp120 binding. Two Fabs assemble in an interlocked VH domain swapped dimer, providing an extended surface for multivalent interaction with the cluster of oligomannose on gp120, allowing high-affinity recognition of repeated epitopes in the carbohydrate structure. Ala substitutions of the 2G12 VH/VH' interface residues Ile H19, Arg H57, Phe H77, Tyr H80, Val H84 and Pro H113 result in the loss of 2G12-gp120 JR-FL binding.
Calarese2003
(antibody binding site, antibody sequence, structure)
-
2G12: Synthetic mannose Man9 clusters arranged on a scaffold were used to mimic the epitope of 2G12. Bi-, tri, and tetra-valent clusters had a 7-, 22-, and 73-fold higher affinities for 2G12 than the monomers, suggesting that 2G12 binds best to multiple carbohydrate moieties. 2G12 bound larger mannose oligosaccharides with higher affinity: Ma9GlcNAc bound 210- and 74-fold more effectively that Man6GlcNac and Man5GlcNAc, respectively.
Wang2004
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: This review discusses research presented at the Ghent Workshop of prevention of breast milk transmission and immunoprophylaxis for HIV-1 in pediatrics (Seattle, Oct. 2002), and makes the case for developing passive or active immunoprophylaxis in neonates to prevent mother-to-infant transmission. Macaque studies have shown that passive transfer of NAb combinations (for example, IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10; or 2G12 and 2F5) can confer partial or complete protection to infant macaques from subsequent oral SHIV challenge.
Safrit2004
(immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: A primary isolate, CC1/85, was passaged 19 times in PBMC and gradually acquired increased sensitivity to FAb b12 and sCD4 that was attributed to changes in the V1V2 loop region, in particular the loss of a potential glycosylation site. The affinity for sCD4 was unchanged in the monomer, suggesting that the structural impact of the change was manifested at the level of the trimer. The passaged virus, CCcon19, retained an R5 phenotype and its neutralization susceptibility to other Abs was essentially the same as CC1/85. The IC50 for 2G12 was 1.8 for CC1/85, and was 4.2 for CCcon19, so both the primary and passaged viruses were neutralized.
Pugach2004
(variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
2G12: V1V2 was determined to be the region that conferred the neutralization phenotype differences between two R5-tropic primary HIV-1 isolates, JRFL and SF162. JRFL is resistant to neutralization by many sera and MAbs, while SF162 is sensitive. All MAbs tested, anti-V3, -V2, -CD4BS, and -CD4i, (except the broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2F5, and 2G12, which neutralized both strains), neutralized the SF162 pseudotype but not JRFL, and chimeras that exchanged the V1V2 loops transferred the neutralization phenotype. 2G12 was the only MAb that neutralized JRFL more efficiently than SF162, with a 6-fold lower ND50 for JRFL. 2G12 also had a higher affinity for JRFL.
Pinter2004
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: An antigen panel representing different regions of gp41 was generated, and sera from 23 individuals were screened. 2G12 was a control, binding to gp120 but to none of the gp41 peptides in the experiment.
Opalka2004
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: A set of HIV-1 chimeras that altered V3 net charge and glycosylation patterns in V1V2 and V3, involving inserting V1V2 loops from a late stage primary isolate taken after the R5 to X4 switch, were studied with regard to phenotype, co-receptor usage, and MAb neutralization. The loops were cloned into a HXB2 envelope with a LAI viral backbone. It was observed that the addition of the late-stage isolate V1V2 region and the loss of V3-linked glycosylation site in the context of high positive charge gave an X4 phenotype. R5X4 viruses were more sCD4 and 2G12 neutralization resistant than either R5 or X4, but the opposite pattern was observed for b12. Addition of the late stage V1V2 altered neutralization for both MAbs, but this alteration was reversed with the loss of the V3 glycan.
Nabatov2004
(antibody binding site, co-receptor)
-
2G12: Mice susceptible to MV infection were intraperitoneally immunized with native HIV-1 89.6 env gp160 and gp140 and δV3 HIV-1 89.6 mutants expressed in live attenuated Schwarz measles vector (MV). The gp160ΔV3 construct raised more cross-reactive NAbs to primary isolates. A HIVIG/2F5/2G12 combination was used as a positive control and could neutralize all isolates.
Lorin2004
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: 2G12 was used as a positive control in a study that showed that A32-rgp120 complexes open up the CCR5 co-receptor binding site, but did not induce neutralizing antibodies with greater breadth among B subtype isolates than did uncomplexed rgp120 in vaccinated guinea pigs.
Liao2004
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: A set of oligomeric envelope proteins were made from six primary isolates for potential use as vaccine antigens: 92/UG/037 (clade A), HAN2/2 (clade B), 92/BR25/025 (clade C), 92/UG/021 (clade D), 93/BR/029 (clade F) and MVP5180 (clade O). This was one of a panel of MAbs used to explore folding and exposure of well characterized epitopes. The clade C isolate BR25 is apparently misfolded, as conformation-dependent antibodies did not bind to it. 2G12 bound to clade A, B, D and F HIV-1 primary isolates. Polyclonal sera raised in rabbits against these antigens cross-bound the other antigens, but none of the sera had neutralizing activity.
Jeffs2004
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The peptide 12p1 (RINNIPWSEAMM) inhibits direct binding of YU2 gp120 or Env trimer to CD4, CCR5 and MAb 17b in a concentration-dependent allosteric manner. 12p1 is thought to bind to unbound gp120 near the CD4 binding site, with a 1:1 stoichiometry. 12p1 also inhibited MAb F105 binding; presumably because F105 favors an unactivated conformation, but not MAbs 2G12 or b12. The 1:1 stoichiometry, the fact that the peptide binding site is accessible on the trimer, the non-CD4 like aspect of the binding, and an ability to inhibit viral infection in cell cultures make it a promising lead for therapeutic design.
Biorn2004
-
2G12: This paper is a review of anti-HIV-1 Envelope antibodies. This unique epitope is formed from carbohydrates. The mechanism of MAb neutralization is thought to be steric inhibition of CCR5 binding. 2G12 neutralizes many TCLA strains and about 40% of primary isolates tested.
Gorny2003
(review)
-
2G12: A gp120 molecule was designed to focus the immune response onto the IgG1b12 epitope. Ala substitutions that enhance the binding of IgG1b12 and reduce the binding of non-neutralizing MAbs were combined with additional N-linked glycosylation site sequons inhibiting binding of non-neutralizing MAbs; b12 bound to the mutated gp120. C1 and C5 were also removed, but this compromised b12 binding.
Pantophlet2003b
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: scFv 4KG5 reacts with a conformational epitope. Of a panel of MAbs tested, only NAb b12 enhanced 4KG5 binding to gp120. MAbs to the V2 loop, V3 loop, V3-C4 region, and CD4BS diminished binding, while MAbs directed against C1, CD4i, C5 regions didn't impact 4KG5 binding. These results suggest that the orientation or dynamics of the V1/V2 and V3 loops restricts CD4BS access on the envelope spike, and IgG1b12 can uniquely remain unaffected. 2G12 had no impact on 4KG5 binding.
Zwick2003a
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: The broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 2G12 were class-switched from IgG to IgA and IgM isotypes. Neutralizing potency was increased with valence for 2G12 so the IgM form was most potent, but for 2F5 the IgG form was most potent. Eight primary isolates were tested including two subtype A isolates. The polymeric IgM and IgA Abs, but not the corresponding IgGs, could interfere with HIV-1 entry across a mucosal epithelial layer, although they were limited in a standard neutralization assay. All isotypes could interact with activated human sera, presumably through complement, to inhibit HIV replication.
Wolbank2003
(complement, genital and mucosal immunity, isotype switch, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The antiviral response to intravenously administered MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 was evaluated in 7 HAART-naïve asymptomatic HIV-1 infected patients during a treatment period of 28 days. MAb therapy reduced plasma HIV RNA in 3/7 patients during the treatment period, and transiently reduced viral load in two more. CD4 counts were up in 3/7 through day 28, and transiently increased in three more. Vigorous complement activation was observed after 48/56 Ab infusions. Virus derived from 2/7 patients could be neutralized by 2G12, and escape from 2G12 was observed in both cases after infusion; one year after the infusion, isolates were again sensitive to 2G12.
Stiegler2002
(complement, variant cross-reactivity, escape, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Env genes derived from uncultured brain biopsy samples from four HIV-1 infected patients with late-stage AIDS were compared to env genes from PBMC samples. Brain isolates did not differ in the total number or positions of N-glycosylation sites, patterns of coreceptor usage, or ability to be recognized by gp160 and gp41 MAbs. 2G12 was the only MAb tested to recognize all blood and brain isolates from all four patients by gp120 immunoprecipitation.
Ohagen2003
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: AC10 is a subject who was given treatment early after infection, and had a viral rebound after cessation of therapy, which then declined to a low level. The polyclonal sera from AC10 could potently neutralize the rebound virus, and NAb escape followed with a neutralizing response against the escape variant and subsequent escape from that response. Viral loads remained low in this subject despite escape. The rebound isolate that was potently neutralized by autologous sera was not particularly neutralization sensitive, as it resisted neutralization by sCD4 and MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5, and was only moderately sensitive to sera from other HIV+ individuals that had high titers of NAbs to TCLA strains.
Montefiori2003
(acute/early infection, escape)
-
2G12: Polyclonal Abs raised against soluble trivalently linked N35CCG-N13 and N34CCG, the internal trimeric core of the coiled-coil ectodomain, inhibit HIV-1 Env-mediated cell fusion at levels comparable to 2G12.
Louis2003
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Thermodynamics of binding to gp120 was measured using isothermal titration calorimetry for sCD4, 17b, b12, 48d, F105, 2G12 and C11 to intact YU2 and the HXBc2 core. The free energy of binding was similar, except for 2G12, which might not have bound well to the carbohydrate additions on the Drosophila expressed core. Enthalpy and entropy changes were divergent, but compensated. Not only CD4 but MAb ligands induced thermodynamic changes in gp120 that were independent of whether the core or the full gp120 protein was used. Non-neutralizing CD4BS and CD4i MAbs (17b, 48d, 1.5e, b6, F105 and F91) had large entropy contributions to free energy (mean: 26.1 kcal/mol) of binding to the gp120 monomer, but the potent CD4BS neutralizing MAb b6 had a much smaller value of 5.7 kcal/mol. The high values suggest surface burial or protein folding an ordering of amino acids. 2G12 had an entropy value of -1.6. These results suggest that while the trimeric Env complex has four surfaces, a non-neutralizing face (occluded on the oligomer), a variable face, a neutralizing face and a silent face (protected by carbohydrate masking), gp120 monomers further protect receptor binding sites by conformational or entropic masking, requiring a large energy handicap for Ab binding not faced by other anti-gp120 Abs.
Kwong2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 were tested for their ability to neutralize two primary HIV-1 clade A isolates (UG/92/031 and UG/92/037) and two primary HIV-1 clade D isolates (UG/92/001 and UG/92/005). 4E10 demonstrated the most potent cross-neutralization activity. Quadruple administration of MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 induced strong synergistic neutralization of 4 clade A isolates (UG/92/031, UG/92/037, RW/92/020 and RW/92/025) as well as 5 clade D isolates (UG/92/001,UG/9/005, /93/086/RUG/94/108, UG/94/114). The authors note this combination of 4 MAbs neutralizes primary HIV A, B, C, and D isolates.
Kitabwalla2003
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis, variant cross-reactivity, mother-to-infant transmission, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: This paper shows that binding of CD4BS MAbs to Env blocks the conformational shift that allows co-receptor CCR5 binding and CD4-independent mediated cell fusion. CD4BS MAbs IgG1b12, F91 and F105 and their Fab counterparts (except for C11, used as a negative control) inhibited CD4-independent JR-FL and YU-2 gp120-CCR5 binding to CCR5-expressing Cf2Th cells and syncytium formation. The carbohydrated binding MAb 2G12 also inhibited CD4-independent syncytium formation.
Raja2003
(co-receptor)
-
2G12: To begin to design vaccine antigens that can mimic the carbohydrate structure, the gp120 peptide 336-342 was synthesized with Man(9), Man(6), and Man(5) moieties attached.
Singh2003
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Review of current neutralizing antibody-based HIV vaccine candidates and strategies of vaccine design. Strategies for targeting of the epitopes for NAbs 2F5, 2G12, 4E10, b12, and Z13 are described. They have shown that both N-glycans, at 295N and 332N are required for 2G12 binding, emphasizing the oligosaccharide cluster nature of the epitope, and suggest the uniqueness of the target structure may not result in autoimmune reactions.
Wang2003
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2G12: Most plasma samples of patients from early infection had NAb responses to early autologous viruses, and NAbs against heterologous strains tended to be delayed. Serial plasma samples were tested against serial isolates, and neutralization escape was shown to be rapid and continuous throughout infection. Autologous neutralization-susceptible and resistant viruses from four patients were tested for susceptibility to neutralizing Ab responses using MAbs 2G12, IgG1b12 and 2F5. No correlation was established, all viruses tested were susceptible to at least one of the neutralizing MAbs. Two patients that did not have an autologous NAb response also did not evolve changes in susceptibility to these MAbs, while one patient with a pattern of autologous neutralization and escape acquired a 2G12 sensitive virus at month 6, and lost IgG1b12 sensitivity at month 21.
Richman2003
(autologous responses, acute/early infection, escape)
-
2G12: This review discusses the importance and function of protective antibody responses in animal model studies in the context of effective vaccine development. SHIV models have shown protection using high levels of MAbs can prevent infection, and partial protection that can influence disease course can be obtained from modest levels of NAbs. SHIV challenges studies conducted with infusions of combinations of MAbs b12, 2G12, and 2F5 are reviewed.
Mascola2003a
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2G12: This study investigates the effects of glycosylation inhibitors on the binding between HIV-1 gp120 and mannose-binding lectin (MBL). Mannosidase I inhibitor deoxymannojirimycin (dMM) inhibits formation of complex and hybrid N-linked saccharides and yields virus with more mannose residues. dMM added during viral production significantly enhanced the binding 2F5 and 2G12, but not IgG1b12 in a viral capture assay.
Hart2003
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: UK1-br and MACS2-br are R5 isolates derived from brain tissue samples from AIDS patients with dementia and HIV-1 encephalitis; both are neurotropic, but only UK1-br induced neuronal apoptosis and high levels of syncytium formation in macrophages. UK1-br Env had a greater affinity for CCR5 than MACS-br, and required low levels of CCR5 and CD4 for cell-to-cell fusion and single round infection. PBMC infected with UK1-br and MACS2-br virus isolates were resistant to neutralization by MAb 2G12. UK1-br was more sensitive than MACS2-br to IgG1b12, 2F5 and CD4-IgG2 neutralization.
Gorry2002
(brain/CSF, co-receptor)
-
2G12: Four newborn macaques were challenged with pathogenic SHIV 89.6 and given post exposure prophylaxis using a combination of NAbs 2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and IgG1b12. 2/4 treated animals did not show signs of infection, and 2/4 macaques maintained normal CD4+ T cell counts and had a lower delayed peak viremia compared to the controls.
Ferrantelli2003
(immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: A sCD4-17b single chain chimera was made that can bind to the CD4 binding site, then bind and block co-receptor interaction. This chimeric protein is a very potent neutralizing agent, more potent than IgG1b12, 2G12 or 2F5 against Ba-L infection of CCR5-MAGI cells. It has potential for prophylaxis or therapy.
Dey2003
(co-receptor)
-
2G12:The MAb B4e8 binds to the base of the V3 loop, neutralizes multiple primary isolates and was studied for interaction with other MAbs. B4e8 and 2G12 enhanced each other's binding, and gave synergistic neutralization. B4e8 could neutralize R5X4 virus 92HT593 better than 2G12, while 2G12 was better at neutralizing R5 virus 92US660.
Cavacini2003
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: This study examined Ab interactions, binding and neutralization with a B clade R5 isolate (92US660) and R5X4 isolate (92HT593). Abs generally bound and neutralized the R5X4 isolate better than the R5 isolate. Anti-gp41 MAb F240 did not affect binding of 2G12 to either R5X4 and R5 isolates, and anti-V3 MAb B4a1 increased 2G12 binding to R5X4 virions but not R5. Neutralization with B4al and 2G12 was additive for the R5X4 virus, and was enhanced for the R5 virus.
Cavacini2002
(antibody interactions, co-receptor, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Neutralization assays with rsCD4, MAbs, and serum samples from SHIV-infected macaques and HIV-1 infected individuals were used to characterize the antigenic properties of the env glycoprotein of six primary isolate-like or TCLA SHIV variants. 2G12 neutralized the five SHIV strains tested, HXBc2, KU2, 89.6, 89.6P and KB9, in MT-2 cells.
Crawford1999
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: The SOS mutant envelope protein introduces a covalent disulfide bond between gp120 surface and gp41 transmembrane proteins into the R5 isolate JR-FL by adding cysteines at residues 501 and 605. Pseudovirions bearing this protein bind to CD4 and co-receptor bearing cells, but do not fuse until treatment with a reducing agent, and are arrested prior to fusion after CD4 and co-receptor engagement. 2G12 is able to neutralize both the wildtype and SOS protein comparably, but 2G12 could not neutralize SOS when added post-attachment.
Binley2003
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: IgG1b12 neutralized many South African (5/8) and Malawian (4/8) clade C primary HIV-1 isolates, being more effective than 2F5 which neutralized only two Malawian and no South African isolates. 2G12 did not neutralize any of the 16 isolates.
Bures2002
(subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: SOS-Env is a mutant protein engineered to have a disulfide bond between gp120 and gp41. Cells expressing SOS-Env due not fuse with target cells expressing CD4 and CCR5, although the fusion process proceeds to an intermediate state associated with CD4 and co-receptors, prior to the formation of the six helix bundle that allows fusion.2G12 was used to monitor surface expression of SOS-Env compared to wildtype.
Abrahamyan2003b
(co-receptor, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: 2G12 was used as a positive control to test for a NAb activity in mice intranasally immunized with gp120 or gp140 with IL-12 and Cholera Toxin B.
Albu2003
-
2G12: NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program: 1476.
-
2G12: UK Medical Research council AIDS reagent: ARP3030.
-
2G12: CD4BS MAbs b12 (neutralizing) and 205-42-15, 204-43-1, 205-46-9 (non-neutralizing) all cross-competed for binding to monomeric gp120, indicating the topological proximity of their epitopes, however, the non-neutralizing CD4BS MAbs did not interfere with the neutralization activity of MAb b12 -- 2G12 was used to normalize and as a control in these experiments.
Herrera2003
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Alanine scanning mutagenesis was used to compare substitutions that affected anti-CD4BS NAb b12 -- rec gp120s were engineered to contain combinations of Alanine substitutions that enhanced b12 binding, and while binding of b12 to these gp120 monomers was generally maintained or increased, binding by five non-neutralizing anti-CD4bs MAbs (b3, b6, F105, 15e, and F91) was reduced or completely abolished -- 2G12 binding was largely unperturbed, indicating these proteins were not grossly misfolded.
Pantophlet2003
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Review of NAbs that discusses mechanisms of neutralization, passive transfer of NAbs and protection in animal studies, and vaccine strategies.
Liu2002
(review)
-
2G12: Review of NAbs that notes 2G12 alone or in combination with other MAbs can protect some macaques against SHIV infection, that it has strong ADCC activity, and that it is safe and well tolerated in humans.
Ferrantelli2002
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: A rare mutation in the neutralization sensitive R2-strain in the proximal limb of the V3 region caused Env to become sensitive to neutralization by MAbs directed against the CD4 binding site (CD4BS), CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes, soluble CD4 (sCD4), and HNS2, a broadly neutralizing sera -- 2/12 anti-V3 MAbs tested (19b and 694/98-D) neutralized R2, as did 2/3 anti-CD4BS MAbs (15e and IgG1b12), 2/2 CD4i MAbs (17b and 4.8D), and 2G12 and 2F5 -- thus multiple epitopes on R2 are functional targets for neutralization and the neutralization sensitivity profile of R2 is intermediate between the highly sensitive MN-TCLA strain and the typically resistant MN-primary strain.
Zhang2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Rhesus macaques were better protected from vaginal challenge with SHIV89.6D (MAb 2G12, 2/4; MAbs 2F5/2G12, 2/5; and HIVIG/2F5/2G12, 4/5 infected) than from intravenous challenge (MAb 2G12, 0/3; MAbs 2F5/2G12, 1/3; and HIVIG/2F5/2G12, 3/6 infected)-- the animals that were infected by vaginal challenge after Ab infusion had low or undetectable viral RNA levels and modest CD4 T-cell decline.
Mascola2002
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: HIV-1 gp160deltaCT (cytoplasmic tail-deleted) proteoliposomes (PLs) containing native, trimeric envelope glycoproteins from R5 strains YU2 and JRFL, and X4 strain HXBc2, were made in a physiologic membrane setting as candidate immunogens for HIV vaccines -- 2F5 bound to gp160deltaCT with a reconstituted membrane ten-fold better than the same protein on beads, while such an affinity difference was not seen with F105 and 2G12 -- anti-CD4BS MAbs IgG1b12 and F105, A32 (C1-C4), C11 (C1-C5), and 39F (V3) MAbs bound gp160deltaCT PLs indistinguishably from gp160deltaCT expressed on the cell surface.
Grundner2002
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic domain of X4, R5, and X4R5 viruses forces a conformation that more closely resembles the CD4 bound state of the external Envelope, enhancing binding of CD4i MAbs 17b and 48d and of CD4BS MAbs F105, b12, and in most cases of glycosylation site dependent MAb 2G12 and the anti-gp41 MAb 246D -- in contrast, binding of the anti-V2 MAb 697D and the anti-V3 MAb 694/98D were not affected -- viruses bearing the truncation were more sensitive to neutralization by MAbs 48d, b12, and 2G12 -- the anti-C5 MAb 1331A was used to track levels of cell surface expression of the mutated proteins.
EdwardsBH2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: A modified gp140 (gp140deltaCFI), with C-term mutations intended to mimic a fusion intermediate and stabilize trimer formation, retained antigenic conformational determinants as defined by binding to CD4 and to MAbs 2F5, 2G12, F105, and b12, and enhanced humoral immunity without diminishing the CTL response in mice injected with a DNA vaccine.
Chakrabarti2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Passive immunization of neonate macaques with a combination of F105+2G12+2F5 conferred complete protection against oral challenge with SHIV-vpu+ or -- the combination b12+2G12+2F5 conferred partial protection against SHIV89.6 -- such combinations may be useful for prophylaxis at birth and against milk born transmission -- the synergistic combination of IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 neutralized a collection of HIV clade C primary isolates.
Xu2002
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: Uncleaved soluble gp140 (YU2 strain, R5 primary isolate) can be stabilized in an oligomer by fusion with a C-term trimeric GCN4 motif or using a T4 trimeric motif derived from T4 bacteriophage fibritin -- stabilized oligomer gp140 delta683(-FT) showed strong preferential recognition by NAbs IgG1b12 and 2G12 relative to the gp120 monomer, in contrast to poorly neutralizing MAbs F105, F91, 17b, 48d, and 39F which showed reduced levels of binding, and MAbs C11, A32, and 30D which did not bind the stabilized oligomer.
Yang2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Ab binding characteristics of SOS gp140 were tested using SPR and RIPA -- SOS gp140 is gp120-gp41 bound by a disulfide bond -- NAbs 2G12, 2F5, IgG1b12, CD4 inducible 17b, and 19b bound to SOS gp140 better than uncleaved gp140 (gp140unc) and gp120 -- non-neutralizing MAbs 2.2B (binds to gp41 in gp140unc) and 23A (binds gp120) did not bind SOS gp140 -- 2G12 complexes with SOS gp140 or with gp120 had a very unusual linear structure.
Schulke2002
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Alanine scanning mutagenesis used in conjunction with competition and replacement studies of N-linked carbohydrates and sugars suggest that the 2G12 epitope is formed from mannose residues contributed by the glycans attached to N295 and N332, with the other N-linked carbohydrates in positions N339, N386, and N392 playing a role in maintaining conformation relevant to 2G12 binding -- N295A and N332A mutants showed essentially unchanged anti-CD4BS NAb b12 binding affinities, while N339A, N386A and N392A mutants displayed significantly lowered b12 affinity, presumably due to conformational changes.
Scanlan2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The 2G12 epitope is composed of carbohydrates involving high-mannose and hybrid glycans of residues 295, 332, and 392, with peripheral glycans from 386 and 448 contributing on either flank, and with little direct gp120 protein surface involvement -- these mannose residues are proximal to each other near the chemokine receptor binding surface.
Sanders2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The fusion process was slowed by using a suboptimal temperature (31.5 C) to re-evaluate the potential of Abs targeting fusion intermediates to block HIV entry -- preincubation of E/T cells at 31.5 C enabled polyclonal anti-N-HR Ab and anti-six-helix bundle Abs to inhibit fusion, indicating six-helix bundles form prior to fusion -- the preincubation 31.5 C step did not alter the inhibitory activity of neutralizing Abs anti-gp41 2F5, or anti-gp120 2G12, IG1b12, 48d, and 17b.
GoldingH2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: A phase I trial in seven HIV+ individuals was conducted with MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 -- no clinical or laboratory abnormalities were observed throughout the study -- eight infusions were administered over a 4-week period (total dose 14 g) -- the elimination half-life (t1/2) was calculated to be 7.94 (range, 3.46--8.31) days for 2F5 and 16.48 (range, 12.84--24.85) days for 2G12.
Armbruster2002
(kinetics, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Chloroquine reduces the HIV-1-infectivity of H9 IIIB cells, apparently through altering the conformation of envelope -- there is a reduction of reactivity of 2G12 to its epitope in chloroquine treated cultures.
Savarino2001
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Twenty HIV clade C isolates from five different countries were susceptible to neutralization by anti-clade B MAbs in a synergistic quadruple combination of mAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10.
Xu2001
(antibody interactions, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: A combination of MAbs IgG1b12, 2F5, and 2G12 was given postnatally to four neonates macaques that were then challenged with highly pathogenic SHIV89.6P -- one of the four infants remained uninfected after oral challenge, two infants had no or a delayed CD4(+) T-cell decline.
HofmannLehmann2001
(immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: A panel of 12 MAbs was used to identify those that could neutralize the dual-tropic primary isolate HIV-1 89.6 -- six gave significant neutralization at 2 to 10 ug/ml: 2F5, 50-69, IgG1b12, 447-52D, 2G12, and 670-D six did not have neutralizing activity: 654-D, 4.8D, 450-D, 246-D, 98-6, and 1281 -- no synergy, only additive effects were seen for pairwise combinations of MAbs, and antagonism was noted between gp41 MAbs 50-69 and 98-6, as well as 98-6 and 2F5.
Verrier2001
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: A luciferase-reporter gene-expressing T-cell line was developed to facilitate neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays -- luciferase and p24 antigen neutralization titer end points were found comparable using NAb from sera from HIV+ donors, and MAbs 2F5, 2G12 and IgG1b12.
Spenlehauer2001
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: Neutralizing synergy between MAbs 1b12, 2G12 and 2F5 was studied using surface plasmon resonance to determine the binding kinetics for these three MAbs with respect to monomeric and oligomeric Env protein gp160 IIIB -- the 2G12 epitope is highly accessible on both monomeric and oligomeric Envs, 1b12 is highly accessible on monomers but not oligomers, and 2F5 on neither form -- binding of 2G12 exposes the 2F5 epitope on gp160 oligomers -- 2G12-gp160 oligomer interactions were best fitted to a two state model, with the first complex having a high association constant and fast dissociation, stabilized by conformational changes induced by the binding of a second MAb.
ZederLutz2001
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, kinetics)
-
2G12: Structural aspects of the interaction of neutralizing Abs with HIV-1 Env are reviewed -- Env essentially has three faces, one is largely inaccessible on the native trimer, and two that exposed but have low immunogenicity on primary viruses -- neutralization is suggested to occur by inhibition of the interaction between gp120 and the target cell membrane receptors as a result of steric hindrance and it is noted that the attachment of approximately 70 IgG molecules per virion is required for neutralization, which is equivalent to about one IgG molecule per spike -- the 2G12, 17b and b12 epitopes are discussed in detail -- although it is potently neutralizing, 2G12 does not interfere with CD4 and coreceptor binding, and this Ab specificity is uncommon in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals.
Poignard2001
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2G12: Moore and colleagues review structural aspects of gp120 and how they relate to antigenic domains, and review the data concerning the lack of a clear relationship between genetic subtype and serotype -- an exception exists for human MAb 2G12, which does not recognize CRF01 envelopes because of an unusual additional disulfide bond in the V4 loop region that appears to be unique to the subtype E, CRF01 gp120 protein.
Moore2001
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2G12: SF162DeltaV2 is a virus that has a 30 amino acids deletion in the V2 loop that does not abrogate its infectivity but renders it highly susceptible to neutralization -- when incorporated into a codon-optimized DNA vaccine with a CMV promoter and delivered by gene gun, SF162DeltaV2 gave higher neutralizing Ab titers against SF162 than did SF162 itself, and Abs that cross-neutralized non-homologous primary isolates were obtained only when SF162DeltaV2, but not intact SF162, was used as the immunogen -- Control MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 could neutralize all of the following primary isolates: 91US056(R5), 92US714(R5), 92US660(R5), 92HT593(R5X4), and BZ167(R5X4), while after the first protein boost, the sera from two SF162DeltaV2 immunized macaques could neutralize 91US056(R5), 92US714(R5), 92US660(R5) and ADA(R5), but not 92HT593(R5X4) or 92US657(R5) -- the pattern of cross-recognition shifted after the second boost.
Barnett2001a
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Review of studies in macaques that have shown immune control of pathogenic SHIV viremia, improved clinical outcome, and protection, and the implications of the observations for HIV vaccines.
Mascola2001
(review)
-
2G12: Neutralization synergy between anti-HIV NAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 was studied -- a classic fixed-ratio method was used, as well as a method where one Ab was fixed at a low neutralization titer and the other was varied -- using primary isolates, a two-four fold enhancement of neutralization was observed with MAb pairs, and a ten-fold enhancement with a quadruple Ab combination -- no synergy was observed with any MAb pair in the neutralization of TCLA strain HXB2 -- there was no evidence for cooperativity of binding between b12 and 2G12 to envelope spikes expressed on the cell surface of TCLA or primary isolates.
Zwick2001c
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: SHIV-HXBc2 is a neutralization sensitive non-pathogenic virus, and several in vivo passages through monkey's yielded highly pathogenic SHIV KU-1 -- HXBc2 and the KU-1 clone HXBc2P3.2 differ in 12 amino acids in gp160 -- substitutions in both gp120 and gp41 reduced the ability of sCD4, IgG1b12, F105 and AG1121 to Env achieve saturation and full occupancy, and neutralize KU-1 -- 17b and 2F5 also bound less efficiently to HXBc2P3.2, although 2G12 was able to bind both comparably.
Si2001
-
2G12: Six mutations in MN change the virus from a high-infectivity neutralization resistant phenotype to low-infectivity neutralization sensitive -- V3, CD4BS, and CD4i MAbs are 20-100 fold more efficient at neutralizing the sensitive form -- 2G12 was an exception and could not neutralize MN in either form.
Park2000
-
2G12: To determine the antigenicity of virus killed by thermal and chemical inactivation, retention of conformation-dependent neutralization epitopes was examined, and exposure of CD4BS epitopes was found to be enhanced (MAbs IgG1b12, 205-46-9, and 205-43-1) -- binding to 2G12 and 447-52D epitopes was essentially unaltered -- the 17b CD4i epitope was also exposed.
Grovit-Ferbas2000
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: A triple combination of 2F5, F105 and 2G12 effectively neutralized perinatal infection of macaque infants when challenged with SHIV-vpu+ -- the mean plasma half-life was 14.0 +/- 7.9 days, the longest of the three Abs.
Baba2000
(immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: A mini-review of observations of passive administration of IgG NAbs conferring protection against intervenous or vaginal SHIV challenge, that considers why IgG MAbs might protect against mucosal challenge. Database note: First author "RobertGuroff" is also found as "Robert-Guroff" on annotated papers in this database.
RobertGuroff2000
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2G12: The MAbs with the broadest neutralizing activity, IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5, all have high affinity for the native trimer, indicating that they were raised in an immune response to the oligomer on the virion surface rather than dissociated subunits -- a disulfide linked gp120-gp41 (SOS gp140) was created by introducing A501C and T605C mutations to mimic the native conformation of Env and explore its potential as an immunogen -- SOS gp140 is recognized by NAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, and CD4-IgG2, and also by anti-V3 MAbs 19b and 83.1 -- SOSgp140 is not recognized by C4 region MAbs that neutralize only TCLA strains, G3-42 and G3-519 -- nor did it bind C11, 23A, and M90, MAbs that bind to gp120 C1 and C5, where it interacts with gp41 -- MAbs that bind CD4 inducible epitopes, 17b and A32 were very strongly induced by CD4 in SOS gp140 -- anti-gp41 MAbs that bind in the region that interacts with gp120, 7B2, 2.2B, T4, T15G1 and 4D4, did not bind to SOSgp140, in contrast to 2F5, which binds to the only gp41 epitope that is well exposed in native gp120-gp41 complexes.
Binley2000
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Because HIV-1 is most often transmitted across mucosal surfaces, the ability of passive transfer of infused HIVIG/2F5/2G12 to protect against mucosal exposure of macaques to pathogenic SHIV 89.6PD was studied -- HIVIG/2F5/2G12 protected 4/5 animals against vaginal challenge, 2F5/2G12 combined protected 2/5 animals, and 2G12 alone protected 2/4 animals -- in contrast, Mascola and co-workers had previously shown single MAbs could not protect against intervenous challenge -- Ab treated animals that got infected through vaginal inoculation had low viral loads and only modest declines in CD4 counts -- the infused Abs were detected in the nasal, vaginal, and oral mucosa.
Mascola2000a
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: Combinations of HIVIG, 2F5, 2G12 were administered in passive-transfer experiments 24 hours prior to challenge with pathogenic SHIV 89.6PD -- 3/6 animals given HIVIG/2F5/2G12 were completely protected, the others had reduced viremia and normal CD4 counts -- 1/3 monkeys given 2F5/2G12 showed transient infection, the other two had reduced viral load -- all monkeys that received HIVIG, 2F5, or 2G12 alone became infected and developed high-level plasma viremia, although animals that got HIVIG or 2G12 had a less profound CD4 T cell decline.
Mascola1999
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Review of the neutralizing Ab response to HIV-1.
Parren1999
(review)
-
2G12: Hu-PBL-SCID mice were infected with HIV-1s JRCSF and SF162 to study the effect of NAbs on an established infection -- no significant differences in the initial rate of decrease in viral load or the plateau levels of viral RNA between the b12 treated and control mice were seen -- in most of the Ab treated mice b12 escape mutants were observed with varying patterns of mutations -- a combination of b12, 2G12 and 2F5 protected 1/3 mice, and an isolate from one of the other two was resistant to neutralization by all three MAbs.
Poignard1999
(antibody interactions, escape)
-
2G12: A Semliki Forest virus (SFV) expression system carrying BX08 Env was used to study the conformation of gp120 Env -- intracytoplasmic gp120 was recognized by the anti-V3 MAbs K24 and F5.5, while gp120 at the plasma membrane was detected only by conformation dependent MAbs 2G12, 670-D and 694/98D and not V3 MAbs -- expression in rat brain also showed that surface expressed Env was recognized only by the conformation-dependent Abs and not by anti-V3 Abs.
Altmeyer1999
-
2G12: rgp120 derived from a R5X4 subtype B virus was used to vaccinate healthy volunteers and the resulting sera were compared with sera from HIV-1 positive subjects and neutralizing MAbs -- 2G12 was able to bind with low affinity to the rgp120 monomer HIV-1 W61D.
Beddows1999
-
2G12: A meeting summary presented results regarding neutralization --MAbs 2G12 and 2F5 tested for their ability to neutralize primary isolate infection of genetically engineered cell lines (cMAGI and others, presented by T. Matthews, A. Trkola, J. Bradac) -- an advantage of such cells lines over PBMCs is that markers (X-Gal) can be added for staining to simplify the assay -- the consensus of the meeting was that these engineered cell lines did not improve the sensitivity of detection of primary isolate neutralization -- D. Burton and J. Mascola presented results concerning passive immunization and protection of hu-PBL-SCID mice and macaques, respectively, and both found combinations of MAbs that were able to achieve 99% neutralization in vitro corresponded to efficacy in vivo.
Montefiori1999
(review)
-
2G12: Infection of dendritic cells cultured from CD14+ blood cells or from cadaveric human skin was blocked by neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, or 2F5 and 2G12 delivered together, but not by control non-neutralizing anti-gp120 MAb 4.8D, indicating that NAbs could interrupt early mucosal transmission events.
Frankel1998
(genital and mucosal immunity)
-
2G12: In a study of the influence of the glycan at position 306 of the V3 loop on MAb recognition, 2G12 was found to neutralize an HIV-BRU mutant virus that lacks the V3 loop glycan and has a mutation at the tip of the loop more efficiently than it neutralizes HIV-BRU.
Schonning1998
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The complete V, J and D(H) domain was sequenced -- unlike non-neutralizing anti-gp41 MAb 3D6, five neutralizing MAbs (2F5, 2G12, 1B1, 1F7, and 3D5) showed extensive somatic mutations giving evidence of persistent antigenic pressure over long periods -- 2G12 D(H) has the best homology to a D(H) segment between D3-22 and D4-23, a region not usually considered for heavy-chain rearrangement because it lacks associated recombination signals in the flanking regions, Kunert et al. suggest this may be why Abs that compete with 2G12 are rare.
Kunert1998
(antibody sequence)
-
2G12: Review of the antigenic and receptor binding-domains of gp120 in relation to the structure of the molecule -- MAbs are discussed by category (anti-V2, anti-V3, CD4i, CD4BS...), however as 2G12 binds to a rarely immunogenic region, and it is dependent on glycosylation, it was discussed individually.
Wyatt1998a
(review)
-
2G12: Neutralization synergy was observed when the MAbs 694/98-D (V3), 2F5 (gp41), and 2G12 (gp120 discontinuous) were used in combination, and even greater neutralizing potential was seen with the addition of a fourth MAb, F105 (CD4 BS).
Li1998
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: MAbs 2G12, 2F5 and b12 are broadly neutralizing, as are some human polyconal sera, but this paper describes a set of primary isolates that are resistant to all three MAbs and 2 broadly neutralizing sera -- results indicate that resistance levels of pediatric isolates might be higher than adult isolates -- resistance in general did not seem to be conferred by a loss of binding affinity for gp120 or gp41, rather by a more global perturbation of oligomeric Envelope.
Parren1998a
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Induces complement-mediated lysis in MN but not primary isolates -- primary isolates are refractive to CML.
Takefman1998
(complement, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Notes that 2G12 and 2F5, potent neutralizing antibodies, were identified by screening for cell surface (oligomeric Envelope) reactivity.
Fouts1998
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: A wide range of neutralizing titers was observed that was independent of co-receptor usage.
Trkola1998
(co-receptor, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: A panel of MAbs were shown to bind with similar or greater affinity and similar competition profiles to a deglycosylated or variable loop deleted core gp120 protein (Delta V1, V2, and V3), thus such a core protein produces a structure closely approximating full length folded monomer -- MAb 2G12 was the only exception to this, showing reduced binding efficiency.
Binley1998
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Does not compete with binding of MAb generated in response to gp120-CD4 complex, CG10.
Sullivan1998
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Ab from gp120 vaccinated individuals prior to infection, who subsequently became HIV infected, could not achieve 90% neutralization of the primary virus by which the individuals were ultimately infected -- these viruses were not particularly refractive to neutralization, as determined by their susceptibility to neutralization by MAbs 2G12, IgG1b12, 2F5 and 447-52D.
Connor1998
-
2G12: Enhances Hx10 binding to CD4 positive or negative HeLa cells, but inhibited binding to CD4+ T-cell line A3.01 -- neutralizes Hx10 infection of the HeLa cells.
Mondor1998
-
2G12: Summary of the implications of the crystal structure of gp120 combined with what is known about mutations that reduce NAb binding -- probable mechanism of neutralization by 2G12 is unknown, but dependent on proper glycosylation and 2G12 is predicted to be oriented toward the target cell when bound, so neutralization may be due to steric hindrance -- mutations in positions N 295, T 297, S 334, N 386, N 392 and N 397 HXBc2 (IIIB) decrease 2G12 binding, and the binding region is 25 angstroms from the CD4 binding site -- probably the Ab binds in part to carbohydrates, which may account for both its broad reactivity and the scarcity of Abs in the same competition group.
Wyatt1998
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The MAb and Fab binding to the oligomeric form of gp120 and neutralization were highly correlated -- authors suggest that neutralization is determined by the fraction of Ab sites occupied on a virion irrespective of the epitope.
Parren1998
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Post-exposure prophylaxis was effective when MAb 694/98-D was delivered 15 min post-exposure to HIV-1 LAI in hu-PBL-SCID mice, but declined to 50% if delivered 60 min post-exposure, and similar time constraints have been observed for HIVIG, 2F5 and 2G12, in contrast to MAb BAT123 that could protect when delivered 4 hours post infection.
Andrus1998
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: Neutralizes TCLA strains and primary isolates.
Parren1997
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Review that discusses this MAb -- reacts with residues at the base of the V3 loop and V4, and most of the changes that reduce binding are glycosylation sites -- it is not clear whether the binding site is peptidic or direct carbohydrate.
Burton1997
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2G12: Viral binding inhibition by 2G12 was strongly correlated with neutralization (all other neutralizing MAbs tested showed some correlation except 2F5).
Ugolini1997
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Using concentrations of Abs achievable in vivo, the triple combination of 2F5, 2G12 and HIVIG was found to be synergistic to have the greatest breadth and magnitude of response against 15 clade B primary isolates.
Mascola1997
(antibody interactions, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Review: MAbs 2F5, 2G12 and IgG1b12 have potential for use in combination with CD4-IgG2 as an immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic -- homologous MAbs to these are rare in humans and vaccine strategies should consider including constructs that may enhance exposure of these MAbs' epitopes.
Moore1997
(immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: One of 14 human MAbs tested for ability to neutralize a chimeric SHIV-vpu+, which expressed HIV-1 IIIB Env -- 2G12 was a strong neutralizer of SHIV-vpu+ -- all Ab combinations tested showed synergistic neutralization -- 2G12 has synergistic response with MAbs 694/98-D (anti-V3), 2F5, F105, and b12.
Li1997
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Study shows neutralization is not predicted by MAb binding to JRFL monomeric gp120, but is associated with oligomeric Env binding -- 2G12 bound monomer, and weakly bound oligomer and neutralized JRFL.
Fouts1997
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: A JRCSF variant that was selected for IgG1b12 resistance remained sensitive to MAbs 2G12 and 2F5, for combination therapy.
Mo1997
(escape)
-
2G12: In a multilab evaluation of monoclonal antibodies, only IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5 could neutralize at least half of the 9 primary test isolates at a concentration of < 25 mug per ml for 90% viral inhibition -- neutralized 6 of 9 primary isolates.
DSouza1997
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Review: Only four epitopes have been described which can stimulate a useful neutralizing response to a broad spectrum of primary isolates, represented by the binding sites of MAbs: 447-52-D, 2G12, Fab b12, and 2F5.
Sattentau1996
(review)
-
2G12: Neutralizes primary isolates, HXB2, and chimeric virus with gp120 from primary isolates in an HXB2 background.
McKeating1996b
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Neutralizes JR-FL -- inhibits gp120 interaction with CCR-5 in a MIP-1beta-CCR-5 competition study.
Trkola1996b
(co-receptor)
-
2G12: Review: exceptional capacity to neutralize primary isolates in terms of both breadth and potency -- one of three MAbs (IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5) generally accepted as having significant potency against primary isolates.
Poignard1996
(variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
2G12: Review: binding site is distinct from CD4BS MAbs epitope and is unique among known gp120 MAbs, human or rodent.
Moore1995c
(review)
-
2G12: Binding weakly enhanced by some anti-C1, -C4, -V3, and CD4 binding site MAbs -- unusual in that 2G12 binding neither enhanced or inhibited the binding of other MAbs included in the study.
Moore1996
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Conformationally sensitive epitope destroyed by mutations altering the N-linked glycosylation sites near the base of the V3 loop and the amino-terminal flank of the V4 loop.
Trkola1996
(antibody binding site, effector function)
-
2G12: Highly potent Cross-clade neutralizing activity.
Trkola1995a
(subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Human MAb generated by electrofusion of PBL from HIV-1+ volunteers with CB-F7 cells.
Buchacher1994
(antibody generation)
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S. Beddows, S. Lister, R. Cheingsong, C. Bruck, and J. Weber. Comparison of the Antibody Repertoire Generated in Healthy Volunteers following Immunization with a Monomeric Recombinant gp120 Construct Derived from a CCR5/CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate with Sera from Naturally Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 73:1740-1745, 1999. PubMed ID: 9882391.
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Beddows2005a
Simon Beddows, Natalie N. Zheng, Carolina Herrera, Elizabeth Michael, Kelly Barnes, John P. Moore, Rod S. Daniels, and Jonathan N. Weber. Neutralization Sensitivity of HIV-1 Env-Pseudotyped Virus Clones is Determined by Co-Operativity between Mutations Which Modulate the CD4-Binding Site and Those That Affect gp120-gp41 Stability. Virology, 337(1):136-148, 20 Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15914227.
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Belanger2010
Julie M. Belanger, Yossef Raviv, Mathias Viard, Michael Jason de la Cruz, Kunio Nagashima, and Robert Blumenthal. Characterization of the Effects of Aryl-Azido Compounds and UVA Irradiation on the Viral Proteins and Infectivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Photochem. Photobiol., 86(5):1099-1108, Sep-Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20630026.
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Berkower2008
Ira Berkower, Chiraag Patel, Yisheng Ni, Konstantin Virnik, Zhexin Xiang, and Angelo Spadaccini. Targeted Deletion in the beta20--beta21 Loop of HIV Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Exposes the CD4 Binding Site for Antibody Binding. Virology, 377(2):330-338, 1 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18519142.
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Billington2007
J. Billington, T. P. Hickling, G. H. Munro, C. Halai, R. Chung, G. G. Dodson, and R. S. Daniels. Stability of a Receptor-Binding Active Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Recombinant gp140 Trimer Conferred by Intermonomer Disulfide Bonding of the V3 Loop: Differential Effects of Protein Disulfide Isomerase on CD4 and Coreceptor Binding. J. Virol., 81(9):4604-4614, May 2007. PubMed ID: 17301129.
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Binley1997
J. M. Binley, H. Arshad, T. R. Fouts, and J. P. Moore. An investigation of the high avidity antibody response to gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:1007-1015, 1997. PubMed ID: 9264287.
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Binley1998
J. M. Binley, R. Wyatt, E. Desjardins, P. D. Kwong, W. Hendrickson, J. P. Moore, and J. Sodroski. Analysis of the Interaction of Antibodies with a Conserved Enzymatically Deglycosylated Core of the HIV Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein 120. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:191-198, 1998. This paper helped showed the biological relevance of a deglycosylated variable loop deleted form of the core gp120. PubMed ID: 9491908.
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Binley2000
J. Binley, R. Sanders, B. Clas, N. Schuelke, A. Master, Y. Guo, F. Kajumo, D. Anselma, P. Maddon, W. Olson, and J. Moore. A Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein complex stabilized by an intramolecular disulfide bond between the gp120 and gp41 subunits is an antigenic mimic of the trimeric virion associated structure. J. Virol., 74:627-43, 1999. PubMed ID: 10623724.
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Binley2003
James M. Binley, Charmagne S. Cayanan, Cheryl Wiley, Norbert Schülke, William C. Olson, and Dennis R. Burton. Redox-Triggered Infection by Disulfide-Shackled Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pseudovirions. J. Virol., 77(10):5678-5684, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12719560.
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Binley2004
James M. Binley, Terri Wrin, Bette Korber, Michael B. Zwick, Meng Wang, Colombe Chappey, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Hermann Katinger, Christos J. Petropoulos, and Dennis R. Burton. Comprehensive Cross-Clade Neutralization Analysis of a Panel of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 78(23):13232-13252, Dec 2004. PubMed ID: 15542675.
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Binley2006
James M. Binley, Stacie Ngo-Abdalla, Penny Moore, Michael Bobardt, Udayan Chatterji, Philippe Gallay, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, John H. Elder, and Aymeric de Parseval. Inhibition of HIV Env Binding to Cellular Receptors by Monoclonal Antibody 2G12 as Probed by Fc-Tagged gp120. Retrovirology, 3:39, 2006. PubMed ID: 16817962.
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Binley2008
James M. Binley, Elizabeth A. Lybarger, Emma T. Crooks, Michael S. Seaman, Elin Gray, Katie L. Davis, Julie M. Decker, Diane Wycuff, Linda Harris, Natalie Hawkins, Blake Wood, Cory Nathe, Douglas Richman, Georgia D. Tomaras, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, James E. Robinson, Lynn Morris, George M. Shaw, David C. Montefiori, and John R. Mascola. Profiling the Specificity of Neutralizing Antibodies in a Large Panel of Plasmas from Patients Chronically Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes B and C. J. Virol., 82(23):11651-11668, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18815292.
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Binley2009
James Binley. Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Sera. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):364-372, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048699.
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Binley2010
James M Binley, Yih-En Andrew Ban, Emma T. Crooks, Dirk Eggink, Keiko Osawa, William R. Schief, and Rogier W. Sanders. Role of Complex Carbohydrates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Resistance to Antibody Neutralization. J. Virol., 84(11):5637-5655, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20335257.
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Biorn2004
Alyssa C. Biorn, Simon Cocklin, Navid Madani, Zhihai Si, Tijana Ivanovic, James Samanen, Donald I. Van Ryk, Ralph Pantophlet, Dennis R. Burton, Ernesto Freire, Joseph Sodroski, and Irwin M. Chaiken. Mode of Action for Linear Peptide Inhibitors of HIV-1 gp120 Interactions. Biochemistry, 43(7):1928-1938, 24 Feb 2004. PubMed ID: 14967033.
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Blay2006
W. M. Blay, S. Gnanakaran, B. Foley, N. A. Doria-Rose, B. T. Korber, and N. L. Haigwood. Consistent Patterns of Change During the Divergence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope from That of the Inoculated Virus in Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques. J. Virol., 80(2):999-1014, Jan 2006. PubMed ID: 16379001.
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Blay2007
Wendy M. Blay, Theresa Kasprzyk, Lynda Misher, Barbra A. Richardson, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Mutations in Envelope gp120 Can Impact Proteolytic Processing of the gp160 Precursor and Thereby Affect Neutralization Sensitivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pseudoviruses. J. Virol., 81(23):13037-13049, Dec 2007. PubMed ID: 17855534.
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Blish2007
Catherine A. Blish, Wendy M. Blay, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Julie Overbaugh. Transmission of HIV-1 in the Face of Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):578-587, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045114.
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Blish2009
Catherine A. Blish, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Stephanie Rainwater, Minh-An Nguyen, Ozge C. Dogan, and Julie Overbaugh. Cross-Subtype Neutralization Sensitivity Despite Monoclonal Antibody Resistance among Early Subtype A, C, and D Envelope Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 83(15):7783-7788, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19474105.
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Bontjer2009
Ilja Bontjer, Aafke Land, Dirk Eggink, Erwin Verkade, Kiki Tuin, Chris Baldwin, Georgios Pollakis, William A. Paxton, Ineke Braakman, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Optimization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins with V1/V2 Deleted, Using Virus Evolution. J. Virol., 83(1):368-383, Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 18922866.
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Bontjer2010
Ilja Bontjer, Mark Melchers, Dirk Eggink, Kathryn David, John P. Moore, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers Lacking the V1V2 Domain, Obtained by Virus Evolution. J. Biol. Chem, 285(47):36456-36470, 19 Nov 2010. PubMed ID: 20826824.
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Borggren2011
Marie Borggren, Johanna Repits, Jasminka Sterjovski, Hannes Uchtenhagen, Melissa J. Churchill, Anders Karlsson, Jan Albert, Adnane Achour, Paul R. Gorry, Eva Maria Fenyö, and Marianne Jansson. Increased Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies of End-Stage Disease R5 HIV-1 Correlates with Evolution in Env Glycosylation and Charge. PLoS One, 6(6):e20135, 2011. PubMed ID: 21698221.
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Bouvin-Pley2014
M. Bouvin-Pley, M. Morgand, L. Meyer, C. Goujard, A. Moreau, H. Mouquet, M. Nussenzweig, C. Pace, D. Ho, P. J. Bjorkman, D. Baty, P. Chames, M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Poignard, F. Barin, and M. Braibant. Drift of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Toward Increased Neutralization Resistance over the Course of the Epidemic: A Comprehensive Study Using the Most Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(23):13910-13917, Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25231299.
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Bowley2007
D. R. Bowley, A. F. Labrijn, M. B. Zwick, and D. R. Burton. Antigen Selection from an HIV-1 Immune Antibody Library Displayed on Yeast Yields Many Novel Antibodies Compared to Selection from the Same Library Displayed on Phage. Protein Eng. Des. Sel., 20(2):81-90, Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17242026.
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Braibant2006
Martine Braibant, Sylvie Brunet, Dominique Costagliola, Christine Rouzioux, Henri Agut, Hermann Katinger, Brigitte Autran, and Francis Barin. Antibodies to Conserved Epitopes of the HIV-1 Envelope in Sera from Long-Term Non-Progressors: Prevalence and Association with Neutralizing Activity. AIDS, 20(15):1923-30, 3 Oct 2006. PubMed ID: 16988513.
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Braibant2013
Martine Braibant, Eun-Yeung Gong, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Thierry Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, and Francis Barin. Cross-Group Neutralization of HIV-1 and Evidence for Conservation of the PG9/PG16 Epitopes within Divergent Groups. AIDS, 27(8):1239-1244, 15 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23343910.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Brown2005a
Bruce K. Brown, Janice M. Darden, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Tamara Oblander, Julie Frost, Eric Sanders-Buell, Mark S. de Souza, Deborah L. Birx, Francine E. McCutchan, and Victoria R. Polonis. Biologic and Genetic Characterization of a Panel of 60 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates, Representing Clades A, B, C, D, CRF01\_AE, and CRF02\_AG, for the Development and Assessment of Candidate Vaccines. J. Virol., 79(10):6089-6101, May 2005. PubMed ID: 15857994.
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Brown2012
Bruce K. Brown, Lindsay Wieczorek, Gustavo Kijak, Kara Lombardi, Jeffrey Currier, Maggie Wesberry, John C. Kappes, Viseth Ngauy, Mary Marovich, Nelson Michael, Christina Ochsenbauer, David C Montefiori, and Victoria R. Polonis. The Role of Natural Killer (NK) Cells and NK Cell Receptor Polymorphisms in the Assessment of HIV-1 Neutralization. PLoS One, 7(4):e29454, 2012. PubMed ID: 22509241.
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Bunnik2007
Evelien M Bunnik, Esther D Quakkelaar, Ad C. van Nuenen, Brigitte Boeser-Nunnink, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Increased Neutralization Sensitivity of Recently Emerged CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains Compared to Coexisting CCR5-Using Variants from the Same Patient. J. Virol., 81(2):525-531, Jan 2007. PubMed ID: 17079299.
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Bunnik2009
Evelien M. Bunnik, Marit J. van Gils, Marilie S. D. Lobbrecht, Linaida Pisas, Ad C. van Nuenen, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Changing Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 of Primary Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants in the Natural Course of Infection. Virology, 390(2):348-355, 1 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19539340.
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Bunnik2010
Evelien M. Bunnik, Marit J. van Gils, Marilie S. D. Lobbrecht, Linaida Pisas, Nening M. Nanlohy, Debbie van Baarle, Ad C. van Nuenen, Ann J. Hessell, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Emergence of Monoclonal Antibody b12-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants during Natural Infection in the Absence of Humoral Or Cellular Immune Pressure. J. Gen. Virol., 91(5):1354-1364, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20053822.
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Bunnik2010a
Evelien M. Bunnik, Zelda Euler, Matthijs R. A. Welkers, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Adaptation of HIV-1 Envelope gp120 to Humoral Immunity at a Population Level. Nat. Med., 16(9):995-997, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20802498.
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Bures2002
Renata Bures, Lynn Morris, Carolyn Williamson, Gita Ramjee, Mark Deers, Susan A Fiscus, Salim Abdool-Karim, and David C. Montefiori. Regional Clustering of Shared Neutralization Determinants on Primary Isolates of Clade C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from South Africa. J. Virol., 76(5):2233-2244, Mar 2002. PubMed ID: 11836401.
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Burrer2005
Renaud Burrer, Sandrine Haessig-Einius, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Neutralizing as Well as Non-Neutralizing Polyclonal Immunoglobulin (Ig)G from Infected Patients Capture HIV-1 via Antibodies Directed against the Principal Immunodominant Domain of gp41. Virology, 333(1):102-113, 1 Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15708596.
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Burton1997
D. R. Burton and D. C. Montefiori. The antibody response in HIV-1 infection. AIDS, 11 Suppl A:S87-S98, 1997. An excellent review of Ab epitopes and the implications for Envelope structure, neutralization of HIV, the distinction between primary and TCLA strains, ADCC and its role in clearance, and the Ab response during the course of infection. PubMed ID: 9451972.
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Burton2005
Dennis R. Burton, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Antibody vs. HIV in a Clash of Evolutionary Titans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102(42):14943-14948, 18 Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16219699.
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Burton2012
Dennis R. Burton, Pascal Poignard, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Present New Prospects to Counter Highly Antigenically Diverse Viruses. Science, 337(6091):183-186, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22798606.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Cai2017
Yongfei Cai, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Jia Chen, Sai Tian, Nicholas Fredette, Christine E. Linton, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Kshitij Wagh, James Theiler, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Stephen C. Harrison, Andrea Carfi, and Bing Chen. Antigenicity-Defined Conformations of an Extremely Neutralization-Resistant HIV-1 Envelope Spike. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114(17):4477-4482, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28396421.
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Calarese2003
Daniel A. Calarese, Christopher N. Scanlan, Michael B. Zwick, Songpon Deechongkit, Yusuke Mimura, Renate Kunert, Ping Zhu, Mark R. Wormald, Robyn L. Stanfield, Kenneth H. Roux, Jeffery W. Kelly, Pauline M. Rudd, Raymond A. Dwek, Hermann Katinger, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. Antibody Domain Exchange Is an Immunological Solution to Carbohydrate Cluster Recognition. Science, 300(5628):2065-2071, 27 Jun 2003. PubMed ID: 12829775.
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Calarese2005
Daniel A. Calarese, Hing-Ken Lee, Cheng-Yuan Huang, Michael D. Best, Rena D. Astronomo, Robyn L. Stanfield, Hermann Katinger, Dennis R. Burton, Chi-Huey Wong, and Ian A. Wilson. Dissection of the Carbohydrate Specificity of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibody 2G12. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102(38):13372-13377, 20 Sep 2005. PubMed ID: 16174734.
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Canducci2009
Filippo Canducci, Maria Chiara Marinozzi, Michela Sampaolo, Stefano Berrè, Patrizia Bagnarelli, Massimo Degano, Giulia Gallotta, Benedetta Mazzi, Philippe Lemey, Roberto Burioni, and Massimo Clementi. Dynamic Features of the Selective Pressure on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 CD4-Binding Site in a Group of Long Term Non Progressor (LTNP) Subjects. Retrovirology, 6:4, 2009. PubMed ID: 19146663.
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Carbonetti2014
Sara Carbonetti, Brian G. Oliver, Jolene Glenn, Leonidas Stamatatos, and D. Noah Sather. Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens Derived from an Elite Neutralizer Elicit Cross-Reactive V1V2 Antibodies and Low Potency Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS One, 9(1):e86905, 2014. PubMed ID: 24466285.
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Castillo-Menendez2019
Luis R. Castillo-Menendez, Hanh T. Nguyen, and Joseph Sodroski. Conformational Differences between Functional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers and Stabilized Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 93(3), 1 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30429345.
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Cavacini2002
Lisa A. Cavacini, Mark Duval, James Robinson, and Marshall R. Posner. Interactions of Human Antibodies, Epitope Exposure, Antibody Binding and Neutralization of Primary Isolate HIV-1 Virions. AIDS, 16(18):2409-2417, 6 Dec 2002. Erratum in AIDS. 2003 Aug 15;17(12):1863. PubMed ID: 12461414.
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Cavacini2003
Lisa Cavacini, Mark Duval, Leslie Song, Rebecca Sangster, Shi-hua Xiang, Joseph Sodroski, and Marshall Posner. Conformational Changes in env Oligomer Induced by an Antibody Dependent on the V3 Loop Base. AIDS, 17(5):685-689, 28 Mar 2003. PubMed ID: 12646791.
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Chaillon2011
Antoine Chaillon, Martine Braibant, Thierry Moreau, Suzie Thenin, Alain Moreau, Brigitte Autran, and Francis Barin. The V1V2 Domain and an N-Linked Glycosylation Site in the V3 Loop of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Modulate Neutralization Sensitivity to the Human Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2G12. J. Virol., 85(7):3642-3648, Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21248038.
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Chakrabarti2002
Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Wing-pui Kong, Bei-yue Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Jacques Friborg, Xu Ling, Steven R. King, David C. Montefiori, and Gary J. Nabel. Modifications of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Enhance Immunogenicity for Genetic Immunization. J. Virol., 76(11):5357-5368, Jun 2002. PubMed ID: 11991964.
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Cham2006
Fatim Cham, Peng Fei Zhang, Leo Heyndrickx, Peter Bouma, Ping Zhong, Herman Katinger, James Robinson, Guido van der Groen, and Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr. Neutralization and Infectivity Characteristics of Envelope Glycoproteins from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Donors Whose Sera Exhibit Broadly Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Virology, 347(1):36-51, 30 Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16378633.
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Cheeseman2017
Hannah M. Cheeseman, Natalia J. Olejniczak, Paul M. Rogers, Abbey B. Evans, Deborah F. L. King, Paul Ziprin, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and Robin J. Shattock. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 91(1), 1 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27795431.
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Chen2005
Hongying Chen, Xiaodong Xu, Alexandra Bishop, and Ian M. Jones. Reintroduction of the 2G12 Epitope in an HIV-1 Clade C gp120. AIDS, 19(8):833-835, 20 May 2005. PubMed ID: 15867500.
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Chen2007a
Hongying Chen, Xiaodong Xu, and Ian M Jones. Immunogenicity of the Outer Domain of a HIV-1 Clade C gp120. Retrovirology, 4:33, 2007. PubMed ID: 17509143.
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Chen2008a
Hongying Chen, Xiaodong Xu, Hsin-Hui Lin, Ssu-Hsien Chen, Anna Forsman, Marlen Aasa-Chapman, and Ian M. Jones. Mapping the Immune Response to the Outer Domain of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Clade C gp120. J. Gen. Virol., 89(10):2597-2604, Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18796729.
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Chen2009b
Weizao Chen and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Engineered Antibody Domains as HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(2):112-117, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19339949.
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Chen2015
Jia Chen, James M. Kovacs, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Donghyun Park, Elise Zablowsky, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Effect of the Cytoplasmic Domain on Antigenic Characteristics of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Science, 349(6244):191-195, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26113642.
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Chen2016
Danying Chen, Xiaozhou He, Jingrong Ye, Pengxiang Zhao, Yi Zeng, and Xia Feng. Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of CRF01\_AE HIV-1 env Clones from Patients Residing in Beijing, China. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 32(10-11):1113-1124, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27066910.
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Chen2016b
Yajing Chen, Richard Wilson, Sijy O'Dell, Javier Guenaga, Yu Feng, Karen Tran, Chi-I Chiang, Heather E. Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, John R. Mascola, Richard T. Wyatt, and Yuxing Li. An HIV-1 Env-Antibody Complex Focuses Antibody Responses to Conserved Neutralizing Epitopes. J. Immunol., 197(10):3982-3998, 15 Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27815444.
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Chenine2018
Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Melanie Merbah, Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Brendan Mann, Jenica Lee, Anne-Marie O'Sullivan, Meera Bose, Eric Sanders-Buell, Gustavo H. Kijak, Carolina Herrera, Robert McLinden, Robert J. O'Connell, Nelson L. Michael, Merlin L. Robb, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Neutralization Sensitivity of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Panel of Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 78(3):348-355, 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29528942.
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Ching2008
Lance K. Ching, Giorgos Vlachogiannis, Katherine A. Bosch, and Leonidas Stamatatos. The First Hypervariable Region of the gp120 Env Glycoprotein Defines the Neutralizing Susceptibility of Heterologous Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates to Neutralizing Antibodies Elicited by the SF162gp140 Immunogen. J. Virol., 82(2):949-956, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18003732.
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Ching2010
Lance Ching and Leonidas Stamatatos. Alterations in the Immunogenic Properties of Soluble Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Proteins Induced by Deletion or Heterologous Substitutions of the V1 Loop. J. Virol., 84(19):9932-9946, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20660181.
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Choe2003
Hyeryun Choe, Wenhui Li, Paulette L. Wright, Natalya Vasilieva, Miro Venturi, Chih-Chin Huang, Christoph Grundner, Tatyana Dorfman, Michael B. Zwick, Liping Wang, Eric S. Rosenberg, Peter D. Kwong, Dennis R. Burton, James E. Robinson, Joseph G. Sodroski, and Michael Farzan. Tyrosine Sulfation of Human Antibodies Contributes to Recognition of the CCR5 Binding Region of HIV-1 gp120. Cell, 114(2):161-170, 25 Jul 2003. PubMed ID: 12887918.
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Chomont2008
Nicolas Chomont, Hakim Hocini, Jean-Chrysostome Gody, Hicham Bouhlal, Pierre Becquart, Corinne Krief-Bouillet, Michel Kazatchkine, and Laurent Bélec. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Do Not Inhibit Viral Transcytosis Through Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Virology, 370(2):246-254, 20 Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 17920650.
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Chong2008
Huihui Chong, Kunxue Hong, Chuntao Zhang, Jianhui Nie, Aijing Song, Wei Kong, and Youchun Wang. Genetic and Neutralization Properties of HIV-1 env Clones from Subtype B/BC/AE Infections in China. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 47(5):535-543, 15 Apr 2008. PubMed ID: 18209676.
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Chuang2017
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Marie Pancera, Kai Xu, Cheng Cheng, Priyamvada Acharya, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Timothy G. Wanninger, Yongping Yang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Sijy O'Dell, Tongqing Zhou, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure-Based Design of a Soluble Prefusion-Closed HIV-1 Env Trimer with Reduced CD4 Affinity and Improved Immunogenicity. J. Virol., 91(10), 15 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28275193.
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Chuang2019
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Jing Zhou, Priyamvada Acharya, Reda Rawi, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Robert T. Bailer, Venkata P. Dandey, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Survey of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Env Trimer Delineates Epitope Categories and Characteristics of Recognition. Structure, 27(1):196-206.e6, 2 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30471922.
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Chun2014
Tae-Wook Chun, Danielle Murray, Jesse S. Justement, Jana Blazkova, Claire W. Hallahan, Olivia Fankuchen, Kathleen Gittens, Erika Benko, Colin Kovacs, Susan Moir, and Anthony S. Fauci. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Suppress HIV in the Persistent Viral Reservoir. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(36):13151-13156, 9 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25157148.
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Connor1998
R. I. Connor, B. T. Korber, B. S. Graham, B. H. Hahn, D. D. Ho, B. D. Walker, A. U. Neumann, S. H. Vermund, J. Mestecky, S. Jackson, E. Fenamore, Y. Cao, F. Gao, S. Kalams, K. J. Kunstman, D. McDonald, N. McWilliams, A. Trkola, J. P. Moore, and S. M. Wolinsky. Immunological and virological analyses of persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 while participating in trials of recombinant gp120 subunit vaccines. J. Virol., 72:1552-76, 1998. No gp120-vaccine induced antibodies in a human trial of gp120 MN and SF2 could neutralize the primary viruses that infected the vaccinees. The primary isolates from the infected vaccinees were shown not to be particularly refractive to neutralization by their susceptibility to a panel of neutralizing MAbs. PubMed ID: 9445059.
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Corti2010
Davide Corti, Johannes P. M. Langedijk, Andreas Hinz, Michael S. Seaman, Fabrizia Vanzetta, Blanca M. Fernandez-Rodriguez, Chiara Silacci, Debora Pinna, David Jarrossay, Sunita Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh, Betty Willems, Maria J. Zekveld, Hanna Dreja, Eithne O'Sullivan, Corinna Pade, Chloe Orkin, Simon A. Jeffs, David C. Montefiori, David Davis, Winfried Weissenhorn, Áine McKnight, Jonathan L. Heeney, Federica Sallusto, Quentin J. Sattentau, Robin A. Weiss, and Antonio Lanzavecchia. Analysis of Memory B Cell Responses and Isolation of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Breadth from HIV-1-Infected Individuals. PLoS One, 5(1):e8805, 2010. PubMed ID: 20098712.
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Crawford1999
John M.. Crawford, Patricia L. Earl, Bernard Moss, Kieth A. Reimann, Michael S. Wyand, Kelledy H. Manson, Miroslawa Bilska, Jin Tao Zhou, C. David Pauza, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Dennis R. Burton, Joseph G. Sodroski, Norman L. Letvin, and David C. Montefiori. Characterization of Primary Isolate-Like Variants of Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol., 73(12):10199-10207, Dec 1999. PubMed ID: 10559336.
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Crooks2005
Emma T. Crooks, Penny L. Moore, Douglas Richman, James Robinson, Jeffrey A. Crooks, Michael Franti, Norbert Schülke, and James M. Binley. Characterizing Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies and Immune Sera by Defining the Mechanism of Neutralization. Hum Antibodies, 14(3-4):101-113, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720980.
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Crooks2007
Emma T. Crooks, Penny L. Moore, Michael Franti, Charmagne S. Cayanan, Ping Zhu, Pengfei Jiang, Robbert P. de Vries, Cheryl Wiley, Irina Zharkikh, Norbert Schülke, Kenneth H. Roux, David C. Montefiori, Dennis R. Burton, and James M. Binley. A Comparative Immunogenicity Study of HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Various Forms of Envelope Proteins, Particles Bearing no Envelope and Soluble Monomeric gp120. Virology, 366(2):245-262, 30 Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17580087.
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Crooks2008
Emma T. Crooks, Pengfei Jiang, Michael Franti, Sharon Wong, Michael B. Zwick, James A. Hoxie, James E. Robinson, Penny L. Moore, and James M. Binley. Relationship of HIV-1 and SIV Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Occupation and Neutralization. Virology, 377(2):364-378, 1 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18539308.
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Crooks2011
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. Enzyme Digests Eliminate Nonfunctional Env from HIV-1 Particle Surfaces, Leaving Native Env Trimers Intact and Viral Infectivity Unaffected. J. Virol., 85(12):5825-5839, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21471242.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Dacheux2004
Laurent Dacheux, Alain Moreau, Yasemin Ataman-Önal, François Biron, Bernard Verrier, and Francis Barin. Evolutionary Dynamics of the Glycan Shield of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope during Natural Infection and Implications for Exposure of the 2G12 Epitope. J. Virol., 78(22):12625-12637, Nov 2004. PubMed ID: 15507649.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Davis2006
David Davis, Helen Donners, Betty Willems, Michel Ntemgwa, Tine Vermoesen, Guido van der Groen, and Wouter Janssens. Neutralization Kinetics of Sensitive and Resistant Subtype B Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates. J. Med. Virol., 78(7):864-786, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16721864.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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Dennison2014
S. Moses Dennison, Kara M. Anasti, Frederick H. Jaeger, Shelley M. Stewart, Justin Pollara, Pinghuang Liu, Erika L. Kunz, Ruijun Zhang, Nathan Vandergrift, Sallie Permar, Guido Ferrari, Georgia D. Tomaras, Mattia Bonsignori, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H Kim, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Vaccine-Induced HIV-1 Envelope gp120 Constant Region 1-Specific Antibodies Expose a CD4-Inducible Epitope and Block the Interaction of HIV-1 gp140 with Galactosylceramide. J. Virol., 88(16):9406-9417, Aug 2014. PubMed ID: 24920809.
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Depetris2012
Rafael S Depetris, Jean-Philippe Julien, Reza Khayat, Jeong Hyun Lee, Robert Pejchal, Umesh Katpally, Nicolette Cocco, Milind Kachare, Evan Massi, Kathryn B. David, Albert Cupo, Andre J. Marozsan, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, and John P Moore. Partial Enzymatic Deglycosylation Preserves the Structure of Cleaved Recombinant HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 287(29):24239-24254, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22645128.
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Derby2006
Nina R. Derby, Zane Kraft, Elaine Kan, Emma T. Crooks, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, James M. Binley, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Antibody Responses Elicited in Macaques Immunized with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) SF162-Derived gp140 Envelope Immunogens: Comparison with Those Elicited during Homologous Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVSF162P4 and Heterologous HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 80(17):8745-8762, Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 16912322.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2018
Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Andrea Vecchione, Enzo Scutigliani, Kwinten Sliepen, Judith A. Burger, Patricia van der Woude, Anna Schorcht, Edith E. Schermer, Marit J. van Gils, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the gp120 V3 Loop through Hydrophobic Interactions Reduces the Immunodominant V3-Directed Non-Neutralizing Response to HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 293(5):1688-1701, 2 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29222332.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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DeVico2007
Anthony DeVico, Timothy Fouts, George K. Lewis, Robert C. Gallo, Karla Godfrey, Manhattan Charurat, Ilia Harris, Lindsey Galmin, and Ranajit Pal. Antibodies to CD4-Induced Sites in HIV gp120 Correlate with the Control of SHIV Challenge in Macaques Vaccinated with Subunit Immunogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104(44):17477-17482, 30 Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17956985.
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Dey2003
Barna Dey, Christie S. Del Castillo, and Edward A. Berger. Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by sCD4-17b, a Single-Chain Chimeric Protein, Based on Sequential Interaction of gp120 with CD4 and Coreceptor. J. Virol., 77(5):2859-2865, Mar 2003. PubMed ID: 12584309.
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Dey2007
Antu K. Dey, Kathryn B. David, Per J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. Specific Amino Acids in the N-Terminus of the gp41 Ectodomain Contribute to the Stabilization of a Soluble, Cleaved gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Virology, 360(1):199-208, 30 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17092531.
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Dey2007a
Barna Dey, Marie Pancera, Krisha Svehla, Yuuei Shu, Shi-Hua Xiang, Jeffrey Vainshtein, Yuxing Li, Joseph Sodroski, Peter D Kwong, John R Mascola, and Richard Wyatt. Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Monomeric and Trimeric gp120 Glycoproteins Stabilized in the CD4-Bound State: Antigenicity, Biophysics, and Immunogenicity. J Virol, 81(11):5579-5593, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17360741.
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Dey2008
Antu K. Dey, Kathryn B. David, Neelanjana Ray, Thomas J. Ketas, Per J. Klasse, Robert W. Doms, and John P. Moore. N-Terminal Substitutions in HIV-1 gp41 Reduce the Expression of Non-Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins on the Virus. Virology, 372(1):187-200, 1 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18031785.
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Dey2009
Barna Dey, Krisha Svehla, Ling Xu, Dianne Wycuff, Tongqing Zhou, Gerald Voss, Adhuna Phogat, Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Yuxing Li, George Shaw, Peter D. Kwong, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. Structure-Based Stabilization of HIV-1 gp120 Enhances Humoral Immune Responses to the Induced Co-Receptor Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 5(5):e1000445, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19478876.
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Dhillon2007
Amandeep K. Dhillon, Helen Donners, Ralph Pantophlet, Welkin E. Johnson, Julie M. Decker, George M. Shaw, Fang-Hua Lee, Douglas D. Richman, Robert W. Doms, Guido Vanham, and Dennis R. Burton. Dissecting the Neutralizing Antibody Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Sera from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Donors. J. Virol., 81(12):6548-6562, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17409160.
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Dieltjens2009
Tessa Dieltjens, Leo Heyndrickx, Betty Willems, Elin Gray, Lies Van Nieuwenhove, Katrijn Grupping, Guido Vanham, and Wouter Janssens. Evolution of Antibody Landscape and Viral Envelope Escape in an HIV-1 CRF02\_AG Infected Patient with 4E10-Like Antibodies. Retrovirology, 6:113, 2009. PubMed ID: 20003438.
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Ding2015
Shilei Ding, Maxime Veillette, Mathieu Coutu, Jérémie Prévost, Louise Scharf, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Guido Ferrari, James E. Robinson, Christina Stürzel, Beatrice H. Hahn, Daniel Sauter, Frank Kirchhoff, George K. Lewis, Marzena Pazgier, and Andrés Finzi. A Highly Conserved Residue of the HIV-1 gp120 Inner Domain Is Important for Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses Mediated by Anti-cluster A Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(4):2127-2134, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26637462.
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Diomede2012
L. Diomede, S. Nyoka, C. Pastori, L. Scotti, A. Zambon, G. Sherman, C. M. Gray, M. Sarzotti-Kelsoe, and L. Lopalco. Passively Transmitted gp41 Antibodies in Babies Born from HIV-1 Subtype C-Seropositive Women: Correlation between Fine Specificity and Protection. J. Virol., 86(8):4129-4138, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301151.
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Doores2010
Katie J. Doores and Dennis R. Burton. Variable Loop Glycan Dependency of the Broad and Potent HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol., 84(20):10510-10521, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20686044.
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Doores2010a
Katie J. Doores, Zara Fulton, Michael Huber, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Antibody 2G12 Recognizes Di-Mannose Equivalently in Domain- and Nondomain-Exchanged Forms but Only Binds the HIV-1 Glycan Shield if Domain Exchanged. J. Virol., 84(20):10690-10699, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20702629.
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Doores2010b
Katie J. Doores, Camille Bonomelli, David J. Harvey, Snezana Vasiljevic, Raymond A. Dwek, Dennis R. Burton, Max Crispin, and Christopher N. Scanlan. Envelope Glycans of Immunodeficiency Virions Are Almost Entirely Oligomannose Antigens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(31):13800-13805, 3 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20643940.
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Doores2010c
Katie J Doores, Zara Fulton, Vu Hong, Mitul K. Patel, Christopher N. Scanlan, Mark R. Wormald, M. G. Finn, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Benjamin G. Davis. A Nonself Sugar Mimic of the HIV Glycan Shield Shows Enhanced Antigenicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(40):17107-17112, 5 Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20852065.
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Doores2013
Katie J. Doores, Michael Huber, Khoa M. Le, Sheng-Kai Wang, Colleen Doyle-Cooper, Anthony Cooper, Ralph Pantophlet, Chi-Huey Wong, David Nemazee, and Dennis R. Burton. 2G12-Expressing B Cell Lines May Aid in HIV Carbohydrate Vaccine Design Strategies. J. Virol., 87(4):2234-2241, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23221565.
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Doria-Rose2010
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Rachel M. Klein, Marcus G. Daniels, Sijy O'Dell, Martha Nason, Alan Lapedes, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Stephen A. Migueles, Richard T. Wyatt, Bette T. Korber, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Breadth of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Neutralizing Activity in Sera: Clustering Analysis and Association with Clinical Variables. J. Virol., 84(3):1631-1636, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 19923174.
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Drummer2013
Heidi E. Drummer, Melissa K. Hill, Anne L. Maerz, Stephanie Wood, Paul A. Ramsland, Johnson Mak, and Pantelis Poumbourios. Allosteric Modulation of the HIV-1 gp120-gp41 Association Site by Adjacent gp120 Variable Region 1 (V1) N-Glycans Linked to Neutralization Sensitivity. PLoS Pathog., 9(4):e1003218, 2013. PubMed ID: 23592978.
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DSouza1997
M. P. D'Souza, D. Livnat, J. A. Bradac, S. H. Bridges, the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Antibody Selection Working Group, and Collaborating Investigators. Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates by neutralization assays: performance criteria for selecting candidate antibodies for clinical trials. J. Infect. Dis., 175:1056-1062, 1997. Five laboratories evaluated neutralization of nine primary B clade isolates by a coded panel of seven human MAbs to HIV-1 subtype B envelope. IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 showed potent and broadly cross-reactive neutralizing ability; F105, 447/52-D, 729-D, 19b did not neutralize the primary isolates. PubMed ID: 9129066.
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Du2009
Sean X. Du, Rebecca J. Idiart, Ellaine B. Mariano, Helen Chen, Peifeng Jiang, Li Xu, Kristin M. Ostrow, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, James M. Binley, Christos J. Petropoulos, John A. Ballantyne, and Robert G. Whalen. Effect of Trimerization Motifs on Quaternary Structure, Antigenicity, and Immunogenicity of a Noncleavable HIV-1 gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein. Virology, 395(1):33-44, 5 Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19815247.
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Duenas-Decamp2010
Maria J. Duenas-Decamp and Paul R. Clapham. HIV-1 gp120 Determinants Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site Shift Protective Glycans That Are Targeted by Monoclonal Antibody 2G12. J. Virol., 84(18):9608-9612, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20610714.
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Dunfee2007
Rebecca L. Dunfee, Elaine R. Thomas, Jianbin Wang, Kevin Kunstman, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Loss of the N-Linked Glycosylation Site at Position 386 in the HIV Envelope V4 Region Enhances Macrophage Tropism and Is Associated with Dementia. Virology, 367(1):222-234, 10 Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17599380.
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Dunlop2010
D. Cameron Dunlop, Camille Bonomelli, Fatma Mansab, Snezana Vasiljevic, Katie J. Doores, Mark R. Wormald, Angelina S. Palma, Ten Feizi, David J. Harvey, Raymond A. Dwek, Max Crispin, and Christopher N. Scanlan. Polysaccharide Mimicry of the Epitope of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody, 2G12, Induces Enhanced Antibody Responses to Self Oligomannose Glycans. Glycobiology, 20(7):812-823, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20181792.
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Edmonds2010
Tara G. Edmonds, Haitao Ding, Xing Yuan, Qing Wei, Kendra S. Smith, Joan A. Conway, Lindsay Wieczorek, Bruce Brown, Victoria Polonis, John T. West, David C. Montefiori, John C. Kappes, and Christina Ochsenbauer. Replication Competent Molecular Clones of HIV-1 Expressing Renilla Luciferase Facilitate the Analysis of Antibody Inhibition in PBMC. Virology, 408(1):1-13, 5 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 20863545.
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EdwardsBH2002
Bradley H. Edwards, Anju Bansal, Steffanie Sabbaj, Janna Bakari, Mark J. Mulligan, and Paul A. Goepfert. Magnitude of Functional CD8+ T-Cell Responses to the Gag Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Correlates Inversely with Viral Load in Plasma. J. Virol., 76(5):2298-2305, Mar 2002. PubMed ID: 11836408.
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Enriquez-Navas2011
Pedro M. Enríquez-Navas, Marco Marradi, Daniel Padro, Jesús Angulo, and Soledad Penadés. A Solution NMR Study of the Interactions of Oligomannosides and the Anti-HIV-1 2G12 Antibody Reveals Distinct Binding Modes for Branched Ligands. Chemistry, 17(5):1547-1560, 1 Feb 2011. PubMed ID: 21268157.
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Euler2011
Zelda Euler, Evelien M. Bunnik, Judith A. Burger, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Activity of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Including PG9, PG16, and VRC01, against Recently Transmitted Subtype B HIV-1 Variants from Early and Late in the Epidemic. J. Virol., 85(14):7236-7245, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21561918.
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Falkowska2012
Emilia Falkowska, Alejandra Ramos, Yu Feng, Tongqing Zhou, Stephanie Moquin, Laura M. Walker, Xueling Wu, Michael S. Seaman, Terri Wrin, Peter D. Kwong, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. PGV04, an HIV-1 gp120 CD4 Binding Site Antibody, Is Broad and Potent in Neutralization but Does Not Induce Conformational Changes Characteristic of CD4. J. Virol., 86(8):4394-4403, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22345481.
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Feng2012
Yu Feng, Krisha McKee, Karen Tran, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Adhuna Phogat, Mattias N. Forsell, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. Biochemically Defined HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Variant Immunogens Display Differential Binding and Neutralizing Specificities to the CD4-Binding Site. J. Biol. Chem., 287(8):5673-5686, 17 Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22167180.
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Fenyo2009
Eva Maria Fenyö, Alan Heath, Stefania Dispinseri, Harvey Holmes, Paolo Lusso, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Helen Donners, Leo Heyndrickx, Jose Alcami, Vera Bongertz, Christian Jassoy, Mauro Malnati, David Montefiori, Christiane Moog, Lynn Morris, Saladin Osmanov, Victoria Polonis, Quentin Sattentau, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ruengpung Sutthent, Terri Wrin, and Gabriella Scarlatti. International Network for Comparison of HIV Neutralization Assays: The NeutNet Report. PLoS One, 4(2):e4505, 2009. PubMed ID: 19229336.
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Ferrantelli2002
Flavia Ferrantelli and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV --- Back in the Major Leagues? Curr. Opin. Immunol., 14(4):495-502, Aug 2002. PubMed ID: 12088685.
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Ferrantelli2003
Flavia Ferrantelli, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Robert A. Rasmussen, Tao Wang, Weidong Xu, Pei-Lin Li, David C. Montefiori, Lisa A. Cavacini, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies Prevented SHIV89.6P Infection or Disease in Neonatal Macaques. AIDS, 17(3):301-309, 14 Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12556683.
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Ferrantelli2004
Flavia Ferrantelli, Robert A. Rasmussen, Kathleen A. Buckley, Pei-Lin Li, Tao Wang, David C. Montefiori, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Complete Protection of Neonatal Rhesus Macaques against Oral Exposure to Pathogenic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus by Human Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Infect. Dis., 189(12):2167-2173, 15 Jun 2004. PubMed ID: 15181562.
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Ferrantelli2004a
Flavia Ferrantelli, Moiz Kitabwalla, Robert A. Rasmussen, Chuanhai Cao, Ting-Chao Chou, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Lisa A. Cavacini, Yun Bai, Joseph Cotropia, Kenneth E. Ugen, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Potent Cross-Group Neutralization of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Isolates with Monoclonal Antibodies--Implications for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 189(1):71-74, 1 Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14702155.
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Ferrantelli2007
Flavia Ferrantelli, Kathleen A. Buckley, Robert A. Rasmussen, Alistair Chalmers, Tao Wang, Pei-Lin Li, Alison L. Williams, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, David C. Montefiori, Lisa A. Cavacini, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Time Dependence of Protective Post-Exposure Prophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Pathogenic SHIV Challenge in Newborn Macaques. Virology, 358(1):69-78, 5 Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 16996554.
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Ferrari2011a
Guido Ferrari, Justin Pollara, Daniel Kozink, Tiara Harms, Mark Drinker, Stephanie Freel, M. Anthony Moody, S. Munir Alam, Georgia D. Tomaras, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, George M. Shaw, James A. Hoxie, James E. Robinson, and Barton F. Haynes. An HIV-1 gp120 Envelope Human Monoclonal Antibody That Recognizes a C1 Conformational Epitope Mediates Potent Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Activity and Defines a Common ADCC Epitope in Human HIV-1 Serum. J. Virol., 85(14):7029-7036, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21543485.
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Floss2009
Doreen M. Floss, Markus Sack, Elsa Arcalis, Johannes Stadlmann, Heribert Quendler, Thomas Rademacher, Eva Stoger, Jürgen Scheller, Rainer Fischer, and Udo Conrad. Influence of Elastin-Like Peptide Fusions on the Quantity and Quality of a Tobacco-Derived Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Neutralizing Antibody. Plant Biotechnol. J., 7(9):899-913, Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19843249.
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Forsell2005
Mattias N. E. Forsell, Yuxing Li, Maria Sundbäck, Krisha Svehla, Peter Liljeström, John R. Mascola, Richard Wyatt, and Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam. Biochemical and Immunogenic Characterization of Soluble Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers Expressed by Semliki Forest Virus. J Virol, 79(17):10902-10914, Sep 2005. PubMed ID: 16103142.
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Forsman2008
Anna Forsman, Els Beirnaert, Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman, Bart Hoorelbeke, Karolin Hijazi, Willie Koh, Vanessa Tack, Agnieszka Szynol, Charles Kelly, Áine McKnight, Theo Verrips, Hans de Haard, and Robin A Weiss. Llama Antibody Fragments with Cross-Subtype Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Neutralizing Properties and High Affinity for HIV-1 gp120. J. Virol., 82(24):12069-12081, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18842738.
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Forthal2009
Donald N. Forthal and Christiane Moog. Fc Receptor-Mediated Antiviral Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):388-393, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048702.
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Forthal2010
Donald N. Forthal, Johannes S. Gach, Gary Landucci, Jakub Jez, Richard Strasser, Renate Kunert, and Herta Steinkellner. Fc-Glycosylation Influences Fc-gamma Receptor Binding and Cell-Mediated Anti-HIV Activity of Monoclonal Antibody 2G12. J Immunol, 185(11):6876-6882, 1 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21041724.
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Fouts1997
T. R. Fouts, J. M. Binley, A. Trkola, J. E. Robinson, and J. P. Moore. Neutralization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolate JR-FL by Human Monoclonal Antibodies Correlates with Antibody Binding to the Oligomeric Form of the Envelope Glycoprotein Complex. J. Virol., 71:2779-2785, 1997. To test whether antibody neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates is correlated with the affinities for the oligomeric envelope glycoproteins, JRFL was used as a model primary virus and a panel of 13 human MAbs were evaluated for: half-maximal binding to rec monomeric JRFL gp120; half-maximal binding to oligomeric - JRFL Env expressed on the surface of transfected 293 cells; and neutralization of JRFL in a PBMC-based neutralization assay. Antibody affinity for oligomeric JRFL Env but not monomeric JRFL gp120 correlated with JRFL neutralization. PubMed ID: 9060632.
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Fouts1998
T. R. Fouts, A. Trkola, M. S. Fung, and J. P. Moore. Interactions of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Anti-Glycoprotein 120 Antibodies with Oligomeric Glycoprotein 120-Glycoprotein 41 Complexes of a Primary HIV Type 1 Isolate: Relationship to Neutralization. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:591-597, 1998. Ab reactivity to oligomeric forms of gp120 were compared to neutralization of the macrophage tropic primary virus JRFL, and did not always correlate. This builds upon studies which have shown that oligomer binding while required for neutralization, is not always sufficient. MAb 205-46-9 and 2G6 bind oligomer with high affinity, comparable to IgG1b12, but unlike IgG1b12, cannot neutralize JRFL. Furthermore, neutralizing and non-neutralizing sera from HIV-1 infected people are similar in their reactivities to oligomeric JRFL Envelope. PubMed ID: 9591713.
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Frankel1998
S. S. Frankel, R. M. Steinman, N. L. Michael, S. R. Kim, N. Bhardwaj, M. Pope, M. K. Louder, P. K. Ehrenberg, P. W. Parren, D. R. Burton, H. Katinger, T. C. VanCott, M. L. Robb, D. L. Birx, and J. R. Mascola. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Block Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Dendritic Cells and Transmission to T Cells. J. Virol., 72:9788-9794, 1998. Investigation of three human MAbs to elicit a neutralizing effect and block HIV-1 infection in human dendritic cells. Preincubation with NAbs IgG1b12 or a combination of 2F5/2G12 prevented infection of purified DC and transmission in DC/T-cell cultures. PubMed ID: 9811714.
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Frey2008
Gary Frey, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Marco Morelli, Yifan Cheng, and Bing Chen. A Fusion-Intermediate State of HIV-1 gp41 Targeted by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(10):3739-3744, 11 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18322015.
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Gach2010
Johannes S. Gach, Paul G. Furtmüller, Heribert Quendler, Paul Messner, Ralf Wagner, Hermann Katinger, and Renate Kunert. Proline Is Not Uniquely Capable of Providing the Pivot Point for Domain Swapping in 2G12, a Broadly Neutralizing Antibody against HIV-1. J. Biol. Chem., 285(2):1122-1127, 8 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19903812.
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Gach2013
Johannes S. Gach, Heribert Quendler, Tommy Tong, Kristin M. Narayan, Sean X. Du, Robert G. Whalen, James M. Binley, Donald N. Forthal, Pascal Poignard, and Michael B. Zwick. A Human Antibody to the CD4 Binding Site of gp120 Capable of Highly Potent but Sporadic Cross Clade Neutralization of Primary HIV-1. PLoS One, 8(8):e72054, 2013. PubMed ID: 23991039.
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Gach2014
Johannes S. Gach, Chad J. Achenbach, Veronika Chromikova, Baiba Berzins, Nina Lambert, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Christine Katlama, Barbara H. Jung, and Robert L. Murphy. HIV-1 Specific Antibody Titers and Neutralization among Chronically Infected Patients on Long-Term Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One, 9(1):e85371, 2014. PubMed ID: 24454852.
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Gao2005a
Feng Gao, Eric A. Weaver, Zhongjing Lu, Yingying Li, Hua-Xin Liao, Benjiang Ma, S Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, Laura L. Sutherland, Jae-Sung Yu, Julie M. Decker, George M. Shaw, David C. Montefiori, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Barton F. Haynes. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of a Synthetic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M Consensus Envelope Glycoprotein. J. Virol., 79(2):1154-1163, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15613343.
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Gao2007
Feng Gao, Hua-Xin Liao, Beatrice H. Hahn, Norman L. Letvin, Bette T. Korber, and Barton F. Haynes. Centralized HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens and Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):572-577, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045113.
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Gao2009
Feng Gao, Richard M. Scearce, S. Munir Alam, Bhavna Hora, Shimao Xia, Julie E. Hohm, Robert J. Parks, Damon F. Ogburn, Georgia D. Tomaras, Emily Park, Woodrow E. Lomas, Vernon C. Maino, Susan A. Fiscus, Myron S. Cohen, M. Anthony Moody, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Cross-reactive Monoclonal Antibodies to Multiple HIV-1 Subtype and SIVcpz Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 394(1):91-98, 10 Nov 2009. PubMed ID: 19744690.
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Gavrilyuk2013
Julia Gavrilyuk, Hitoshi Ban, Hisatoshi Uehara, Shannon J. Sirk, Karen Saye-Francisco, Angelica Cuevas, Elise Zablowsky, Avinash Oza, Michael S. Seaman, Dennis R. Burton, and Carlos F. Barbas, 3rd. Antibody Conjugation Approach Enhances Breadth and Potency of Neutralization of Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies and CD4-IgG. J. Virol., 87(9):4985-4993, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23427154.
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Geonnotti2010
Anthony R. Geonnotti, Miroslawa Bilska, Xing Yuan, Christina Ochsenbauer, Tara G. Edmonds, John C. Kappes, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and David C. Montefiori. Differential Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and TZM-bl Cells by Endotoxin-Mediated Chemokine and Gamma Interferon Production. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 26(3):279-291, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20218881.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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GoldingH2002
Hana Golding, Marina Zaitseva, Eve de Rosny, Lisa R. King, Jody Manischewitz, Igor Sidorov, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, and Carol D. Weiss. Dissection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry with Neutralizing Antibodies to gp41 Fusion Intermediates. J. Virol., 76(13):6780-6790, Jul 2002. PubMed ID: 12050391.
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Gonzalez2010
Nuria Gonzalez, Amparo Alvarez, and Jose Alcami. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and their Significance for HIV-1 Vaccines. Curr. HIV Res., 8(8):602-612, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21054253.
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Gopi2008
Hosahudya Gopi, M. Umashankara, Vanessa Pirrone, Judith LaLonde, Navid Madani, Ferit Tuzer, Sabine Baxter, Isaac Zentner, Simon Cocklin, Navneet Jawanda, Shendra R. Miller, Arne Schön, Jeffrey C. Klein, Ernesto Freire, Fred C. Krebs, Amos B. Smith, Joseph Sodroski, and Irwin Chaiken. Structural Determinants for Affinity Enhancement of a Dual Antagonist Peptide Entry Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1. J. Med. Chem., 51(9):2638-2647, 8 May 2008. PubMed ID: 18402432.
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Gorny2003
Miroslaw K. Gorny and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Human Monoclonal Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1. In Bette T. M. Korber and et. al., editors, HIV Immunology and HIV/SIV Vaccine Databases 2003. pages 37--51. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology \& Biophysics, Los Alamos, N.M., 2004. URL: http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/immunology/pdf/2003/zolla-pazner_article.pdf. LA-UR 04-8162.
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Gorny2005
Miroslaw K. Gorny, Leonidas Stamatatos, Barbara Volsky, Kathy Revesz, Constance Williams, Xiao-Hong Wang, Sandra Cohen, Robert Staudinger, and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Identification of a New Quaternary Neutralizing Epitope on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virus Particles. J. Virol., 79(8):5232-5237, Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 15795308.
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Gorry2002
Paul R. Gorry, Joann Taylor, Geoffrey H. Holm, Andrew Mehle, Tom Morgan, Mark Cayabyab, Michael Farzan, Hui Wang, Jeanne E. Bell, Kevin Kunstman, John P. Moore, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Increased CCR5 Affinity and Reduced CCR5/CD4 Dependence of a Neurovirulent Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate. J. Virol., 76(12):6277-6292, Jun 2002. PubMed ID: 12021361.
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Gray2006
Elin Solomonovna Gray, Tammy Meyers, Glenda Gray, David Charles Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Insensitivity of Paediatric HIV-1 Subtype C Viruses to Broadly Neutralising Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Subtype B. PLoS Med., 3(7):e255, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16834457.
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Gray2007a
Elin S. Gray, Penny L. Moore, Ralph A. Pantophlet, and Lynn Morris. N-Linked Glycan Modifications in gp120 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Render Partial Sensitivity to 2G12 Antibody Neutralization. J. Virol., 81(19):10769-10776, Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17634239.
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Grovit-Ferbas2000
K. Grovit-Ferbas, J. F. Hsu, J. Ferbas, V. Gudeman, and I. S. Chen. Enhanced binding of antibodies to neutralization epitopes following thermal and chemical inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol., 74(13):5802-9, Jul 2000. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/74/13/5802. PubMed ID: 10846059.
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Grundner2002
Christoph Grundner, Tajib Mirzabekov, Joseph Sodroski, and Richard Wyatt. Solid-Phase Proteoliposomes Containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 76(7):3511-3521, Apr 2002. PubMed ID: 11884575.
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Grundner2005
Christoph Grundner, Yuxing Li, Mark Louder, John Mascola, Xinzhen Yang, Joseph Sodroski, and Richard Wyatt. Analysis of the Neutralizing Antibody Response Elicited in Rabbits by Repeated Inoculation with Trimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 331(1):33-46, 5 Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15582651.
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Guenaga2015
Javier Guenaga, Natalia de Val, Karen Tran, Yu Feng, Karen Satchwell, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Well-Ordered Trimeric HIV-1 Subtype B and C Soluble Spike Mimetics Generated by Negative Selection Display Native-Like Properties. PLoS Pathog., 11(1):e1004570, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25569572.
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Gunn2016
B. M. Gunn, J. R. Schneider, M. Shansab, A. R. Bastian, K. M. Fahrbach, A. D. Smith, A. E. Mahan, M. M. Karim, A. F. Licht, I. Zvonar, J. Tedesco, M. R. Anderson, A. Chapel, T. J. Suscovich, D. C. Malaspina, H. Streeck, B. D. Walker, A. Kim, G. Lauer, M. Altfeld, S. Pillai, I. Szleifer, N. L. Kelleher, P. F. Kiser, T. J. Hope, and G. Alter. Enhanced Binding of Antibodies Generated During Chronic HIV Infection to Mucus Component MUC16. Mucosal. Immunol., 9(6):1549-1558, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 26960182.
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Gupta2013
Sandeep Gupta, Johannes S. Gach, Juan C. Becerra, Tran B. Phan, Jeffrey Pudney, Zina Moldoveanu, Sarah B. Joseph, Gary Landucci, Medalyn Jude Supnet, Li-Hua Ping, Davide Corti, Brian Moldt, Zdenek Hel, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Dennis R. Burton, Jiri Mestecky, Deborah J. Anderson, and Donald N. Forthal. The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Transcytosis across Epithelial Cells. PLoS Pathog., 9(11):e1003776, Nov 2013. PubMed ID: 24278022.
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Gustchina2008
Elena Gustchina, Carole A. Bewley, and G. Marius Clore. Sequestering of the Prehairpin Intermediate of gp41 by Peptide N36Mut(e,g) Potentiates the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralizing Activity of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against the N-Terminal Helical Repeat of gp41. J. Virol., 82(20):10032-10041, Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18667502.
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Guzzo2018
Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Haigwood2009
Nancy L. Haigwood and Vanessa M. Hirsch. Blocking and Tackling HIV. Nat. Med., 15(8):841-842, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19661984.
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Haim2007
Hillel Haim, Israel Steiner, and Amos Panet. Time Frames for Neutralization during the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry Phase, as Monitored in Synchronously Infected Cell Cultures. J. Virol., 81(7):3525-3534, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17251303.
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Haim2011
Hillel Haim, Bettina Strack, Aemro Kassa, Navid Madani, Liping Wang, Joel R. Courter, Amy Princiotto, Kathleen McGee, Beatriz Pacheco, Michael S. Seaman, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., and Joseph Sodroski. Contribution of Intrinsic Reactivity of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins to CD4-Independent Infection and Global Inhibitor Sensitivity. PLoS Pathog., 7(6):e1002101, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21731494.
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Haldar2011
Bijayesh Haldar, Sherri Burda, Constance Williams, Leo Heyndrickx, Guido Vanham, Miroslaw K. Gorny, and Phillipe Nyambi. Longitudinal Study of Primary HIV-1 Isolates in Drug-Naïve Individuals Reveals the Emergence of Variants Sensitive to Anti-HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS One, 6(2):e17253, 2011. PubMed ID: 21383841.
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Hart2003
Melanie L. Hart, Mohammed Saifuddin, and Gregory T. Spear. Glycosylation Inhibitors and Neuraminidase Enhance Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Binding and Neutralization by Mannose-Binding Lectin. J. Gen. Virol., 84(Pt 2):353-360, Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12560567.
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Haynes2005
Barton F. Haynes, Judith Fleming, E. William St. Clair, Herman Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, James Robinson, Richard M. Scearce, Kelly Plonk, Herman F. Staats, Thomas L. Ortel, Hua-Xin Liao, and S. Munir Alam. Cardiolipin Polyspecific Autoreactivity in Two Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. Science, 308(5730):1906-1908, 24 Jun 2005. Comment in Science 2005 Jun 24;308(5730):1878-9. PubMed ID: 15860590.
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Haynes2005a
Barton F. Haynes, M. Anthony Moody, Laurent Verkoczy, Garnett Kelsoe, and S. Munir Alam. Antibody Polyspecificity and Neutralization of HIV-1: A Hypothesis. Hum. Antibodies, 14(3-4):59-67, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720975.
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Haynes2006a
Barton F. Haynes and David C. Montefiori. Aiming to Induce Broadly Reactive Neutralizing Antibody Responses with HIV-1 Vaccine Candidates. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 5(4):579-595, Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16989638.
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Haynes2008
Barton F. Haynes and Robin J. Shattock. Critical Issues in Mucosal Immunity for HIV-1 Vaccine Development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 122(1):3-9, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18468671.
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Haynes2012
Barton F. Haynes, Garnett Kelsoe, Stephen C. Harrison, and Thomas B. Kepler. B-Cell-Lineage Immunogen Design in Vaccine Development with HIV-1 as a Case Study. Nat. Biotechnol., 30(5):423-433, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22565972.
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He2018
Linling He, Sonu Kumar, Joel D. Allen, Deli Huang, Xiaohe Lin, Colin J. Mann, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jeffrey Copps, Anita Sarkar, Gabrielle S. Blizard, Gabriel Ozorowski, Devin Sok, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, David Nemazee, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jiang Zhu. HIV-1 Vaccine Design through Minimizing Envelope Metastability. Sci. Adv., 4(11):eaau6769, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30474059.
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Henderson2019
Rory Henderson, Brian E. Watts, Hieu N. Ergin, Kara Anasti, Robert Parks, Shi-Mao Xia, Ashley Trama, Hua-Xin Liao, Kevin O. Saunders, Mattia Bonsignori, Kevin Wiehe, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Selection of Immunoglobulin Elbow Region Mutations Impacts Interdomain Conformational Flexibility in HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 10(1):654, 8 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30737386.
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Herrera2003
Carolina Herrera, Catherine Spenlehauer, Michael S. Fung, Dennis R. Burton, Simon Beddows, and John P. Moore. Nonneutralizing Antibodies to the CD4-Binding Site on the gp120 Subunit of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Do Not Interfere with the Activity of a Neutralizing Antibody against the Same Site. J. Virol., 77(2):1084-1091, Jan 2003. PubMed ID: 12502824.
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Herrera2005
Carolina Herrera, Per Johan Klasse, Elizabeth Michael, Shivani Kake, Kelly Barnes, Christopher W. Kibler, Lila. Campbell-Gardener, Zhihai Si, Joseph Sodroski, John P. Moore, and Simon Beddows. The Impact of Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage on the Antigenicity, Infectivity, and Neutralization Sensitivity of Env-Pseudotyped Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particles. Virology, 338(1):154-172, 20 Jul 2005. PubMed ID: 15932765.
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Herrera2006
Carolina Herrera, Per Johan Klasse, Christopher W. Kibler, Elizabeth Michael, John P. Moore, and Simon Beddows. Dominant-Negative Effect of Hetero-Oligomerization on the Function of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex. Virology, 351(1):121-132, 20 Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16616288.
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Hessell2009
Ann J. Hessell, Eva G. Rakasz, Pascal Poignard, Lars Hangartner, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Wayne C. Koff, David I. Watkins, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing Human Anti-HIV Antibody 2G12 Is Effective in Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge Even at Low Serum Neutralizing Titers. PLoS Pathog., 5(5):e1000433, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19436712.
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Hildgartner2009
Alexander Hildgartner, Doris Wilflingseder, Christoph Gassner, Manfred P. Dierich, Heribert Stoiber, and Zoltán Bánki. Induction of Complement-Mediated Lysis of HIV-1 by a Combination of HIV-Specific and HLA Allotype-Specific Antibodies. Immunol. Lett., 126(1-2):85-90, 22 Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19698750.
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Hoffenberg2013
Simon Hoffenberg, Rebecca Powell, Alexei Carpov, Denise Wagner, Aaron Wilson, Sergei Kosakovsky Pond, Ross Lindsay, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Sanjay Phogat, Pascal Poignard, Steven P. Fling, Melissa Simek, Celia LaBranche, David Montefiori, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, Dennis Burton, Wayne Koff, C. Richter King, Christopher L. Parks, and Michael J. Caulfield. Identification of an HIV-1 Clade A Envelope That Exhibits Broad Antigenicity and Neutralization Sensitivity and Elicits Antibodies Targeting Three Distinct Epitopes. J. Virol., 87(10):5372-5383, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23468492.
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HofmannLehmann2001
R. Hofmann-Lehmann, J. Vlasak, R. A. Rasmussen, B. A. Smith, T. W. Baba, V. Liska, F. Ferrantelli, D. C. Montefiori, H. M. McClure, D. C. Anderson, B. J. Bernacky, T. A. Rizvi, R. Schmidt, L. R. Hill, M. E. Keeling, H. Katinger, G. Stiegler, L. A. Cavacini, M. R. Posner, T. C. Chou, J. Andersen, and R. M. Ruprecht. Postnatal passive immunization of neonatal macaques with a triple combination of human monoclonal antibodies against oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge. J. Virol., 75(16):7470--80, Aug 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/16/7470. PubMed ID: 11462019.
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Hogan2018
Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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Holl2006
Vincent Holl, Maryse Peressin, Thomas Decoville, Sylvie Schmidt, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Nonneutralizing Antibodies Are Able To Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Macrophages and Immature Dendritic Cells. J. Virol., 80(12):6177-6181, Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16731957.
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Holl2006a
Vincent Holl, Maryse Peressin, Sylvie Schmidt, Thomas Decoville, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Efficient Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication in Human Immature Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells by Purified Anti-HIV-1 IgG without Induction of Maturation. Blood, 107(11):4466-4474, 1 Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16469871.
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Hong2007
Patrick W.-P. Hong, Sandra Nguyen, Sophia Young, Stephen V. Su, and Benhur Lee. Identification of the Optimal DC-SIGN Binding Site on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120. J. Virol., 81(15):8325-8336, Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17522223.
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Honnen2007
W. J. Honnen, C. Krachmarov, S. C. Kayman, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and A. Pinter. Type-Specific Epitopes Targeted by Monoclonal Antibodies with Exceptionally Potent Neutralizing Activities for Selected Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Map to a Common Region of the V2 Domain of gp120 and Differ Only at Single Positions from the Clade B Consensus Sequence. J. Virol., 81(3):1424-1432, Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17121806.
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Hoxie2010
James A. Hoxie. Toward an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine. Annu. Rev. Med., 61:135-52, 2010. PubMed ID: 19824826.
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Hraber2014
Peter Hraber, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, and Bette T. Korber. Prevalence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic HIV-1 Infection. AIDS, 28(2):163-169, 14 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24361678.
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Hrin2008
Renee Hrin, Donna L. Montgomery, Fubao Wang, Jon H. Condra, Zhiqiang An, William R. Strohl, Elisabetta Bianchi, Antonello Pessi, Joseph G. Joyce, and Ying-Jie Wang. Short Communication: In Vitro Synergy between Peptides or Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the N- and C-Terminal Heptad Repeats of HIV Type 1 gp41. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 24(12):1537-1544, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 19102685.
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Hu2007
Qinxue Hu, Naheed Mahmood, and Robin J. Shattock. High-Mannose-Specific Deglycosylation of HIV-1 gp120 Induced by Resistance to Cyanovirin-N and the Impact on Antibody Neutralization. Virology, 368(1):145-154, 10 Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 17658575.
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Hu2017
Xintao Hu, Yuanyuan Hu, Chunhong Zhao, Hongmei Gao, Kelli M. Greene, Li Ren, Liying Ma, Yuhua Ruan, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, David C. Montefiori, Kunxue Hong, and Yiming Shao. Profiling the Neutralizing Antibody Response in Chronically HIV-1 CRF07\_BC-Infected Intravenous Drug Users Naive to Antiretroviral Therapy. Sci. Rep., 7:46308, 7 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28387330.
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Hu2021
Yuanyuan Hu, Sen Zou, Zheng Wang, Ying Liu, Li Ren, Yanling Hao, Shasha Sun, Xintao Hu, Yuhua Ruan, Liying Ma, Yiming Shao, and Kunxue Hong. Virus Evolution and Neutralization Sensitivity in an HIV-1 Subtype B' Infected Plasma Donor with Broadly Neutralizing Activity. Vaccines (Basel), 9(4), 25 Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33805985.
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Huang2007
Li Huang, Weihong Lai, Phong Ho, and Chin Ho Chen. Induction of a Nonproductive Conformational Change in gp120 by a Small Molecule HIV Type 1 Entry Inhibitor. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 23(1):28-32, Jan 2007. PubMed ID: 17263629.
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Huang2010
Kuan-Hsiang G. Huang, David Bonsall, Aris Katzourakis, Emma C. Thomson, Sarah J. Fidler, Janice Main, David Muir, Jonathan N. Weber, Alexander J. Frater, Rodney E. Phillips, Oliver G. Pybus, Philip J. R. Goulder, Myra O. McClure, Graham S. Cooke, and Paul Klenerman. B-Cell Depletion Reveals a Role for Antibodies in the Control of Chronic HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 1:102, 2010. PubMed ID: 20981030.
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Huang2012
Xin Huang, Wei Jin, Kai Hu, Sukun Luo, Tao Du, George E. Griffin, Robin J. Shattock, and Qinxue Hu. Highly Conserved HIV-1 gp120 Glycans Proximal to CD4-Binding Region Affect Viral Infectivity and Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Virology, 423(1):97-106, 5 Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22192629.
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Huang2017a
Xun Huang, Qianqian Zhu, Xiaoxing Huang, Lifei Yang, Yufeng Song, Ping Zhu, and Paul Zhou. In Vivo Electroporation in DNA-VLP Prime-Boost Preferentially Enhances HIV-1 Envelope-Specific IgG2a, Neutralizing Antibody and CD8 T Cell Responses. Vaccine, 35(16):2042-2051, 11 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28318765.
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Huber2007
M. Huber and A. Trkola. Humoral Immunity to HIV-1: Neutralization and Beyond. J. Intern. Med., 262(1):5-25, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17598812.
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Huber2010
Michael Huber, Khoa M. Le, Katie J. Doores, Zara Fulton, Robyn L. Stanfield, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Very Few Substitutions in a Germ Line Antibody Are Required To Initiate Significant Domain Exchange. J. Virol., 84(20):10700-10707, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20702640.
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Huskens2007
Dana Huskens, Kristel Van Laethem, Kurt Vermeire, Jan Balzarini, and Dominique Schols. Resistance of HIV-1 to the Broadly HIV-1-Neutralizing, Anti-Carbohydrate Antibody 2G12. Virology, 360(2):294-304, 10 Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17123566.
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Jeffs2004
S. A. Jeffs, S. Goriup, B. Kebble, D. Crane, B. Bolgiano, Q. Sattentau, S. Jones, and H. Holmes. Expression and Characterisation of Recombinant Oligomeric Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Primary Isolates of HIV-1. Vaccine, 22(8):1032-1046, 25 Feb 2004. PubMed ID: 15161081.
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Jenabian2010
Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Héla Saïdi, Charlotte Charpentier, Hicham Bouhlal, Dominique Schols, Jan Balzarini, Thomas W. Bell, Guido Vanham, and Laurent Bélec. Differential Activity of Candidate Microbicides against Early Steps of HIV-1 Infection upon Complement Virus Opsonization. AIDS Res. Ther., 7:16, 2010. PubMed ID: 20546571.
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Johnson2017
Jacklyn Johnson, Yinjie Zhai, Hamid Salimi, Nicole Espy, Noah Eichelberger, Orlando DeLeon, Yunxia O'Malley, Joel Courter, Amos B. Smith, III, Navid Madani, Joseph Sodroski, and Hillel Haim. Induction of a Tier-1-Like Phenotype in Diverse Tier-2 Isolates by Agents That Guide HIV-1 Env to Perturbation-Sensitive, Nonnative States. J. Virol., 91(15), 1 Aug 2017. PubMed ID: 28490588.
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Joos2006
Beda Joos, Alexandra Trkola, Herbert Kuster, Leonardo Aceto, Marek Fischer, Gabriela Stiegler, Christine Armbruster, Brigitta Vcelar, Hermann Katinger, and Huldrych F. Günthard. Long-Term Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Human Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope gp120 (MAb 2G12) and gp41 (MAbs 4E10 and 2F5). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50(5):1773-1779, May 2006. PubMed ID: 16641449.
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Joseph2010
Aviva Joseph, Jian Hua Zheng, Ken Chen, Monica Dutta, Cindy Chen, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, Antonia Follenzi, and Harris Goldstein. Inhibition of In Vivo HIV Infection in Humanized Mice by Gene Therapy of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells with a Lentiviral Vector Encoding a Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody. J. Virol., 84(13):6645-6653, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20410262.
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Joubert2010
Marisa K. Joubert, Nichole Kinsley, Alexio Capovilla, B. Trevor Sewell, Mohamed A. Jaffer, and Makobetsa Khati. A Modeled Structure of an Aptamer-gp120 Complex Provides Insight into the Mechanism of HIV-1 Neutralization. Biochemistry, 49(28):5880-5890, 20 Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20527993.
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Joyce2008
Joseph G. Joyce, Isaac J. Krauss, Hong C. Song, David W. Opalka, Karen M. Grimm, Deborah D. Nahas, Mark T. Esser, Renee Hrin, Meizhen Feng, Vadim Y. Dudkin, Michael Chastain, John W. Shiver, and Samuel J. Danishefsky. An Oligosaccharide-Based HIV-1 2G12 Mimotope Vaccine Induces Carbohydrate-Specific Antibodies That Fail To Neutralize HIV-1 Virions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(41):15684-15689, 14 Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18838688.
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Joyner2011
Amanda S. Joyner, Jordan R. Willis, James E.. Crowe, Jr., and Christopher Aiken. Maturation-Induced Cloaking of Neutralization Epitopes on HIV-1 Particles. PLoS Pathog., 7(9):e1002234, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21931551.
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Julg2005
B. Jülg and F. D. Goebel. What's New in HIV/AIDS? Neutralizing HIV Antibodies: Do They Really Protect? Infection, 33(5-6):405-407, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16258878.
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Julien2015
Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Gabriel Ozorowski, Yuanzi Hua, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Steven W. de Taeye, Travis Nieusma, Albert Cupo, Anila Yasmeen, Michael Golabek, Pavel Pugach, P. J. Klasse, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Design and Structure of Two HIV-1 Clade C SOSIP.664 Trimers That Increase the Arsenal of Native-Like Env Immunogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(38):11947-11952, 22 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26372963.
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Kabanova2010
Anna Kabanova, Roberto Adamo, Daniela Proietti, Francesco Berti, Marta Tontini, Rino Rappuoli, and Paolo Costantino. Preparation, Characterization and Immunogenicity of HIV-1 Related High-Mannose Oligosaccharides-CRM197 Glycoconjugates. Glycoconj. J., 27(5):501-513, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20524062.
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Kalia2005
Vandana Kalia, Surojit Sarkar, Phalguni Gupta, and Ronald C. Montelaro. Antibody Neutralization Escape Mediated by Point Mutations in the Intracytoplasmic Tail of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41. J. Virol., 79(4):2097-2107, Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15681412.
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Kang2005
Sang-Moo Kang, Fu Shi Quan, Chunzi Huang, Lizheng Guo, Ling Ye, Chinglai Yang, and Richard W. Compans. Modified HIV Envelope Proteins with Enhanced Binding to Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 331(1):20-32, 5 Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15582650.
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Kang2009
Yun Kenneth Kang, Sofija Andjelic, James M. Binley, Emma T. Crooks, Michael Franti, Sai Prasad N. Iyer, Gerald P. Donovan, Antu K. Dey, Ping Zhu, Kenneth H. Roux, Robert J. Durso, Thomas F. Parsons, Paul J. Maddon, John P. Moore, and William C. Olson. Structural and Immunogenicity Studies of a Cleaved, Stabilized Envelope Trimer Derived from Subtype A HIV-1. Vaccine, 27(37):5120-5132, 13 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19567243.
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Karpenko2012
Larisa I. Karpenko, Nadezhda S. Scherbakova, Anton N. Chikaev, Olga Yu. Tumanova, Leonid R. Lebedev, Lyudmila A. Shalamova, Olga G. Pyankova, Alexander B. Ryzhikov, and Alexander A. Ilyichev. Polyepitope Protein Incorporated the HIV-1 Mimotope Recognized by Monoclonal Antibody 2G12. Mol. Immunol., 50(4):193-199, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22341130.
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Keele2008
Brandon F. Keele, Elena E. Giorgi, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Julie M. Decker, Kimmy T. Pham, Maria G. Salazar, Chuanxi Sun, Truman Grayson, Shuyi Wang, Hui Li, Xiping Wei, Chunlai Jiang, Jennifer L. Kirchherr, Feng Gao, Jeffery A. Anderson, Li-Hua Ping, Ronald Swanstrom, Georgia D. Tomaras, William A. Blattner, Paul A. Goepfert, J. Michael Kilby, Michael S. Saag, Eric L. Delwart, Michael P. Busch, Myron S. Cohen, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Brian Gaschen, Gayathri S. Athreya, Ha Y. Lee, Natasha Wood, Cathal Seoighe, Alan S. Perelson, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, and George M. Shaw. Identification and Characterization of Transmitted and Early Founder Virus Envelopes in Primary HIV-1 Infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(21):7552-7557, 27 May 2008. PubMed ID: 18490657.
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Kirchherr2007
Jennifer L. Kirchherr, Xiaozhi Lu, Webster Kasongo, Victor Chalwe, Lawrence Mwananyanda, Rosemary M. Musonda, Shi-Mao Xia, Richard M. Scearce, Hua-Xin Liao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, and Feng Gao. High Throughput Functional Analysis of HIV-1 env Genes Without Cloning. J. Virol. Methods, 143(1):104-111, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17416428.
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Kishko2011
Michael Kishko, Mohan Somasundaran, Frank Brewster, John L. Sullivan, Paul R. Clapham, and Katherine Luzuriaga. Genotypic and Functional Properties of Early Infant HIV-1 Envelopes. Retrovirology, 8:67, 2011. PubMed ID: 21843318.
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Kitabwalla2003
Moiz Kitabwalla, Flavia Ferrantelli, Tao Wang, Alistair Chalmers, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Lisa A. Cavacini, Ting-Chao Chou, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Primary African HIV Clade A and D Isolates: Effective Cross-Clade Neutralization with a Quadruple Combination of Human Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Clade B. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 19(2):125-131, Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12639248.
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Klein2010
Joshua S. Klein and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Few and Far Between: How HIV May Be Evading Antibody Avidity. PLoS Pathog., 6(5):e1000908, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20523901.
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Klein2010a
Joshua S. Klein, Alexandre Webster, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Rachel P. Galimidi, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. A Dimeric Form of the HIV-1 Antibody 2G12 Elicits Potent Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. AIDS, 24(11):1633-1640, 17 Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20597163.
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Klein2012
Florian Klein, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, D. Noah Sather, Clara Lehmann, Johannes F. Scheid, Zane Kraft, Yan Liu, John Pietzsch, Arlene Hurley, Pascal Poignard, Ten Feizi, Lynn Morris, Bruce D. Walker, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Broad Neutralization by a Combination of Antibodies Recognizing the CD4 Binding Site and a New Conformational Epitope on the HIV-1 Envelope Protein. J. Exp. Med., 209(8):1469-1479, 30 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22826297.
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Klein2013
Florian Klein, Ron Diskin, Johannes F. Scheid, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marie Pancera, Tongqing Zhou, Reha-Baris Incesu, Brooks Zhongzheng Fu, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Michael S. Seaman, Peter D. Kwong, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Somatic Mutations of the Immunoglobulin Framework Are Generally Required for Broad and Potent HIV-1 Neutralization. Cell, 153(1):126-138, 28 Mar 2013. PubMed ID: 23540694.
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Koh2010a
Willie W. L. Koh, Anna Forsman, Stéphane Hué, Gisela J. van der Velden, David L. Yirrell, Áine McKnight, Robin A. Weiss, and Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Novel Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelopes Cloned Directly from Plasma: Coreceptor Usage and Neutralization Phenotypes. J. Gen. Virol., 91(9):2374-2380, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20484560.
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Kong2013
Leopold Kong, Jeong Hyun Lee, Katie J. Doores, Charles D. Murin, Jean-Philippe Julien, Ryan McBride, Yan Liu, Andre Marozsan, Albert Cupo, Per-Johan Klasse, Simon Hoffenberg, Michael Caulfield, C. Richter King, Yuanzi Hua, Khoa M. Le, Reza Khayat, Marc C. Deller, Thomas Clayton, Henry Tien, Ten Feizi, Rogier W. Sanders, James C. Paulson, John P. Moore, Robyn L. Stanfield, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Supersite of Immune Vulnerability on the Glycosylated Face of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 20(7):796-803, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23708606.
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Korber2009
Bette Korber and S. Gnanakaran. The Implications of Patterns in HIV Diversity for Neutralizing Antibody Induction and Susceptibility. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):408-417, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048705.
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Kothe2007
Denise L. Kothe, Julie M Decker, Yingying Li, Zhiping Weng, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Kenneth P. Zammit, Maria G. Salazar, Yalu Chen, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Zina Moldoveanu, Jiri Mestecky, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, George M. Shaw, Mark Muldoon, Bette T. M. Korber, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of HIV-1 Consensus Subtype B Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 360(1):218-234, 30 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17097711.
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Kovacs2012
James M. Kovacs, Joseph P. Nkolola, Hanqin Peng, Ann Cheung, James Perry, Caroline A. Miller, Michael S. Seaman, Dan H. Barouch, and Bing Chen. HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Elicits More Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses than Monomeric gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):12111-12116, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22773820.
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Koyama2014
Yuka Koyama, Kaori Ueno-Noto, and Keiko Takano. Affinity of HIV-1 Antibody 2G12 with Monosaccharides: A Theoretical Study Based on Explicit and Implicit Water Models. Comput. Biol. Chem., 49:36-44, Apr 2014. PubMed ID: 24583603.
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Krachmarov2005
Chavdar Krachmarov, Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Phillipe N. Nyambi, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. Antibodies That Are Cross-Reactive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clade A and Clade B V3 Domains Are Common in Patient Sera from Cameroon, but Their Neutralization Activity Is Usually Restricted by Epitope Masking. J. Virol., 79(2):780-790, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15613306.
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Krachmarov2006
C. P. Krachmarov, W. J. Honnen, S. C. Kayman, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and Abraham Pinter. Factors Determining the Breadth and Potency of Neutralization by V3-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from Subjects Infected with Clade A or Clade B Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 80(14):7127-7135, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16809318.
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Kramer2007
Victor G. Kramer, Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Passive Immunization as Tool to Identify Protective HIV-1 Env Epitopes. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):642-55, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045119.
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Kulkarni2009
Smita S. Kulkarni, Alan Lapedes, Haili Tang, S. Gnanakaran, Marcus G. Daniels, Ming Zhang, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Ming Li, Victoria R. Polonis, Francine E. McCutchan, Lynn Morris, Dennis Ellenberger, Salvatore T. Butera, Robert C. Bollinger, Bette T. Korber, Ramesh S. Paranjape, and David C. Montefiori. Highly Complex Neutralization Determinants on a Monophyletic Lineage of Newly Transmitted Subtype C HIV-1 Env Clones from India. Virology, 385(2):505-520, 15 Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19167740.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kunert1998
R. Kunert, F. Ruker, and H. Katinger. Molecular Characterization of Five Neutralizing Anti-HIV Type 1 Antibodies: Identification of Nonconventional D Segments in the Human Monoclonal Antibodies 2G12 and 2F5. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:1115-1128, 1998. Study identifies five human MAbs which were able to neutralize primary isolates of different clades in vitro and reports the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chain V segments of the antibodies. PubMed ID: 9737583.
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Kwong2002
Peter D. Kwong, Michael L. Doyle, David J. Casper, Claudia Cicala, Stephanie A. Leavitt, Shahzad Majeed, Tavis D. Steenbeke, Miro Venturi, Irwin Chaiken, Michael Fung, Hermann Katinger, Paul W. I. H. Parren, James Robinson, Donald Van Ryk, Liping Wang, Dennis R. Burton, Ernesto Freire, Richard Wyatt, Joseph Sodroski, Wayne A. Hendrickson, and James Arthos. HIV-1 Evades Antibody-Mediated Neutralization through Conformational Masking of Receptor-Binding Sites. Nature, 420(6916):678-682, 12 Dec 2002. Comment in Nature. 2002 Dec 12;420(6916):623-4. PubMed ID: 12478295.
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Kwong2009a
Peter D. Kwong and Ian A. Wilson. HIV-1 and Influenza Antibodies: Seeing Antigens in New Ways. Nat. Immunol., 10(6):573-578, Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19448659.
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Kwong2011
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Rational Design of Vaccines to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 1(1):a007278, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 22229123.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Lagenaur2010
Laurel A. Lagenaur, Vadim A. Villarroel, Virgilio Bundoc, Barna Dey, and Edward A. Berger. sCD4-17b Bifunctional Protein: Extremely Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 Env Pseudotyped Viruses from Genetically Diverse Primary Isolates. Retrovirology, 7:11, 2010. PubMed ID: 20158904.
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Lambotte2009
Olivier Lambotte, Guido Ferrari, Christiane Moog, Nicole L. Yates, Hua-Xin Liao, Robert J. Parks, Charles B. Hicks, Kouros Owzar, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, and Jean-François Delfraissy. Heterogeneous Neutralizing Antibody and Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity Responses in HIV-1 Elite Controllers. AIDS, 23(8):897-906, 15 May 2009. PubMed ID: 19414990.
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Lavine2012
Christy L. Lavine, Socheata Lao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI). High-Mannose Glycan-Dependent Epitopes Are Frequently Targeted in Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(4):2153-2164, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22156525.
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Law2007
Mansun Law, Rosa M. F. Cardoso, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Antigenic and Immunogenic Study of Membrane-Proximal External Region-Grafted gp120 Antigens by a DNA Prime-Protein Boost Immunization Strategy. J. Virol., 81(8):4272-4285, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17267498.
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Leaman2010
Daniel P. Leaman, Heather Kinkead, and Michael B. Zwick. In-Solution Virus Capture Assay Helps Deconstruct Heterogeneous Antibody Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 84(7):3382-3395, Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20089658.
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Leaman2013
Daniel P. Leaman and Michael B. Zwick. Increased Functional Stability and Homogeneity of Viral Envelope Spikes through Directed Evolution. PLoS Pathog., 9(2):e1003184, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23468626.
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Li1997
A. Li, T. W. Baba, J. Sodroski, S. Zolla-Pazner, M. K. Gorny, J. Robinson, M. R. Posner, H. Katinger, C. F. Barbas III, D. R. Burton, T.-C. Chou, and R. M Ruprecht. Synergistic Neutralization of a Chimeric SIV/HIV Type 1 Virus with Combinations of Human Anti-HIV Type 1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies or Hyperimmune Globulins. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:647-656, 1997. Multiple combinations of MAbs were tested for their ability to synergize neutralization of a SHIV construct containing HIV IIIB env. All of the MAb combinations tried were synergistic, suggesting such combinations may be useful for passive immunotherapy or immunoprophylaxis. Because SHIV can replicate in rhesus macaques, such approaches can potentially be studied in an it in vivo monkey model. PubMed ID: 9168233.
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Li1998
A. Li, H. Katinger, M. R. Posner, L. Cavacini, S. Zolla-Pazner, M. K. Gorny, J. Sodroski, T. C. Chou, T. W. Baba, and R. M. Ruprecht. Synergistic Neutralization of Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV-vpu+ by Triple and Quadruple Combinations of Human Monoclonal Antibodies and High-Titer Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Immunoglobulins. J. Virol., 72:3235-3240, 1998. PubMed ID: 9525650.
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Li2005a
Ming Li, Feng Gao, John R. Mascola, Leonidas Stamatatos, Victoria R. Polonis, Marguerite Koutsoukos, Gerald Voss, Paul Goepfert, Peter Gilbert, Kelli M. Greene, Miroslawa Bilska, Denise L Kothe, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Xiping Wei, Julie M. Decker, Beatrice H. Hahn, and David C. Montefiori. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env Clones from Acute and Early Subtype B Infections for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 79(16):10108-10125, Aug 2005. PubMed ID: 16051804.
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Li2006a
Ming Li, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Cynthia A. Derdeyn, Lynn Morris, Carolyn Williamson, James E. Robinson, Julie M. Decker, Yingying Li, Maria G. Salazar, Victoria R. Polonis, Koleka Mlisana, Salim Abdool Karim, Kunxue Hong, Kelli M. Greene, Miroslawa Bilska, Jintao Zhou, Susan Allen, Elwyn Chomba, Joseph Mulenga, Cheswa Vwalika, Feng Gao, Ming Zhang, Bette T. M. Korber, Eric Hunter, Beatrice H. Hahn, and David C. Montefiori. Genetic and Neutralization Properties of Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Molecular env Clones from Acute and Early Heterosexually Acquired Infections in Southern Africa. J. Virol., 80(23):11776-11790, Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 16971434.
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Li2007a
Yuxing Li, Stephen A. Migueles, Brent Welcher, Krisha Svehla, Adhuna Phogat, Mark K. Louder, Xueling Wu, George M. Shaw, Mark Connors, Richard T. Wyatt, and John R. Mascola. Broad HIV-1 Neutralization Mediated by CD4-Binding Site Antibodies. Nat. Med., 13(9):1032-1034, Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17721546.
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Li2009c
Yuxing Li, Krisha Svehla, Mark K. Louder, Diane Wycuff, Sanjay Phogat, Min Tang, Stephen A. Migueles, Xueling Wu, Adhuna Phogat, George M. Shaw, Mark Connors, James Hoxie, John R. Mascola, and Richard Wyatt. Analysis of Neutralization Specificities in Polyclonal Sera Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals. J Virol, 83(2):1045-1059, Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19004942.
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Li2012
Yuxing Li, Sijy O'Dell, Richard Wilson, Xueling Wu, Stephen D. Schmidt, Carl-Magnus Hogerkorp, Mark K. Louder, Nancy S. Longo, Christian Poulsen, Javier Guenaga, Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Nicole Doria-Rose, Mario Roederer, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Display Dual Recognition of the Primary and Coreceptor Binding Sites and Preferential Binding to Fully Cleaved Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 86(20):11231-11241, Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22875963.
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Li2017
Hongru Li, Chati Zony, Ping Chen, and Benjamin K. Chen. Reduced Potency and Incomplete Neutralization of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 with Transmitted Founder Envs. J. Virol., 91(9), 1 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28148796.
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Liang2016
Yu Liang, Miklos Guttman, James A. Williams, Hans Verkerke, Daniel Alvarado, Shiu-Lok Hu, and Kelly K. Lee. Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J. Virol., 90(20):9224-9236, 15 Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27489265.
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Liao2004
Hua-Xin Liao, S Munir Alam, John R. Mascola, James Robinson, Benjiang Ma, David C. Montefiori, Maria Rhein, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard Scearce, and Barton F. Haynes. Immunogenicity of Constrained Monoclonal Antibody A32-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Env gp120 Complexes Compared to That of Recombinant HIV Type 1 gp120 Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 78(10):5270-5278, May 2004. PubMed ID: 15113908.
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Liao2006
Hua-Xin Liao, Laura L. Sutherland, Shi-Mao Xia, Mary E. Brock, Richard M. Scearce, Stacie Vanleeuwen, S. Munir Alam, Mildred McAdams, Eric A. Weaver, Zenaido Camacho, Ben-Jiang Ma, Yingying Li, Julie M. Decker, Gary J. Nabel, David C. Montefiori, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette T. Korber, Feng Gao, and Barton F. Haynes. A Group M Consensus Envelope Glycoprotein Induces Antibodies That Neutralize Subsets of Subtype B and C HIV-1 Primary Viruses. Virology, 353(2):268-282, 30 Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 17039602.
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Liao2013c
Hua-Xin Liao, Chun-Yen Tsao, S. Munir Alam, Mark Muldoon, Nathan Vandergrift, Ben-Jiang Ma, Xiaozhi Lu, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy Bowman, Robert Parks, Haiyan Chen, Julie H. Blinn, Alan Lapedes, Sydeaka Watson, Shi-Mao Xia, Andrew Foulger, Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Ron Swanstrom, David C. Montefiori, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Bette Korber. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Transmitted/Founder, Consensus, and Chronic Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 87(8):4185-4201, Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23365441.
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Lin2007
George Lin and Peter L. Nara. Designing Immunogens to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):514-541, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045109.
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Liu2002
Xiao Song Liu, Wen Jun Liu, Kong Nan Zhao, Yue Hua Liu, Graham Leggatt, and Ian H. Frazer. Route of Administration of Chimeric BPV1 VLP Determines the Character of the Induced Immune Responses. Immunol. Cell Biol., 80(1):21-9, Feb 2002. PubMed ID: 11869359.
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Liu2011c
Pinghuang Liu, R. Glenn Overman, Nicole L. Yates, S. Munir Alam, Nathan Vandergrift, Yue Chen, Frederik Graw, Stephanie A. Freel, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer, David C. Montefiori, Feng Gao, Alan S. Perelson, Myron S. Cohen, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Dynamic Antibody Specificities and Virion Concentrations in Circulating Immune Complexes in Acute to Chronic HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 85(21):11196-11207, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21865397.
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Liu2014
Pinghuang Liu, Latonya D. Williams, Xiaoying Shen, Mattia Bonsignori, Nathan A. Vandergrift, R. Glenn Overman, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, Daniel J. Stieh, Kerrie L. McCotter, Audrey L. French, Thomas J. Hope, Robin Shattock, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Capacity for Infectious HIV-1 Virion Capture Differs by Envelope Antibody Specificity. J. Virol., 88(9):5165-5170, May 2014. PubMed ID: 24554654.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Lorin2004
Clarisse Lorin, Lucile Mollet, Frédéric Delebecque, Chantal Combredet, Bruno Hurtrel, Pierre Charneau, Michel Brahic, and Frédéric Tangy. A Single Injection of Recombinant Measles Virus Vaccines Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Clade B Envelope Glycoproteins Induces Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses to HIV. J. Virol., 78(1):146-157, Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14671096.
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Lorin2022
Valérie Lorin, Ignacio Fernández, Guillemette Masse-Ranson, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Cyril Planchais, Thierry Hieu, Gérard Péhau-Arnaudet, Dominik Hrebik, Giulia Girelli-Zubani, Oriane Fiquet, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Rogier W. Sanders, Bruce D. Walker, Olivier Schwartz, Johannes F. Scheid, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Pavel Plevka, Martine Braibant, Michael S. Seaman, François Bontems, James P. Di Santo, Félix A. Rey, and Hugo Mouquet. Epitope Convergence of Broadly HIV-1 Neutralizing IgA and IgG Antibody Lineages in a Viremic Controller. J. Exp. Med., 219(3), 7 Mar 2022. PubMed ID: 35230385.
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Louder2005
Mark K. Louder, Anna Sambor, Elena Chertova, Tai Hunte, Sarah Barrett, Fallon Ojong, Eric Sanders-Buell, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Francine E. McCutchan, James D. Roser, Dana Gabuzda, Jeffrey D. Lifson, and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Envelope Pseudotyped Viral Vectors and Infectious Molecular Clones Expressing the Same Envelope Glycoprotein Have a Similar Neutralization Phenotype, but Culture in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is Associated with Decreased Neutralization Sensitivity. Virology, 339(2):226-238, 1 Sep 2005. PubMed ID: 16005039.
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Louis2003
John M. Louis, Issa Nesheiwat, LengChee Chang, G. Marius Clore, and Carole A. Bewley. Covalent Trimers of the Internal N-Terminal Trimeric Coiled-Coil of gp41 and Antibodies Directed against Them Are Potent Inhibitors of HIV Envelope-Mediated Cell Fusion. J. Biol. Chem., 278(22):20278-20285, 30 May 2003. PubMed ID: 12654905.
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Louis2005
John M. Louis, Carole A. Bewley, Elena Gustchina, Annie Aniana, and G. Marius Clore. Characterization and HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitory Properties of Monoclonal Fabs Obtained from a Human Non-Immune Phage Library Selected against Diverse Epitopes of the Ectodomain of HIV-1 gp41. J. Mol. Biol., 353(5):945-951, 11 Nov 2005. PubMed ID: 16216270.
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Luallen2008
Robert J. Luallen, Jianqiao Lin, Hu Fu, Karen K. Cai, Caroline Agrawal, Innocent Mboudjeka, Fang-Hua Lee, David Montefiori, David F. Smith, Robert W. Doms, and Yu Geng. An Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Binds the Broadly Neutralizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2G12 and Elicits Mannose-Specific gp120-Binding Antibodies. J. Virol., 82(13):6447-6457, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18434410.
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Luallen2009
Robert J. Luallen, Hu Fu, Caroline Agrawal-Gamse, Innocent Mboudjeka, Wei Huang, Fang-Hua Lee, Lai-Xi Wang, Robert W. Doms, and Yu Geng. A Yeast Glycoprotein Shows High-Affinity Binding to the Broadly Neutralizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody 2G12 and Inhibits gp120 Interactions with 2G12 and DC-SIGN. J. Virol., 83(10):4861-4870, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19264785.
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Luallen2010
Robert J Luallen, Caroline Agrawal-Gamse, Hu Fu, David F. Smith, Robert W. Doms, and Yu Geng. Antibodies against Man-alpha1,2-Man-alpha1,2-Man Oligosaccharide Structures Recognize Envelope Glycoproteins from HIV-1 and SIV Strains. Glycobiology, 20(3):280-286, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 19920089.
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Luo2010
Xin M. Luo, Margarida Y. Y. Lei, Rana A. Feidi, Anthony P. West, Jr., Alejandro Benjamin Balazs, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Lili Yang, and David Baltimore. Dimeric 2G12 as a Potent Protection against HIV-1. PLoS Pathog., 6(12):e1001225, 2010. PubMed ID: 21187894.
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Lusso2005
Paolo Lusso, Patricia L. Earl, Francesca Sironi, Fabio Santoro, Chiara Ripamonti, Gabriella Scarlatti, Renato Longhi, Edward A. Berger, and Samuele E. Burastero. Cryptic Nature of a Conserved, CD4-Inducible V3 Loop Neutralization Epitope in the Native Envelope Glycoprotein Oligomer of CCR5-Restricted, but not CXCR4-Using, Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains. J. Virol., 79(11):6957-6968, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890935.
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Lynch2011a
Rebecca M. Lynch, Rong Rong, Saikat Boliar, Anurag Sethi, Bing Li, Joseph Mulenga, Susan Allen, James E. Robinson, S. Gnanakaran, and Cynthia A. Derdeyn. The B Cell Response Is Redundant and Highly Focused on V1V2 During Early Subtype C Infection in a Zambian Seroconverter. J. Virol., 85(2):905-915, Jan 2011. PubMed ID: 20980495.
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Lynch2012
Rebecca M. Lynch, Lillian Tran, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Myron Cohen, CHAVI 001 Clinical Team Members, Rebecca DerSimonian, Zelda Euler, Elin S. Gray, Salim Abdool Karim, Jennifer Kirchherr, David C. Montefiori, Sengeziwe Sibeko, Kelly Soderberg, Georgia Tomaras, Zhi-Yong Yang, Gary J. Nabel, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Lynn Morris, Barton F. Haynes, and John R. Mascola. The Development of CD4 Binding Site Antibodies during HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(14):7588-7595, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22573869.
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Ma2011
Ben-Jiang Ma, S. Munir Alam, Eden P. Go, Xiaozhi Lu, Heather Desaire, Georgia D. Tomaras, Cindy Bowman, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Sampa Santra, Norman L. Letvin, Thomas B. Kepler, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Envelope Deglycosylation Enhances Antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 Epitopes for Both Broad Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Unmutated Ancestor Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 7(9):e1002200, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21909262.
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Magnus2010
Carsten Magnus and Roland R. Regoes. Estimating the Stoichiometry of HIV Neutralization. PLoS Comput. Biol., 6(3):e1000713, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20333245.
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Magnus2016
Carsten Magnus, Lucia Reh, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV-1 Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies: Determination of Antibody Concentrations Leading to Escape Mutant Evolution. Virus Res., 218:57-70, 15 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26494166.
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Malherbe2014
Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, D. Noah Sather, Biwei Guo, Shilpi Pandey, William F. Sutton, Andrew B. Stuart, Harlan Robins, Byung Park, Shelly J. Krebs, Jason T. Schuman, Spyros Kalams, Ann J. Hessell, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Envelope variants circulating as initial neutralization breadth developed in two HIV-infected subjects stimulate multiclade neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. J Virol, 88(22):12949-67 doi, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25210191
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Mann2009
Axel M. Mann, Peter Rusert, Livia Berlinger, Herbert Kuster, Huldrych F. Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV Sensitivity to Neutralization Is Determined by Target and Virus Producer Cell Properties. AIDS, 23(13):1659-1667, 24 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19581791.
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Mannar2021
Dhiraj Mannar, Karoline Leopold, and Sriram Subramaniam. Glycan Reactive Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein But Do Not Block Viral Entry. Sci. Rep., 11(1):12448, 14 Jun 2021. PubMed ID: 34127709.
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Mao2012
Youdong Mao, Liping Wang, Christopher Gu, Alon Herschhorn, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hillel Haim, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Subunit Organization of the Membrane-Bound HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 19(9):893-899, Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22864288.
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Marradi2011
Marco Marradi, Paolo Di Gianvincenzo, Pedro M. Enríquez-Navas, Olga M. Martínez-Ávila, Fabrizio Chiodo, Eloísa Yuste, Jesús Angulo, and Soledad Penadé. Gold Nanoparticles Coated with Oligomannosides of HIV-1 Glycoprotein gp120 Mimic the Carbohydrate Epitope of Antibody 2G12. J. Mol. Biol., 410(5):798-810, 29 Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21440555.
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Martin2008
Grégoire Martin, Yide Sun, Bernadette Heyd, Olivier Combes, Jeffrey B Ulmer, Anne Descours, Susan W Barnett, Indresh K Srivastava, and Loïc Martin. A Simple One-Step Method for the Preparation of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Immunogens Based on a CD4 Mimic Peptide. Virology, 381(2):241-250, 25 Nov 2008. PubMed ID: 18835005.
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Martin2011
Grégoire Martin, Brian Burke, Robert Thaï, Antu K. Dey, Olivier Combes, Bernadette Heyd, Anthony R. Geonnotti, David C. Montefiori, Elaine Kan, Ying Lian, Yide Sun, Toufik Abache, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Hocine Madaoui, Raphaël Guérois, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, Pascal Kessler, and Loïc Martin. Stabilization of HIV-1 Envelope in the CD4-Bound Conformation through Specific Cross-Linking of a CD4 Mimetic. J. Biol. Chem., 286(24):21706-21716, 17 Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21487012.
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Martines2012
Elena Martines, Isabel García, Marco Marradi, Daniel Padro, and Soledad Penadés. Dissecting the Carbohydrate Specificity of the Anti-HIV-1 2G12 Antibody by Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy. Langmuir, 28(51):17726-17732, 21 Dec 2012. PubMed ID: 23198686.
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Martinez2009
Valérie Martinez, Marie-Claude Diemert, Martine Braibant, Valérie Potard, Jean-Luc Charuel, Francis Barin, Dominique Costagliola, Eric Caumes, Jean-Pierre Clauvel, Brigitte Autran, Lucile Musset, and ALT ANRS CO15 Study Group. Anticardiolipin Antibodies in HIV Infection Are Independently Associated with Antibodies to the Membrane Proximal External Region of gp41 and with Cell-Associated HIV DNA and Immune Activation. Clin. Infect. Dis., 48(1):123-32, 1 Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19035778.
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Martin-Garcia2005
Julio Martín-García, Simon Cocklin, Irwin M. Chaiken, and Francisco González-Scarano. Interaction with CD4 and Antibodies to CD4-Induced Epitopes of the Envelope gp120 from a Microglial Cell-Adapted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate. J. Virol., 79(11):6703-6713, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890908.
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Marusic2009
Carla Marusic, Alessandro Vitale, Emanuela Pedrazzini, Marcello Donini, Lorenzo Frigerio, Ralph Bock, Philip J. Dix, Matthew S. McCabe, Michele Bellucci, and Eugenio Benvenuto. Plant-Based Strategies Aimed at Expressing HIV Antigens and Neutralizing Antibodies at High Levels. Nef as a Case Study. Transgenic Res., 18(4):499-512, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19169897.
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Marzi2007
Andrea Marzi, Daniel A. Mitchell, Chawaree Chaipan, Tanja Fisch, Robert W. Doms, Mary Carrington, Ronald C. Desrosiers, and Stefan Pöhlmann. Modulation of HIV and SIV Neutralization Sensitivity by DC-SIGN and Mannose-Binding Lectin. Virology, 368(2):322-330, 25 Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 17659761.
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Mascola1997
J. R. Mascola, M. K. Louder, T. C. VanCott, C. V. Sapan, J. S. Lambert, L. R. Muenz, B. Bunow, D. L. Birx, and M. L. Robb. Potent and Synergistic Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Primary Isolates by Hyperimmune Anti-HIV Immunoglobulin Combined with Monoclonal Antibodies 2F5 and 2G12. J. Virol., 71:7198-7206, 1997. HIVIG derived from the plasma of HIV-1-infected donors, and MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 were tested against a panel of 15 clade B HIV-1 isolates, using a single concentration that is achievable in vivo (HIVIG, 2,500 microg/ml; MAbs, 25 microg/ml). While the three antibody reagents neutralized many of the viruses tested, potency varied. The virus neutralization achieved by double or triple combinations was generally equal to or greater than that predicted by the effect of individual antibodies, and the triple combination was shown to be synergistic and to have the greatest breadth and potency. Passive immunotherapy for treatment or prophylaxis of HIV-1 should consider mixtures of these potent neutralizing antibody reagents. PubMed ID: 9311792.
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Mascola1999
J. R. Mascola, M. G. Lewis, G. Stiegler, D. Harris, T. C. VanCott, D. Hayes, M. K. Louder, C. R. Brown, C. V. Sapan, S. S. Frankel, Y. Lu, M. L. Robb, H. Katinger, and D. L. Birx. Protection of Macaques against pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus 89.6PD by passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol., 73(5):4009--18, May 1999. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/73/5/4009. PubMed ID: 10196297.
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Mascola2000a
John R. Mascola, Gabriela Stiegler, Thomas C. VanCott, Hermann Katinger, Calvin B. Carpenter, Chris E. Hanson, Holly Beary, Deborah Hayes, Sarah S. Frankel, Deborah L. Birx, and Mark G. Lewis. Protection of Macaques against Vaginal Transmission of a Pathogenic HIV-1/SIV Chimeric Virus by Passive Infusion of Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Med., 6(2):207-210, Feb 2000. PubMed ID: 10655111.
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Mascola2001
J. R. Mascola and G. J. Nabel. Vaccines for the prevention of HIV-1 disease. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 13(4):489--95, Aug 2001. PubMed ID: 11498307.
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Mascola2002
John R. Mascola. Passive Transfer Studies to Elucidate the Role of Antibody-Mediated Protection against HIV-1. Vaccine, 20(15):1922-1925, 6 May 2002. PubMed ID: 11983246.
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Mascola2003
John R. Mascola, Mark G. Lewis, Thomas C. VanCott, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, Michael Seaman, Kristin Beaudry, Dan H. Barouch, Birgit Korioth-Schmitz, Georgia Krivulka, Anna Sambor, Brent Welcher, Daniel C. Douek, David C. Montefiori, John W. Shiver, Pascal Poignard, Dennis R. Burton, and Norman L. Letvin. Cellular Immunity Elicited by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus DNA Vaccination Does Not Augment the Sterile Protection Afforded by Passive Infusion of Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 77(19):10348-10356, Oct 2003. PubMed ID: 12970419.
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Mascola2003a
John R. Mascola. Defining the Protective Antibody Response for HIV-1. Curr. Mol. Med., 3(3):209-216, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12699358.
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Mascola2010
John R. Mascola and David C. Montefiori. The Role of Antibodies in HIV Vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28:413-444, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20192810.
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Matyas2009
Gary R. Matyas, Zoltan Beck, Nicos Karasavvas, and Carl R. Alving. Lipid Binding Properties of 4E10, 2F5, and WR304 Monoclonal Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1788(3):660-665, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19100711.
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McCann2005
C. M. Mc Cann, R. J. Song, and R. M. Ruprecht. Antibodies: Can They Protect Against HIV Infection? Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord., 5(2):95-111, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15975016.
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McCoy2015
Laura E. McCoy, Emilia Falkowska, Katie J. Doores, Khoa Le, Devin Sok, Marit J. van Gils, Zelda Euler, Judith A. Burger, Michael S. Seaman, Rogier W. Sanders, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, and Dennis R. Burton. Incomplete Neutralization and Deviation from Sigmoidal Neutralization Curves for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 11(8):e1005110, Aug 2015. PubMed ID: 26267277.
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McFadden2007
Karyn McFadden, Simon Cocklin, Hosahudya Gopi, Sabine Baxter, Sandya Ajith, Naheed Mahmood, Robin Shattock, and Irwin Chaiken. A Recombinant Allosteric Lectin Antagonist of HIV-1 Envelope gp120 Interactions. Proteins, 67(3):617-629, 15 May 2007. PubMed ID: 17348010.
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McKeating1996b
J. A. McKeating, Y. J. Zhang, C. Arnold, R. Frederiksson, E. M. Fenyo, and P. Balfe. Chimeric viruses expressing primary envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type I show increased sensitivity to neutralization by human sera. Virology, 220:450-460, 1996. Chimeric viruses for HXB2 with primary isolate gp120 gave patterns of cell tropism and cytopathicity identical to the original primary viruses. Sera that were unable to neutralize the primary isolates were in some cases able to neutralize chimeric viruses, indicating that some of the neutralizing epitopes were in gp41. PubMed ID: 8661395.
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McKeating1996c
J. A. McKeating. Biological Consequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Polymorphism: Does Variation Matter? 1995 Fleming Lecture. J. Gen. Virol., 77:2905-2919, 1996. PubMed ID: 9000081.
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McKnight2007
Aine McKnight and Marlen M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Clade Specific Neutralising Vaccines for HIV: An Appropriate Target? Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):554-560, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045111.
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McLinden2013
Robert J. McLinden, Celia C. LaBranche, Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Victoria R. Polonis, Michael A. Eller, Lindsay Wieczorek, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Stephen Perfetto, David C. Montefiori, Nelson L. Michael, and Jerome H. Kim. Detection of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in a Human CD4+/CXCR4+/CCR5+ T-Lymphoblastoid Cell Assay System. PLoS One, 8(11):e77756, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312168.
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Mehandru2007
Saurabh Mehandru, Brigitta Vcelar, Terri Wrin, Gabriela Stiegler, Beda Joos, Hiroshi Mohri, Daniel Boden, Justin Galovich, Klara Tenner-Racz, Paul Racz, Mary Carrington, Christos Petropoulos, Hermann Katinger, and Martin Markowitz. Adjunctive Passive Immunotherapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals Treated with Antiviral Therapy during Acute and Early Infection. J. Virol., 81(20):11016-11031, Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17686878.
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Melchers2012
Mark Melchers, Ilja Bontjer, Tommy Tong, Nancy P. Y. Chung, Per Johan Klasse, Dirk Eggink, David C. Montefiori, Maurizio Gentile, Andrea Cerutti, William C. Olson, Ben Berkhout, James M. Binley, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Targeting HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers to B Cells by Using APRIL Improves Antibody Responses. J. Virol., 86(5):2488-2500, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22205734.
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Menendez2008
Alfredo Menendez, Daniel A. Calarese, Robyn L. Stanfield, Keith C. Chow, Chris N. Scanlan, Renate Kunert, Herman Katinger, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jamie K. Scott. A Peptide Inhibitor of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody 2G12 Is Not a Structural Mimic of the Natural Carbohydrate Epitope on gp120. FASEB J., 22(5):1380-1392, May 2008. PubMed ID: 18198210.
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Miglietta2014
Riccardo Miglietta, Claudia Pastori, Assunta Venuti, Christina Ochsenbauer, and Lucia Lopalco. Synergy in Monoclonal Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1 Pseudoviruses and Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Transl. Med., 12:346, 2014. PubMed ID: 25496375.
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Miller2005
Michael D. Miller, Romas Geleziunas, Elisabetta Bianchi, Simon Lennard, Renee Hrin, Hangchun Zhang, Meiqing Lu, Zhiqiang An, Paolo Ingallinella, Marco Finotto, Marco Mattu, Adam C. Finnefrock, David Bramhill, James Cook, Debra M. Eckert, Richard Hampton, Mayuri Patel, Stephen Jarantow, Joseph Joyce, Gennaro Ciliberto, Riccardo Cortese, Ping Lu, William Strohl, William Schleif, Michael McElhaugh, Steven Lane, Christopher Lloyd, David Lowe, Jane Osbourn, Tristan Vaughan, Emilio Emini, Gaetano Barbato, Peter S. Kim, Daria J. Hazuda, John W. Shiver, and Antonello Pessi. A Human Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes Diverse HIV-1 Isolates By Binding a Critical gp41 Epitope. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102(41):14759-14764, 11 Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16203977.
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Mo1997
H. Mo, L. Stamatatos, J. E. Ip, C. F. Barbas, P. W. H. I. Parren, D. R. Burton, J. P. Moore, and D. D. Ho. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutants That Escape Neutralization by Human Monoclonal Antibody IgG1b12. J. Virol., 71:6869-6874, 1997. A JRCSF resistant variant was selected by culturing in the presence of IgG1b12. The resistant virus remained sensitive to 2G12 and 2F5 and to CD4-IgG, encouraging for the possibility of combination therapy. PubMed ID: 9261412.
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Mohr2010
Emma L. Mohr, Jinhua Xiang, James H. McLinden, Thomas M. Kaufman, Qing Chang, David C. Montefiori, Donna Klinzman, and Jack T. Stapleton. GB Virus Type C Envelope Protein E2 Elicits Antibodies That React with a Cellular Antigen on HIV-1 Particles and Neutralize Diverse HIV-1 Isolates. J. Immunol., 185(7):4496-4505, 1 Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20826757.
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Moldt2012a
Brian Moldt, Eva G. Rakasz, Niccole Schultz, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Kristine Swiderek, Kimberly L. Weisgrau, Shari M. Piaskowski, Zachary Bergman, David I. Watkins, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Highly Potent HIV-Specific Antibody Neutralization In Vitro Translates into Effective Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge In Vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(46):18921-18925, 13 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23100539.
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Molinos-Albert2023
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Mondor1998
I. Mondor, S. Ugolini, and Q. J. Sattentau. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Attachment to HeLa CD4 Cells Is CD4 Independent and Gp120 Dependent and Requires Cell Surface Heparans. J. Virol., 72:3623-3634, 1998. PubMed ID: 9557643.
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Montefiori1999
D. Montefiori and T. Evans. Toward an HIV Type 1 Vaccine That Generates Potent Broadly Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 15:689-698, 1999. PubMed ID: 10357464.
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Montefiori2003
David C. Montefiori, Marcus Altfeld, Paul K. Lee, Miroslawa Bilska, Jintao Zhou, Mary N. Johnston, Feng Gao, Bruce D. Walker, and Eric S. Rosenberg. Viremia Control Despite Escape from a Rapid and Potent Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Response after Therapy Cessation in an HIV-1-Infected Individual. J. Immunol., 170(7):3906-3914, Apr 2003. PubMed ID: 12646660.
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Montefiori2005
David C. Montefiori. Neutralizing Antibodies Take a Swipe at HIV In Vivo. Nat. Med., 11(6):593-594, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15937465.
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Montefiori2009
David C. Montefiori and John R. Mascola. Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV-1: Can We Elicit Them with Vaccines and How Much Do We Need? Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):347-351, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048696.
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Moody2010
M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, M. Kelly Plonk, Daniel M. Kozink, Mark S. Drinker, Ruijun Zhang, Shi-Mao Xia, Laura L. Sutherland, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ian P. Giles, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer-Jambor, Tara G. Edmonds, Melina Soares, Gustavo Barbero, Donald N. Forthal, Gary Landucci, Connie Chang, Steven W. King, Anita Kavlie, Thomas N. Denny, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Pojen P. Chen, Philip E. Thorpe, David C. Montefiori, and Barton F. Haynes. Anti-Phospholipid Human Monoclonal Antibodies Inhibit CCR5-Tropic HIV-1 and Induce beta-Chemokines. J. Exp. Med., 207(4):763-776, 12 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20368576.
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Moog2014
C. Moog, N. Dereuddre-Bosquet, J.-L. Teillaud, M. E. Biedma, V. Holl, G. Van Ham, L. Heyndrickx, A. Van Dorsselaer, D. Katinger, B. Vcelar, S. Zolla-Pazner, I. Mangeot, C. Kelly, R. J. Shattock, and R. Le Grand. Protective Effect of Vaginal Application of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Inhibitory Antibodies Against Vaginal SHIV Challenge in Macaques. Mucosal Immunol., 7(1):46-56, Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 23591718.
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Moore1995c
J. P. Moore and D. D. Ho. HIV-1 Neutralization: The Consequences of Adaptation to Growth on Transformed T-Cells. AIDS, 9(suppl A):S117-S136, 1995. This review considers the relative importance of a neutralizing antibody response for the development of a vaccine, and for disease progression during the chronic phase of HIV-1 infection. It suggests that T-cell immunity may be more important. The distinction between MAbs that can neutralize primary isolates, and those that are effective at neutralizing only laboratory adapted strains is discussed in detail. Alternative conformations of envelope and non-contiguous interacting domains in gp120 are discussed. The suggestion that soluble monomeric gp120 may serve as a viral decoy that diverts the humoral immune response it in vivo is put forth. PubMed ID: 8819579.
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Moore1996
J. P. Moore and J. Sodroski. Antibody cross-competition analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol., 70:1863-1872, 1996. 46 anti-gp120 monomer MAbs were used to create a competition matrix, and MAb competition groups were defined. The data suggests that there are two faces of the gp120 glycoprotein: a face occupied by the CD4BS, which is presumably also exposed on the oligomeric envelope glycoprotein complex, and a second face which is presumably inaccessible on the oligomer and interacts with a number of nonneutralizing antibodies. PubMed ID: 8627711.
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Moore1997
J. Moore and A. Trkola. HIV Type 1 Coreceptors, Neutralization Serotypes and Vaccine Development. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:733-736, 1997. PubMed ID: 9171216.
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Moore2001
J. P. Moore, P. W. Parren, and D. R. Burton. Genetic subtypes, humoral immunity, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine development. J. Virol., 75(13):5721--9, Jul 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/13/5721. PubMed ID: 11390574.
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Moore2006
Penny L. Moore, Emma T. Crooks, Lauren Porter, Ping Zhu, Charmagne S. Cayanan, Henry Grise, Paul Corcoran, Michael B. Zwick, Michael Franti, Lynn Morris, Kenneth H. Roux, Dennis R. Burton, and James M. Binley. Nature of Nonfunctional Envelope Proteins on the Surface of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 80(5):2515-2528, Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16474158.
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Moore2009
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, and Lynn Morris. Specificity of the Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Response. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):358-363, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048698.
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Moore2012
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, C. Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Molati Nonyane, Daniel J. Sheward, Tandile Hermanus, Shringkhala Bajimaya, Nancy L. Tumba, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Bronwen E. Lambson, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Lihua Ping, Nobubelo Ngandu, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Ronald I. Swanstrom, Michael S. Seaman, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Evolution of an HIV Glycan-Dependent Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope through Immune Escape. Nat. Med., 18(11):1688-1692, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23086475.
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Mouquet2011
Hugo Mouquet, Florian Klein, Johannes F. Scheid, Malte Warncke, John Pietzsch, Thiago Y. K. Oliveira, Klara Velinzon, Michael S. Seaman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Memory B Cell Antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 Cloned from Individuals Infected with Clade A and B Viruses. PLoS One, 6(9):e24078, 2011. PubMed ID: 21931643.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Murin2014
Charles D. Murin, Jean-Philippe Julien, Devin Sok, Robyn L. Stanfield, Reza Khayat, Albert Cupo, John P. Moore, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Andrew B. Ward. Structure of 2G12 Fab2 in Complex with Soluble and Fully Glycosylated HIV-1 Env by Negative-Stain Single-Particle Electron Microscopy. J. Virol., 88(17):10177-10188, 1 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 24965454.
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Naarding2007
Marloes A. Naarding, Elly Baan, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Effect of Chloroquine on Reducing HIV-1 Replication In Vitro and the DC-SIGN Mediated Transfer of Virus to CD4+ T-Lymphocytes. Retrovirology, 4:6, 2007. PubMed ID: 17263871.
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Nabatov2004
Alexey A. Nabatov, Georgios Pollakis, Thomas Linnemann, Aletta Kliphius, Moustapha I. M. Chalaby, and William A. Paxton. Intrapatient Alterations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 V1V2 and V3 Regions Differentially Modulate Coreceptor Usage, Virus Inhibition by CC/CXC Chemokines, Soluble CD4, and the b12 and 2G12 Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 78(1):524-530, Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14671134.
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Nabel2005
Gary J. Nabel. Close to the Edge: Neutralizing the HIV-1 Envelope. Science, 308(5730):1878-1879, 24 Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15976295.
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Nakowitsch2005
Sabine Nakowitsch, Heribert Quendler, Helga Fekete, Renate Kunert, Hermann Katinger, and Gabriela Stiegler. HIV-1 Mutants Escaping Neutralization by the Human Antibodies 2F5, 2G12, and 4E10: In Vitro Experiments Versus Clinical Studies. AIDS, 19(17):1957-1966, 18 Nov 2005. PubMed ID: 16260901.
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Nandi2010
Avishek Nandi, Christine L. Lavine, Pengcheng Wang, Inna Lipchina, Paul A. Goepfert, George M. Shaw, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Philippa Easterbrook, James E. Robinson, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology. Epitopes for Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Virology, 396(2):339-348, 20 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19922969.
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Narayan2013
Kristin M. Narayan, Nitish Agrawal, Sean X. Du, Janelle E. Muranaka, Katherine Bauer, Daniel P. Leaman, Pham Phung, Kay Limoli, Helen Chen, Rebecca I. Boenig, Terri Wrin, Michael B. Zwick, and Robert G. Whalen. Prime-Boost Immunization of Rabbits with HIV-1 gp120 Elicits Potent Neutralization Activity against a Primary Viral Isolate. PLoS One, 8(1):e52732, 9 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23326351.
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Nie2010
Jianhui Nie, Chuntao Zhang, Wei Liu, Xueling Wu, Feng Li, Suting Wang, Fuxiong Liang, Aijing Song, and Youchun Wang. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE env Molecular Clones from Infections in China. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 53(4):440-450, 1 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20090544.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Nishiyama2009
Yasuhiro Nishiyama, Stephanie Planque, Yukie Mitsuda, Giovanni Nitti, Hiroaki Taguchi, Lei Jin, Jindrich Symersky, Stephane Boivin, Marcin Sienczyk, Maria Salas, Carl V. Hanson, and Sudhir Paul. Toward Effective HIV Vaccination: Induction of Binary Epitope Reactive Antibodies with Broad HIV Neutralizing Activity. J. Biol. Chem., 284(44):30627-30642, 30 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19726674.
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Nogal2020
Bartek Nogal, Laura E. McCoy, Marit J. van Gils, Christopher A. Cottrell, James E. Voss, Raiees Andrabi, Matthias Pauthner, Chi-Hui Liang, Terrence Messmer, Rebecca Nedellec, Mia Shin, Hannah L. Turner, Gabriel Ozorowski, Rogier W. Sanders, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. HIV Envelope Trimer-Elicited Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies Bind a Region Overlapping the N332 Glycan Supersite. Sci. Adv., 6(23):eaba0512, Jun 2020. PubMed ID: 32548265.
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Nolan2009
Katrina M. Nolan, Gregory Q. Del Prete, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Beth Haggarty, Josephine Romano, George J. Leslie, and James A. Hoxie. Characterization of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Deletion Mutation That Confers Resistance to CCR5 Inhibitors and the Ability to Use Aplaviroc-Bound Receptor. J. Virol., 83(8):3798-3809, Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19193800.
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Nora2008
Tamara Nora, Francine Bouchonnet, Béatrice Labrosse, Charlotte Charpentier, Fabrizio Mammano, François Clavel, and Allan J. Hance. Functional Diversity of HIV-1 Envelope Proteins Expressed by Contemporaneous Plasma Viruses. Retrovirology, 5:23, 2008. PubMed ID: 18312646.
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Ofek2004
Gilad Ofek, Min Tang, Anna Sambor, Hermann Katinger, John R. Mascola, Richard Wyatt, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure and Mechanistic Analysis of the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2F5 in Complex with Its gp41 Epitope. J. Virol., 78(19):10724-10737, Oct 2004. PubMed ID: 15367639.
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Ohagen2003
Asa Ohagen, Amy Devitt, Kevin J. Kunstman, Paul R. Gorry, Patrick P. Rose, Bette Korber, Joann Taylor, Robert Levy, Robert L. Murphy, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Genetic and Functional Analysis of Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env Genes Derived from Brain and Blood of Patients with AIDS. J. Virol., 77(22):12336-12345, Nov 2003. PubMed ID: 14581570.
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Opalka2004
David Opalka, Antonello Pessi, Elisabetta Bianchi, Gennaro Ciliberto, William Schleif, Michael McElhaugh, Renee Danzeisen, Romas Geleziunas, Michael Miller, Debra M. Eckert, David Bramhill, Joseph Joyce, James Cook, William Magilton, John Shiver, Emilio Emini, and Mark T. Esser. Analysis of the HIV-1 gp41 Specific Immune Response Using a Multiplexed Antibody Detection Assay. J. Immunol. Methods, 287(1-2):49-65, Apr 2004. PubMed ID: 15099755.
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ORourke2009
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, William G. Scott, Terri Wrin, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Faruk Sinangil, and Phillip W. Berman. Novel Ring Structure in the gp41 Trimer of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 That Modulates Sensitivity and Resistance to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 83(15):7728-7738, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19474108.
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ORourke2010
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Karianne Terry, Terri Wrin, Faruk Sinangil, and Phillip W. Berman. Mutation at a Single Position in the V2 Domain of the HIV-1 Envelope Protein Confers Neutralization Sensitivity to a Highly Neutralization-Resistant Virus. J. Virol., 84(21):11200-11209, Nov 2010. PubMed ID: 20702624.
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Overbaugh2012
Julie Overbaugh and Lynn Morris. The Antibody Response against HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2(1):a007039, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22315717.
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Pahar2006
Bapi Pahar, Mayra A. Cantu, Wei Zhao, Marcelo J. Kuroda, Ronald S. Veazey, David C. Montefiori, John D. Clements, Pyone P. Aye, Andrew A. Lackner, Karin Lovgren-Bengtsson, and Karol Sestak. Single Epitope Mucosal Vaccine Delivered via Immuno-Stimulating Complexes Induces Low Level of Immunity Against Simian-HIV. Vaccine, 24(47-48):6839-6849, 17 Nov 2006. PubMed ID: 17050045.
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Pancera2005
Marie Pancera and Richard Wyatt. Selective Recognition of Oligomeric HIV-1 Primary Isolate Envelope Glycoproteins by Potently Neutralizing Ligands Requires Efficient Precursor Cleavage. Virology, 332(1):145-156, 5 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15661147.
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Pantophlet2003
Ralph Pantophlet, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Pascal Poignard, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Fine Mapping of the Interaction of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies with the CD4 Binding Site of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120. J. Virol., 77(1):642-658, Jan 2003. PubMed ID: 12477867.
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Pantophlet2003b
Ralph Pantophlet, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Hyperglycosylated Mutants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Monomeric gp120 as Novel Antigens for HIV Vaccine Design. J. Virol., 77(10):5889-8901, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12719582.
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Pantophlet2004
R. Pantophlet, I. A. Wilson, and D. R. Burton. Improved Design of an Antigen with Enhanced Specificity for the Broadly HIV-Neutralizing Antibody b12. Protein Eng. Des. Sel., 17(10):749-758, Oct 2004. PubMed ID: 15542540.
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Pantophlet2006
Ralph Pantophlet and Dennis R. Burton. GP120: Target for Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 24:739-769, 2006. PubMed ID: 16551265.
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Pantophlet2009
Ralph Pantophlet, Meng Wang, Rowena O. Aguilar-Sino, and Dennis R. Burton. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Spike of Primary Viruses Can Suppress Antibody Access to Variable Regions. J. Virol., 83(4):1649-1659, Feb 2009. PubMed ID: 19036813.
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Pantophlet2010
Ralph Pantophlet. Antibody Epitope Exposure and Neutralization of HIV-1. Curr. Pharm. Des., 16(33):3729-3743, 2010. PubMed ID: 21128886.
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Park2000
E. J. Park, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and G. V. Quinnan. A global neutralization resistance phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is determined by distinct mechanisms mediating enhanced infectivity and conformational change of the envelope complex. J. Virol., 74:4183-91, 2000. PubMed ID: 10756031.
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Parren1997
P. W. Parren, M. C. Gauduin, R. A. Koup, P. Poignard, Q. J. Sattentau, P. Fisicaro, and D. R. Burton. Erratum to Relevance of the Antibody Response against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope to Vaccine Design. Immunol. Lett., 58:125-132, 1997. corrected and republished article originally printed in Immunol. Lett. 1997 Jun;57(1-3):105-112. PubMed ID: 9271324.
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Parren1998
P. W. Parren, I. Mondor, D. Naniche, H. J. Ditzel, P. J. Klasse, D. R. Burton, and Q. J. Sattentau. Neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by antibody to gp120 is determined primarily by occupancy of sites on the virion irrespective of epitope specificity. J. Virol., 72:3512-9, 1998. The authors propose that the occupancy of binding sites on HIV-1 virions is the major factor in determining neutralization, irrespective of epitope specificity. Neutralization was assayed T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1 isolates. Binding of Fabs to monomeric rgp120 was not correlated with binding to functional oligomeric gp120 or neutralization, while binding to functional oligomeric gp120 was highly correlated with neutralization. The ratios of oligomer binding/neutralization were similar for antibodies to different neutralization epitopes, with a few exceptions. PubMed ID: 9557629.
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Parren1998a
P. W. Parren, M. Wang, A. Trkola, J. M. Binley, M. Purtscher, H. Katinger, J. P. Moore, and D. R. Burton. Antibody neutralization-resistant primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol., 72:10270-4, 1998. PubMed ID: 9811774.
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Parren1999
P. W. Parren, J. P. Moore, D. R. Burton, and Q. J. Sattentau. The Neutralizing Antibody Response to HIV-1: Viral Evasion and Escape from Humoral Immunity. AIDS, 13(Suppl A):S137-162, 1999. PubMed ID: 10885772.
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Pashov2005
Anastas Pashov, Stewart MacLeod, Rinku Saha, Marty Perry, Thomas C. VanCott, and Thomas Kieber-Emmons. Concanavalin A Binding to HIV Envelope Protein Is Less Sensitive to Mutations in Glycosylation Sites than Monoclonal Antibody 2G12. Glycobiology, 15(10):994-1001, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 15917430.
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Pashov2005a
Anastas Pashov, Gabriela Canziani, Stewart Macleod, Jason Plaxco, Behjatolah Monzavi-Karbassi, and Thomas Kieber-Emmons. Targeting Carbohydrate Antigens in HIV Vaccine Development. Vaccine, 23(17-18):2168-2175, 18 Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15755589.
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Pashov2006
Anastas D. Pashov, Jason Plaxco, Srinivas V. Kaveri, Behjatolah Monzavi-Karbassi, Donald Harn, and Thomas Kieber-Emmons. Multiple Antigenic Mimotopes of HIV Carbohydrate Antigens: Relating Structure and Antigenicity. J. Biol. Chem., 281(40):29675-29683, 6 Oct 2006. PubMed ID: 16899462.
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Patel2008
Milloni B Patel, Noah G. Hoffman, and Ronald Swanstrom. Subtype-Specific Conformational Differences within the V3 Region of Subtype B and Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env Proteins. J. Virol., 82(2):903-916, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18003735.
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Peachman2010a
Kristina K. Peachman, Lindsay Wieczorek, Victoria R. Polonis, Carl R. Alving, and Mangala Rao. The Effect of sCD4 on the Binding and Accessibility of HIV-1 gp41 MPER Epitopes to Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 408(2):213-223, 20 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 20961591.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Pejchal2011
Robert Pejchal, Katie J. Doores, Laura M. Walker, Reza Khayat, Po-Ssu Huang, Sheng-Kai Wang, Robyn L. Stanfield, Jean-Philippe Julien, Alejandra Ramos, Max Crispin, Rafael Depetris, Umesh Katpally, Andre Marozsan, Albert Cupo, Sebastien Maloveste, Yan Liu, Ryan McBride, Yukishige Ito, Rogier W. Sanders, Cassandra Ogohara, James C. Paulson, Ten Feizi, Christopher N. Scanlan, Chi-Huey Wong, John P. Moore, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Pascal Poignard, William R. Schief, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield. Science, 334(6059):1097-1103, 25 Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21998254.
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Perdomo2008
Maria F. Perdomo, Michael Levi, Matti Sällberg, and Anders Vahlne. Neutralization of HIV-1 by Redirection of Natural Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(34):12515-12520, 26 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18719129.
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Peressin2011
M. Peressin, V. Holl, S. Schmidt, T. Decoville, D. Mirisky, A. Lederle, M. Delaporte, K. Xu, A. M. Aubertin, and C. Moog. HIV-1 Replication in Langerhans and Interstitial Dendritic Cells Is Inhibited by Neutralizing and Fc-Mediated Inhibitory Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(2):1077-1085, Jan 2011. PubMed ID: 21084491.
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Perez2009
Lautaro G. Perez, Matthew R. Costa, Christopher A. Todd, Barton F. Haynes, and David C. Montefiori. Utilization of Immunoglobulin G Fc Receptors by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: A Specific Role for Antibodies against the Membrane-Proximal External Region of gp41. J. Virol., 83(15):7397-7410, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19458010.
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Peters2008a
Paul J. Peters, Maria J. Duenas-Decamp, W. Matthew Sullivan, Richard Brown, Chiambah Ankghuambom, Katherine Luzuriaga, James Robinson, Dennis R. Burton, Jeanne Bell, Peter Simmonds, Jonathan Ball, and Paul R. Clapham. Variation in HIV-1 R5 Macrophage-Tropism Correlates with Sensitivity to Reagents that Block Envelope: CD4 Interactions But Not with Sensitivity to Other Entry Inhibitors. Retrovirology, 5:5, 2008. PubMed ID: 18205925.
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Pham2014
Tram N. Q. Pham, Sabelo Lukhele, Fadi Hajjar, Jean-Pierre Routy, and Éric A. Cohen. HIV Nef and Vpu Protect HIV-Infected CD4+ T Cells from Antibody-Mediated Cell Lysis through Down-Modulation of CD4 and BST2. Retrovirology, 11:15, 2014. PubMed ID: 24498878.
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Phogat2007
S. Phogat, R. T. Wyatt, and G. B. Karlsson Hedestam. Inhibition of HIV-1 Entry by Antibodies: Potential Viral and Cellular Targets. J. Intern. Med., 262(1):26-43, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17598813.
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Pinter2004
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Pinter2005
Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Paul D'Agostino, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. The C108g Epitope in the V2 Domain of gp120 Functions as a Potent Neutralization Target When Introduced into Envelope Proteins Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates. J. Virol., 79(11):6909-6917, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890930.
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Jérémie Prévost, Daria Zoubchenok, Jonathan Richard, Maxime Veillette, Beatriz Pacheco, Mathieu Coutu, Nathalie Brassard, Matthew S. Parsons, Kiat Ruxrungtham, Torsak Bunupuradah, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Kwan-Ki Hwang, M. Anthony Moody, Barton F. Haynes, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, Daniel E. Kaufmann, George M. Shaw, Agnes L. Chenine, and Andrés Finzi. Influence of the Envelope gp120 Phe 43 Cavity on HIV-1 Sensitivity to Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Responses. J. Virol., 91(7), 1 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28100618.
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Jérémie Prévost, Jonathan Richard, Shilei Ding, Beatriz Pacheco, Roxanne Charlebois, Beatrice H Hahn, Daniel E Kaufmann, and Andrés Finzi. Envelope Glycoproteins Sampling States 2/3 Are Susceptible to ADCC by Sera from HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Virology, 515:38-45, Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29248757.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Ana Revilla, Elena Delgado, Elizabeth C. Christian, Justin Dalrymple, Yolanda Vega, Cristina Carrera, Maria González-Galeano, Antonio Ocampo, Rafael Ojea de Castro, Maria J. Lezaún, Raúl Rodriguez, Ana Mariño, Patricia Ordóñez, Gustavo Cilla, Ramón Cisterna, Juan M. Santamaria, Santiago Prieto, Aza Rakhmanova, Anna Vinogradova, Maritza Ríos, Lucía Pérez-Álvarez, Rafael Nájera, David C. Montefiori, Michael S. Seaman, and Michael M. Thomson. Construction and Phenotypic Characterization of HIV Type 1 Functional Envelope Clones of subtypes G and F. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 27(8):889-901, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21226626.
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Jonathan Richard, Maxime Veillette, Laurie-Anne Batraville, Mathieu Coutu, Jean-Philippe Chapleau, Mattia Bonsignori, Nicole Bernard, Cécile Tremblay, Michel Roger, Daniel E. Kaufmann, and Andrés Finzi. Flow Cytometry-Based Assay to Study HIV-1 gp120 Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses. J. Virol. Methods, 208:107-.14, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25125129.
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Rajesh Ringe, Madhuri Thakar, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Variations in Autologous Neutralization and CD4 Dependence of b12 Resistant HIV-1 Clade C env Clones Obtained at Different Time Points from Antiretroviral Naïve Indian Patients with Recent Infection. Retrovirology, 7:76, 2010. PubMed ID: 20860805.
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N. B. Rudometova, N. S. Shcherbakova, D. N. Shcherbakov, O. S. Taranov, B. N. Zaitsev, and L. I. Karpenko. Construction and Characterization of HIV-1 env-Pseudoviruses of the Recombinant Form CRF63_02A and Subtype A6. Bull Exp Biol Med, 172(6):729-733 doi, Apr 2022. PubMed ID: 35501651
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Ruprecht2011
Claudia R. Ruprecht, Anders Krarup, Lucy Reynell, Axel M. Mann, Oliver F. Brandenberg, Livia Berlinger, Irene A. Abela, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Peter Rusert, and Alexandra Trkola. MPER-Specific Antibodies Induce gp120 Shedding and Irreversibly Neutralize HIV-1. J. Exp. Med., 208(3):439-454, 14 Mar 2011. PubMed ID: 21357743.
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Peter Rusert, Herbert Kuster, Beda Joos, Benjamin Misselwitz, Cornelia Gujer, Christine Leemann, Marek Fischer, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, William C Olson, Rainer Weber, Leonardo Aceto, Huldrych F Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. Virus Isolates during Acute and Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Show Distinct Patterns of Sensitivity to Entry Inhibitors. J. Virol., 79(13):8454-8469, Jul 2005. PubMed ID: 15956589.
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Peter Rusert, Axel Mann, Michael Huber, Viktor von Wyl, Huldrych F. Günthar, and Alexandra Trkola. Divergent Effects of Cell Environment on HIV Entry Inhibitor Activity. AIDS, 23(11):1319-1327, 17 Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19579289.
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Elizabeth S. Russell, Jesse J. Kwiek, Jessica Keys, Kirston Barton, Victor Mwapasa, David C. Montefiori, Steven R. Meshnick, and Ronald Swanstrom. The Genetic Bottleneck in Vertical Transmission of Subtype C HIV-1 Is Not Driven by Selection of Especially Neutralization-Resistant Virus from the Maternal Viral Population. J Virol, 85(16):8253-8262, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21593171.
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Sabin2010
Charles Sabin, Davide Corti, Victor Buzon, Mike S. Seaman, David Lutje Hulsik, Andreas Hinz, Fabrizia Vanzetta, Gloria Agatic, Chiara Silacci, Lara Mainetti, Gabriella Scarlatti, Federica Sallusto, Robin Weiss, Antonio Lanzavecchia, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Crystal Structure and Size-Dependent Neutralization Properties of HK20, a Human Monoclonal Antibody Binding to the Highly Conserved Heptad Repeat 1 of gp41. PLoS Pathog., 6(11):e1001195, 2010. PubMed ID: 21124990.
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Safrit2004
Jeffrey T. Safrit, Ruth Ruprecht, Flavia Ferrantelli, Weidong Xu, Moiz Kitabwalla, Koen Van Rompay, Marta Marthas, Nancy Haigwood, John R. Mascola, Katherine Luzuriaga, Samuel Adeniyi Jones, Bonnie J. Mathieson, Marie-Louise Newell, and Ghent IAS Working Group on HIV in Women Children. Immunoprophylaxis to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 35(2):169-177, 1 Feb 2004. PubMed ID: 14722451.
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Manish Sagar, Hisashi Akiyama, Behzad Etemad, Nora Ramirez, Ines Freitas, and Suryaram Gummuluru. Transmembrane Domain Membrane Proximal External Region but Not Surface Unit-Directed Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Can Restrict Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Trans-Infection. J. Infect. Dis., 205(8):1248-1257, 15 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22396600.
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Sainsbury2010
Frank Sainsbury, Markus Sack, Johannes Stadlmann, Heribert Quendler, Rainer Fischer, and George P. Lomonossoff. Rapid Transient Production in Plants by Replicating and Non-Replicating Vectors Yields High Quality Functional Anti-HIV Antibody. PLoS One, 5(11):e13976, 2010. PubMed ID: 21103044.
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Mohammad M. Sajadi, George K. Lewis, Michael S. Seaman, Yongjun Guan, Robert R. Redfield, and Anthony L. DeVico. Signature Biochemical Properties of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 86(9):5014-5025, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22379105.
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V. Sanchez-Merino, A. Fabra-Garcia, N. Gonzalez, D. Nicolas, A. Merino-Mansilla, C. Manzardo, J. Ambrosioni, A. Schultz, A. Meyerhans, J. R. Mascola, J. M. Gatell, J. Alcami, J. M. Miro, and E. Yuste. Detection of Broadly Neutralizing Activity within the First Months of HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 90(11):5231-5245, 1 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26984721.
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Rogier W. Sanders, Miro Venturi, Linnea Schiffner, Roopa Kalyanaraman, Hermann Katinger, Kenneth O. Lloyd, Peter D. Kwong, and John P. Moore. The Mannose-Dependent Epitope for Neutralizing Antibody 2G12 on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein gp120. J. Virol., 76(14):7293-7305, Jul 2002. PubMed ID: 12072528.
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Rogier W. Sanders, Mika Vesanen, Norbert Schuelke, Aditi Master, Linnea Schiffner, Roopa Kalyanaraman, Maciej Paluch, Ben Berkhout, Paul J. Maddon, William C. Olson, Min Lu, and John P. Moore. Stabilization of the Soluble, Cleaved, Trimeric Form of the Envelope Glycoprotein Complex of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 76(17):8875-8889, Sep 2002. PubMed ID: 12163607.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Sanders2015
Rogier W. Sanders, Marit J. van Gils, Ronald Derking, Devin Sok, Thomas J. Ketas, Judith A. Burger, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Cassandra Simonich, Leslie Goo, Heather Arendt, Helen J. Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee, Pavel Pugach, Melissa Williams, Gargi Debnath, Brian Moldt, Mariëlle J. van Breemen, Gözde Isik, Max Medina-Ramírez, Jaap Willem Back, Wayne C. Koff, Jean-Philippe Julien, Eva G. Rakasz, Michael S. Seaman, Miklos Guttman, Kelly K. Lee, Per Johan Klasse, Celia LaBranche, William R. Schief, Ian A. Wilson, Julie Overbaugh, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, David C. Montefiori, Hansi Dean, and John P. Moore. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Science, 349(6244):aac4223, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26089353.
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D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, Andrew B. Stuart, Ann J. Hessell, Mathew D. Gray, Iliyana Mikell, Spyros A. Kalams, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Emergence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Viral Coevolution in Two Subjects during the Early Stages of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 88(22):12968-12981, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25122781.
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Kevin O. Saunders, Nathan I. Nicely, Kevin Wiehe, Mattia Bonsignori, R. Ryan Meyerhoff, Robert Parks, William E. Walkowicz, Baptiste Aussedat, Nelson R. Wu, Fangping Cai, Yusuf Vohra, Peter K. Park, Amanda Eaton, Eden P. Go, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Dan H. Barouch, Ruijun Zhang, Tarra Von Holle, R. Glenn Overman, Kara Anasti, Rogier W. Sanders, M. Anthony Moody, Thomas B. Kepler, Bette Korber, Heather Desaire, Sampa Santra, Norman L. Letvin, Gary J. Nabel, David C. Montefiori, Georgia D. Tomaras, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Munir Alam, Samuel J. Danishefsky, and Barton F. Haynes. Vaccine Elicitation of High Mannose-Dependent Neutralizing Antibodies against the V3-Glycan Broadly Neutralizing Epitope in Nonhuman Primates. Cell Rep., 18(9):2175-2188, 28 Feb 2017. PubMed ID: 28249163.
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Christopher N. Scanlan, Ralph Pantophlet, Mark R. Wormald, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Robyn Stanfield, Ian A. Wilson, Hermann Katinger, Raymond A. Dwek, Pauline M. Rudd, and Dennis R. Burton. The Broadly Neutralizing Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2G12 Recognizes a Cluster of Alpha1→2 Mannose Residues on the Outer Face of gp120. J. Virol., 76(14):7306-7321, Jul 2002. PubMed ID: 12072529.
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Torben Schiffner, Jesper Pallesen, Rebecca A. Russell, Jonathan Dodd, Natalia de Val, Celia C. LaBranche, David Montefiori, Georgia D. Tomaras, Xiaoying Shen, Scarlett L. Harris, Amin E. Moghaddam, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Rogier W. Sanders, Laura E. McCoy, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Structural and Immunologic Correlates of Chemically Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1006986, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29746590.
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Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Suganya Selvarajah, Bridget Puffer, Ralph Pantophlet, Mansun Law, Robert W. Doms, and Dennis R. Burton. Comparing Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Engineered gp120. J. Virol., 79(19):12148-12163, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16160142.
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Shan2007
Meimei Shan, Per Johan Klasse, Kaustuv Banerjee, Antu K Dey, Sai Prasad N. Iyer, Robert Dionisio, Dustin Charles, Lila Campbell-Gardener, William C. Olson, Rogier W. Sanders, and John P. Moore. HIV-1 gp120 Mannoses Induce Immunosuppressive Responses from Dendritic Cells. PLoS Pathog., 3(11):e169, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 17983270.
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Shang2011
Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Xuanling Shi, Teng Zuo, Mark Goldin, Dan Chen, Bing Han, Wei Sun, Hao Wu, Xinquan Wang, and Linqi Zhang. Genetic and Neutralization Sensitivity of Diverse HIV-1 env Clones from Chronically Infected Patients in China. J. Biol. Chem., 286(16):14531-14541, 22 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21325278.
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Shen2010
Xiaoying Shen, S. Moses Dennison, Pinghuang Liu, Feng Gao, Frederick Jaeger, David C. Montefiori, Laurent Verkoczy, Barton F. Haynes, S. Munir Alam, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Prolonged Exposure of the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region with L669S Substitution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(13):5972-5977, 30 Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20231447.
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Sheppard2007a
Neil C. Sheppard, Sarah L. Davies, Simon A. Jeffs, Sueli M. Vieira, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Production and Characterization of High-Affinity Human Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins in a Mouse Model Expressing Human Immunoglobulins. Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 14(2):157-167, Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17167037.
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Si2001
Zhihai Si, Mark Cayabyab, and Joseph Sodroski. Envelope Glycoprotein Determinants of nEutralization Resistance in a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2) Derived by Passage in Monkeys. J. Virol., 75(9):4208-4218, May 2001. PubMed ID: 11287570.
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Siddappa2010
Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, Jennifer D. Watkins, Klemens J. Wassermann, Ruijiang Song, Wendy Wang, Victor G. Kramer, Samir Lakhashe, Michael Santosuosso, Mark C. Poznansky, Francis J. Novembre, François Villinger, James G. Else, David C. Montefiori, Robert A. Rasmussen, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. R5 Clade C SHIV Strains with Tier 1 or 2 Neutralization Sensitivity: Tools to Dissect Env Evolution and to Develop AIDS Vaccines in Primate Models. PLoS One, 5(7):e11689, 2010. PubMed ID: 20657739.
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Simek2009
Melissa D. Simek, Wasima Rida, Frances H. Priddy, Pham Pung, Emily Carrow, Dagna S. Laufer, Jennifer K. Lehrman, Mark Boaz, Tony Tarragona-Fiol, George Miiro, Josephine Birungi, Anton Pozniak, Dale A. McPhee, Olivier Manigart, Etienne Karita, André Inwoley, Walter Jaoko, Jack DeHovitz, Linda-Gail Bekker, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Robert Paris, Laura M. Walker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, Patricia E. Fast, Dennis R. Burton, and Wayne C. Koff. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Elite Neutralizers: Individuals with Broad and Potent Neutralizing Activity Identified by Using a High-Throughput Neutralization Assay together with an Analytical Selection Algorithm. J. Virol., 83(14):7337-7348, Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19439467.
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Simonich2016
Cassandra A. Simonich, Katherine L. Williams, Hans P. Verkerke, James A. Williams, Ruth Nduati, Kelly K. Lee, and Julie Overbaugh. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell, 166(1):77-87, 30 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27345369.
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Singh2003
Suddham Singh, Jiahong Ni, and Lai-Xi Wang. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of High-Mannose Type HIV-1 gp120 Glycopeptides. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 13(3):327-330, 10 Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12565922.
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Singh2011
Harvir Singh, Kevin A. Henry, Sampson S. T. Wu, Andrzej Chruscinski, Paul J. Utz, and Jamie K. Scott. Reactivity Profiles of Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Are Distinct from Those of Pathogenic Autoantibodies. AIDS, 25(10):1247-1257, 19 Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21508803.
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Sirois2007
Suzanne Sirois, Mohamed Touaibia, Kuo-Chen Chou, and Rene Roy. Glycosylation of HIV-1 gp120 V3 Loop: Towards the Rational Design of a Synthetic Carbohydrate Vaccine. Curr. Med. Chem., 14(30):3232-3242, 2007. PubMed ID: 18220757.
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Smalls-Mantey2012
Adjoa Smalls-Mantey, Nicole Doria-Rose, Rachel Klein, Andy Patamawenu, Stephen A. Migueles, Sung-Youl Ko, Claire W. Hallahan, Hing Wong, Bai Liu, Lijing You, Johannes Scheid, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against Primary HIV-Infected CD4+ T Cells Is Directly Associated with the Magnitude of Surface IgG Binding. J. Virol., 86(16):8672-8680, Aug 2012. PubMed ID: 22674985.
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Sok2014a
Devin Sok, Katie J. Doores, Bryan Briney, Khoa M. Le, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Alejandra Ramos, Daniel W. Kulp, Jean-Philippe Julien, Sergey Menis, Lalinda Wickramasinghe, Michael S. Seaman, William R. Schief, Ian A. Wilson, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Promiscuous Glycan Site Recognition by Antibodies to the High-Mannose Patch of gp120 Broadens Neutralization of HIV. Sci. Transl. Med., 6(236):236ra63, 14 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24828077.
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Sok2016
Devin Sok, Matthias Pauthner, Bryan Briney, Jeong Hyun Lee, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jessica Hsueh, Alejandra Ramos, Khoa M. Le, Meaghan Jones, Joseph G. Jardine, Raiza Bastidas, Anita Sarkar, Chi-Hui Liang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Chung-Yi Wu, William R. Schief, Chi-Huey Wong, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, Jiang Zhu, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. A Prominent Site of Antibody Vulnerability on HIV Envelope Incorporates a Motif Associated with CCR5 Binding and Its Camouflaging Glycans. Immunity, 45(1):31-45, 19 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27438765.
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Spenlehauer2001
C. Spenlehauer, C. A. Gordon, A. Trkola, and J. P. Moore. A luciferase-reporter gene-expressing T-cell line facilitates neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays that use either R5 or X4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology, 280(2):292--300, 15 Feb 2001. PubMed ID: 11162843.
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Srivastava2005
Indresh K. Srivastava, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, and Susan W. Barnett. Role of Neutralizing Antibodies in Protective Immunity Against HIV. Hum. Vaccin., 1(2):45-60, Mar-Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 17038830.
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Stamatatos2009
Leonidas Stamatatos, Lynn Morris, Dennis R. Burton, and John R. Mascola. Neutralizing Antibodies Generated during Natural HIV-1 Infection: Good News for an HIV-1 Vaccine? Nat. Med., 15(8):866-870, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19525964.
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Stephenson2016
Kathryn E. Stephenson and Dan H. Barouch. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Eradication. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 13(1):31-37, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26841901.
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Stewart-Jones2016
Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Cinque Soto, Thomas Lemmin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Aliaksandr Druz, Rui Kong, Paul V. Thomas, Kshitij Wagh, Tongqing Zhou, Anna-Janina Behrens, Tatsiana Bylund, Chang W. Choi, Jack R. Davison, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Justin Taft, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Vidya S. Shivatare, Chang-Chun D. Lee, Chung-Yi Wu, Carole A. Bewley, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Mark Connors, Max Crispin, Ulrich Baxa, Bette T. Korber, Chi-Huey Wong, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165(4):813-826, 5 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27114034.
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Stiegler2001
G. Stiegler, R. Kunert, M. Purtscher, S. Wolbank, R. Voglauer, F. Steindl, and H. Katinger. A potent cross-clade neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against a novel epitope on gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 17(18):1757--65, 10 Dec 2001. PubMed ID: 11788027.
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Stiegler2002
Gabriela Stiegler, Christine Armbruster, Brigitta Vcelar, Heribert Stoiber, Renate Kunert, Nelson L. Michael, Linda L. Jagodzinski, Christoph Ammann, Walter Jäger, Jeffrey Jacobson, Norbert Vetter, and Hermann Katinger. Antiviral Activity of the Neutralizing Antibodies 2F5 and 2G12 in Asymptomatic HIV-1-Infected Humans: A Phase I Evaluation. AIDS, 16(15):2019-2025, 18 Oct 2002. PubMed ID: 12370500.
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Strasser2009
Richard Strasser, Alexandra Castilho, Johannes Stadlmann, Renate Kunert, Heribert Quendler, Pia Gattinger, Jakub Jez, Thomas Rademacher, Friedrich Altmann, Lukas Mach, and Herta Steinkellner. Improved Virus Neutralization by Plant-Produced Anti-HIV Antibodies with a Homogeneous beta1,4-Galactosylated N-Glycan Profile. J. Biol. Chem., 284(31):20479-20485, 31 Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19478090.
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Sullivan1998
N. Sullivan, Y. Sun, Q. Sattentau, M. Thali, D. Wu, G. Denisova, J. Gershoni, J. Robinson, J. Moore, and J. Sodroski. CD4-Induced Conformational Changes in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Glycoprotein: Consequences for Virus Entry and Neutralization. J. Virol., 72:4694-4703, 1998. A study of the sCD4 inducible MAb 17bi, and the MAb CG10 that recognizes a gp120-CD4 complex. These epitopes are minimally accessible upon attachment of gp120 to the cell. The CD4-binding induced changes in gp120 were studied, exploring the sequestering of chemokine receptor binding sites from the humoral response. PubMed ID: 9573233.
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Sundling2012
Christopher Sundling, Yuxing Li, Nick Huynh, Christian Poulsen, Richard Wilson, Sijy O'Dell, Yu Feng, John R. Mascola, Richard T. Wyatt, and Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam. High-Resolution Definition of Vaccine-Elicited B Cell Responses Against the HIV Primary Receptor Binding Site. Sci. Transl. Med., 4(142):142ra96, 11 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22786681.
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Swanson2010
Michael D. Swanson, Harry C. Winter, Irwin J. Goldstein, and David M. Markovitz. A Lectin Isolated from Bananas Is a Potent Inhibitor of HIV Replication. J. Biol. Chem., 285(12):8646-55, 19 Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20080975.
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Takefman1998
D. M. Takefman, B. L. Sullivan, B. E. Sha, and G. T. Spear. Mechanisms of Resistance of HIV-1 Primary Isolates to Complement-Mediated Lysis. Virology, 246:370-378, 1998. PubMed ID: 9657955.
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Tasca2008
Silvana Tasca, Siu-Hong Ho, and Cecilia Cheng-Mayer. R5X4 Viruses Are Evolutionary, Functional, and Antigenic Intermediates in the Pathway of a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coreceptor Switch. J. Virol., 82(14):7089-7099, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18480460.
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Taylor2008
Brian M. Taylor, J. Scott Foulke, Robin Flinko, Alonso Heredia, Anthony DeVico, and Marvin Reitz. An Alteration of Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp41 Leads to Reduced CCR5 Dependence and CD4 Independence. J. Virol., 82(11):5460-5471, Jun 2008. PubMed ID: 18353949.
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Thenin2012a
Suzie Thenin, Emmanuelle Roch, Tanawan Samleerat, Thierry Moreau, Antoine Chaillon, Alain Moreau, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Naturally Occurring Substitutions of Conserved Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Different Clades Are Involved in PG9 and PG16 Resistance to Neutralization. J. Gen. Virol., 93(7):1495-1505, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22492917.
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Thida2019
Win Thida, Takeo Kuwata, Yosuke Maeda, Tetsu Yamashiro, Giang Van Tran, Kinh Van Nguyen, Masafumi Takiguchi, Hiroyuki Gatanaga, Kazuki Tanaka, and Shuzo Matsushita. The Role of Conventional Antibodies Targeting the CD4 Binding Site and CD4-Induced Epitopes in the Control of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Viruses. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 508(1):46-51, 1 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30470571.
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Todd2012
Christopher A. Todd, Kelli M. Greene, Xuesong Yu, Daniel A. Ozaki, Hongmei Gao, Yunda Huang, Maggie Wang, Gary Li, Ronald Brown, Blake Wood, M. Patricia D'Souza, Peter Gilbert, David C. Montefiori, and Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe. Development and Implementation of an International Proficiency Testing Program for a Neutralizing Antibody Assay for HIV-1 in TZM-bl Cells. J. Immunol. Methods, 375(1-2):57-67, 31 Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 21968254.
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Tokarev2015
Andrey Tokarev, Charlotte Stoneham, Mary K. Lewinski, Amey Mukim, Savitha Deshmukh, Thomas Vollbrecht, Celsa A. Spina, and John Guatelli. Pharmacologic Inhibition of Nedd8 Activation Enzyme Exposes CD4-Induced Epitopes within Env on Cells Expressing HIV-1. J. Virol., 90(5):2486-2502, 16 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26676780.
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Tomaras2008
Georgia D. Tomaras, Nicole L. Yates, Pinghuang Liu, Li Qin, Genevieve G. Fouda, Leslie L. Chavez, Allan C. Decamp, Robert J. Parks, Vicki C. Ashley, Judith T. Lucas, Myron Cohen, Joseph Eron, Charles B. Hicks, Hua-Xin Liao, Steven G. Self, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Kent J. Weinhold, Brandon F. Keele, Beatrice H. Hahn, Michael L. Greenberg, Lynn Morris, Salim S. Abdool Karim, William A. Blattner, David C. Montefiori, George M. Shaw, Alan S. Perelson, and Barton F. Haynes. Initial B-Cell Responses to Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Virion-Binding Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG Antibodies Followed by Plasma Anti-gp41 Antibodies with Ineffective Control of Initial Viremia. J. Virol., 82(24):12449-12463, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18842730.
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Tomaras2011
Georgia D. Tomaras, James M. Binley, Elin S. Gray, Emma T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, Penny L. Moore, Nancy Tumba, Tommy Tong, Xiaoying Shen, Nicole L. Yates, Julie Decker, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Philippa Easterbrook, Salim Abdool Karim, Gift Kamanga, John A. Crump, Myron Cohen, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Polyclonal B Cell Responses to Conserved Neutralization Epitopes in a Subset of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 85(21):11502-11519, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21849452.
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Tong2012
Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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Trkola1995a
A. Trkola, A. B. Pomales, H. Yuan, B. Korber, P. J. Maddon, G. P. Allaway, H. Katinger, C. F. Barbas III, D. R. Burton, D. D. Ho, and J. P. Moore. Cross-Clade Neutralization of Primary Isolates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Tetrameric CD4-IgG. J. Virol., 69:6609-6617, 1995. Three MAbs, IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5 tetrameric CD4-IgG2 were tested for their ability to neutralize primary isolates from clades A-F. 2F5 and CD4-IgG2 were able to neutralize within and outside clade B with a high potency. IgG1b12 and 2G12 could potently neutralize isolates from within clade B, but showed a reduction in efficacy outside of clade B. 2F5 neutralization was dependent on the presence of the sequence: LDKW. PubMed ID: 7474069.
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Trkola1996
A. Trkola, M. Purtscher, T. Muster, C. Ballaun, A. Buchacher, N. Sullivan, K. Srinivasan, J. Sodroski, J. P. Moore, and H. Katinger. Human Monoclonal Antibody 2G12 Defines a Distinctive Neutralization Epitope on the gp120 Glycoprotein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 70:1100-1108, 1996. PubMed ID: 8551569.
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Trkola1996b
A. Trkola, T. Dragic, J. Arthos, J. M. Binley, W. C. Olson, G. P. Allaway, C. Cheng-Mayer, J. Robinson, P. J. Maddon, and J. P. Moore. CD4-Dependent, Antibody-Sensitive Interactions between HIV-1 and Its Co-Receptor CCR-5. Nature, 384:184-187, 1996. CCR-5 is a co-factor for fusion of HIV-1 strains of the non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) phenotype with CD4+ T-cells. CD4 binding greatly increases the efficiency of gp120-CCR-5 interaction. Neutralizing MAbs against the V3 loop and CD4-induced epitopes on gp120 inhibited the interaction of gp120 with CCR-5, without affecting gp120-CD4 binding. PubMed ID: 8906796.
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Trkola1998
A. Trkola, T. Ketas, V. N. Kewalramani, F. Endorf, J. M. Binley, H. Katinger, J. Robinson, D. R. Littman, and J. P. Moore. Neutralization Sensitivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates to Antibodies and CD4-Based Reagents Is Independent of Coreceptor Usage. J. Virol., 72:1876-1885, 1998. PubMed ID: 9499039.
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Trkola2005
Alexandra Trkola, Herbert Kuster, Peter Rusert, Beda Joos, Marek Fischer, Christine Leemann, Amapola Manrique, Michael Huber, Manuela Rehr, Annette Oxenius, Rainer Weber, Gabriela Stiegler, Brigitta Vcelar, Hermann Katinger, Leonardo Aceto, and Huldrych F. Günthard. Delay of HIV-1 Rebound after Cessation of Antiretroviral Therapy through Passive Transfer of Human Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Med., 11(6):615-622, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15880120.
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Ueno-Noto2016
Kaori Ueno-Noto and Keiko Takano. Water Molecules inside Protein Structure affect Binding of Monosaccharides with HIV-1 Antibody 2G12. J. Comput. Chem., 37(26):2341-2348, 5 Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27388036.
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Ugolini1997
S. Ugolini, I. Mondor, P. W. H. I Parren, D. R. Burton, S. A. Tilley, P. J. Klasse, and Q. J. Sattentau. Inhibition of Virus Attachment to CD4+ Target Cells Is a Major Mechanism of T Cell Line-Adapted HIV-1 Neutralization. J. Exp. Med., 186:1287-1298, 1997. PubMed ID: 9334368.
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Upadhyay2014
Chitra Upadhyay, Luzia M. Mayr, Jing Zhang, Rajnish Kumar, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Arthur Nádas, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Catarina E. Hioe. Distinct Mechanisms Regulate Exposure of Neutralizing Epitopes in the V2 and V3 Loops of HIV-1 Envelope. J. Virol., 88(21):12853-12865, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25165106.
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Utachee2009
Piraporn Utachee, Piyamat Jinnopat, Panasda Isarangkura-na-ayuthaya, U. Chandimal de Silva, Shota Nakamura, Uamporn Siripanyaphinyo, Nuanjun Wichukchinda, Kenzo Tokunaga, Teruo Yasunaga, Pathom Sawanpanyalert, Kazuyoshi Ikuta, Wattana Auwanit, and Masanori Kameoka. Phenotypic Studies on Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Containing CRF01\_AE env Gene Derived from HIV-1-Infected Patient, Residing in Central Thailand. Microbes Infect., 11(3):334-343, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19136072.
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Vaine2008
Michael Vaine, Shixia Wang, Emma T. Crooks, Pengfei Jiang, David C. Montefiori, James Binley, and Shan Lu. Improved Induction of Antibodies against Key Neutralizing Epitopes by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 DNA Prime-Protein Boost Vaccination Compared to gp120 Protein-Only Vaccination. J. Virol., 82(15):7369-7378, Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18495775.
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Vaine2010
Michael Vaine, Shixia Wang, Qin Liu, James Arthos, David Montefiori, Paul Goepfert, M. Juliana McElrath, and Shan Lu. Profiles of Human Serum Antibody Responses Elicited by Three Leading HIV Vaccines Focusing on the Induction of Env-Specific Antibodies. PLoS One, 5(11):e13916, 2010. PubMed ID: 21085486.
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Vaine2011
Michael Vaine, Maria Duenas-Decamp, Paul Peters, Qin Liu, James Arthos, Shixia Wang, Paul Clapham, and Shan Lu. Two Closely Related Env Antigens from the Same Patient Elicited Different Spectra of Neutralizing Antibodies against Heterologous HIV-1 Isolates. J. Virol., 85(10):4927-4936, May 2011. PubMed ID: 21411542.
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Vamvaka2016
Evangelia Vamvaka, Richard M. Twyman, Andre Melro Murad, Stanislav Melnik, Audrey Yi-Hui Teh, Elsa Arcalis, Friedrich Altmann, Eva Stoger, Elibio Rech, Julian K. C. Ma, Paul Christou, and Teresa Capell. Rice Endosperm Produces an Underglycosylated and Potent Form of the HIV-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody 2G12. Plant Biotechnol. J., 14(1):97-108, Jan 2016. PubMed ID: 25845722.
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vandenKerkhof2013
Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, K. Anton Feenstra, Zelda Euler, Marit J. van Gils, Linda W. E. Rijsdijk, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Jaap Heringa, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and Rogier W. Sanders. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures That Correlate with the Development of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Retrovirology, 10:102, 23 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24059682.
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vanGils2011
Marit J. van Gils, Evelien M. Bunnik, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Judith A. Burger, Marijke Terlouw-Klein, Naomi Verwer, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Longer V1V2 Region with Increased Number of Potential N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Protects against HIV-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(14):6986-6995, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21593147.
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vanGils2011a
Marit J. van Gils, Diana Edo-Matas, Emma J. Bowles, Judith A. Burger, Guillaume B. Stewart-Jones, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in a Patient with Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity in Serum. J. Virol., 85(16):8443-8438, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21653664.
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vanMontfort2007
Thijs van Montfort, Alexey A. Nabatov, Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Efficient Capture of Antibody Neutralized HIV-1 by Cells Expressing DC-SIGN and Transfer to CD4+ T Lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 178(5):3177-85, 1 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17312166.
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vanMontfort2008
Thijs van Montfort, Adri A. M. Thomas, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Dendritic Cells Preferentially Transfer CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants to CD4+ T Lymphocytes in trans. J. Viro.l, 82(16):7886-7896, Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18524826.
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Vcelar2007
Brigitta Vcelar, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann M. Wolf, Wolfgang Muntean, Bettina Leschnik, Saurabh Mehandru, Martin Markowitz, Christine Armbruster, Renate Kunert, Martha M. Eibl, and Hermann Katinger. Reassessment of Autoreactivity of the Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies 4E10 and 2F5 and Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Safety Data. AIDS, 21(16):2161-2170, 18 Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 18090042.
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Veillette2014
Maxime Veillette, Anik Désormeaux, Halima Medjahed, Nour-Elhouda Gharsallah, Mathieu Coutu, Joshua Baalwa, Yongjun Guan, George Lewis, Guido Ferrari, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, James E. Robinson, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, and Andres Finzi. Interaction with Cellular CD4 Exposes HIV-1 Envelope Epitopes Targeted by Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J. Virol., 88(5):2633-2644, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352444.
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Vermeire2009
Kurt Vermeire, Kristel Van Laethem, Wouter Janssens, Thomas W. Bell, and Dominique Schols. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Escape from Cyclotriazadisulfonamide-Induced CD4-Targeted Entry Inhibition Is Associated with Increased Neutralizing Antibody Susceptibility. J. Virol., 83(18):9577-9583, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19570853.
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Verrier2001
F. Verrier, A. Nadas, M. K. Gorny, and S. Zolla-Pazner. Additive effects characterize the interaction of antibodies involved in neutralization of the primary dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate 89.6. J. Virol., 75(19):9177--86, Oct 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/19/9177. PubMed ID: 11533181.
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Virnik2018
Konstantin Virnik, Edmund Nesti, Cody Dail, Aaron Scanlan, Alexei Medvedev, Russell Vassell, Andrew T. McGuire, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Ira Berkower. Live Rubella Vectors Can Express Native HIV Envelope Glycoproteins Targeted by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Prime the Immune Response to an Envelope Protein Boost. Vaccine, 36(34):5166-5172, 16 Aug 2018. PubMed ID: 30037665.
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vonBredow2016
Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Vu2006
John R. Vu, Timothy Fouts, Katherine Bobb, Jennifer Burns, Brenda McDermott, David I. Israel, Karla Godfrey, and Anthony DeVico. An Immunoglobulin Fusion Protein Based on the gp120-CD4 Receptor Complex Potently Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vitro. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 22(6):477-490, Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16796521.
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Walker2009a
Laura M. Walker, Sanjay K. Phogat, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Denise Wagner, Pham Phung, Julie L. Goss, Terri Wrin, Melissa D. Simek, Steven Fling, Jennifer L. Mitcham, Jennifer K. Lehrman, Frances H. Priddy, Ole A. Olsen, Steven M. Frey, Phillip W . Hammond, Protocol G Principal Investigators, Stephen Kaminsky, Timothy Zamb, Matthew Moyle, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibodies from an African Donor Reveal a new HIV-1 Vaccine Target. Science, 326(5950):285-289, 9 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19729618.
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Walker2010
Laura M. Walker, Melissa D. Simek, Frances Priddy, Johannes S. Gach, Denise Wagner, Michael B. Zwick, Sanjay K. Phogat, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals. PLoS Pathog., 6(8), 2010. PubMed ID: 20700449.
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Walker2010a
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Rational Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine Design: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22(3):358-366, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20299194.
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Walker2011
Laura M. Walker, Michael Huber, Katie J. Doores, Emilia Falkowska, Robert Pejchal, Jean-Philippe Julien, Sheng-Kai Wang, Alejandra Ramos, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Matthew Moyle, Jennifer L. Mitcham, Phillip W. Hammond, Ole A. Olsen, Pham Phung, Steven Fling, Chi-Huey Wong, Sanjay Phogat, Terri Wrin, Melissa D. Simek, Protocol G. Principal Investigators, Wayne C. Koff, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, and Pascal Poignard. Broad Neutralization Coverage of HIV by Multiple Highly Potent Antibodies. Nature, 477(7365):466-470, 22 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21849977.
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Walker2011a
Laura M. Walker, Devin Sok, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Olivia Donau, Reza Sadjadpour, Rajeev Gautam, Masashi Shingai, Robert Pejchal, Alejandra Ramos, Melissa D. Simek, Yu Geng, Ian A. Wilson, Pascal Poignard, Malcolm A. Martin, and Dennis R. Burton. Rapid development of Glycan-Specific, Broad, and Potent Anti-HIV-1 gp120 Neutralizing Antibodies in an R5 SIV/HIV Chimeric Virus Infected Macaque. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 108(50):20125-20129, 13 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22123961.
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Wallace2009
Aaron Wallace and Leonidas Stamatatos. Introduction of Exogenous Epitopes in the Variable Regions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein: Effect on Viral Infectivity and the Neutralization Phenotype. J. Virol., 83(16):7883-7893, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19494007.
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Wang2003
Lai-Xi Wang. Bioorganic Approaches towards HIV Vaccine Design. Curr. Pharm. Des., 9(22):1771-87, 2003. PubMed ID: 12871196.
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Wang2004
Lai-Xi Wang, Jiahong Ni, Suddham Singh, and Hengguang Li. Binding of High-Mannose-Type Oligosaccharides and Synthetic Oligomannose Clusters to Human Antibody 2G12: Implications for HIV-1 Vaccine Design. Chem. Biol., 11(1):127-134, Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 15113002.
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Wang2006
Shixia Wang, Ranajit Pal, John R. Mascola, Te-Hui W. Chou, Innocent Mboudjeka, Siyuan Shen, Qin Liu, Stephen Whitney, Timothy Keen, B. C. Nair, V. S. Kalyanaraman, Philip Markham, and Shan Lu. Polyvalent HIV-1 Env Vaccine Formulations Delivered by the DNA Priming Plus Protein Boosting Approach Are Effective in Generating Neutralizing Antibodies against Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates From Subtypes A, B, C, D and E. Virology, 350(1):34-47, 20 Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16616287.
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Wang2007b
Jingsong Wang, Hengguang Li, Guozhang Zou, and Lai-Xi Wang. Novel Template-Assembled Oligosaccharide Clusters as Epitope Mimics for HIV-Neutralizing Antibody 2G12. Design, Synthesis, and Antibody Binding Study. Org. Biomol. Chem., 5(10):1529-1540, 21 May 2007. PubMed ID: 17571181.
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Wang2008
Qian Wang, Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Zining Zhang, Yongjun Jiang, Yanan Wang, Di Dai, and Yingying Diao. High Level Serum Neutralizing Antibody against HIV-1 in Chinese Long-Term Non-Progressors. Microbiol. Immunol., 52(4):209-215, Apr 2008. PubMed ID: 18426395.
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Wang2012
Shixia Wang, Michael Kishko, Shengqin Wan, Yan Wang, Frank Brewster, Glenda E. Gray, Avye Violari, John L. Sullivan, Mohan Somasundaran, Katherine Luzuriaga, and Shan Lu. Pilot Study on the Immunogenicity of Paired Env Immunogens from Mother-to-Child Transmitted HIV-1 Isolates. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 8(11):1638-1647, 1 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23151449.
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Hongye Wang, Ting Yuan, Tingting Li, Yanpeng Li, Feng Qian, Chuanwu Zhu, Shujia Liang, Daniel Hoffmann, Ulf Dittmer, Binlian Sun, and Rongge Yang. Evaluation of Susceptibility of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Variants to Neutralization by a Panel of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Arch. Virol., 163(12):3303-3315, Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30196320.
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Wang2022
Lijie Wang, Shujia Liang, Jianhua Huang, Yibo Ding, Lin He, Yanling Hao, Li Ren, Meiling Zhu, Yi Feng, Abdur Rashid, Yue Liu, Shibo Jiang, Kunxue Hong, and Liying Ma. Neutralization Sensitivity of HIV-1 CRF07\_BC From an Untreated Patient With a Focus on Evolution Over Time. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12:862754, 2022. PubMed ID: 35372102.
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Wang2023
Shuishu Wang, Flavio Matassoli, Baoshan Zhang, Tracy Liu, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Tatsiana Bylund, Timothy Johnston, Amy R. Henry, I-Ting Teng, Prabhanshu Tripathi, Jordan E. Becker, Anita Changela, Ridhi Chaudhary, Cheng Cheng, Martin Gaudinski, Jason Gorman, Darcy R. Harris, Myungjin Lee, Nicholas C. Morano, Laura Novik, Sijy O'Dell, Adam S. Olia, Danealle K. Parchment, Reda Rawi, Jesmine Roberts-Torres, Tyler Stephens, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Danyi Wang, David J. Van Wazer, Tongqing Zhou, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Richard A. Koup, Lawrence Shapiro, Daniel C. Douek, Adrian B. McDermott, and Peter D. Kwong. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies elicited in humans by a prefusion-stabilized envelope trimer form a reproducible class targeting fusion peptide. Cell Rep, 42(7):112755 doi, Jul 2023. PubMed ID: 37436899
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Webb2015
Nicholas E. Webb, David C. Montefiori, and Benhur Lee. Dose-Response Curve Slope Helps Predict Therapeutic Potency and Breadth of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 6:8443, 29 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26416571.
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Wen2018
Yingxia Wen, Hung V. Trinh, Christine E Linton, Chiara Tani, Nathalie Norais, DeeAnn Martinez-Guzman, Priyanka Ramesh, Yide Sun, Frank Situ, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Christopher Hamlin, Sayali Onkar, Sai Tian, Susan Hilt, Padma Malyala, Rushit Lodaya, Ning Li, Gillis Otten, Giuseppe Palladino, Kristian Friedrich, Yukti Aggarwal, Celia LaBranche, Ryan Duffy, Xiaoying Shen, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, William Fulp, Raphael Gottardo, Brian Burke, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H. Kim, Mangala Rao, Robert J. O'Connell, Andrea Carfi, and Susan W. Barnett. Generation and Characterization of a Bivalent Protein Boost for Future Clinical Trials: HIV-1 Subtypes CR01\_AE and B gp120 Antigens with a Potent Adjuvant. PLoS One, 13(4):e0194266, 2018. PubMed ID: 29698406.
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West2009
Anthony P. West, Jr., Rachel P. Galimidi, Christopher P. Foglesong, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman, Joshua S. Klein, Maria D. Suzuki, Noreen E. Tiangco, Jost Vielmetter, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Design and Expression of a Dimeric Form of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2G12 with Increased Neutralization Potency. J. Virol., 83(1):98-104, Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 18945777.
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West2010
Anthony P. West, Jr., Rachel P. Galimidi, Christopher P. Foglesong, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Joshua S. Klein, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Evaluation of CD4-CD4i Antibody Architectures Yields Potent, Broadly Cross-Reactive Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reagents. J. Virol., 84(1):261-269, Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19864392.
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Anthony P. West, Jr., Ron Diskin, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Structural Basis for Germ-Line Gene Usage of a Potent Class of Antibodies Targeting the CD4-Binding Site of HIV-1 gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):E2083-E2090, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22745174.
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West2013
Anthony P. West, Jr., Louise Scharf, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Computational Analysis of Anti-HIV-1 Antibody Neutralization Panel Data to Identify Potential Functional Epitope Residues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(26):10598-10603, 25 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23754383.
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Wieczorek2023
Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Michelle Zemil, Eric Lewitus, Erin Kavusak, Jonah Heller, Sebastian Molnar, Mekhala Rao, Gabriel Smith, Meera Bose, Amy Nguyen, Adwitiya Dhungana, Katherine Okada, Kelly Parisi, Daniel Silas, Bonnie Slike, Anuradha Ganesan, Jason Okulicz, Tahaniyat Lalani, Brian K. Agan, Trevor A. Crowell, Janice Darden, Morgane Rolland, Sandhya Vasan, Julie Ake, Shelly J. Krebs, Sheila Peel, Sodsai Tovanabutra, and Victoria R. Polonis. Evolution of HIV-1 envelope towards reduced neutralization sensitivity, as demonstrated by contemporary HIV-1 subtype B from the United States. PLoS Pathog, 19(12):e1011780 doi, Dec 2023. PubMed ID: 38055771
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Willey2008
Suzanne Willey and Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Humoral Immunity to HIV-1: Neutralisation and Antibody Effector Functions. Trends Microbiol., 16(12):596-604, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18964020.
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Witt2017
Kristen C. Witt, Luis Castillo-Menendez, Haitao Ding, Nicole Espy, Shijian Zhang, John C. Kappes, and Joseph Sodroski. Antigenic Characterization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Precursor Incorporated into Nanodiscs. PLoS One, 12(2):e0170672, 2017. PubMed ID: 28151945.
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Wolbank2003
Susanne Wolbank, Renate Kunert, Gabriela Stiegler, and Hermann Katinger. Characterization of Human Class-Switched Polymeric (Immunoglobulin M [IgM] and IgA) Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibodies 2F5 and 2G12. J. Virol., 77(7):4095-4103, Apr 2003. PubMed ID: 12634368.
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Wu2009a
Lan Wu, Tongqing Zhou, Zhi-yong Yang, Krisha Svehla, Sijy O'Dell, Mark K. Louder, Ling Xu, John R. Mascola, Dennis R. Burton, James A. Hoxie, Robert W. Doms, Peter D. Kwong, and Gary J. Nabel. Enhanced Exposure of the CD4-Binding Site to Neutralizing Antibodies by Structural Design of a Membrane-Anchored Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Domain. J. Virol., 83(10):5077-5086, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19264769.
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Wu2010
Xueling Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Yuxing Li, Carl-Magnus Hogerkorp, William R. Schief, Michael S. Seaman, Tongqing Zhou, Stephen D. Schmidt, Lan Wu, Ling Xu, Nancy S. Longo, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Mark K. Louder, Diane L. Wycuff, Yu Feng, Martha Nason, Nicole Doria-Rose, Mark Connors, Peter D. Kwong, Mario Roederer, Richard T. Wyatt, Gary J. Nabel, and John R. Mascola. Rational Design of Envelope Identifies Broadly Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies to HIV-1. Science, 329(5993):856-861, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20616233.
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Yunji Wu, Anthony P. West, Jr., Helen J. Kim, Matthew E. Thornton, Andrew B. Ward, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Structural Basis for Enhanced HIV-1 Neutralization by a Dimeric Immunoglobulin G Form of the Glycan-Recognizing Antibody 2G12. Cell Rep., 5(5):1443-1455, 12 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24316082.
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Wyatt1998
R. Wyatt, P. D. Kwong, E. Desjardins, R. W. Sweet, J. Robinson, W. A. Hendrickson, and J. G. Sodroski. The Antigenic Structure of the HIV gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein. Nature, 393:705-711, 1998. Comment in Nature 1998 Jun 18;393(6686):630-1. The spatial organization of the neutralizing epitopes of gp120 is described, based on epitope maps interpreted in the context of the X-ray crystal structure of a ternary complex that includes a gp120 core, CD4 and a neutralizing antibody. PubMed ID: 9641684.
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Wyatt1998a
R. Wyatt and J. Sodroski. The HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins: Fusogens, Antigens, and Immunogens. Science, 280:1884-1888, 1998. Review discussing of the mechanisms used by the virus to evade a neutralizing antibody response while maintaining vital Env functions of binding to target cells, and then entering through membrane fusion. PubMed ID: 9632381.
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Xiaodong Xiao, Weizao Chen, Yang Feng, Zhongyu Zhu, Ponraj Prabakaran, Yanping Wang, Mei-Yun Zhang, Nancy S. Longo, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Germline-Like Predecessors of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Lack Measurable Binding to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins: Implications for Evasion of Immune Responses and Design of Vaccine Immunogens. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 390(3):404-409, 18 Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19748484.
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Xu2001
W. Xu, B. A. Smith-Franklin, P. L. Li, C. Wood, J. He, Q. Du, G. J. Bhat, C. Kankasa, H. Katinger, L. A. Cavacini, M. R. Posner, D. R. Burton, T. C. Chou, and R. M. Ruprecht. Potent neutralization of primary human immunodeficiency virus clade C isolates with a synergistic combination of human monoclonal antibodies raised against clade B. J Hum Virol, 4(2):55--61, Mar-Apr 2001. PubMed ID: 11437315.
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Xu2002
Weidong Xu, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Passive Immunization with Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies: Correlates of Protective Immunity against HIV. Vaccine, 20(15):1956-1960, 6 May 2002. PubMed ID: 11983253.
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Yamamoto2008
Hiroyuki Yamamoto and Tetsuro Matano. Anti-HIV Adaptive Immunity: Determinants for Viral Persistence. Rev. Med. Virol., 18(5):293-303, Sep-Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18416450.
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Yang2002
Xinzhen Yang, Juliette Lee, Erin M. Mahony, Peter D. Kwong, Richard Wyatt, and Joseph Sodroski. Highly Stable Trimers Formed by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins Fused with the Trimeric Motif of T4 Bacteriophage Fibritin. J. Virol., 76(9):4634-4642, 1 May 2002. PubMed ID: 11932429.
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Xinzhen Yang, Svetla Kurteva, Sandra Lee, and Joseph Sodroski. Stoichiometry of Antibody Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 79(6):3500-3508, Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15731244.
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Xinzhen Yang, Inna Lipchina, Simon Cocklin, Irwin Chaiken, and Joseph Sodroski. Antibody Binding Is a Dominant Determinant of the Efficiency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralization. J. Virol., 80(22):11404-11408, Nov 2006. PubMed ID: 16956933.
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Qiang Yang, Cishan Li, Yadong Wei, Wei Huang, and Lai-Xi Wang. Expression, Glycoform Characterization, and Antibody-Binding of HIV-1 V3 Glycopeptide Domain Fused with Human IgG1-Fc. Bioconjug. Chem., 21(5):875-883, 19 May 2010. PubMed ID: 20369886.
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Yang2012
Lifei Yang, Yufeng Song, Xiaomin Li, Xiaoxing Huang, Jingjing Liu, Heng Ding, Ping Zhu, and Paul Zhou. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Produced by Stably Transfected Drosophila S2 Cells: A Desirable Vaccine Component. J. Virol., 86(14):7662-7676, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22553333.
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Yang2014
Lili Yang and Pin Wang. Passive Immunization against HIV/AIDS by Antibody Gene Transfer. Viruses, 6(2):428-447, Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24473340.
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Yasmeen2014
Anila Yasmeen, Rajesh Ringe, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, and Per Johan Klasse. Differential Binding of Neutralizing and Non-Neutralizing Antibodies to Native-Like Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimers, Uncleaved Env Proteins, and Monomeric Subunits. Retrovirology, 11:41, 2014. PubMed ID: 24884783.
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Yates2018
Nicole L. Yates, Allan C. deCamp, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, Carmela Irene, Abraham Pinter, James Peacock, Linda J. Harris, Sheetal Sawant, Peter Hraber, Xiaoying Shen, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Sorachai Nitayapan, Phillip W. Berman, Merlin L. Robb, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Barton F. Haynes, S. Munir Alam, David C. Montefiori, and Georgia D. Tomaras. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins from Diverse Clades Differentiate Antibody Responses and Durability among Vaccinees. J. Virol., 92(8), 15 Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29386288.
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Ye2006
Ling Ye, Yuliang Sun, Jianguo Lin, Zhigao Bu, Qingyang Wu, Shibo Jiang, David A. Steinhauer, Richard W. Compans, and Chinglai Yang. Antigenic Properties of a Transport-Competent Influenza HA/HIV Env Chimeric Protein. Virology, 352(1):74-85, 15 Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16725170.
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Yee2011
Michael Yee, Krystyna Konopka, Jan Balzarini, and Nejat Düzgüneş. Inhibition of HIV-1 Env-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion by Lectins, Peptide T-20, and Neutralizing Antibodies. Open Virol. J., 5:44-51, 2011. PubMed ID: 21660189.
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Yoshimura2010
Kazuhisa Yoshimura, Shigeyoshi Harada, Junji Shibata, Makiko Hatada, Yuko Yamada, Chihiro Ochiai, Hirokazu Tamamura, and Shuzo Matsushita. Enhanced Exposure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolate Neutralization Epitopes through Binding of CD4 Mimetic Compounds. J. Virol., 84(15):7558-7568, Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20504942.
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Yu2018
Wen-Han Yu, Peng Zhao, Monia Draghi, Claudia Arevalo, Christina B. Karsten, Todd J. Suscovich, Bronwyn Gunn, Hendrik Streeck, Abraham L. Brass, Michael Tiemeyer, Michael Seaman, John R. Mascola, Lance Wells, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, and Galit Alter. Exploiting Glycan Topography for Computational Design of Env Glycoprotein Antigenicity. PLoS Comput. Biol., 14(4):e1006093, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29677181.
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Yuan2005
Wen Yuan, Stewart Craig, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Inter-Subunit Disulfide Bonds in Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. Virology, 332(1):369-383, 5 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15661168.
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Yuan2006
Wen Yuan, Jessica Bazick, and Joseph Sodroski. Characterization of the Multiple Conformational States of Free Monomeric and Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins after Fixation by Cross-Linker. J. Virol., 80(14):6725-6737, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16809278.
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ZederLutz2001
G. Zeder-Lutz, J. Hoebeke, and M. H. Van Regenmortel. Differential recognition of epitopes present on monomeric and oligomeric forms of gp160 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by human monoclonal antibodies. Eur. J. Biochem., 268(10):2856--66, May 2001. PubMed ID: 11358501.
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Zhang2002
Peng Fei Zhang, Peter Bouma, Eun Ju Park, Joseph B. Margolick, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Michael N. Flora, and Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr. A Variable Region 3 (V3) Mutation Determines a Global Neutralization Phenotype and CD4-Independent Infectivity of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Associated with a Broadly Cross-Reactive, Primary Virus-Neutralizing Antibody Response. J. Virol., 76(2):644-655, Jan 2002. PubMed ID: 11752155.
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Zhang2007
Mei-Yun Zhang and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Novel Approaches for Identification of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Improvement of Their Potency. Curr. Pharm. Des., 13(2):203-212, 2007. PubMed ID: 17269928.
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Zhang2008
Mei-Yun Zhang, Bang K. Vu, Anil Choudhary, Hong Lu, Michael Humbert, Helena Ong, Munir Alam, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Gerald Quinnan, Shibo Jiang, David C. Montefiori, John R. Mascola, Christopher C. Broder, Barton F. Haynes, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Cross-Reactive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Recognizes a Novel Conformational Epitope on gp41 and Lacks Reactivity against Self-Antigens. J. Virol., 82(14):6869-6879, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18480433.
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Zhang2010
Mei-Yun Zhang, Andrew Rosa Borges, Roger G. Ptak, Yanping Wang, Antony S. Dimitrov, S. Munir Alam, Lindsay Wieczorek, Peter Bouma, Timothy Fouts, Shibo Jiang, Victoria R. Polonis, Barton F. Haynes, Gerald V. Quinnan, David C. Montefiori, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Potent and Broad Neutralizing Activity of a Single Chain Antibody Fragment against Cell-Free and Cell-Associated HIV-1. mAbs, 2(3):266-274, May-Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20305395.
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Zolla-Pazner2005
Susan Zolla-Pazner. Improving on Nature: Focusing the Immune Response on the V3 Loop. Hum. Antibodies, 14(3-4):69-72, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720976.
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Zwick2001c
M. B. Zwick, M. Wang, P. Poignard, G. Stiegler, H. Katinger, D. R. Burton, and P. W. Parren. Neutralization synergy of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates by cocktails of broadly neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol., 75(24):12198--208, Dec 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/24/12198. PubMed ID: 11711611.
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Michael B. Zwick, Robert Kelleher, Richard Jensen, Aran F. Labrijn, Meng Wang, Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr., Paul W. H. I. Parren, and Dennis R. Burton. A Novel Human Antibody against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Is V1, V2, and V3 Loop Dependent and Helps Delimit the Epitope of the Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Immunoglobulin G1 b12. J. Virol., 77(12):6965-6978, Jun 2003. PubMed ID: 12768015.
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Sengupta2023
Srona Sengupta, Josephine Zhang, Madison C. Reed, Jeanna Yu, Aeryon Kim, Tatiana N. Boronina, Nathan L. Board, James O. Wrabl, Kevin Shenderov, Robin A. Welsh, Weiming Yang, Andrew E. Timmons, Rebecca Hoh, Robert N. Cole, Steven G. Deeks, Janet D. Siliciano, Robert F. Siliciano, and Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri. A cell-free antigen processing system informs HIV-1 epitope selection and vaccine design. J Exp Med, 220(7):e20221654 doi, Jul 2023. PubMed ID: 37058141
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Displaying record number 2124
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
PG9 |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp120(126-196) |
Epitope |
(Discontinuous epitope)
|
Subtype |
A |
Ab Type |
gp120 V2 // V2 glycan(V2g) // V2 apex, quaternary structure |
Neutralizing |
P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG1) |
Patient |
Donor 24 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, contact residues, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, escape, genital and mucosal immunity, germline, glycosylation, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, junction or fusion peptide, memory cells, mimics, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, therapeutic vaccine, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
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206 notes.
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PG9: This article reviews how B cell receptor sequence analyses and repertoires can be used in vaccine stratagem. Overall, multiple immunogens and their interactions driving bnAb development to generate Abs with special genetic characteristics of V gene restriction, long CDRH3 (bnAbs like PG9 have twice the length of the average naive or memory B cell receptor CDRH3, at 30 aa) and high load SHM are the current effective strategy being used.
Kreer2020
(antibody generation, neutralization, therapeutic vaccine, review, antibody sequence)
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PG9: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
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PG9: Membrane-bound BG505-based ApexGT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. The antigenicity of the most promising immunogen, ApexGT5, was also assessed in variants designed for mRNA delivery. PCT64 and PG9/PG16 lineages were identified to have the highest and most consistent frequencies of precursors in 14 HIV-unexposed donors among 5 V2-apex-targeting bnAb classes which also included PGT141-145/PGDM1400-1414, CH01-CH04 and CAP256-VRC26 lineages. PG9/PG16 heavy chain (HC) precursors were found in 9/14 donors with a median frequency of 0.23 precursors per million BCRs. Of the assessed soluble trimers, PG9 had the greatest binding affinity for ApexGT3 (KD 0.2 nM). PG9 also had a KD value of 8.59 nM for binding to ApexGT5. Membrane-bound DNA-expressed BG505 SOSIP.MD39 (MD39, background for Apex constructs), ApexGT5, ApexGT5.Congly and ApexGT5.Gmax, as well as membrane-bound mRNA-encoded MD39, ApexGT5 and ApexGT5Congly, all had generally similar antigenic profiles and bound PG9 at moderate levels. A 4.75 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of PG9 Fab and ApexGT3.2MUT (PDB 7T77) confirmed 1:1 stoichiometry, angle of approach and extensive apex glycan interaction. The N130 and H185H glycans, present on ApexGT3.2MUT, do not make direct contacts with the PG9 Fab. The observed binding angle could cause structural clashes with an elongated loop2B, such as is found in wild-type BG505, but was similar between germline PG9 iGL and mature PG9. A trimeric interface was required for binding to PG9 iGL, but not mature PG9. Negative stain EM data suggested that an open conformation of an Env trimer would be required to accommodate 3 PG9 Fabs.
Willis2022
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, contact residues)
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PG9: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
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PG9: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
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PG9: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
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PG9: The polyclonal response of human subjects VC20013 and VC10014 demonstrated increasing neutralization breadth against a panel of HIV-1 isolates over time. Full-length functional env genes were cloned longitudinally from these subjects from months after infection through 2.6 to 5.8 years of infection. Motifs associated with the development of breadth in published, cross-sectional studies were found in the viral sequences of both subjects. To test the immunogenicity of envelope vaccines derived from time points obtained during and after broadening of neutralization activity within these subjects, rabbits were coimmunized 4 times with selected multiple gp160 DNAs and gp140-trimeric envelope proteins. In an assay of rabbit polyclonal responses, the most rapid and persistent neutralization of multiclade tier 1 viruses was elicited by envelopes that were circulating in plasma at time points prior to the development of 50% neutralization breadth in both human subjects. The breadth elicited in rabbits was not improved by exposure to later envelope variants. Env immunogen sequences were tested for binding to a panel of well studied mAbs of various binding types (VRC01, HJ16, b12, b6, PG9, PGT121, 2G12, 2F5, F240); all gp140s bound to weak or non-neutralizing antibodies b6 and F240. MAb b6 also bound BG505 SOSIP, while F240 did not, suggesting that cluster I gp41 epitopes, which become exposed during gp120 shedding, are more easily accessed on these trimers than on BG505-SOSIP. These data have implications for vaccine development in describing a target time point to identify optimal env immunogens.
Malherbe2014
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
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PG9: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
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PG9: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: PG9 was positive for neutralization and binding to infected cells, but negative for ADCC.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
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PG9: This study used directed evolution to overcome the instability and heterogeneity of a primary Env isolate (ADA) in order to design better immunogens. HIV-1 virions were subjected to iterative cycles of destabilization and replication to select for Envs with enhanced stability. Several mutations in Env were associated with increased trimer stability, primarily in the heptad repeat regions of gp41 and V1 of gp120. Mutations from the most stable Envs were combined into a variant Env, termed "comb-mut", with superior homogeneity and stability. Comb-mut had greater binding affinity for PGT128, PG9, PG16, 2G12, VRC01, b12, and CD4-IgG2, but decreased binding to 4E10, 2F5, b6, 19b, 17b, 7B2, and D50. Comb-mut was more sensitive to neutralization by PG9. One specific mutation (K574) was shown to decrease the neutralization IC50 of mAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10, b6, 2G12, 8K8 and inhibitors sCD4, T-20, and PF-68742. Several of the Env substitutions were shown to stabilize Env spikes from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. Spike stabilizing mutations may be useful in the development of Env immunogens that stably retain native, trimeric structure.
Leaman2013
(mimics, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
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PG9: Reduction in exposure of non-neutralizing Ab (nnAb) epitopes on native-like Env trimer immunogens results in bnAbs being elicited that have autologous tier 2 neutralization instead of tier 1. The design of trimer modifications to silence nnAb reactivity were directed towards (1) the V3 loop (2) epitopes exposed through CD4-induced conformational changes (CD4i epitopes) and (3) the exposed SOSIP trimer base that is usually buried within virus membrane. (1) In Steichen2016 2 Env variants of BG505 SOSIP.664 with reduced V3 nnAb-generating activity were created, one using mammalian display screens, BG505 MD39, and the other with an engineered disulfide bond, BG505 SOSIP.DS21. MD39's trimer design was improved by using the Rosetta Design platform and inserting 6 buried mutations to form BG505 Olio6, and both this trimer as well as the DS21 were shown to have reduced antigenicity for nnAb generation in a rabbit vaccine model. (2) To reduce CD4i epitope elicitation of nnAbs, saturation mutagenesis of Olio6 was performed, in search of the trimer that binds VRC01-class bnAbs but not CD4. BG505 Olio6.CD4KO containing the G473T mutation was identified. In addition, for the purposes of nucleic acid-based vaccine platform designs, the natural furin cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 was removed to abolish protease cleavage, by swapping the order of gp14 and gp120 in the gp160 gene, giving the trimer BG505 MD39.CP (circular permutation). (3) The exposed trimer base was masked with glycan in 3 under-glycosylated regions in order to direct bnAb responses to the distal regions (CD4bs, V2 apex, N332 superset) of the trimer instead, generating the GRSF (glycan resurfaced) MD39 and GRSF MD39.CP variants. Furthermore, variants with improved thermostability over MD39 were created, MD37 and MD64. All of these stabilizing mutations were transferred to diverse HIV isolates from different subtypes. Finally 3 subtype C (isolate 327c) trimers were assessed for binding to bnAbs, VRC01, PGT121, PGT151, PGT145, PG9 and to nnAbs, F105 and 17b - PG9 does bind all three.
Kulp2017
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, assay or method development, autologous responses, vaccine antigen design, structure)
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PG9: Using subtype A BG505 Env structural information, improved variants of subtype B JRFL and subtype C 16055 Env native flexibly linked (NFL) trimers were generated. The trimer-derived (TD) residues that increased well-ordered, homogeneous, stable, and soluble trimers did not require positive or negative selection as previously needed [Guenaga2015, PLoS Pathos. 11(1):e1004570]. In JRFL trimer-derived Env immunogens, binding to PG9 was restored by the E168K mutation.
Guenaga2015a
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, vaccine antigen design, structure)
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PG9: Most published structures of bnAbs, yet none of non- or poorly-neutralizing mAbs, were structurally compatible with a newly generated crystal structure of a mature ligand-free endoglycosidase H-treated BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimer. Robust binding of the structurally incompatible V3- and CD4-bs targeting nAbs could be induced with CD4. A “DS” variant of BG505 SOSIP.664, containing a stabilizing disulfide bond between 201C and 433C mutations, was developed and appeared to represent an obligate intermediate in that it bound only a single CD4 and remained in a prefusion closed conformation. BnAb PG9 was structurally compatible with BG505 SOSIP.664 and had a breadth of 78% (IC50 < 50 μg/ml) in a panel of 170 diverse HIV-1 pseudoviruses.
Kwon2015
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, structure)
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PG9: Primary HIV-1 Envs were expressed as SHIVs, and responses from infected rhesus macaques showed patterns of Env-antibody coevolution similar to those in humans. This included conserved immunogenetic, structural, and chemical solutions to epitope recognition and precise Env-amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions leading to virus persistence. One macaque mAb (RHA1.V2.01), neutralized 49% of a 208-strain panel, and structural analysis revealed a V2-apex mode of recognition that resembles human bnAbs PGT145 or PCT64-35S. Signature sites were analyzed for RHA1.V2.01 and 7 V2 bnAbs (PCT64-34M, PGDM1400, PG9, CH01, PGT145, VRC26.08, VRC26.25).
Roark2021
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, escape)
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PG9: This paper comprehensively defined the effect of every viable single aa mutation in the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of BG505.T332N Env on binding by 9 individual bnAbs targeting 5 epitope classes (VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PG9, PGT145, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 10E8), as well as by a mixture of 3BNC117 and 10-1074. Escape mutations mostly occurred in a small subset of structurally-defined contacts within <4 Å and at sites within 5-10 Å of the Ab. Escape from both V2-apex-targeting bnAbs, PG9 and PGT145, occurred through the elimination of the N160 glycan and/or positive charges from the epitope. Mutations in trimer apex contact sites also facilitated escape. Env sites with the largest cumulative mutational impact on PG9 binding were N160, K171, K169, and T162. See LANL Features and Contacts database for more details.
Dingens2019
(antibody binding site, escape, contact residues)
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PG9: This study aimed to define properties shared by transmitted viruses by comparing antigenic and functional properties of envelope glycoproteins of viral variants isolated during primary infection in 27 patients belonging to 8 transmission clusters. The neutralization of the 27 pseudotyped viruses was assayed with 8 human bnAbs targeting various regions of the virus. The infectious properties of the viruses was assessed by measuring their infectivity and sensitivity to entry inhibitors. Transmitted viruses from the same transmission chain shared many properties, including similar neutralization profiles, sensitivity to inhibitors, and infectivity. All transmitted viruses were CCR5-tropic, sensitive to maraviroc, and resistant to soluble forms of CD4, irrespective of cluster. They were also generally sensitive to bnAbs that target V3 (10-1074, PGT121), CD4bs (3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W), and MPER region (10E8), suggesting that the loss of these epitopes may affect a virus’s capacity to be transmitted. The viruses were somewhat less sensitive to bnAbs targeting the V1V2 region (PG9, PGT145) and gp120/gp41 interface (8ANC195). These data suggest that the transmission bottleneck is governed by selective forces.
Beretta2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
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PG9: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
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PG9: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
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PG9: HIV-1 and its SIV precursors share a bnAb epitope in Env V2 at the trimer apex. This study tested the immunogenicity of a chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) Env trimer. In mice expressing a human V2-apex bnAb heavy-chain precursor, trimer immunization induced V2-directed nAbs. Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-chimpanzee immunodeficiency viruses (SCIVs) elicited high-titer viremia, potent autologous neutralizing antibodies, rapid sequence escape in the canonical V2-apex epitope, and in some cases, low-titer heterologous plasma breadth mapping to the V2-apex. Antibody cloning from 2 macaques (T925 and T927) identified 7 lineages (53 mAbs) with long CDRH3 regions that cross-neutralize some primary HIV-1 strains with low potency. Electron microscopy of members of the two most cross-reactive lineages confirmed V2 targeting with an angle of approach distinct from prototypical V2-apex bNAbs; antibody binding either required or induced an occluded-open trimer. Probing with conformation-sensitive, nonneutralizing antibodies revealed that SCIV-expressed, but not wild-type SIVcpz Envs, as well as a subset of primary HIV-1 Envs, preferentially adopted a more open trimeric state. These results reveal the existence of a cryptic V2 epitope that is exposed in occluded-open SIVcpz and HIV-1 Env trimers and elicits cross-neutralizing responses of limited breadth and potency. This cryptic epitope, which in some Env backgrounds is immunodominant, needs to be considered in immunogen design. As part of the study, binding and neutralization assays used panels of nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, CH01, BG1, VRC38.01), non-nAbs (697-D, 1393A, CH58, CAP228-3D, 3074, 447-52D, 17b, A32), and unmutated ancestors (PG9-RUA, PG16-RUA, VRC26-UCA, CH01-RUA).
Bibollet-Ruche2023
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
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PG9: A macaque sequential immunization protocol with increasingly native-like V3-glycan-targeting Env trimers multimerized onto virus-like particles elicited multiple on-target mAbs with heterologous, yet generally weak, neutralization activity and minimal protection in a subsequent intrarectal heterologous challenge with SHIVDH12-V3AD8. The priming immunogen was RC1-4fill (clade A/E, RC1 with 4 additional glycans), a low affinity Env trimer with additional glycans to facilitate V3-glycan targeting and mask BG505 glycan hole, while the boosting immunogens were 11MUTB-4fill (clade A/E), B41-5MUT or B41 wildtype (clade B), AMC011/Du422 (clade B/C), and consensus group M/consensus clade C Env trimers. In a RC1 binding assay, PG9 Fab competed moderately with isolated macaque mAbs (Ab1456 and Ab1461) and itself and modestly with isolated macaque mAb Ab1573.
Escolano2021
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design)
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PG9: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); PG9 had 14 improbable mutations out of 28 total AA mutations, and 0 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
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PG9: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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PG9: 3 clonally-related autologously-neutralizing mAbs (43A, 43A1, and 43A2), isolated from rabbit 5743 which was co-immunized with BG505- and B41-based SOSIP soluble trimers [Klasse2016, PMID: 27627672], bind to an immunodominant epitope in V1 overlapping the bnAb N332 glycan supersite without interacting with glycans. Of the 43A family members, only 43A, at 2-50 μg/ml concentration, had limited competition with mAb PGT135 with 67-78% residual binding in a BG505 SOSIP.664 binding assay.
Nogal2020
(antibody interactions)
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PG9: A panel of 33 CRF02_AG pseudoviruses was generated from HIV-1-infected individuals during early stages of infection. Samples represented a 15-year period 1997-2012. These viruses were best neutralized by the CD4bs-directed bnAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, and N6) and the MPER-directed bnAb 10E8 in terms of both potency and breadth. There was a higher resistance to bnAbs targeting the V1V2-glycan region (PG9 and PGT145) and the V3-glycan region (PGT121 and 10-1074). Neutralization by 8ANC195 was also assayed. Combinations of antibodies were predicted by the CombiNaber tool to achieve full coverage across this subtype. There was increased resistance to bnAbs targeting the CD4bs linked to the diversification of CRF02_AG Env over the course of the timespan sampled.
Stefic2019
(neutralization, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
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PG9: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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PG9: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: This paper isolated and characterized V3-glycan bNAb Ab1485 produced by an elite neutralizing SHIVAD8-EO-infected macaque identified as CE8J. For comparison with Ab1485, the binding of apex mAb PG9 to BG505 was substantially inhibited by itself but not by mAbs 10-1074, 3BNC117, 8ANC195 and VRC34, which all targeted other regions of Env.
Wang2020
(antibody interactions)
-
PG9: A plant-based expression system was used to produce different glycoforms of the bnAbs PG9, PG16, 10–1074, NIH45–46G54W, 10E8, PGT121, PGT128, PGT145, PGT135, and b12. Also produced were mutated forms (N92T) of VRC01 (mVRC01) and NIH45–46G54W (mNIH45–46G54W). The in vivo properties of these mAbs were assessed in macaques to distinguish those most likely to comprise or become a component of an affordable and efficacious immunotherapeutic cocktails. N-glycans within the VL domain impaired the plasma stability of plant-derived bnAbs. While PGT121 and b12 exhibited no immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, VRC01, 10-1074 and NIH45-46G54W elicited high titer anti-idiotypic antibodies. The results indicated that that specific mutations in certain bnAbs caused immunogenicity in macaques. Such immunogenicity in humans would potentially compromise their value for immunotherapy. CHO1-31 was used as a positive control in a neutralization assay.
Rosenberg2015
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PG9: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
PG9: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128 as well as 2G12 were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG9: Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 immunity associated with VRC01-like antibodies was studied by isolation of VRC01-like neutralizers with CD4bs probe; structural definition of gp120 recognition by RSC3-identified antibodies from different donors; functional complementation of heavy and light chains among VRC01-like antibodies; identification of VRC01 antibodies by 454 pyrosequencing; and cross-donor phylogenetic analysis of sequences derived from the same precursor germline gene. b12, among with other RSC3-reactive antibodies, was used for several comparisons and showed dramatic differences in heavy-chain orientation relative to the VRC01. b12 had 48-66% sequence identity of its heavy and light chains to respective chains of VRC-PG04 and VRC-CH31. PG9 and PG16 Abs were compared to for % somatic hyper mutation.
Wu2011
(structure)
-
PG9: Analyses of all PDB HIV1-Env trimer (prefusion, closed) structures fulfilling certain parameters of resolution were performed to classify them on the basis of (a) antibody class which was informed by parental B cells as well as structural recognition, and (b) Env residues defining recognized HIV epitopes. Structural features of the 206 HIV epitope and bNAb paratopes were correlated with functional properties of the breadth and potency of neutralization against a 208-strain panel. Broadly nAbs with >25% breadth of neutralization belonged to 20 classes of antibodies with a large number of protruding loops and high degree of somatic hypermutation (SHM). Analysis of recognized HIV epitopes placed the bNAbs into 6 categories (viz. V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide and subunit interface). The epitopes contained high numbers of independent sequence segments and glycosylated surface area. PG9-Env formed a distinct group within the V1V2 category, Class PG9, and it has extensive D-gene contribution. Crystal structure data on B-cell culture identified PG9 Fab complexed to V1V2 region of strain ZM109 was found in PDB ID: 3U2S.
Chuang2019
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: In an effort to identify new Env immunogens able to elicit bNAbs, this study looked at Envs derived from rare individuals who possess bNAbs and are elite viral suppressors, hypothesizing that in at least some people the antibodies may mediate durable virus control. The Env proteins recovered from these individuals may more closely resemble the Envs that gave rise to bNAbs compared to the highly diverse viruses isolated from normal progressors. This study identified a treatment-naive elite suppressor, EN3 (patient record #4929), whose serum had broad neutralization. The Env sequences of EN3 had much fewer polymorphisms, compared to those of a normal progressor, EN1 (patient record #4928), who also had broad serum neutralization. This result confirmed other reports of slower virus evolution in elite suppressors. EN3 Envelope proteins were unusual in that most possessed two extra cysteines within an elongated V1 region. The impact of the extra cysteines on the binding to bNAbs, virus infectivity, and sensitivity to neutralization suggested that structural motifs in V1 can affect infectivity, and that rare viruses may be prevented from developing escape. As part of this study, the neutralization of pseudotype viruses for EN3 Env clones was assayed for several bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, VRC01, 4E10, and 35O22).
Hutchinson2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG9: Extensive structural and biochemical analyses demonstrated that PGT145 achieves recognition and neutralization by targeting quaternary structure of the cationic trimer apex with long and unusually stabilized anionic β-hairpin HCDR3 loops. Compared to PGT145, PG9 showed increased breadth, neutralization potency, and maximum percentage neutralization (MPN) in the presence of complex/hybrid glycans. In BG505.Env.C2 alanine-scanning neutralization assays, PG9 had similar results as CH01, consistent with both CH01 and PG9 being representatives of hammerhead-class, and very dissimilar results to PGT145-like antibodies.
Lee2017
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
PG9: Three vaccine regimens administered in guinea pigs over 200 weeks were compared for ability to elicit NAb polyclonal sera. While tier 1 NAb responses did increase with vaccination, tier 2 NAb heterologous responses did not. The 3 regimens were C97 (monovalent, Clade C gp140), 4C (tetravalent, 4 Clade C mosaic gp140s), ABCM (tetravalent, Clades A, B, C and mosaic gp140s). Polyclonal sera generated from the 4C and ABCM regimens, compared to the C97 regimen, were able to more successfully outcompete PG9 binding to gp140 antigens.
Bricault2018
(antibody generation, vaccine-induced immune responses, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
PG9: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. PGT121, PG9, PG16, and CH01 bound better to the E153C/R178C/G152E mutant than to SOSIP.664. The I184C/E190C mutant bound all the V2 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, and CH01) better than SOSIP.664. I184C/E190C was more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs compared with BG505 (by 5-fold for PG9, 3-fold for PG16, 6-fold for CH01, and 3-fold for PGDM1400).
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PG9: The authors used genome-editing techniques (CRISPR-Cas9) to modify HIV specific B cell receptors. In particular, they replaced the heavy chain variable region in B cell lines with that from the HIV broadly neutralizing antibody PG9. The chimeric PG9 antibodies they created could neutralize one or more of the PG9-sensitive viruses, and most neutralized multiple viruses from different clades in a global panel, although none of the chimeric antibodies were as broadly neutralizing as the original PG9 HC/LC pair.
Voss2019
(neutralization, antibody sequence, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody)
-
PG9: This study looks at the role of somatic mutations within antibody variable and framework regions (FWR) in bNAbs and how these mutations alter thermostability and neutralization as the Ab lineage reaches maturation. The emergence and selection of different mutations in the complementarity-determining and framework regions are necessary to maintain a balance between antibody function and stability. The study shows that all major classes of bNAbs (DH270, CH103, CH235, PG9 etc.) have lower thermostability than their corresponding inferred UCA antibodies. Fab interdomain flexibility mutations are selected early in Ab development.
Henderson2019
(neutralization, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: Two HIV-1-infected individuals, VC10014 and VC20013, were monitored from early infection until well after they had developed broadly neutralizing activity. The bNAb activity developed about 1 year after infection and mapped to a single epitope in both subjects. Isolates from each subject, taken at five different time points, were tested against monoclonal bNAbs: VRC01, B12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, and 2F5. In subject VC10014, the bNAb activity developed around 1 year postinfection and targeted an epitope that overlaps the CD4-BS and is similar to (but distinct from) bNAb HJ16. In the case of VC20013, the bNAb activity targeted a novel epitope in the MPER that is critically dependent on residue 677 (mutation K677N).
Sather2014
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. PG9 was used as V2 Ab and Clade B was resistant to PG9. Based on structural contacts for PG9, phylogenetically corrected signatures and statistical support for other V2 Abs contacts were analyzed.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: The influence of a V2 State 2/3-stabilizing Env mutation, L193A, on ADCC responses mediated by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals was evaluated. Conformations spontaneously sampled by the Env trimer at the surface of infected cells had a significant impact on ADCC. State 1-preferring ligand PG9 recognized L193A variants of CH58 and CH77 IMCs with less efficiently compared to the WT.
Prevost2018
(effector function)
-
PG9: A simple method to quantify and compare serum neutralization probabilities in described. The method uses logistic regression to model the probability that a serum neutralizes a virus with an ID50 titer above a cutoff. The neutralization potency (NP) identifies where the probabilities of neutralizing and not neutralizing a virus are equal and is not absolute as it depends on the ID50 cutoff. It provides a continuous measure for sera, which builds upon established tier categories now used to rate virus sensitivity. These potency comparisons are similar to comparing geometric mean neutralization titers, but instead are represented in tier-like terms. Increasing the number of bNAbs increases NP and slope, where the higher the slope, the sharper the boundary (lower scatter) between viruses neutralized and not neutralized. PG9 was used in analysis of monoclonal bNAb combinations.
Hraber2018
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG9: This review summarizes current advances in antibody lineage-based design and epitope-based vaccine design. Antibody lineage-based design is described for VRC01, PGT121 and PG9 antibody classes, and epitope-based vaccine design is described for the CD4-binding site, as well as fusion peptide and glycan-V3 cites of vulnerability.
Kwong2018
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer, junction or fusion peptide)
-
PG9: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied and future directions for the field. PG9, a prototype super-Ab, was isolated from direct functional screening of B cell clones from an HIV elite neutralizer and was an order of magnitude more potent than first-generation bNAbs. Recently recombinant native-like HIV Env trimers have enabled the identification of exceptionally potent ‘PG9-class’ bNAbs e.g., PG16, PGT141-144, CH01-04, PGDM1400–1412 and CAP256-VRC26.01-12. Antigenic region V2 apex (Table:1)
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: The authors selected an optimal panel of diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to represent the antigenic diversity of HIV globally in order to be used as antigen candidates. The selection was based on genetic and geographic diversity, and experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses. The eligibility of the envelopes as vaccine candidates was evaluated against a panel of antibodies for breadth, affinity, binding and durability of vaccine-elicited responses. The antigen panel was capable of detecting the spectrum of V2-specific antibodies that target epitopes from the V2 strand C (V2p), the integrin binding motif in V2 (V2i), and the quaternary epitope at the apex of the trimer (V2q).
Yates2018
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity)
-
PG9: The effects of 16 glycoengineering (GE) methods on the sensitivities of 293T cell-produced pseudoviruses (PVs) to a large panel of bNAbs were investigated. Some bNAbs were dramatically impacted. PG9 and were up to 30-fold more potent against PVs produced with co-transfected α-2,6 sialyltransferase. PGT151 and PGT121 were more potent against PVs with terminal SA removed. 35O22 and CH01 were more potent against PV produced in GNT1-cells. The effects of GE on bNAbs VRC38.01, VRC13 and PGT145 were inconsistent between Env strains, suggesting context-specific glycan clashes. Overexpressing β-galactosyltransferase during PV production 'thinned' glycan coverage, by replacing complex glycans with hybrid glycans. This impacted PV sensitivity to some bNAbs. Maximum percent neutralization by excess bnAb was also improved by GE. Remarkably, some otherwise resistant PVs were rendered sensitive by GE. Germline-reverted versions of some bnAbs usually differed from their mature counterparts, showing glycan indifference or avoidance, suggesting that glycan binding is not germline-encoded but rather, it is gained during affinity maturation. Overall, these GE tools provided new ways to improve bnAb-trimer recognition that may be useful for informing the design of vaccine immunogens to try to elicit similar bnAbs.
Crooks2018
(vaccine antigen design, antibody lineage)
-
PG9: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
PG9: A rare glycan hole at the V2 apex is enriched in HIV isolates neutralized by inferred precursors of prototype V2-apex bNAbs. To investigate whether this feature could focus neutralizing responses onto the apex bnAb region, rabbits were immunized with soluble trimers adapted from these Envs. Potent autologous tier 2 neutralizing responses targeting basic residues in strand C of the V2 region, which forms the core epitope for V2-apex bnAbs, were observed. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from these animals display features promising for subsequent broadening of the response. Four human anti-V2 bnAbs (PG9, CH01, PGT145, and CAP256.09) were used as a basis of comparison.
Voss2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: This study describes the generation of CHO cell lines stably expressing the following vaccine Env Ags: CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B). The antigenic profiles of the molecules were assessed with a panel of well-characterized mAbs recognizing critical epitopes and glycosylation analysis confirming previously identified sites and revealing unknown sites at non-consensus motifs. A244.AE gp120 showed low level of binding to PG9 in ELISA EC50 and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays. 6240.B gp120 exhibited binding to PG9.
Wen2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: The prophylactic and therapeutic potential of an engineered single gene–encoded tandem bispecific immunoadhesin (IA) molecule BiIA-SG was studied. Before engineering BiIAs, codon-optimized scFvs of bNAbs PG9, PG16, PGT128, VRC01, and Hu5A8 were synthesized. The VL/VH domain of each scFv was engineered as a corresponding IA by fusion with human IgG1-Fc to generate IA-PG9, IA-PG16, IA-PGT128, IA-VRC01, and IA-Hu5A8. While all IAs exhibited specific anti–HIV-1 activity, only IA-PGT128 displayed similar potency and the same sigmoidal slope of 100% neutralization as previously described for the native PGT128, and IA-PGT128 in combination with IA-Hu5A8 exhibited the best synergistic effect based on computational synergy volumes. IA-PGT128 and IA-Hu5A8 were therefore used for BiIA construction.
Wu2018
-
PG9: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. PG9 is polyreactive, but not autoreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG9: Panels of C clade pseudoviruses were computationally downselected from the panel of 200 C clade viruses defined by Rademeyer et al. 2016. A 12-virus panel was defined for the purpose of screening sera from vaccinees. Panels of 50 and 100 viruses were defined as smaller sets for use in testing magnitude and breadth against C clade. Published neutralization data for 16 mAbs was taken from CATNAP for the computational selections: 10-1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128, VRC26.25, VRC26.08, PGDM1400, PG9, PGT145, VRC07-523, 10E8, VRC13, 3BNC117, VRC07, VRC01, 4E10.
Hraber2017
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG9: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers.
Hogan2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: Env trimers were engineered with selective deglycosylation around the CD4 binding site to see if they could be useful vaccine antigens. The neutralization of glycan-deleted trimers was tested for a set of bnAbs (PG9, PGT122, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13, PGT151, 8ANC195, 35O22), and the antigens elicited potent neutralization based on the CD4 supersite. A crystal structure was made of one of these Env trimers bound to Fabs 35O22 and 3H+109L. Guinea pigs vaccinated with these antigens achieved neutralization of deglycosylated Envs. Glycan-deleted Env trimers may be useful as priming antigens to increase the frequency of CD4 site-directed antibodies.
Zhou2017
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG9: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs, regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
PG9: A panel of mAbs (2G12, VRC01, HJ16, 2F5, 4E10, 35O22, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074) was tested to compare their efficacy in cell-free versus cell-cell transmission. Almost all bNAbs (with the exception of anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a) blocked cell-free infection with greater potency than cell-cell infection, and showed greater potency in neutralization of cell-free viruses. The lower effectiveness on neutralization was particularly pronounced for transmitted/founder viruses, and less pronounced for chronic and lab-adapted viruses. The study highlights that the ability of an antibody to inhibit cell-cell transmission may be an important consideration in the development of Abs for prophylaxis.
Li2017
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization)
-
PG9: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
PG9: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
PG9: The ability of neutralizing and nonneutralizing mAbs to block infection in models of mucosal transmission was tested. Neutralization potency did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4bs-specific bNAbs, in particular VRC01, blocked HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. MPER (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bNAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while bNAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) were more variable. Non-nAbs alone and in combinations, were poorly protective against mucosal infection. The protection provided by specific bNAbs demonstrates their potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing mucosal entry. PG9 and PG16 were selected to represent mAbs of the V1-V2 glycan class.
Cheeseman2017
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
PG9: To understand HIV neutralization mediated by the MPER, antibodies and viruses were studied from CAP206, a patient known to produce MPER-targeted neutralizing mAbs. 41 human mAbs were isolated from CAP206 at various timepoints after infection, and 4 macaque mAbs were isolated from animals immunized with CAP206 Env proteins. Two rare, naturally-occuring single-residue changes in Env were identified in transmitted/founder viruses (W680G in CAP206 T/F and Y681D in CH505 T/F) that made the viruses less resistant to neutralization. The results point to the role of the MPER in mediating the closed trimer state, and hence the neutralization resistance of HIV. CH58 was one of several mAbs tested for neutralization of transmitted founder viruses isolated from clade C infected individuals CAP206 and CH505, compared to T/F viruses containing MPER mutations that confer enhanced neutralization sensitivity.
Bradley2016a
(neutralization)
-
PG9: This study performed cyclical permutation of the V1 loop of JRFL in order to develop better gp120 trimers to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Some mutated trimers showed improved binding to several mAbs, including VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, PGT128, PGT145, PGDM1400, b6, and F105. Guinea pigs immunized with prospective trimers showed improved neutralization of a panel of HIV-1 pseudoviruses. Binding of PG9 to JRFL was abolished by mutations N156K or N160K.
Kesavardhana2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG9: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. A bioinformatics analysis suggested shared features of one of the trimer VLP sera and monoclonal antibody PG9, consistent with its trimer-dependency. PG9 was 1 of 2 reference PG9-like bNAbs - PG9 and PGT145.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: Binding of PG9 to properly folded and glycosylated fragments of Env V1/V2 (scaffolds) is described. Scaffolds from 3 different clades of HIV-1 bound to PG9 with high affinity. Mutations I169K, E172V, T161M, N156I, S164G, D167G (includng those outside of the antibody contact region) improved binding.
Morales2016
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), i.e., fusion proteins made from single-chain antibodies, may be a useful approach to immunotherapy. A set of mAbs were chosen based on their binding to a variety of sites on Env and availability of antibody sequences. The chimeric receptors were created by fusing the antibody's heavy chain, light chain, and two signaling domains into a single molecule. All 7 antibodies used to make the chimeric receptors (10E8, 3BNC117, PGT126, VRC01, X5, PGT128, PG9) showed specific killing of HIV-1 infected cells and suppression of viral replication against a panel of HIV-1 strains.
Ali2016
(immunotherapy, chimeric antibody)
-
PG9: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
PG9: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
PG9: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
PG9: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
PG9: HIV-1 bNAb eptiope networks were predicted using 4 algorithms informed by neutralization assays using 282 Env from multiclade viruses. Patch clusters of possible Ab epitope regions were tested for significant sensitivity by site-directed mutagenesis. Epitope (Ab binding site) networks of critical Env residues for 21 bNAb (b12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126, PGT127, PGT128, PGT130, PGT131, PGT135, PGT136, PGT137, PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, PGT144, PGT145 and PGV04) were delineated and found to be located mostly in variable loops of gp120, particularly in V1/V2.
Evans2014
(antibody binding site, computational prediction)
-
PG9: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. V1/V2 glycan bNAb PG9 bound cell surface tightly whether the trimer contained its C-terminal or not, and was competed out by sCD4. It was able to neutralize the 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). V1/V2 glycan bNAb, PG9, neutralized B41 psuedovirus and bound B41 trimer well.
Pugach2015
-
PG9: The first generation of HIV trimer soluble immunogens, BG505 SOSIP.664 were tested in a mouse model for generation of nAb to neutralization-resistant circulating HIV strains. No such NAbs were induced, as mouse Abs targeted the bottom of soluble Env trimers, suggesting that the glycan shield of Env trimers is impenetrable to murine B cell receptors and that epitopes at the trimer base should be obscured in immunogen design in order to avoid non-nAb responses. Association and dissociation of known anti-trimer bNAbs (VRC01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT151, PGT135, PG9, 35O22, 3BC315 and PGT145) were found to be far greater than murine generated non-NAbs.
Hu2015
-
PG9: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. PG9, PG16 and PG145, all V1/V2 glycan trimer apex bNAbs, were strongly, reciprocally competitive with one another. V3 glycan bNAbs PGT121, PGT122, PGT123 inhibited binding of PG9 strongly, but in a non-reciprocal manner.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG9: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes against all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. The Clade C trimers are weakly reactive with the V1/V2 glycan bNAb, PG9, and while neutralization of the DU422 pseudotyped virus is robust, that of the ZM197M pseudovirus is moderate.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
PG9: HIV-1 escape from the N332-glycan dependent bNAb, PGT135, developed in an elite controller but without change to the PGT135-binding Env epitope itself. Instead an insertion increasing V1 length by up to 21 residues concomitant with an additional 1-3 glycans and 2-4 cysteines shields the epitope from PGT135. The majority of viruses tested developed a 14-fold resistance to PGT135 from month 7 to 11. In comparison, no significant difference in HIV-1 against bNAb PG9 was seen.
vandenKerkhof2016
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, escape)
-
PG9: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-V1/V2 glycan bNAb PG9, neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: This review discusses an array of methods to engineer more effective bNAbs for immunotherapy. Antibody PG9 was mentioned as an example of engineering through rational mutations; PG9-N100(F)Y stabilizes the CDR-H3 in the active conformation, thus improving neutralization.
Hua2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PG9: Site-specific analysis of N-glycosylation sites of a soluble recombinant trimerBG505 SOSIP.664 is presented. Neutralization profiles for V1V2 Ab, PG9, to multiple epitopes were determined. Removing the N156 or N160 glycans from either of the BG505 test viruses reduced the neutralization activities of PG9.
Behrens2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
PG9: A mathematical model was developed to predict the Ab concentration at which antibody escape variants outcompete their ancestors, and this concentration was termed the mutant selection window (MSW). The MSW was determined experimentally for 12 pairings of diverse HIV strains against 7 bnAbs (b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT128, 2F5). The neutralization of of PG9 was assayed against 5 resistant and 5 sensitive strains.
Magnus2016
(neutralization, escape)
-
PG9: A panel of Env-specific mAbs was isolated from 6 HIV1-infected lactating women. Antibodies in colostrum may help prevent mucosal infection of the infant, so this study aimed to define milk IgGs for future vaccination strategies to reduce HIV transmission during lactation. Despite the high rate of VH1-69 usage among colostrum Env specific B cells, it did not correlate with distinct gp120 epitope specificity or function. PG9 was compared to the newly-derived mAbs; it had no cross-reactivity with gut bacteria, and tested negative in two tests of autoreactivity.
Jeffries2016
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG9: The study detailed binding kinetics of the interaction between BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer or its variants (gp120 monomer; first study of disulfide-stabilized variant gp120-gp41ECTO protomer) and several mAbs, both neutralizing (VRC01, PGV04, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT145, PGT151, 2G12) and non-neutralizing (b6, b12, 14e, 19b, F240). V1V2 quarternary-dependent epitope-binding bNAb, PG9, bound trimer best, but less well to protomer and BG505 gp120's monomer.
Yasmeen2014
(antibody binding site, assay or method development)
-
PG9: Neutralization breadth in 157 antiretroviral-naive individuals infected for less than 1 year post-infection was studied and compared to a cohort of 170 untreated chronic patients. A range of neutralizing activities was observed with a panel of six recombinant viruses from five different subtypes. Some sera were broadly reactive, predominantly targeting envelope epitopes within the V2 glycan-dependent region. The Env neutralization breadth was positively associated with time post infection. PG9 has been used as a control in detection of glycan-dependent HIV-1 neutralizing sera.
Sanchez-Merino2016
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
PG9: A new, current, mostly tier2 panel of 200 C-clade Env-psuedotyped viruses from early (< 100d) infection in southern Africa was used to assess antibody responses to natural infection and to vaccines. Viruses were assayed with bNAbs targeting the V2 glycan (PG9, VRC26.25), the MPER site (4E10), the CD4 binding site (VRC01), and the V3/C3 glycan site (PGT128). For 4E10 (and all other Abs besides PGT128) there was no significant difference in neutralization between pre-seroconversion and post-seroconversion viruses. Viruses collected pre-seroconversion were more resistant to neutralization by serum than those post-seroconversion. As the epidemic matured over 13 years, viruses also became more resistant to mAbs tested.
Rademeyer2016
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG9: The sequential development of three distinct bnAb responses within a single host, CAP257, over 4.5 years of infection has been described. It showed how escape from the first wave of Abs targeting V2 exposed a second site that was the stimulus for a new wave of glycan dependent bnAbs against the CD4 binding site. These data highlighted how Ab evolution in response to viral escape mutations served to broaden the host immune response to two epitopes. A third wave of neutralization targeting an undefined epitope that did not appear to overlap with the four known sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope has been reported. These data supported the design of templates for sequential immunization strategies.
Wibmer2013
(escape)
-
PG9: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti V1/V2 bNAb PG9 was able to neutralize 5/16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 10µg/ml, 2 of them highly with a value under 1 µg/ml and 3 moderately.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. PG9, a V2-glycan bnAb belonged to a group with slopes <1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
PG9: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. V1/V2 apex-binding gl-PG9 precursor bound to 2/3 trimers, BG505 and ZM197M.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
PG9: Computational modeling was used to examine antibody recognition of glycans, using a V1V2 bNAb (PG9) and a V3 bnAb (PGT128). Both PG9 and PGT128 have a long CDR H3 loop that can penetrate the glycan shield and form interactions with gp120. The modeling results showed that the tip of the CDR H3 loop is flexible in the free antibodies and is able to move within the bound conformation, which likely increases the penetrability of the glycan shield.
Qi2016
(glycosylation)
-
PG9: To test whether NAbs can inhibit viral transmission through mucosal tissue, 4 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, 4E10) were tested in tissue culture models of human colonic and ectocervical tissues. All 4 nAbs reduced HIV transmission, with a relative efficacy of PG16 > PG9 > VRC01 >> 4E10. The nAbs had a good safety profile and were not affected by the presence of semen.
Scott2015
(immunotherapy)
-
PG9: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
PG9: Deep-sequencing and computational methods were used to identify HCDR3 sequences in HIV-naïve donors that mediated binding and neutralization of HIV by mimicking the bnAb PG9 long HCDR3 region when expressed in the context of the rest of the PG9 antibody sequence. 2 naturally occurring HCDR3 sequences from 2 different donors of 70 studied were predicted to adopt a PG9-like hammerhead conformation and were able to bind and neutralize PG9-susceptible viruses. In addition, computational design was used to mimic the process of maturation by somatic mutation of HCDR3 sequences from the HIV-1–naïve repertoire that were predicted to adopt a PG9-like hammerhead conformation. Two to seven mutations in eight different HCDR3 sequences facilitated neutralization of HIV when grafted on a PG9 Ab background.
Willis2016
(antibody lineage)
-
PG9: HIV-1 strains were isolated from 60 patients infected with CRFs 01_AE, 07_BC, and 08_BC. Eight CRF01 strains that produced high-titer Env pseudoviruses were studied further. All were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PG9, PG16, and NIH45-46, but insensitive to 2G12. The PG9 have affinity for epitopes located in the conserved regions of the V2-V3 loop. Binding of PG9 and PG16 with the virus was largely dependent on the same residues, although PG16 was more sensitive to V3 loop substitutions than PG9. Sequence analysis of PG9- and PG16-resistant viruses revealed complex mutation patterns associated with residues that are critical for PG9/PG16 binding. CNAE14 was shown to be resistant to both PG9 and PG16. It is likely that substitutions S158T, S162T, K305T, and I307T jointly contribute to this resistance phenotype.
Chen2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. PG9 neutralized 86% of the 199 viruses tested.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The study compared binding and neutralization of 4 V2 apex bnAbs (PG9, CH01, PGT145, and CAP256.VRC26.09). All recognized a core epitope on V1/V2 (the N-linked glycan at N160 and cysteine-linked lysine rich, HXB2:126-196), which includes residue N160 as well as N173. The lysine rich region on strand C of HIV-1 V2 that is key for binding to the nAb contains the sequence (168)KKQK(171). Inferred germline versions of three of the prototype bnAbs were able to neutralize specific Env isolates. Soluble Env derived from one of these isolates was shown to form a well-ordered Env trimer that could serve as an immunogen to initiate a V2-apex bnAb response. Escape from bnAb PG9 was seen in patient Donor_64 by mutations K169T and K171E. 99% amino acid sequence identity exists between PG9 and CAP256.09 in VH-germline gene.
Andrabi2015
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, escape, antibody lineage)
-
PG9: Double, triple or quadruple combinations of fifteen bNAbs that target 4 distinct epitope regions: the CD4 binding site (3BNC117, VRC01, VRC07, VRC07-523, VRC13), the V3-glycan supersite (10–1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128), the V1/V2-glycan site (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.25), and the gp41 MPER epitope (10E8) were studied. Their neutralization potency and breadth were assayed against a panel of 200 acute/early subtype C strains, and compared to a novel, highly accurate predictive mathematical model (no-overlap Bliss Hill model, CombiNaber tool, LANL HIV Immunology database). These data were used to predict the best combinations of bNAbs for immunotherapy.
Wagh2016
(neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PG9: An atomic-level understanding of V1V2-directed bNAb recognition in a donor was used in the design of V1V2 scaffolds capable of interacting with quaternary-specific V1V2-directed bNAbs. The cocrystal structure of V1V2 with antibody CH03 from a second donor is reported and Env interactions of antibody CAP256-VRC26 from a third donor are modeled. V1V2-directed bNAbs used strand-strand interactions between a protruding Ab loop and a V1V2 strand but differed in their N-glycan recognition. Ontogeny analysis indicated that protruding loops develop early, and glycan interactions mature over time. Combination of the atomic-level information and negative-stain EM of PG9 in complex with a soluble trimeric Env mimic, BG505 SOSIP.664, suggest that the quaternary dependency of PG9 arises from its recognition of glycan N160 from a neighboring protomer24.
Gorman2016
(glycosylation, structure, antibody lineage)
-
PG9: The human Ab gene repertoires of uninfected and HIV-1-infected individuals were studied at genomic DNA (gDNA) and cDNA levels to determine the frequencies of putative germline Ab genes of known HIV-1 bnAbs. All libraries were deep sequenced and analysed using IMGT/HighV-QUEST software (http://imgt.org/HighV-QUEST/index. The human gDNA Ab libraries were more diverse in heavy and light chain V-gene lineage usage than the cDNA libraries. This implied that the human gDNA Ab gene repertoires may have more potential than the cDNA repertoires to develop HIV-1 bnmAbs. Relatively high frequencies of the VH and VKs and VLs that used the same V-genes and had the same CDR3 lengths as known HIV-1 bnmAbs regardless of (D)J-gene usage. Frequencies of the VLs with the identical VJ recombinations to PG9 were relatively high. The putative germline genes were determined for a set of mAbs (b12, VRC01, VRC03, NIH45-46, 3BNC60, PG9, PGT127, and X5).
Zhang2013
(antibody lineage, germline)
-
PG9: Galactosyl ceramide (Galcer), a glycosphingolipid, is a receptor for the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein. This study has mimicked this interaction by using an artificial membrane containing synthetic Galcer and recombinant HIV-1 Env proteins to identify antibodies that would block the HIV-1 Env-Galcer interaction. HIV-1 ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccinee-derived MAbs specific for the gp120 C1 region blocked Galcer binding of a transmitted/founder HIV-1 Env gp140. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating CH38 IgG and its natural IgA isotype were the most potent blocking antibodies. PG9 exhibited moderate Env-Galcer blocking.
Dennison2014
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation)
-
PG9: A unified convergent strategy for the rapid production of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary complex type N-glycans with and without terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid residues connected via the α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkages is reported which may facilitate the design of carbohydrate-based immunogens. A glycan microarray-based profiling of PG9 was used to understand the binding specificity. No detectable binding for PG9, probably due to (1) very weak binding affinity toward protein/peptide free glycans, (2) the requirement of closely spaced Man5GlcNAc2 (N160) and complex type glycan (N156/163) as PG9 epitopes, and (3) the heterogeneous distribution of NHS groups on glass slides resulting in uneven and low-density glycan arrays.
Shivatare2013
(glycosylation, structure)
-
PG9: The effect of PNGS on viral infectivity and antibody neutralization (2F5, 4E10, b12, VRC01, VRC03, PG9, PG16, 3869) was evaluated through systemic mutations of each PNGS on CRF07_BC strain. Mutations at N197 (C2), N301 (V3), N442 (C4), and N625 (gp41) rendered the virus more susceptible to neutralization by MAbs that recognize the CD4 binding site or gp41. Generally, mutations on V4/V5 loops, C2/C3/C4 regions, and gp41 reduced the neutralization sensitivity to PG16. However, mutation of N289 (C2) made the virus more sensitive to both PG9 and PG16. Mutations at N142 (V1), N355 (C3) and N463 (V5) conferred resistance to neutralization by anti-gp41 MAbs. Available structural information of HIV Env and homology modeling was used to provide a structural basis for the observed biological effects of these mutations.
Wang2013
(neutralization, structure)
-
PG9: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10).
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The neutralization abilities of Abs were enhanced by bioconjugation with aplaviroc, a small-molecule inhibitor of virus entry into host cells. Diazonium hexafluorophosphate was used. The conjugated Abs blocked HIV-1 entry through two mechanisms: by binding to the virus itself and by blocking the CCR5 receptor on host cells. Chemical modification did not significantly alter the potency and the pharmacokinetics. The PG9-aplaviroc conjugate was tested against a panel of 117 HIV-1 strains and was found to neutralize 100% of the viruses. PG9-aplaviroc conjugate IC50s were lower than those of PG9 in neutralization studies of 36 of the 117 HIV-1 strains.
Gavrilyuk2013
(neutralization)
-
PG9: This study investigated the immunogenicity of three ΔV1V2 deleted variants of the HIV-1 Env protein. The mutant ΔV1V2.9.VK induced a prominent response directed to epitopes effectively bound and neutralized the ΔV1V2 Env virus. This Env variant efficiently neutralized tier 1 virus SF162.This did not result in broad neutralization of neutralization-resistant virus isolates. BG505 SOSIP.664 trimers bind very efficiently to quaternary structure dependent, broadly neutralizing PG9 against the V1V2 domain.
Bontjer2013
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG9: This review surveyed the Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP) strategy, which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Recently published studies in humanized mice and macaques were discussed as well as the pros and cons of VIP towards clinical applications to control HIV endemics.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
PG9: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
PG9: Pairwise combinations of 6 NAbs (4E10, 2F5, 2G12, b12, PG9, PG16) were tested for neutralization of pseudoviruses and transmitted/founder viruses. Each of the NAbs tested targets a different region of gp120 or gp41. Some pairwise combinations enhanced neutralization synergistically, suggesting that combinations of NAbs may enhance clinical effectiveness.
Miglietta2014
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The infectious virion (iVirions) capture index (IVCI) of different Abs have been determined. bnAbs captured higher proportions of iVirions compared to total virus particles (rVirions) indicating the capacity, breadth and selectively of bnAbs to capture iVirions. IVCI was additive with a mixture of Abs, providing proof of concept for vaccine-induced effect of improved capacity. bnAb PG9 showed significantly high IVCI and captured 100% of CRF01_A/E infectious virions AE.92TH023 and AE.CM244, as well as subtype B MN virus.
Liu2014
(binding affinity)
-
PG9: Study evaluated 4 gp140 Env protein vaccine immunogens derived from an elite neutralizer donor VC10042, an HIV+ African American male from Vanderbilt cohort. Env immunogens, VC10042.05, VC10042.05RM, VC10042.08 and VC10042.ela, elicited high titers of cross-reactive Abs recognizing V1/V2 regions. PG9 exhibited very weak binding with trimeric VC10042.ela and moderate binding with monomeric form of all 4 immunogens.
Carbonetti2014
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG9: The study compared various factors affecting the accessibility of epitopes for antibodies targeting the V2 integrin (V2i) region, versus the V3 region. CD4 treament of BaL and JRFL pseudoviruses increased their neutralization sensitivity to V3 MAbs, but not to V2i MAbs. Viruses grown in a glycosidase inhibitor were more sensitive to neutralization by V3, but not V2i, MAbs. Increasing the time of virus-MAb interaction increased virus neutralization by some V2i MAbs and all V3 MAbs. The structural dynamics of V2i and V3 epitopes has important effects in neutralization. Some experiments also included V2p antibodies CH58, CH59, and PG9 for comparison.
Upadhyay2014
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: A gp140 trimer mosaic construct (MosM) was produced based on M group sequences. MosM bound to CD4 as well as multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT126, PGT145, PG9 and PG16. The immunogenicity of this construct, both alone and mixed together with a clade C Env protein vaccine, suggest a promising approach for improving NAb responses.
Nkolola2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: Cross-group neutralization of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, O, and P was tested with diverse patient sera and bNAbs PG9, PG16, 4E10, b12, 2F5, 2G12, VRC01, VRC03, and HJ16. The primary isolates displayed a wide spectrum of sensitivity to neutralization by the human sera, with some cross-group neutralization clearly observed. Among the bNAbs, only PG9 and PG16 showed any cross-group neutralization. The group N prototype strain YBF30 was highly sensitive to neutralization by PG9, and the interaction between their key residues was confirmed by molecular modeling. The conservation of the PG9/PG16 epitope within groups M and N suggests its relevance as a vaccine immunogen.
Braibant2013
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
PG9: The V2 region where PG9, an anti-V1V2 bNAb binds exists as a beta-strand.
Haynes2013
(review)
-
PG9: PG9 was one of 10 MAbs used to study chronic vs. consensus vs. transmitted/founder (T/F) gp41 Envs for immunogenicity. Consensus Envs were the most potent eliciters of response but could only neutralize tier 1 and some tier 2 viruses. T/F Envs elicited the greatest breadth of NAb response; and chronic Envs elicited the lowest level and narrowest response. This V1V2 conformational loop binding Nab bound well at <10 nM to 3/5 chronic Envs, 2/6 Consensus Envs and 2/7 T/F Envs.
Liao2013c
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
PG9: Design, synthesis and antigenic evaluation of novel cyclic V1V2 glycopeptides carrying defined N-linked glycans, N160 and N156/N173 has been reported in terms of PG9 and PG16 binding and neutralization. A Man5GlcNAc2 glycan at N160 and a sialyted N-glycan are crtical for antigen binding.
Amin2013
(glycosylation)
-
PG9: Binding properties of a synthesized V1V2 glycopeptide immunogen that selectively targets bnAbs' naive B cells is reported. The unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of PG9 showed nanomolar affinity to V1V2 bearing Man5GlcNAc2 glycan units. Binding of PG9 was undetectable however in the absence of the V2 backbone peptide suggesting a very weak binding affinity to oligomannose glycan alone. Disulfide-linked dimer formation was also required for PG9 binding to V1V2.
Alam2013
-
PG9: PG9 in combination with NAbs NH45-46m2 and NIH46-42m7 was able to control viremia as well as to reduce routes to escape of YU-2 HIV-1.
Diskin2013
-
PG9: This study showed that the inability of Env to elicit the production of broadly neutralizing Abs is due to the inability of diverse Env to engage the germ line B cell receptor forms of known bNAbs. PG9 showed binding to 61% of the recombinant Envs tested including 7 out of 17 clade B Envs, 11 of 16 clade C Envs, 6 of 7 clade A Envs and the gp120 form of A/E A244 Env. The predicted germ line version of PG9 did not exhibit any detectable binding against these Envs. Ca2+ influx through the PG9 BCR was also tested as a function of binding affinity.
McGuire2014
(antibody interactions, antibody lineage)
-
PG9: The neutralization profile of 1F7, a human CD4bs mAb, is reported and compared to other bnNAbs. 1F7 exhibited extreme potency against primary HIV-1, but limited breadth across clades. PG9 neutralized 83% of a cross-clade panel of 157 HIV-1 isolates (Fig. S1) while 1F7 neutralized only 20% of the isolates.
Gach2013
(neutralization)
-
PG9: This study reports the development of a new cell-line (A3R5)-based highly sensitive Ab detection assay. This T-lymphoblastoid cell-line stably expreses CCR5 and recognizes CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1. A3R5 cells showed greater neutralization potency compared to the current cell-line of choice TZM-bl. PG9 was used as a reference Ab in neutralization assay comparing A3R5 and TZM-bl.
McLinden2013
(assay or method development)
-
PG9: A highly conserved mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env is reported, showing that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1 infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. The mechanism might explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4v by the Vpu and Nef proteins. PG9 was used in CD4 coexpression and competitive binding assay.
Veillette2014
(effector function)
-
PG9: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. PG9 showed very high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirus in a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1. Env sequence from PG9 donor showed potential N glycosylation (PNG) sites at position 160 and 156, suggesting that a substitution at one of these sites is not the primary cause of neutralization resistance to PG9 (Table 4). This emphasizes that the BG505 L111Agp120 immunogen can elicit a robust Ab response to PG9.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: High affinity binding of PG9 with a soluble SOSIP.664 gp140 trimer constructed from the Clade A BG505 sequence was demonstrated. This enabled structural and biophysical characterization of the PG9:Env trimer complex. Electron microscopy (EM) and other assays indicate that only a single PG9-Fab binds to the Env trimer. EM reconstruction also demonstrated that PG9 recognized the trimer asymmetrically at its apex via contact with 2 of the 3 gp120 protomers. In addition to N156 and N160 glycan interactions with a scaffolded V1/V2 domain, PG9 also makes secondary interactions with an N160 glycan from an adjacent gp120 protomer in the Ab-trimer complex. A glycan mutation to PG9 caused a >10fold reduction of Fab affinity for the BG505 SOSIP.664 gp 140 trimer reflecting adverse effects on trimer binding and virus neutralization. PG9 recognized glycosylated Env proteins with much higher affinity compared to non-glycosylated ones.
Julien2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, structure)
-
PG9: To focus immune responses to sites of NAb vulnerability while avoiding immune-evasion by the rest of Env, MPER, V1/V2, and V3 glycan sites were transplanted onto algorithm-identified acceptor scaffolds (proteins with a backbone geometry that recapitulates the antigenicity of the transplanted site). The V1/V2-transplant was not successful in eliciting a robust PG9 response.
Zhou2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. PG9 is a V1/V2-directed Ab, with breadth 70%, IC50 0.31 μg per ml, and its unique feature is its extended CDR H3, which is often tyrosine-sulfated. Similar MAbs include PG16 and CH01-04.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
PG9: 8 bNAbs (PGT151 family) were isolated from an elite neutralizer. The new bNAbs bind a previously unknown glycan-dependent epitope on the prefusion conformation of gp41. These MAbs are specific for the cleaved Env trimer and do not recognize uncleaved Env trimer. PGT151 family Abs showed 1 log higher neutralization potency than PG9.
Falkowska2014
-
PG9: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. This small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including this one. The small panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
PG9: The conserved central region of gp120 V2 contains sulfated tyrosines (Tys173 and Tys177) that in the CD4-unbound prefusion state mediate intramolecular interaction between V2 and the conserved base of the third variable loop (V3), functionally mimicking sulfated tyrosines in CCR5 and anti-coreceptor-binding-site antibodies such as 412d. Enhancement of tyrosine sulfation decreased binding and neutralization of HIV-1 BaL by monomeric sCD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and increased recognition by the trimer-preferring antibodies PG9, PG16, CH01, and PGT145. Conversely, inhibition of tyrosine sulfation increased sensitivity to soluble CD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and diminished recognition by trimer-preferring antibodies. These results identify the sulfotyrosine-mediated V2-V3 interaction as a critical constraint that stabilizes the native HIV-1 envelope trimer and modulates its sensitivity to neutralization.
Cimbro2014
-
PG9:X-ray crystallography, surface plasmon resonance and pseudovirus neutralization were used to characterize a heavy chain only llama antibody, named JM4. The full-length IgG2b version of JM4 neutralizes over 95% of circulating HIV-1 isolates. JM4 targets a hybrid epitope on gp120 that combines elements from both the CD4 binding region and the coreceptor binding surface. JM4 IgG2b was able to potently neutralize the HIV-1 isolates that were resistant to PG9.
Acharya2013
(neutralization)
-
PG9: 12 somatically related nAbs were isolated from donor CAP256. All nAbs of CAP256-VRC26 lineage had long CDRH3 regions necessary to penetrate the glycan shield and engage the V1V2 epitope. Both CAP256-VRC26 Abs and PG9 class nAbs showed similarity in recognizing the trimeric V1V2 cap. Unlike PG9, the CAP256-VRC26 Abs were only partially and variably sensitive to loss of glycans at N160 and N156.
Doria-Rose2014
(glycosylation)
-
PG9: This is a review of a satellite symposium at the AIDS Vaccine 2012 conference, focusing on antibody gene transfer. Phil Johnson presented results comparing an immunoadhesin form of the antibody PG9 with the native IgG architecture in which he found that the native IgG architecture had a neutralization potency tenfold greater than that of the immunoadhesin, suggesting that natural antibody architectures are more preferable for further clinical development.
Balazs2013
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
PG9: A computational method to predict Ab epitopes at the residue level, based on structure and neutralization panels of diverse viral strains has been described. This method was evaluated using 19 Env-Abs, including PG9, against 181 diverse HIV-1 strains with available Ab-Ag complex structures.
Chuang2013
(computational prediction)
-
PG9: This study reports the glycan binding specificities and atomic level details of PG16 epitope and somatic mechanisms of clonal antibody diversification. Three PG16 specific residues Arg94LC, Ser95LC and His95LC (RSH) are found to be critical for sialic acid binding on complex glycan. RSH residues were introduced into PG9 to produce a chimeric antibody with enhanced neutralization. The co-crystal structure of PG9 bound to V1-V2 is discussed and compared to PG16 and PG9-PG16-RSH chimeric Ab based on its ability to recognize a combination of N-linked glycans and envelope polypeptide. PG9, PG16, and PG9-PG16-RSH were negative in assays of autoreactivity.
Pancera2013
(antibody binding site, autoantibody or autoimmunity, glycosylation, structure, chimeric antibody)
-
PG9: Four V2 MAbs CH58, CH59, HG107 and HG120 were isolated from RV144 Thai HIV-1 vaccinees. These MAbs recognized residue 169, neutralized laboratory HIV-1 (tier 1 strains) and mediated ADCC. PG9 was used in the study as a V1-V2 bnAb control to study the binding of the new mAb isolates. While PG9, PG16 and CH01 binding was abrogated by N160K and N156Q mutations and also by native glycosylation, the binding of CH58 and CH59 was not affected. Crystal structures revealed that CH58, CH59, and PG9 recognize overlapping V2 epitopes in dramatically different conformations, ranging from helical to beta strands.
Liao2013b
(effector function, structure)
-
PG9: The complexity of the epitopes recognized by ADCC responses in HIV-1 infected individuals and candidate vaccine recipients is discussed in this review. PG9 is discussed as the V2 region-targeting, anti-gp120 BNAb exhibiting ADCC activity and having a discontinuous epitope. RV144 vaccine induced mAbs CH58 and CH59 also bind to the same region of PG9, but do not display preferential binding to gp120 and don't bind to glycans in position 156 and 160.
Pollara2013
(effector function, review)
-
PG9: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
PG9: ADCC mediated by CD4i mAbs (or anti-CD4i-epitope mAbs) was studied using a panel of 41 novel mAbs. Three epitope clusters were classified, depending on cross-blocking in ELISA by different mAbs: Cluster A - in the gp120 face, cross-blocking by mAbs A32 and/or C11; Cluster B - in the region proximal to CoRBS (co-receptor binding site) involving V1V2 domain, cross-blocking by E51-M9; Cluster C - CoRBS, cross-blocking by 17b and/or 19e. The ADCC half-maximal effective concentrations of the Cluster A and B mAbs were generally 0.5-1 log lower than those of the Cluster C mAbs, and none of the Cluster A or B mAbs could neutralize HIV-1. Cluster A's A32- and C11-blockable mAbs were suggested to recognize conformational epitopes within the inner domain of gp120 that involve the C1 region. Neutralization potency and breadth were also assessed for these mAbs. No correlation was found between ADCC and neutralization Abs' action or functional responses.
Guan2013
(antibody interactions, effector function)
-
PG9: This study describes an ˜11 Angstrom cryo-EM structure of the trimeric HIV-1 Env precursor in its unliganded state. The three gp120 and gp41 subunits form a cage like structure with an interior void surrounding the trimer axis which restricts Ab access. crystal structure of PG9 was referred in the context of gp120 V1/V2 binding domains.
Mao2012
(structure)
-
PG9: Emergence and evolution of the earliest cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses were studied in B clade-infected individual, Two distinct epitopes on Env were targeted. First specificity appeared at 3 years post infection and targeted the CD4-binding site. Second specificity appeared a year later. It was due to PG9-like antibodies, which were able to neutralize those viruses not susceptible to the anti-CD4-BS antibodies in AC053.
Mikell2012
(neutralization, rate of progression, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: Neutralization profiles of 7 bnAbs were analyzed against 45 Envs (A, C, D clades), obtained soon after infection (median 59 days). The transmitted variants have distinct characteristics compared to variants from chronic patients, such as shorter variable loops and fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS). PG9 neutralized 49% of these viruses.
Goo2012
(neutralization, rate of progression)
-
PG9: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
PG9: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 V1V2 site, penetrating CDR H3 binds two glycans and strand, PG9 class, PG9 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: This review discusses the new research developments in bnAbs for HIV-1, Influenza, HCV. Models of the HIV-1 Env spike and of Influenza visrus spike with select bnAbs bound are shown.
Burton2012
(review)
-
PG9: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as V1/V2 conformational epitope bnAb, isolated after 2009 by neutralization screening of cultured, unselected IgG+ memory B cells.
Bonsignori2012b
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
-
PG9: Antigenic properties of 2 biochemically stable and homogeneous gp140 trimers (A clade 92UG037 and C clade CZA97012) were compared with the corresponding gp120 monomers derived from the same percursor sequences. The trimers had nearly all the antigenic properties expected for native viral spikes and were markedly different from monomeric gp120. Both trimers, but not monomers, bound to PG9 and PG16.
Kovacs2012
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: Glycan shield of HIV Env protein helps to escape the Ab recognition. Several of the PGT BnAbs interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of Fabs PGT127 and PGT128 showed that the high neutralizing potency was mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface. PGT128 was compared and referred as an order of magnitude more potent than PG9.
Pejchal2011
(glycosylation, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: PG9 and PG9-like V1V2-directed MAbs, that require an N-linked glycan at Env 160, were analyzed for gain-of-function mutations. 21 PG9-resistant HIV-1 isolates were analyzed by mutagenesis and neutralization assays. E to K mutations at positions 168, 169, 171 led to the most dramatic improvements on sensitivity to these MAbs (PG9, PG16, CH01, CH04, PGT141, PGT145).
Doria-RoseNA2012
(escape)
-
PG9: The study used the swarm of quasispecies representing Env protein variants to identify mutants conferring sensitivity and resistance to BnAbs. Libraries of Env proteins were cloned and in vitro mutagenesis was used to identify the specific AA responsible for altered neutralization/resistance, which appeared to be associated with conformational changes and exposed epitopes in different regions of gp160. The result showed that sequences in gp41, the CD4bs, and V2 domain act as global regulator of neutralization sensitivity. PG9 was used as BnAb to screen Env clones. wtR clone was weakly sensitive to PG9.
ORourke2012
(neutralization)
-
PG9: Glycan Asn332-targeting broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) antibodies were studied in 2 C-clade infected women. The ASn332 glycan was absent on infecting virus, but the BCN epitope with Asn332 evolved within 6 months though immune escape from earlier antibodies. Plasma from the subject CAP177 neutralized 88% of a large multi-subtype panel of 225 heterologous viruses, whereas CAP 314 neutralized 46% of 41 heterologous viruses but failed to neutralize viruses that lack glycan at 332. PG9 was referred to have second BCN Ab epitopes at AA 156 and 160 in addition to 332.
Moore2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
PG9: Crystal structures of unliganded core gp120 from HIV-1 clade B, C, and E were determined to understand the mechanism of CD4 binding capacity of unliganded HIV-1. The results suggest that the CD4 bound conformation represents "a ground state" for the gp120 core with variable loop. PG9 was used as a control to prove whether the purified and crystallized gp120 is in the CD4 bound conformational state or not.
Kwon2012
(structure)
-
PG9: Vaccination efficacy of RV144 is described. The authors proposed that RV144 induced antibodies against Env V1/V2. The relationship between vaccine status and V1/V2 sequence have been characterized. The estimated cumulative HIV-1 incidence curve in the vaccine and placebo groups showed immunogenicity for K169 and 1181X genotypes and no immunogenicity for the opposite residues. PG9 was discussed as the quaternary-structure-preferring (QSP) antibody and mutations at positions 169 and 181 were associated with significant alteration in neutralization.
Rolland2012
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG9: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. PG9 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes are reported. Cross-reactive plasma samples were identified and evaluated from 308 subjects tested. PG9 was used as a control mAb in the comprehensive set of assays performed. C1-0763 targeted a region similar to PG9 and PG16 recognizing a V1/V2 loop dependent epitope.
Tomaras2011
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. PG9 was used as a control. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: YU2 gp140 bait was used to characterize 189 new MAbs representing 51 independent IgG memory B cell clones from 3 clade A or B HIV infected patients exhibiting broad neutralizing activity. PG9 was referred to in discussing the efficiency of YU-2 gp140 trimer as a bait for Ab capture.
Mouquet2011
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The rational design of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is discussed in relation to understanding of vaccine recognition sites, the structural basis of interaction with HIV-1 env and vaccine developmental pathways. Role of PG9 has been discussed in terms of humoral immune response during HIV1 infection. The vulnerability sites on the viral spike shows quaternary structural constraints, and maps to the second and third variable regions of gp120 (variable loops V2 and V3). PG9 recognizes these regions and neutralizes 70%–80% of current circulating isolates.
Kwong2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
PG9: A panel of glycan deletion mutants was created by point mutation into HIV gp160, showing that glycans are important targets on HIV-1 glycoproteins for broad neutralizing responses in vivo. Enrichment of high mannose N-linked glycan(HM-glycan) of HIV-1 glycoprotein enhanced neutralizing activity of sera from 8/9 patients. PG9 was used as a control to compare the neutralizing activity of patients' sera.
Lavine2012
(neutralization)
-
PG9: Ab-driven escape and Ab role in infection control and prevention are reviewed. Main focus is on NAbs, but Ab acting through effector mechanisms are also discussed. PG9 is discussed in the context of developing broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies.
Overbaugh2012
(escape, review)
-
PG9: Neutralization activity was compared against MAb 10E8 and other broad and potent neutralizers in a 181-isolate Env-pseudovirus panel. PG9 neutralized 78% of viruses at IC50<50 μg/ml and 65% of viruses at IC50<1 μg/ml, compared with 98% and 72% of MAb 10E8, respectively.
Huang2012a
(neutralization)
-
PG9: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was dramatic compared to the parent WT VLPs, uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and PG9 neutralization, while trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: Broadly neutralizing antibodies circulating in plasma were studied by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Abs fell in 2 groups. One group consisted of antibodies with restricted neutralization breadth that had neutral isoelectric points. These Abs bound to envelope monomers and trimers versus core antigens from which variable loops and other domains have been deleted. Another minor group consisted of broadly neutralizing antibodies consistently distinguished by more basic isoelectric points and specificity for epitopes shared by monomeric gp120, gp120 core, or CD4-induced structures. The pI values estimated for neutralizing plasma IgGs were compared to those of human anti-gp120 MAbs, including 5 bnMAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, b12, and 2G12), 2 narrowly neutralizing MAbs (17b and E51), and 3 nonneutralizing MAbs (A32, C11, and 19e). bnMAbs PG9 and PG16 exhibited more-neutral pIs (around 7.8), matching the more-neutral end of the plasma-derived fraction series, showing broadly neutralizing, but not most potent activity.
Sajadi2012
(polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: Sensitivity to neutralization was studied in 107 full-length Env molecular clones from multiple risk groups in various locations in China. Neutralization sensitivity to plasma pools and bNAbs was not correlated. PG9 neutralized 81% (25/31) and PG16 neutralized 71% (22/31) of the viruses tested. Viruses insensitive to PG9 were all equally insensitive to PG16 but not the other way around, suggesting that PG9 can tolerate more viral glycoprotein amino acid substitutions than PG16.
Shang2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: The sensitivity to PG9 and PG16 of pseudotyped viruses was analysed carrying envelope glycoproteins from the viral quasispecies of three HIV-1 clade CRF01_AE-infected patients. It was confirmed that an acidic residue or a basic residue at position 168 in the V2 loop is a key element determining the sensitivity to PG9 and PG16. In addition, evidence is provided of the involvement of a conserved residue at position 215 of the C2 region in the PG9/PG16 epitopes. Sensitivity to PG9 in 10 Env-pseudotyped viruses was analyzed. Five clones from case 0377 presented a broad and continuous range of sensitivity to PG9. A broader range of sensitivity was observed in case 0978, clone 0978-M3 being resistant to PG9 whereas two other clones, 0978-M1 and 0978-M2, were highly sensitive. Similarly, two clones from case 0858 displayed peculiar patterns of neutralization: clone 0858-M1 was sensitive to neutralization by PG9 only whereas clone 0858-M2 was resistant to PG9. These results showed the broad heterogeneity in sensitivity to PG9 of closely genetically related envelope glycoproteins derived from single viral quasispecies. Clone 0978-M3 from case 0978 was resistant to PG9, whereas clones 0978-M1/M2 were highly sensitive to PG9. 0978-M3 E168K resulted in a high sensitivity to PG9. In contrast, 0978-M2 K168E conferred resistance to PG9. 0858-M2 M215I conferred sensitivity to PG9, whereas the mutant 0858-M2 M475I remained highly resistant to PG9. I215M diminished the sensitivity of all clones to PG9, except that of clone 5008CL2 for PG9.
Thenin2012a
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The interaction of CD4bs-binding MAbs (VRC01, VRC-PG04) and V1V2 glycan-dependent MAbs (PG9, PG16) was analyzed. MAb binding and neutralization studies showed that these two Env targets to not cross-compete and that their combination can mediate additive neutralization. The combination of MAbs VRC01 and PG9 provides a predicted coverage of 97% of 208 isolates at IC50 < 50 μg/ml and of 91% at IC50 < 50 μg/ml. In contrast, the combination of PG9 and PG16 (or the combination of VRC01 and VRC-PG04) was only marginally better than either MAb alone.
Doria-Rose2012
(antibody interactions)
-
PG9: The study showed that alteration between a rare lysine K and a common N-linked glycan at position 160 of HIV-1 gp120 is primarily responsible for toggling between 2909 and PG16/PG9 neutralization sensitivity. These neutralization profiles were mutually exclusive (160K for MAb 2909, 160N for PG16/PG9); there was no case of a virus that was sensitive to both 2909 and PG16/PG9 neutralization. Several more positions were studied: both the PG and 2909 MAbs do not require an asparagine at position 156 for neutralization, both the PG and 2909 antibodies tolerate amino acid variation at position 165, and neither the PG nor the 2909 MAb could tolerate a glutamic acid at position 168.
Wu2011a
(antibody binding site, escape)
-
PG9: An Env obtained from a slow progressing patient was resistant to PG9 and PG16 mAbs. Based on assays of neutralization and glycosylation, it is suggested that the overall neutralization sensitivity of an Env is the outcome of characteristic molecular features of the V2 loop. Neutralization by PG9/16 is balanced by the glycans, net positive charge in the β sheet C region of the V2 loop, and possibly the length of the V2 loop.
Ringe2012
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: The neutralization activities of IA versus IgG and Fab versions of three broadly neutralizing antibodies: PG9, PG16, and VRC01 was compared to more fully understand the potential trade-offs in vector and construct design. The potential to combine VCR01 and PG9/PG16 activities to produce a single reagent with two gp120 specificities was also explored. In an Env-pseudotyped HIV-1 neutralization assay against a panel of 30 strains, PG9 neutralized 22 strains in IgG form, 18 stains in Fab form, 20 strains in IA form and 10 strains in scFv form. It was found that the PG9, PG16, and VRC01 IAs were severalfold less potent than their IgG forms.
West2012
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The biological properties of 17 Env-pseudotyped viruses derived from variants of mother–infant pairs infected by HIV-1 strains of the CRF01_AE clade were compared, in order to explore their association with the restrictive transmission of the virus. Maternal clones issued from MIPs (mother-infant pairs) 0377, 0978 and 1021 displayed a broad and continuous range of sensitivity to both PG9 and PG16 whereas all infant clones were highly sensitive to both mAbs PG9 and PG16. When the four MIPs were considered in aggregate, infant clones were significantly more sensitive to PG9 and PG16 compared to maternal clones.
Thenin2012
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
PG9: gp120 was cyclically permuted and new N- and C-termini were created within the V1, V3, and V4 loop regions to reduce the length of the linker joining gp120 and M9. Addition of trimerization domains at the V1 loop of cyclic permutants of gp120 resulted in the formation of predominantly trimeric species, which bound CD4 and neutralizing antibodies b12, PG9, and PG16 with higher affinity.
Saha2012
(binding affinity)
-
PG9: The role of envelope expression context and producer cell type was characterized for nine novel replication-competent chimeric HIV-1 isolates from the dominant circulating HIV-1 subtypes in Africa, where most new HIV-1 infections are occurring. Pseudoviruses generated in 293T cells were the most sensitive to antibody neutralization. There was no difference in the neutralization sensitivity of PBMC versus 293T-derived viruses using the MAb PG9.
Provine2012
(neutralization)
-
PG9: Phenotypic activities of a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus from 24 acute individuals were compared to that of 17 viruses from chronics. There was a trend towards enhanced sensitivity to neutralization by PG9 of T/F Envs compared to chronic Envs.
Wilen2011
(neutralization)
-
PG9: HIV-1 adaptation to neutralization by MAbs VRC01, PG9, PG16 was studied using HIV-1 variants from historic (1985-1989) and contemporary (2003-2006) seroconverters. PG9 neutralized 52% of contemporary viruses at IC50 < 1 μ g/ml. The median IC50s of PG9 for viruses from historical and contemporary seroconverters were not significantly different. There was no clear correlation between the sensitivity to PG9 and presence or absence of certain amino acids, but more mutations were observed in viruses from contemporary seroconverters than from historical ones, and the absence of a potential N-linked glycosylation site at position 160 of V2 coincided with resistance to PG9.
Euler2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
PG9: Using U87 target cells, PGV04 neutralized 88% of 162 viruses, with IC50<50 μm/mg, with U87 target cells compared to 75% neutralized by PG9. The potency of neutralization was comparable. On the 97-virus panel, using TZM-bl target cells, the breadth of neutralization was similar, but PGV04 had increased potency. The neutralization potency of PG9, PG16, VRC01 and PGV04 was approximately 10-fold greater than that of MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. Alanine substitutions D279A, I420A and I423A abrogated PGV04 neutralization, but varied in their effects on VRC01, CD4-IgG and b12.
Falkowska2012
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. Although PG9 neutralized 77% of 162 isolates at IC50<50 μg/ml, it was almost 10-fold less potent than several new antibodies PGT 121-123 and 125-128, for which the median antibody concentration required to inhibit HIV activity by 50% or 90% (IC50 and IC90 values) was almost 10-fold lower than that of PG9, VRC01 and PGV04.
Walker2011
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: Atomic-level structure of V1/V2 in complex with PG9 is reported. Instead of being confounded by the N-linked glycan that shields most of gp120 from immune recognition, PG9 uses N-linked glycan for binding through a mechanism shared by a number of antibodies capable of effective HIV neutralization. The structure shows that the antibody recognizes glycopeptide conjugates and avoids diversity in V1/V2 by making sequence-independent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds. The structure of PG9 is consistent with published mutational data: some residues such as Phe 176 are critical because they form part of the hydrophobic core on the concave face of the V1/V2 sheet. Others form direct contacts: for example, the tyrosine sulphate at residue 100H of PG9 interacts with residue 168 when it is an Arg (strain ZM109) or Lys (strain CAP45), but would be repelled by a Glu (as in strain JR-FL); JR-FL is resistant to neutralization by PG9, but becomes sensitive if Glu 168 is changed to Lys10. V1/V2–PG9 interaction observed in the scaffolded V1/V2–PG9 crystal structures encompasses much of the PG9/PG16 epitope, and the structural integrity of this epitope is sensitive to appropriate assembly of the viral spike. With both CAP45 and ZM109 strains of gp120, the V1/V2 site recognized by PG9 consists primarily of two glycans and a strand. Minor interaction with strand B and with the B–C connecting loop complete the epitope, with the entire PG9-recognized surface of V1/V2 contained within the B–C hairpin.
McLellan2011
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
PG9: CDR H3 domains derived from 4 anti-HIV mAbs, PG16, PG9, b12, E51, and anti-influenza MAb AVF were genetically linked to glycosil-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) attachment signal of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) to determine whether the exceptionally long and unique structure of the CDR H3 subdomain of PG16 is sufficient for epitope recognition and neutralization. Similar degrees of cell surface expression of CDR H3(PG9)/hinge/His tag/DAFs (GPI-CDR H3(PG9)) was observed compared with those of the other GPI-CDR H3 constructs (PG16, AVF, and E51). GPI-CDR H3(PG9) exhibited the same degree of inhibition against 5 representative HIV-1 pseudotypes as that of GPI-CDR H3(PG16 and E51).
Liu2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, structure)
-
PG9: One Env clone (4–2.J45) obtained from a recently infected Indian patient (NARI-IVC4) had exceptional neutralization sensitivity compared to other Envs obtained at the same time point from the same patient. 4–2.J45 Env expressing M424 showed relative resistance to PG9 over 4–2.J45 expressing I424, wherein comparable sensitivities were found of other Envs to PG9 except YU2, which showed approximately 8 fold increase in neutralization sensitivity to PG9. The indistinctness in PG9/PG16 sensitivities of 4–2.J45 and YU2 Envs expressing M424 was possibly due to some compensatory and conformational changes elsewhere within Env.
Ringe2011
(neutralization)
-
PG9: Several soluble gp140 Env proteins recognized by PG9 and PG16 were identified, and the effect of Env trimerization, the requirement for specific amino acids at position 160 within the V2 loop, and the importance of proper gp120-gp41 cleavage for MAb binding to soluble gp140s were investigated along with whether and how the kinetics of PG9 and PG16 binding to soluble gp140 correlates with the neutralizing potencies of these MAbs. It is reported that the presence of the extracellular part of gp41 on certain gp140 constructs improves the recognition of the PG9 epitope on the gp120 subunit and the trimerization of soluble gp140 may lead to the partial occlusion of the PG9 epitope. PG9 most efficiently recognized modified SF162 Env, SF162K160N of the small number of soluble gp140 Envs tested. The absence of SF162 neutralization by PG9 is the presence of a lysine at position 160 instead of an asparagine. PG16 recognized a smaller number of gp140s tested here than PG9. It is suggested that any structural differences between the virion-associated Env form and the soluble gp140 form have a greater impact on the PG16 epitope than on the PG9 epitope.
Davenport2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG9: The characteristics of HIV-1-specific NAbs were evaluated in 100 breast-fed infants of HIV-1-positive mothers who were HIV-1 negative at birth and they were monitored until age 2. A panel of eight viruses that included variants representative of those in the study region as well as more diverse strains was used to determine the breadth of the infant NAbs. PG9 had low neutralization potency for 2 (QD435.100 M.ENV.A4 and THRO4156.18) out of 8 pseudoviruses in the panel but high for the rest of them. For maternal variants, PG9 had low neutralization potency for 3 (MF535.B1, MJ613.A2 and MK184.E4) out of 12 variants and high for the rest of them.
Lynch2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
PG9: CAP256, an HIV-1 subtype C-infected (and subsequently superinfected) participant enrolled in the CAPRISA Acute Infection cohort was studied. A subset of mutants were tested for neutralization by PG9/PG16 along with neutralization of ConC by CAP256 plasma nAb. The epitope recognized by CAP256 is distinct from but overlaps that of PG9/PG16.Like CAP256 plasma, both PG9 and PG16 were heavily dependent on K169 and somewhat dependent on K171. A V2 mutation (N160A) had a profound affect on PG9 and PG16 but a more moderate affect on CAP256. The adjacent D167N residue also impacted CAP256 neutralization but not PG9/PG16, and a K168A mutation reduced CAP256 neutralization but in fact enhanced the neutralization of ConC by PG9/16. Both PG9/16 and CAP256, in the context of the ConC backbone, were slightly affected by mutations in the V3 loop (I305, I309, and F317) with mild effect on neutralization sensitivity. The I307A mutation affected both PG9/PG16 slightly but had no discernible effect on CAP256 neutralization. Some similarities between CAP256 and PG9/16 neutralization along with significant differences suggest that the epitopes recognized by these Abs overlapped but were not identical.
Moore2011
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The impact of specific changes at distal sites on antibody binding and neutralization was examined on Q461 variants. The changes at position 675 in conjunction with Thr to Ala at position 569 resulted in a dramatic increase in the neutralization sensitivity to some gp41 and gp120 MAbs and plasma but had less effect on the more potent MAb VRC01. There was an increase in VRC01 neutralization sensitivity to viruses with both mutations with intermediate effect for the individual mutants. There was some detectable PG9 neutralization of the variant bearing the T569A mutation alone but PG9 neutralization was not achieved with a change at position 675 only.
Lovelace2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
PG9: This review discusses current understanding of Env neutralization by antibodies in relation to epitope exposure and how this insight might benefit vaccine design strategies. This MAb is in the list of current MAbs with notable cross-neutralizing activity.
Pantophlet2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
PG9: This review outlines the general structure of the gp160 viral envelope, the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response, the mechanisms of viral escape and the characterization of broadly neutralizing Abs. It is noted that this MAb shows a significant breadth of neutralization across all clades and extraordinary potency.
Gonzalez2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, review)
-
PG9: This review discusses recent rational structure-based approaches in HIV vaccine design that helped in understanding the link between Env antigenicity and immunogenicity. PG9 was isolated from a clade A infected donor using a high-throughput functional screening approach. This MAb was mentioned in the context of immunogens based on the epitopes recognized by bNAbs.
Walker2010a
(neutralization, review)
-
PG9: This review discusses the types of B-cell responses desired by HIV-1 vaccines and various methods used for eliciting HIV-1 inhibitory antibodies that include induction and characterization of vaccine-induces B-cell responses. PG9 was mentioned among new MAbs generated by isolating single Env-specific B cells by either single cell sorting by flow cytometry or from memory B-cell cultures coupled with high-throughput neutralization screening assays of B-cell supernatants. PG9 recognizes conserved regions of the variable loops in gp120 and is potent and broadly reactive against approximately 73-79% of HIV-1 strains.
Tomaras2010
(review)
-
PG9: This review discusses strategies for design of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines against HIV-1 and recent major advances in the field regarding isolation of potent broadly neutralizing Abs.
Sattentau2010
(review)
-
PG9: This review focuses on recent vaccine design efforts and investigation of broadly neutralizing Abs and their epitopes to aid in the improvement of immunogen design. NAb epitopes, NAbs response to HIV-1, isolation of novel mAbs, and vaccine-elicited NAb responses in human clinical trials are discussed in this review.
Mascola2010
(review)
-
PG9: Unlike the MPER MAbs tested, PG9 did not show any Env-independent virus capture in the conventional or in the modified version of the virus capture assay.
Leaman2010
-
PG9: Some of the key challenges for the development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine are discussed, such as challenges in identification of epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing epitopes, the impact of biological mechanisms in addition to Ab neutralization, and the poor persistence of anti-Env Ab responses in the absence of continuous antigenic stimulation.
Lewis2010
(review)
-
PG9: The role of HIV-1 envelope spike density on the virion and the effect it has on MAb avidity, and neutralization potencies of MAbs presented as different isotypes, are reviewed. Engineering approaches and design of immunogens able to elicit intra-spike cross-linking Abs are discussed.
Klein2010
(review)
-
PG9: Novel techniques for generation of broadly neutralizing Abs and how these Ab can aid in development of an effective vaccine are discussed.
Joyce2010
(review)
-
PG9: The review describes several different methods that have been used to isolate and characterize HIV MAbs within the human Ab repertoire. Relative advantages and limitations of methods such as EBV transformation, human hybridoma, non-immortalized B cell culture, combinatorial libraries from B cells and clonal sorting are discussed.
Hammond2010
(review)
-
PG9: This review summarizes novel techniques recently developed for isolation of broadly neutralizing monoclonal Abs from HIV-infected donors. Future challenges and importance of these techniques for development of HIV vaccines is also discussed.
Burton2010
(review)
-
PG9: PG9 epitope structure is reviewed. This review also summarizes data on the evolution of HIV neutralizing Abs, principles of Env immunogen design to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs, and future critical areas of research for development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine.
Hoxie2010
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
PG9: Novel methods for generation of broadly neutralizing Abs, such as PG9 and PG16 are reviewed. This review also summarizes PG9 and PG16 MAbs, and their similarity to 2909 MAb.
Kwong2009
(review)
-
PG9: Removal of N-linked glycosylation sites was shown to generally lead to a reduction in neutralization sensitivity to PG9, however, the position of the N-linked glycosylation site removed and the magnitude of the effect was isolate dependent. Loss of glycosylation sites in the V1, V2 and V3 loops had greatest effect on reduced neutralization sensitivity. Removal of the N160 glycan was the only substitution that universally eliminated sensitivity to neutralization by PG9. Binding of PG9 to Env transfected cells and to gp120 was not competed by monosaccharides indicating that PG9 sensitivity to glycosylation was due to the effect of glycans on gp120 conformation and PG9 epitope accessibility.
Doores2010
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: The CDR H3 region was shown critical for neutralization activity of the Ab. Affinity maturation of PG9 correlated with Ab neutralization breadth, as light chain V-gene reversion produced chimeric Abs with less neutralization. N-linked glycosylation of PG9 was not required for neutralization. Fab and IgG formats of PG9 had comparable neutralization potencies. The likely site of PG9 reaction with Env was determined to consist of CDR L1 and L2 and the CDR H3 elements.
Pancera2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: Broadly neutralizing sera from elite neutralizers exhibited significant sensitivities to mutations I165A, N332A, and N160K. PG9 neutralization activity was tested for pseudoviruses with the mutations relative to the WT. PG9 was shown to require N160K glycosylation for potent neutralizing activity. Pseudoviruses produced in cells treated with kifunensine were found resistant to PG9 neutralization. Donor sera that exhibited sensitivity to N160K showed diminished neutralizing activity against kifunensine-treated pseudoviruses, indicating that PG16 and PG9 MAbs mediate most of the sera neutralizing activity. PG16 and PG9 - like Ab were found in 21% of the donors.
Walker2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: Crystal structure of PG9 light chain was determined and a homology model of Fab PG9 was constructed for comparison to PG16 MAb. PG9 was shown to have a long CDR H3 that forms a unique stable subdomain. A 7-residue specificity loop within CDR H3 was shown to confer fine specificity of PG16 and PG9 MAbs, and to contain important contacts to gp120 as replacement of the 7 residues abolished PG9 neutralization. CDR H3 tyrosine for PG9 was doubly sulfated, and tyrosine sulfation was shown to play a role in both binding and neutralization. Glycosylation of PG9 light chain did not have a significant effect on neutralization.
Pejchal2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG9: This MAb was derived from clade A infected patient. PG9 failed to bind to recombinant gp120 or gp41 but exhibited high neutralization breadth and potency, neutralizing 127 out of 162 cross-clade viruses with a potency exceeding that of b12, 2G12, and 2F5. PG9 also potently neutralized IAVI-C18 virus, that is neutralization resistant to all four bNAbs. PG9 competed for gp120 binding with Abs against V2, V3 and CD4i. N-glycosylation sites N156 and N160 in the V2 region were critical in forming PG9 epitope. PG9 preferred binding to trimeric Env due to subunit presentation in this form. This Ab had a long CDRH3 loop.
Walker2009a
(antibody generation, glycosylation, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
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Bricault2018
Christine A. Bricault, James M. Kovacs, Alexander Badamchi-Zadeh, Krisha McKee, Jennifer L. Shields, Bronwyn M. Gunn, George H. Neubauer, Fadi Ghantous, Julia Jennings, Lindsey Gillis, James Perry, Joseph P. Nkolola, Galit Alter, Bing Chen, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, Michael S. Seaman, and Dan H. Barouch. Neutralizing Antibody Responses following Long-Term Vaccination with HIV-1 Env gp140 in Guinea Pigs. J. Virol., 92(13), 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29643249.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Burton2010
Dennis R. Burton and Robin A. Weiss. A Boost for HIV Vaccine Design. Science, 329(5993):770-773, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20705840.
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Burton2012
Dennis R. Burton, Pascal Poignard, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Present New Prospects to Counter Highly Antigenically Diverse Viruses. Science, 337(6091):183-186, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22798606.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Cai2017
Yongfei Cai, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Jia Chen, Sai Tian, Nicholas Fredette, Christine E. Linton, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Kshitij Wagh, James Theiler, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Stephen C. Harrison, Andrea Carfi, and Bing Chen. Antigenicity-Defined Conformations of an Extremely Neutralization-Resistant HIV-1 Envelope Spike. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114(17):4477-4482, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28396421.
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Carbonetti2014
Sara Carbonetti, Brian G. Oliver, Jolene Glenn, Leonidas Stamatatos, and D. Noah Sather. Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens Derived from an Elite Neutralizer Elicit Cross-Reactive V1V2 Antibodies and Low Potency Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS One, 9(1):e86905, 2014. PubMed ID: 24466285.
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Cheeseman2017
Hannah M. Cheeseman, Natalia J. Olejniczak, Paul M. Rogers, Abbey B. Evans, Deborah F. L. King, Paul Ziprin, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and Robin J. Shattock. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 91(1), 1 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27795431.
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Chen2015
Jia Chen, James M. Kovacs, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Donghyun Park, Elise Zablowsky, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Effect of the Cytoplasmic Domain on Antigenic Characteristics of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Science, 349(6244):191-195, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26113642.
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Chen2016
Danying Chen, Xiaozhou He, Jingrong Ye, Pengxiang Zhao, Yi Zeng, and Xia Feng. Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of CRF01\_AE HIV-1 env Clones from Patients Residing in Beijing, China. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 32(10-11):1113-1124, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27066910.
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Chenine2018
Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Melanie Merbah, Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Brendan Mann, Jenica Lee, Anne-Marie O'Sullivan, Meera Bose, Eric Sanders-Buell, Gustavo H. Kijak, Carolina Herrera, Robert McLinden, Robert J. O'Connell, Nelson L. Michael, Merlin L. Robb, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Neutralization Sensitivity of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Panel of Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 78(3):348-355, 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29528942.
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Chuang2013
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Priyamvada Acharya, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Robert T. Bailer, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Residue-Level Prediction of HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes Based on Neutralization of Diverse Viral Strains. J. Virol., 87(18):10047-10058, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23843642.
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Chuang2019
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Jing Zhou, Priyamvada Acharya, Reda Rawi, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Robert T. Bailer, Venkata P. Dandey, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Survey of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Env Trimer Delineates Epitope Categories and Characteristics of Recognition. Structure, 27(1):196-206.e6, 2 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30471922.
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Chun2014
Tae-Wook Chun, Danielle Murray, Jesse S. Justement, Jana Blazkova, Claire W. Hallahan, Olivia Fankuchen, Kathleen Gittens, Erika Benko, Colin Kovacs, Susan Moir, and Anthony S. Fauci. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Suppress HIV in the Persistent Viral Reservoir. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(36):13151-13156, 9 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25157148.
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Cimbro2014
Raffaello Cimbro, Thomas R. Gallant, Michael A. Dolan, Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Yin Lin, Huiyi Miao, Donald Van Ryk, James Arthos, Inna Gorshkova, Patrick H. Brown, Darrell E. Hurt, and Paolo Lusso. Tyrosine Sulfation in the Second Variable Loop (V2) of HIV-1 gp120 Stabilizes V2-V3 Interaction and Modulates Neutralization Sensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(8):3152-3157, 25 Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24569807.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Crooks2018
Ema T. Crooks, Samantha L. Grimley, Michelle Cully, Keiko Osawa, Gillian Dekkers, Kevin Saunders, Sebastian Ramisch, Sergey Menis, William R. Schief, Nicole Doria-Rose, Barton Haynes, Ben Murrell, Evan Mitchel Cale, Amarendra Pegu, John R. Mascola, Gestur Vidarsson, and James M. Binley. Glycoengineering HIV-1 Env Creates `Supercharged' and `Hybrid' Glycans to Increase Neutralizing Antibody Potency, Breadth and Saturation. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1007024, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29718999.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Davenport2011
Thaddeus M. Davenport, Della Friend, Katharine Ellingson, Hengyu Xu, Zachary Caldwell, George Sellhorn, Zane Kraft, Roland K. Strong, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Binding Interactions between Soluble HIV Envelope Glycoproteins and Quaternary-Structure-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol., 85(14):7095-7107, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21543501.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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Dennison2014
S. Moses Dennison, Kara M. Anasti, Frederick H. Jaeger, Shelley M. Stewart, Justin Pollara, Pinghuang Liu, Erika L. Kunz, Ruijun Zhang, Nathan Vandergrift, Sallie Permar, Guido Ferrari, Georgia D. Tomaras, Mattia Bonsignori, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H Kim, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Vaccine-Induced HIV-1 Envelope gp120 Constant Region 1-Specific Antibodies Expose a CD4-Inducible Epitope and Block the Interaction of HIV-1 gp140 with Galactosylceramide. J. Virol., 88(16):9406-9417, Aug 2014. PubMed ID: 24920809.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Dingens2019
Adam S. Dingens, Dana Arenz, Haidyn Weight, Julie Overbaugh, and Jesse D. Bloom. An Antigenic Atlas of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguishes Functional and Structural Epitopes. Immunity, 50(2):520-532.e3, 19 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30709739.
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Diskin2013
Ron Diskin, Florian Klein, Joshua A. Horwitz, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, D. Noah Sather, Paola M. Marcovecchio, Terri Lee, Anthony P. West, Jr., Han Gao, Michael S. Seaman, Leonidas Stamatatos, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Restricting HIV-1 Pathways for Escape Using Rationally Designed Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Exp. Med., 210(6):1235-1249, 3 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23712429.
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Doores2010
Katie J. Doores and Dennis R. Burton. Variable Loop Glycan Dependency of the Broad and Potent HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol., 84(20):10510-10521, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20686044.
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Doria-Rose2012
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Zhongjia Yang, Sijy O'Dell, Martha Nason, Stephen D. Schmidt, Krisha McKee, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Neutralization Coverage Is Improved by Combining Monoclonal Antibodies That Target Independent Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(6):3393-3397, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22258252.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin Georgiev, Sijy O'Dell, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Ryan P. Staupe, Jason S. McLellan, Jason Gorman, Marie Pancera, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. A Short Segment of the HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 Region Is a Major Determinant of Resistance to V1/V2 Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., Aug 2012. PubMed ID: 22623764.
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Escolano2021
Amelia Escolano, Harry .B Gristick, Rajeev Gautam, Andrew T. DeLaitsch, Morgan E. Abernathy, Zhi Yang, Haoqing Wang, Magnus A. G. Hoffmann, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Zijun Wang, Nicholas Koranda, Leesa M. Kakutani, Han Gao, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Henna Raina, Ana Gazumyan, Melissa Cipolla, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Victor Ramos, Darrell J. Irvine, Murillo Silva, Anthony P. West, Jr., Jennifer R. Keeffe, Christopher O. Barnes, Michael S. Seaman, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Malcolm A. Martin, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Sequential Immunization of Macaques Elicits Heterologous Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the V3-Glycan Patch of HIV-1 Env. Sci. Transl. Med., 13(621):eabk1533, 24 Nov 2021. PubMed ID: 34818054.
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Euler2011
Zelda Euler, Evelien M. Bunnik, Judith A. Burger, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Activity of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Including PG9, PG16, and VRC01, against Recently Transmitted Subtype B HIV-1 Variants from Early and Late in the Epidemic. J. Virol., 85(14):7236-7245, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21561918.
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Evans2014
Mark C. Evans, Pham Phung, Agnes C. Paquet, Anvi Parikh, Christos J. Petropoulos, Terri Wrin, and Mojgan Haddad. Predicting HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope Networks Using Neutralization Titers and a Novel Computational Method. BMC Bioinformatics, 15:77, 19 Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24646213.
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Falkowska2012
Emilia Falkowska, Alejandra Ramos, Yu Feng, Tongqing Zhou, Stephanie Moquin, Laura M. Walker, Xueling Wu, Michael S. Seaman, Terri Wrin, Peter D. Kwong, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. PGV04, an HIV-1 gp120 CD4 Binding Site Antibody, Is Broad and Potent in Neutralization but Does Not Induce Conformational Changes Characteristic of CD4. J. Virol., 86(8):4394-4403, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22345481.
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Falkowska2014
Emilia Falkowska, Khoa M. Le, Alejandra Ramos, Katie J. Doores, Jeong Hyun Lee, Claudia Blattner, Alejandro Ramirez, Ronald Derking, Marit J. van Gils, Chi-Hui Liang, Ryan Mcbride, Benjamin von Bredow, Sachin S. Shivatare, Chung-Yi Wu, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Yan Liu, Ten Feizi, Michael B. Zwick, Wayne C. Koff, Michael S. Seaman, Kristine Swiderek, John P. Moore, David Evans, James C. Paulson, Chi-Huey Wong, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies Define a Glycan-Dependent Epitope on the Prefusion Conformation of gp41 on Cleaved Envelope Trimers. Immunity, 40(5):657-668, 15 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24768347.
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Gach2013
Johannes S. Gach, Heribert Quendler, Tommy Tong, Kristin M. Narayan, Sean X. Du, Robert G. Whalen, James M. Binley, Donald N. Forthal, Pascal Poignard, and Michael B. Zwick. A Human Antibody to the CD4 Binding Site of gp120 Capable of Highly Potent but Sporadic Cross Clade Neutralization of Primary HIV-1. PLoS One, 8(8):e72054, 2013. PubMed ID: 23991039.
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Gavrilyuk2013
Julia Gavrilyuk, Hitoshi Ban, Hisatoshi Uehara, Shannon J. Sirk, Karen Saye-Francisco, Angelica Cuevas, Elise Zablowsky, Avinash Oza, Michael S. Seaman, Dennis R. Burton, and Carlos F. Barbas, 3rd. Antibody Conjugation Approach Enhances Breadth and Potency of Neutralization of Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies and CD4-IgG. J. Virol., 87(9):4985-4993, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23427154.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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Gonzalez2010
Nuria Gonzalez, Amparo Alvarez, and Jose Alcami. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and their Significance for HIV-1 Vaccines. Curr. HIV Res., 8(8):602-612, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21054253.
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Goo2012
Leslie Goo, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Barbra A. Richardson, and Julie Overbaugh. A Combination of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Distinct Epitopes Effectively Neutralizes Variants Found in Early Infection. J. Virol., 86(19):10857-10861, Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22837204.
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Gorman2016
Jason Gorman, Cinque Soto, Max M. Yang, Thaddeus M. Davenport, Miklos Guttman, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Brandon J. DeKosky, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Michael J. Ernandes, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marissa C. Jarosinski, M. Gordon Joyce, Thomas M. Lemmin, Sherman Leung, Mark K. Louder, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Sandeep Narpala, Marie Pancera, Jonathan Stuckey, Xueling Wu, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Ulrich Baxa, George Georgiou, Adrian B. McDermott, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Penny L. Moore, Lynn Morris, Kelly K. Lee, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structures of HIV-1 Env V1V2 with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Reveal Commonalities That Enable Vaccine Design. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 23(1):81-90, Jan 2016. PubMed ID: 26689967.
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Guan2013
Yongjun Guan, Marzena Pazgier, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Roberta Kamin-Lewis, Salma Al-Darmarki, Robin Flinko, Elena Lovo, Xueji Wu, James E. Robinson, Michael S. Seaman, Timothy R. Fouts, Robert C. Gallo, Anthony L. DeVico, and George K. Lewis. Diverse Specificity and Effector Function Among Human Antibodies to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Epitopes Exposed by CD4 Binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(1):E69-E78, 2 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23237851.
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Javier Guenaga, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Natalia de Val, Shailendra K. Sharma, Barbara Carrette, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Structure-Guided Redesign Increases the Propensity of HIV Env To Generate Highly Stable Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 90(6):2806-2817, 30 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26719252.
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Guzzo2018
Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Hammond2010
Philip W. Hammond. Accessing the Human Repertoire for Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. MAbs, 2(2):157-164, Mar-Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20168075.
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Haynes2012
Barton F. Haynes, Garnett Kelsoe, Stephen C. Harrison, and Thomas B. Kepler. B-Cell-Lineage Immunogen Design in Vaccine Development with HIV-1 as a Case Study. Nat. Biotechnol., 30(5):423-433, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22565972.
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Haynes2013
Barton F. Haynes and M. Juliana McElrath. Progress in HIV-1 Vaccine Development. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 8(4):326-332, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23743722.
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Henderson2019
Rory Henderson, Brian E. Watts, Hieu N. Ergin, Kara Anasti, Robert Parks, Shi-Mao Xia, Ashley Trama, Hua-Xin Liao, Kevin O. Saunders, Mattia Bonsignori, Kevin Wiehe, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Selection of Immunoglobulin Elbow Region Mutations Impacts Interdomain Conformational Flexibility in HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 10(1):654, 8 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30737386.
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Hoffenberg2013
Simon Hoffenberg, Rebecca Powell, Alexei Carpov, Denise Wagner, Aaron Wilson, Sergei Kosakovsky Pond, Ross Lindsay, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Sanjay Phogat, Pascal Poignard, Steven P. Fling, Melissa Simek, Celia LaBranche, David Montefiori, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, Dennis Burton, Wayne Koff, C. Richter King, Christopher L. Parks, and Michael J. Caulfield. Identification of an HIV-1 Clade A Envelope That Exhibits Broad Antigenicity and Neutralization Sensitivity and Elicits Antibodies Targeting Three Distinct Epitopes. J. Virol., 87(10):5372-5383, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23468492.
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Hogan2018
Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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James A. Hoxie. Toward an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine. Annu. Rev. Med., 61:135-52, 2010. PubMed ID: 19824826.
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Peter Hraber, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, and Bette T. Korber. Prevalence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic HIV-1 Infection. AIDS, 28(2):163-169, 14 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24361678.
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Hraber2017
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Hraber2018
Peter Hraber, Bette Korber, Kshitij Wagh, David Montefiori, and Mario Roederer. A Single, Continuous Metric To Define Tiered Serum Neutralization Potency against Hiv. eLife, 7, 19 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29350181.
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Joyce K. Hu, Jordan C. Crampton, Albert Cupo, Thomas Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, Kwinten Sliepen, Steven W. de Taeye, Devin Sok, Gabriel Ozorowski, Isaiah Deresa, Robyn Stanfield, Andrew B. Ward, Dennis R. Burton, Per Johan Klasse, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, and Shane Crotty. Murine Antibody Responses to Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimers Are Highly Restricted in Specificity. J. Virol., 89(20):10383-10398, Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26246566.
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Hua2016
Casey K. Hua and Margaret E. Ackerman. Engineering Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention and Therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 103:157-173, 1 Aug 2016. PubMed ID: 26827912.
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Huang2012a
Jinghe Huang, Gilad Ofek, Leo Laub, Mark K. Louder, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Nancy S. Longo, Hiromi Imamichi, Robert T. Bailer, Bimal Chakrabarti, Shailendra K. Sharma, S. Munir Alam, Tao Wang, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Stephen A. Migueles, Richard Wyatt, Barton F. Haynes, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 by a gp41-Specific Human Antibody. Nature, 491(7424):406-412, 15 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23151583.
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Hutchinson2019
Jennie M. Hutchinson, Kathryn A. Mesa, David L. Alexander, Bin Yu, Sara M. O'Rourke, Kay L. Limoli, Terri Wrin, Steven G. Deeks, and Phillip W. Berman. Unusual Cysteine Content in V1 Region of gp120 from an Elite Suppressor That Produces Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Front. Immunol., 10:1021, 2019. PubMed ID: 31156622.
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Jeffries2016
T. L. Jeffries, Jr., C. R. Sacha, J. Pollara, J. Himes, F. H. Jaeger, S. M. Dennison, E. McGuire, E. Kunz, J. A. Eudailey, A. M. Trama, C. LaBranche, G. G. Fouda, K. Wiehe, D. C. Montefiori, B. F. Haynes, H.-X. Liao, G. Ferrari, S. M. Alam, M. A. Moody, and S. R. Permar. The Function and Affinity Maturation of HIV-1 gp120-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from Colostral B Cells. Mucosal. Immunol., 9(2):414-427, Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26242599.
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Joyce2010
Joseph G. Joyce and Jan ter Meulen. Pushing the Envelope on HIV-1 Neutralization. Nat. Biotechnol., 28(9):929-931, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20829830.
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Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Albert Cupo, Charles D. Murin, Ronald Derking, Simon Hoffenberg, Michael J. Caulfield, C. Richter King, Andre J. Marozsan, Per Johan Klasse, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, and Andrew. B Ward. Asymmetric Recognition of the HIV-1 Trimer by Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG9. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(11):4351-4356, 12 Mar 2013. PubMed ID: 23426631.
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Julien2015
Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Gabriel Ozorowski, Yuanzi Hua, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Steven W. de Taeye, Travis Nieusma, Albert Cupo, Anila Yasmeen, Michael Golabek, Pavel Pugach, P. J. Klasse, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Design and Structure of Two HIV-1 Clade C SOSIP.664 Trimers That Increase the Arsenal of Native-Like Env Immunogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(38):11947-11952, 22 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26372963.
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Kesavardhana2017
Sannula Kesavardhana, Raksha Das, Michael Citron, Rohini Datta, Linda Ecto, Nonavinakere Seetharam Srilatha, Daniel DiStefano, Ryan Swoyer, Joseph G. Joyce, Somnath Dutta, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Jessica A. Flynn, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Structure-Based Design of Cyclically Permuted HIV-1 gp120 Trimers That Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Biol. Chem., 292(1):278-291, 6 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27879316.
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Klein2010
Joshua S. Klein and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Few and Far Between: How HIV May Be Evading Antibody Avidity. PLoS Pathog., 6(5):e1000908, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20523901.
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Kovacs2012
James M. Kovacs, Joseph P. Nkolola, Hanqin Peng, Ann Cheung, James Perry, Caroline A. Miller, Michael S. Seaman, Dan H. Barouch, and Bing Chen. HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Elicits More Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses than Monomeric gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):12111-12116, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22773820.
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Kreer2020
Christoph Kreer, Henning Gruell, Thierry Mora, Aleksandra M. Walczak, and Florian Klein. Exploiting B Cell Receptor Analyses to Inform on HIV-1 Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines (Basel), 8(1):13 doi, Jan 2020. PubMed ID: 31906351
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Kulp2017
Daniel W. Kulp, Jon M. Steichen, Matthias Pauthner, Xiaozhen Hu, Torben Schiffner, Alessia Liguori, Christopher A. Cottrell, Colin Havenar-Daughton, Gabriel Ozorowski, Erik Georgeson, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Jordan R. Willis, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Samantha M. Reiss, Mia Shin, Natalia de Val, Andrew B. Ward, Shane Crotty, Dennis R. Burton, and William R. Schief. Structure-Based Design of Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Trimers to Silence Non-Neutralizing Epitopes and Eliminate CD4 Binding. Nat. Commun., 8(1):1655, 21 Nov 2017. PubMed ID: 29162799.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kwon2012
Young Do Kwon, Andrés Finzi, Xueling Wu, Cajetan Dogo-Isonagie, Lawrence K. Lee, Lucas R. Moore, Stephen D. Schmidt, Jonathan Stuckey, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, David A. Vicic, Asim K. Debnath, Lawrence Shapiro, Carole A. Bewley, John R. Mascola, Joseph G. Sodroski, and Peter D. Kwong. Unliganded HIV-1 gp120 Core Structures Assume the CD4-Bound Conformation with Regulation by Quaternary Interactions and Variable Loops. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(15):5663-5668, 10 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22451932.
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Kwon2015
Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Priyamvada Acharya, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Emma T. Crooks, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Miklos Guttman, Xiaochu Ma, Sandeep Narpala, Cinque Soto, Daniel S. Terry, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Goran Ahlsen, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Mark A. Hallen, Adam Harned, Tatsiana Kirys, Mark K. Louder, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Keiko Osawa, Madhu Prabhakaran, Mallika Sastry, Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Jonathan Stuckey, Paul V. Thomas, Tishina Tittley, Constance Williams, Baoshan Zhang, Hong Zhao, Zhou Zhou, Bruce R. Donald, Lawrence K. Lee, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Ulrich Baxa, Arne Schön, Ernesto Freire, Lawrence Shapiro, Kelly K. Lee, James Arthos, James B. Munro, Scott C. Blanchard, Walther Mothes, James M. Binley, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Crystal Structure, Conformational Fixation and Entry-Related Interactions of Mature Ligand-Free HIV-1 Env. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 22(7):522-531, Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26098315.
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Kwong2009
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Mining the B Cell Repertoire for Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies to HIV-1. Cell Host Microbe, 6(4):292-294, 22 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19837366.
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Kwong2011
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Rational Design of Vaccines to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 1(1):a007278, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 22229123.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Kwong2018
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity, 48(5):855-871, 15 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29768174.
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Lavine2012
Christy L. Lavine, Socheata Lao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI). High-Mannose Glycan-Dependent Epitopes Are Frequently Targeted in Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(4):2153-2164, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22156525.
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Leaman2010
Daniel P. Leaman, Heather Kinkead, and Michael B. Zwick. In-Solution Virus Capture Assay Helps Deconstruct Heterogeneous Antibody Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 84(7):3382-3395, Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20089658.
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Leaman2013
Daniel P. Leaman and Michael B. Zwick. Increased Functional Stability and Homogeneity of Viral Envelope Spikes through Directed Evolution. PLoS Pathog., 9(2):e1003184, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23468626.
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Lee2017
Jeong Hyun Lee, Raiees Andrabi, Ching-Yao Su, Anila Yasmeen, Jean-Philippe Julien, Leopold Kong, Nicholas C. Wu, Ryan McBride, Devin Sok, Matthias Pauthner, Christopher A. Cottrell, Travis Nieusma, Claudia Blattner, James C. Paulson, Per Johan Klasse, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. A Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Targets the Dynamic HIV Envelope Trimer Apex via a Long, Rigidified, and Anionic beta-Hairpin Structure. Immunity, 46(4):690-702, 18 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28423342.
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Lewis2010
George K. Lewis. Challenges of Antibody-Mediated Protection against HIV-1. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 9(7):683-687, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20624038.
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Li2017
Hongru Li, Chati Zony, Ping Chen, and Benjamin K. Chen. Reduced Potency and Incomplete Neutralization of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 with Transmitted Founder Envs. J. Virol., 91(9), 1 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28148796.
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Liang2016
Yu Liang, Miklos Guttman, James A. Williams, Hans Verkerke, Daniel Alvarado, Shiu-Lok Hu, and Kelly K. Lee. Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J. Virol., 90(20):9224-9236, 15 Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27489265.
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Liao2013b
Hua-Xin Liao, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jason S. McLellan, Georgia D. Tomaras, M. Anthony Moody, Daniel M. Kozink, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Xi Chen, Chun-Yen Tsao, Pinghuang Liu, Xiaozhi Lu, Robert J. Parks, David C. Montefiori, Guido Ferrari, Justin Pollara, Mangala Rao, Kristina K. Peachman, Sampa Santra, Norman L. Letvin, Nicos Karasavvas, Zhi-Yong Yang, Kaifan Dai, Marie Pancera, Jason Gorman, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Punnee Pitisuttithum, James Tartaglia, Faruk Sinangil, Jerome H. Kim, Nelson L. Michael, Thomas B. Kepler, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Gary J. Nabel, Abraham Pinter, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Barton F. Haynes. Vaccine Induction of Antibodies Against a Structurally Heterogeneous Site of Immune Pressure within HIV-1 Envelope Protein Variable Regions 1 and 2. Immunity, 38(1):176-186, 24 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23313589.
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Liao2013c
Hua-Xin Liao, Chun-Yen Tsao, S. Munir Alam, Mark Muldoon, Nathan Vandergrift, Ben-Jiang Ma, Xiaozhi Lu, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy Bowman, Robert Parks, Haiyan Chen, Julie H. Blinn, Alan Lapedes, Sydeaka Watson, Shi-Mao Xia, Andrew Foulger, Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Ron Swanstrom, David C. Montefiori, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Bette Korber. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Transmitted/Founder, Consensus, and Chronic Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 87(8):4185-4201, Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23365441.
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Liu2011
Lihong Liu, Michael Wen, Weiming Wang, Shumei Wang, Lifei Yang, Yong Liu, Mengran Qian, Linqi Zhang, Yiming Shao, Jason T. Kimata, and Paul Zhou. Potent and Broad Anti-HIV-1 Activity Exhibited by a Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol-Anchored Peptide Derived from the CDR H3 of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG16. J. Virol., 85(17):8467-8476, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21715497.
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Liu2014
Pinghuang Liu, Latonya D. Williams, Xiaoying Shen, Mattia Bonsignori, Nathan A. Vandergrift, R. Glenn Overman, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, Daniel J. Stieh, Kerrie L. McCotter, Audrey L. French, Thomas J. Hope, Robin Shattock, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Capacity for Infectious HIV-1 Virion Capture Differs by Envelope Antibody Specificity. J. Virol., 88(9):5165-5170, May 2014. PubMed ID: 24554654.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Lovelace2011
Erica Lovelace, Hengyu Xu, Catherine A. Blish, Roland Strong, and Julie Overbaugh. The Role of Amino Acid Changes in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmembrane Domain in Antibody Binding and Neutralization. Virology, 421(2):235-244, 20 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22029936.
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Lynch2011
John B. Lynch, Ruth Nduati, Catherine A. Blish, Barbra A. Richardson, Jennifer M. Mabuka, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Grace John-Stewart, and Julie Overbaugh. The Breadth and Potency of Passively Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Do Not Correlate with the Risk of Infant Infection. J. Virol., 85(11):5252-5261, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21411521.
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Magnus2016
Carsten Magnus, Lucia Reh, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV-1 Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies: Determination of Antibody Concentrations Leading to Escape Mutant Evolution. Virus Res., 218:57-70, 15 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26494166.
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Malherbe2014
Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, D. Noah Sather, Biwei Guo, Shilpi Pandey, William F. Sutton, Andrew B. Stuart, Harlan Robins, Byung Park, Shelly J. Krebs, Jason T. Schuman, Spyros Kalams, Ann J. Hessell, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Envelope variants circulating as initial neutralization breadth developed in two HIV-infected subjects stimulate multiclade neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. J Virol, 88(22):12949-67 doi, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25210191
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Mannar2021
Dhiraj Mannar, Karoline Leopold, and Sriram Subramaniam. Glycan Reactive Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein But Do Not Block Viral Entry. Sci. Rep., 11(1):12448, 14 Jun 2021. PubMed ID: 34127709.
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Mao2012
Youdong Mao, Liping Wang, Christopher Gu, Alon Herschhorn, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hillel Haim, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Subunit Organization of the Membrane-Bound HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 19(9):893-899, Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22864288.
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Mascola2010
John R. Mascola and David C. Montefiori. The Role of Antibodies in HIV Vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28:413-444, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20192810.
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McCoy2015
Laura E. McCoy, Emilia Falkowska, Katie J. Doores, Khoa Le, Devin Sok, Marit J. van Gils, Zelda Euler, Judith A. Burger, Michael S. Seaman, Rogier W. Sanders, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, and Dennis R. Burton. Incomplete Neutralization and Deviation from Sigmoidal Neutralization Curves for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 11(8):e1005110, Aug 2015. PubMed ID: 26267277.
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McGuire2014
Andrew T. McGuire, Jolene A. Glenn, Adriana Lippy, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Diverse Recombinant HIV-1 Envs Fail to Activate B Cells Expressing the Germline B Cell Receptors of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies PG9 and 447-52D. J. Virol., 88(5):2645-2657, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352455.
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McLellan2011
Jason S. McLellan, Marie Pancera, Chris Carrico, Jason Gorman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Reza Khayat, Robert Louder, Robert Pejchal, Mallika Sastry, Kaifan Dai, Sijy O'Dell, Nikita Patel, Syed Shahzad-ul-Hussan, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, Jeffrey C. Boyington, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Devan Diwanji, Ivelin Georgiev, Young Do Kwon, Doyung Lee, Mark K. Louder, Stephanie Moquin, Stephen D. Schmidt, Zhi-Yong Yang, Mattia Bonsignori, John A. Crump, Saidi H. Kapiga, Noel E. Sam, Barton F. Haynes, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Laura M. Walker, Sanjay Phogat, Richard Wyatt, Jared Orwenyo, Lai-Xi Wang, James Arthos, Carole A. Bewley, John R. Mascola, Gary J. Nabel, William R. Schief, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure of HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 Domain with Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG9. Nature, 480(7377):336-343, 15 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22113616.
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McLinden2013
Robert J. McLinden, Celia C. LaBranche, Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Victoria R. Polonis, Michael A. Eller, Lindsay Wieczorek, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Stephen Perfetto, David C. Montefiori, Nelson L. Michael, and Jerome H. Kim. Detection of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in a Human CD4+/CXCR4+/CCR5+ T-Lymphoblastoid Cell Assay System. PLoS One, 8(11):e77756, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312168.
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Miglietta2014
Riccardo Miglietta, Claudia Pastori, Assunta Venuti, Christina Ochsenbauer, and Lucia Lopalco. Synergy in Monoclonal Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1 Pseudoviruses and Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Transl. Med., 12:346, 2014. PubMed ID: 25496375.
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Mikell2012
Iliyana Mikell and Leonidas Stamatatos. Evolution of Cross-Neutralizing Antibody Specificities to the CD4-BS and the Carbohydrate Cloak of the HIV Env in an HIV-1-Infected Subject. PLoS One, 7(11):e49610, 2012. PubMed ID: 23152926.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Moore2011
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, Daniel Sheward, Maphuti Madiga, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Zhong Lai, William J. Honnen, Molati Nonyane, Nancy Tumba, Tandile Hermanus, Sengeziwe Sibeko, Koleka Mlisana, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Carolyn Williamson, Abraham Pinter, Lynn Morris, and CAPRISA 002 Study. Potent and Broad Neutralization of HIV-1 Subtype C by Plasma Antibodies Targeting a Quaternary Epitope Including Residues in the V2 loop. J. Virol., 85(7):3128-3141, Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21270156.
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Moore2012
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, C. Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Molati Nonyane, Daniel J. Sheward, Tandile Hermanus, Shringkhala Bajimaya, Nancy L. Tumba, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Bronwen E. Lambson, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Lihua Ping, Nobubelo Ngandu, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Ronald I. Swanstrom, Michael S. Seaman, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Evolution of an HIV Glycan-Dependent Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope through Immune Escape. Nat. Med., 18(11):1688-1692, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23086475.
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Morales2016
Javier F. Morales, Bin Yu, Gerardo Perez, Kathryn A. Mesa, David L. Alexander, and Phillip W. Berman. Fragments of the V1/V2 Domain of HIV-1 Glycoprotein 120 Engineered for Improved Binding to the Broadly Neutralizing PG9 antibody. Mol. Immunol., 77:14-25, Sep 2016. PubMed ID: 27449907.
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Morgand2015
Marion Morgand, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Alain Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, Craig S. Pace, Marie Pancera, David D. Ho, Pascal Poignard, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Peter D. Kwong, Daniel Baty, Patrick Chames, Martine Braibant, and Francis Barin. A V1V2 Neutralizing Epitope Is Conserved in Divergent Non-M Groups of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26413851.
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Mouquet2011
Hugo Mouquet, Florian Klein, Johannes F. Scheid, Malte Warncke, John Pietzsch, Thiago Y. K. Oliveira, Klara Velinzon, Michael S. Seaman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Memory B Cell Antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 Cloned from Individuals Infected with Clade A and B Viruses. PLoS One, 6(9):e24078, 2011. PubMed ID: 21931643.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Nkolola2014
Joseph P. Nkolola, Christine A. Bricault, Ann Cheung, Jennifer Shields, James Perry, James M. Kovacs, Elena Giorgi, Margot van Winsen, Adrian Apetri, Els C. M. Brinkman-van der Linden, Bing Chen, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, and Dan H. Barouch. Characterization and Immunogenicity of a Novel Mosaic M HIV-1 gp140 Trimer. J. Virol., 88(17):9538-9552, 1 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 24965452.
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Nogal2020
Bartek Nogal, Laura E. McCoy, Marit J. van Gils, Christopher A. Cottrell, James E. Voss, Raiees Andrabi, Matthias Pauthner, Chi-Hui Liang, Terrence Messmer, Rebecca Nedellec, Mia Shin, Hannah L. Turner, Gabriel Ozorowski, Rogier W. Sanders, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. HIV Envelope Trimer-Elicited Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies Bind a Region Overlapping the N332 Glycan Supersite. Sci. Adv., 6(23):eaba0512, Jun 2020. PubMed ID: 32548265.
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ORourke2012
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Kathryn A. Mesa, Aaron L. Vollrath, Gwen P. Tatsuno, Briana To, Faruk Sinangil, Kay Limoli, Terri Wrin, and Phillip W. Berman. Sequences in Glycoprotein gp41, the CD4 Binding Site, and the V2 Domain Regulate Sensitivity and Resistance of HIV-1 to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 86(22):12105-12114, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22933284.
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Overbaugh2012
Julie Overbaugh and Lynn Morris. The Antibody Response against HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2(1):a007039, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22315717.
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Pancera2010
Marie Pancera, Jason S. McLellan, Xueling Wu, Jiang Zhu, Anita Changela, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Sanjay Phogat, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Crystal Structure of PG16 and Chimeric Dissection with Somatically Related PG9: Structure-Function Analysis of Two Quaternary-Specific Antibodies That Effectively Neutralize HIV-1. J. Virol., 84(16):8098-8110, Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20538861.
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Pancera2013
Marie Pancera, Syed Shahzad-ul-Hussan, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Jason S. McLellan, Robert T. Bailer, Kaifan Dai, Sandra Loesgen, Mark K. Louder, Ryan P. Staupe, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Robert Parks, Joshua Eudailey, Krissey E. Lloyd, Julie Blinn, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, Mohammed N. Amin, Lai-Xi Wang, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, Carole A. Bewley, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Basis for Diverse N-Glycan Recognition by HIV-1-Neutralizing V1-V2-Directed Antibody PG16. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 20(7):804-813, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23708607.
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Pantophlet2010
Ralph Pantophlet. Antibody Epitope Exposure and Neutralization of HIV-1. Curr. Pharm. Des., 16(33):3729-3743, 2010. PubMed ID: 21128886.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Pejchal2010
Robert Pejchal, Laura M. Walker, Robyn L. Stanfield, Sanjay K. Phogat, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. Structure and Function of Broadly Reactive Antibody PG16 Reveal an H3 Subdomain That Mediates Potent Neutralization of HIV-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(25):11483-11488, 22 Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20534513.
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Pejchal2011
Robert Pejchal, Katie J. Doores, Laura M. Walker, Reza Khayat, Po-Ssu Huang, Sheng-Kai Wang, Robyn L. Stanfield, Jean-Philippe Julien, Alejandra Ramos, Max Crispin, Rafael Depetris, Umesh Katpally, Andre Marozsan, Albert Cupo, Sebastien Maloveste, Yan Liu, Ryan McBride, Yukishige Ito, Rogier W. Sanders, Cassandra Ogohara, James C. Paulson, Ten Feizi, Christopher N. Scanlan, Chi-Huey Wong, John P. Moore, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Pascal Poignard, William R. Schief, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield. Science, 334(6059):1097-1103, 25 Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21998254.
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Pollara2013
Justin Pollara, Mattia Bonsignori, M. Anthony Moody, Marzena Pazgier, Barton F. Haynes, and Guido Ferrari. Epitope Specificity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Responses. Curr. HIV Res., 11(5):378-387, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 24191939.
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Prevost2018
Jérémie Prévost, Jonathan Richard, Shilei Ding, Beatriz Pacheco, Roxanne Charlebois, Beatrice H Hahn, Daniel E Kaufmann, and Andrés Finzi. Envelope Glycoproteins Sampling States 2/3 Are Susceptible to ADCC by Sera from HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Virology, 515:38-45, Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29248757.
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Provine2012
Nicholas M. Provine, Valerie Cortez, Vrasha Chohan, and Julie Overbaugh. The Neutralization Sensitivity of Viruses Representing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Diverse Subtypes from Early in Infection Is Dependent on Producer Cell, as Well as Characteristics of the Specific Antibody and Envelope Variant. Virology, 427(1):25-33, 25 May 2012. PubMed ID: 22369748.
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Pugach2015
Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Qi2016
Yifei Qi, Sunhwan Jo, and Wonpil Im. Roles of Glycans in Interactions between gp120 and HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Glycobiology, 26(3):251-260, Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26537503.
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Rademeyer2016
Cecilia Rademeyer, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Elena E. Giorgi, Ruwayhida Thebus, Alexander Robles, Daniel J. Sheward, Kshitij Wagh, Jetta Garrity, Brittany R. Carey, Hongmei Gao, Kelli M. Greene, Haili Tang, Gama P. Bandawe, Jinny C. Marais, Thabo E. Diphoko, Peter Hraber, Nancy Tumba, Penny L. Moore, Glenda E. Gray, James Kublin, M. Juliana McElrath, Marion Vermeulen, Keren Middelkoop, Linda-Gail Bekker, Michael Hoelscher, Leonard Maboko, Joseph Makhema, Merlin L. Robb, Salim Abdool Karim, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Jerome H. Kim, Beatrice H. Hahn, Feng Gao, Ronald Swanstrom, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Carolyn Williamson. Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization. PLoS Pathog., 12(7):e1005742, Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27434311.
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Ren2018
Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Ringe2011
Rajesh Ringe, Deepak Sharma, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Sanjay Phogat, Arun Risbud, Madhuri Thakar, Ramesh Paranjape, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the C4 Region in gp120 Confers Enhanced Neutralization of HIV-1 by Modulating CD4 Binding Sites and V3 Loop. Virology, 418(2):123-132, 30 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21851958.
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Ringe2012
Rajesh Ringe, Sanjay Phogat, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Subtle Alteration of Residues Including N-Linked Glycans in V2 Loop Modulate HIV-1 Neutralization by PG9 and PG16 Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 426(1):34-41, 25 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22314018.
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Roark2021
Ryan S. Roark, Hui Li, Wilton B. Williams, Hema Chug, Rosemarie D. Mason, Jason Gorman, Shuyi Wang, Fang-Hua Lee, Juliette Rando, Mattia Bonsignori, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Kevin O. Saunders, Kevin Wiehe, M. Anthony Moody, Peter T. Hraber, Kshitij Wagh, Elena E. Giorgi, Ronnie M. Russell, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Weimin Liu, Jesse Connell, Andrew G. Smith, Julia DeVoto, Alexander I. Murphy, Jessica Smith, Wenge Ding, Chengyan Zhao, Neha Chohan, Maho Okumura, Christina Rosario, Yu Ding, Emily Lindemuth, Anya M. Bauer, Katharine J. Bar, David Ambrozak, Cara W. Chao, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Bob C. Lin, Mark K. Louder, Richard Nguyen, Baoshan Zhang, Mark G. Lewis, Donald D. Raymond, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Chaim A. Schramm, Daniel C. Douek, Mario Roederer, Thomas B. Kepler, Garnett Kelsoe, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, Bette T. Korber, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, Beatrice H. Hahn, and George M. Shaw. Recapitulation of HIV-1 Env-Antibody Coevolution in Macaques Leading to Neutralization Breadth. Science, 371(6525), 8 Jan 2021. PubMed ID: 33214287.
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Rolland2012
Morgane Rolland, Paul T. Edlefsen, Brendan B. Larsen, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Eric Sanders-Buell, Tomer Hertz, Allan C. deCamp, Chris Carrico, Sergey Menis, Craig A. Magaret, Hasan Ahmed, Michal Juraska, Lennie Chen, Philip Konopa, Snehal Nariya, Julia N. Stoddard, Kim Wong, Hong Zhao, Wenjie Deng, Brandon S. Maust, Meera Bose, Shana Howell, Adam Bates, Michelle Lazzaro, Annemarie O'Sullivan, Esther Lei, Andrea Bradfield, Grace Ibitamuno, Vatcharain Assawadarachai, Robert J. O'Connell, Mark S. deSouza, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Merlin L. Robb, Jason S. McLellan, Ivelin Georgiev, Peter D. Kwong, Jonathan M. Carlson, Nelson L. Michael, William R. Schief, Peter B. Gilbert, James I. Mullins, and Jerome H. Kim. Increased HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy against Viruses with Genetic Signatures in Env V2. Nature, 490(7420):417-420, 18 Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22960785.
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Rosenberg2015
Yvonne Rosenberg, Markus Sack, David Montefiori, Celia Labranche, Mark Lewis, Lori Urban, Lingjun Mao, Rainer Fischer, and Xiaoming Jiang. Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Monoclonal Antibodies in Macaques. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120451, 25 Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807114.
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Rudometova2022
N. B. Rudometova, N. S. Shcherbakova, D. N. Shcherbakov, O. S. Taranov, B. N. Zaitsev, and L. I. Karpenko. Construction and Characterization of HIV-1 env-Pseudoviruses of the Recombinant Form CRF63_02A and Subtype A6. Bull Exp Biol Med, 172(6):729-733 doi, Apr 2022. PubMed ID: 35501651
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Saha2012
Piyali Saha, Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Sannula Kesavardhana, Edward Roshan Miranda, P. Shaik Syed Ali, Deepak Sharma, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Designed Cyclic Permutants of HIV-1 gp120: Implications for Envelope Trimer Structure and Immunogen Design. Biochemistry, 51(9):1836-1847, 6 Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22329717.
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Sajadi2012
Mohammad M. Sajadi, George K. Lewis, Michael S. Seaman, Yongjun Guan, Robert R. Redfield, and Anthony L. DeVico. Signature Biochemical Properties of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 86(9):5014-5025, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22379105.
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Sanchez-Merino2016
V. Sanchez-Merino, A. Fabra-Garcia, N. Gonzalez, D. Nicolas, A. Merino-Mansilla, C. Manzardo, J. Ambrosioni, A. Schultz, A. Meyerhans, J. R. Mascola, J. M. Gatell, J. Alcami, J. M. Miro, and E. Yuste. Detection of Broadly Neutralizing Activity within the First Months of HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 90(11):5231-5245, 1 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26984721.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Sather2014
D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, Andrew B. Stuart, Ann J. Hessell, Mathew D. Gray, Iliyana Mikell, Spyros A. Kalams, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Emergence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Viral Coevolution in Two Subjects during the Early Stages of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 88(22):12968-12981, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25122781.
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Quentin J. Sattentau and Andrew J. McMichael. New Templates for HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. F1000 Biol. Rep., 2:60, 2010. PubMed ID: 21173880.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Scott2015
Yanille M. Scott, Seo Young Park, and Charlene S. Dezzutti. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibodies Prevent HIV Infection of Mucosal Tissue Ex Vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 60(2):904-912, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26596954.
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Shang2011
Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Xuanling Shi, Teng Zuo, Mark Goldin, Dan Chen, Bing Han, Wei Sun, Hao Wu, Xinquan Wang, and Linqi Zhang. Genetic and Neutralization Sensitivity of Diverse HIV-1 env Clones from Chronically Infected Patients in China. J. Biol. Chem., 286(16):14531-14541, 22 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21325278.
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Shivatare2013
Sachin S. Shivatare, Shih-Huang Chang, Tsung-I Tsai, Chien-Tai Ren, Hong-Yang Chuang, Li Hsu, Chih-Wei Lin, Shiou-Ting Li, Chung-Yi Wu, and Chi-Huey Wong. Efficient Convergent Synthesis of Bi-, Tri-, and Tetra-Antennary Complex Type N-Glycans and Their HIV-1 Antigenicity. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135(41):15382-15391, 16 Oct 2013. PubMed ID: 24032650.
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Sliepen2015
Kwinten Sliepen, Max Medina-Ramirez, Anila Yasmeen, John P. Moore, Per Johan Klasse, and Rogier W. Sanders. Binding of Inferred Germline Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies to Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Virology, 486:116-120, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26433050.
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Stefic2019
Karl Stefic, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Asma Essat, Clara Visdeloup, Alain Moreau, Cécile Goujard, Marie-Laure Chaix, Martine Braibant, Laurence Meyer, and Francis Barin. Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade CRF02\_AG Viruses with a Focus on Evolution over Time. J. Virol., 93(2), 15 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30404804.
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Stewart-Jones2016
Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Cinque Soto, Thomas Lemmin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Aliaksandr Druz, Rui Kong, Paul V. Thomas, Kshitij Wagh, Tongqing Zhou, Anna-Janina Behrens, Tatsiana Bylund, Chang W. Choi, Jack R. Davison, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Justin Taft, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Vidya S. Shivatare, Chang-Chun D. Lee, Chung-Yi Wu, Carole A. Bewley, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Mark Connors, Max Crispin, Ulrich Baxa, Bette T. Korber, Chi-Huey Wong, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165(4):813-826, 5 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27114034.
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Thenin2012
Suzie Thenin, Tanawan Samleerat, Elsa Tavernier, Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong, Gonzague Jourdain, Marc Lallemant, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Issued from Mother-Infant Pairs Display a Wide Spectrum of Biological Properties. Virology, 426(1):12-21, 25 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22310702.
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Thenin2012a
Suzie Thenin, Emmanuelle Roch, Tanawan Samleerat, Thierry Moreau, Antoine Chaillon, Alain Moreau, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Naturally Occurring Substitutions of Conserved Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Different Clades Are Involved in PG9 and PG16 Resistance to Neutralization. J. Gen. Virol., 93(7):1495-1505, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22492917.
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Tomaras2010
Georgia D. Tomaras and Barton F. Haynes. Strategies for Eliciting HIV-1 Inhibitory Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 5(5):421-427, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20978384.
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Tomaras2011
Georgia D. Tomaras, James M. Binley, Elin S. Gray, Emma T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, Penny L. Moore, Nancy Tumba, Tommy Tong, Xiaoying Shen, Nicole L. Yates, Julie Decker, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Philippa Easterbrook, Salim Abdool Karim, Gift Kamanga, John A. Crump, Myron Cohen, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Polyclonal B Cell Responses to Conserved Neutralization Epitopes in a Subset of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 85(21):11502-11519, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21849452.
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Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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Upadhyay2014
Chitra Upadhyay, Luzia M. Mayr, Jing Zhang, Rajnish Kumar, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Arthur Nádas, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Catarina E. Hioe. Distinct Mechanisms Regulate Exposure of Neutralizing Epitopes in the V2 and V3 Loops of HIV-1 Envelope. J. Virol., 88(21):12853-12865, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25165106.
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vandenKerkhof2013
Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, K. Anton Feenstra, Zelda Euler, Marit J. van Gils, Linda W. E. Rijsdijk, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Jaap Heringa, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and Rogier W. Sanders. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures That Correlate with the Development of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Retrovirology, 10:102, 23 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24059682.
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Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Steven W. de Taeye, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Dennis R. Burton, Neeltje A. Kootstra, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Rogier W. Sanders, and Marit J. van Gils. HIV-1 escapes from N332-directed antibody neutralization in an elite neutralizer by envelope glycoprotein elongation and introduction of unusual disulfide bonds. Retrovirology, 13(1):48, 7 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27388013.
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Veillette2014
Maxime Veillette, Anik Désormeaux, Halima Medjahed, Nour-Elhouda Gharsallah, Mathieu Coutu, Joshua Baalwa, Yongjun Guan, George Lewis, Guido Ferrari, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, James E. Robinson, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, and Andres Finzi. Interaction with Cellular CD4 Exposes HIV-1 Envelope Epitopes Targeted by Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J. Virol., 88(5):2633-2644, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352444.
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Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Voss2017
James E. Voss, Raiees Andrabi, Laura E. McCoy, Natalia de Val, Roberta P. Fuller, Terrence Messmer, Ching-Yao Su, Devin Sok, Salar N. Khan, Fernando Garces, Laura K. Pritchard, Richard T. Wyatt, Andrew B. Ward, Max Crispin, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Elicitation of Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the V2 Apex of the HIV Envelope Trimer in a Wild-Type Animal Model. Cell Rep., 21(1):222-235, 3 Oct 2017. PubMed ID: 28978475.
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Voss2019
James E. Voss, Alicia Gonzalez-Martin, Raiees Andrabi, Roberta P. Fuller, Ben Murrell, Laura E. McCoy, Katelyn Porter, Deli Huang, Wenjuan Li, Devin Sok, Khoa Le, Bryan Briney, Morgan Chateau, Geoffrey Rogers, Lars Hangartner, Ann J. Feeney, David Nemazee, Paula Cannon, and Dennis R. Burton. Reprogramming the Antigen Specificity of B Cells Using Genome-Editing Technologies. eLife, 8, 17 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30648968.
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Walker2010
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Walker2010a
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Rational Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine Design: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22(3):358-366, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20299194.
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Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211.
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Wang2013
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Wang2020
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West2012
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West2013
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Wibmer2013
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Sengupta2023
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Displaying record number 2125
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
PG16 |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
Env |
Epitope |
|
Subtype |
A |
Ab Type |
gp120 V2 // V2 glycan(V2g) // V2 apex |
Neutralizing |
P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG1) |
Patient |
Donor 24 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, escape, genital and mucosal immunity, glycosylation, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, memory cells, mimics, mother-to-infant transmission, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 168 of
168 notes.
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PG16: Eighty clusters of overlapping epitopes that could bind to MHC Class II HLA-DR1*01:01 (DR1) allele were identified by LC-MS/MS using a cell-free processing system that incorporated soluble DR1, HLA-DM (DM), cathepsins, and full-length protein antigens (Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Tat, Rev, and Nef). Sixteen of Env CD4+ T cell epitopes identified in this study, which were primarily located in the vicinity of the gp120/gp41 interface or the CD4bs, were assessed for overlap with bnAb binding footprints. 2/16 overlapped with the binding footprint of Apex-targeting bnAb PG16: KEY171-179 (KEYALFYKL) and ETF466-476 (ETFRPGGGDMR). Both were only identified in unglycosylated forms.
Sengupta2023
(antibody binding site)
-
PG16: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: Membrane-bound BG505-based ApexGT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. The antigenicity of the most promising immunogen, ApexGT5, was also assessed in variants designed for mRNA delivery. PCT64 and PG9/PG16 lineages were identified to have the highest and most consistent frequencies of precursors in 14 HIV-unexposed donors among 5 V2-apex-targeting bnAb classes which also included PGT141-145/PGDM1400-1414, CH01-CH04 and CAP256-VRC26 lineages. PG9/PG16 heavy chain (HC) precursors were found in 9/14 donors with a median frequency of 0.23 precursors per million BCRs. PG9/PG16 precursors had an average of 18.4 of possible 30 mutations from mature PG9 or PG16 bnAbs. Of the trimer variants assessed, PG16 had the greatest binding affinity for ApexGT1.A (KD 2 nM).
Willis2022
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, antibody sequence, antibody lineage)
-
PG16: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
PG16: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. PG16 was used as a reference control IgG. Inhibition of EPTC112 binding to SOSIP was moderately with PG16 with blocking range of 28%–15%.
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
PG16: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
PG16: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: PG16 was positive for neutralization and binding to infected cells, but negative for ADCC.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: This study used directed evolution to overcome the instability and heterogeneity of a primary Env isolate (ADA) in order to design better immunogens. HIV-1 virions were subjected to iterative cycles of destabilization and replication to select for Envs with enhanced stability. Several mutations in Env were associated with increased trimer stability, primarily in the heptad repeat regions of gp41 and V1 of gp120. Mutations from the most stable Envs were combined into a variant Env, termed "comb-mut", with superior homogeneity and stability. Comb-mut had greater binding affinity for PGT128, PG9, PG16, 2G12, VRC01, b12, and CD4-IgG2, but decreased binding to 4E10, 2F5, b6, 19b, 17b, 7B2, and D50. Comb-mut was more sensitive to neutralization by PG9. One specific mutation (K574) was shown to decrease the neutralization IC50 of mAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10, b6, 2G12, 8K8 and inhibitors sCD4, T-20, and PF-68742. Several of the Env substitutions were shown to stabilize Env spikes from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. Spike stabilizing mutations may be useful in the development of Env immunogens that stably retain native, trimeric structure.
Leaman2013
(mimics, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Using subtype A BG505 Env structural information, improved variants of subtype B JRFL and subtype C 16055 Env native flexibly linked (NFL) trimers were generated. The trimer-derived (TD) residues that increased well-ordered, homogeneous, stable, and soluble trimers did not require positive or negative selection as previously needed [Guenaga2015, PLoS Pathos. 11(1):e1004570]. In JRFL trimer-derived Env immunogens, binding to PG16 was restored by the E168K mutation. PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 which are "trimer-preferring" bnAbs are known to target one site on the variable cap per spike and while PG16 preferentially recognized 16055 NFL TD8 over JRFL NFL TD15, it also bound subtype C 16055 with a very high (nM) affinity.
Guenaga2015a
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG16: Native, well-ordered, soluble mimetics of the Env trimer from subtypes B (JRFL) and C (16055) were obtained from genetically identical samples of heterogeneous mixture of disordered Env SOSIPs. Negative selection by non-nAbs was used to remove disordered oligomers, leaving well-ordered trimers that were able to bind sCD4, a panel of bnAbs that bind CD4bs, and PGT15 which is a bnAb that binds only cleavage-dependent, well-ordered, Env trimer. Several biophysical techniques were used to interrogate the structure of the purified subtype B and C trimers. Trimer antigenicity was assessed by bio-layer interferometry against F105-like non-neutralizing Abs, and some bnAbs in solution. Quaternary epitope-preferring and glycan-specific PG16 does not bind open/disordered trimers well or recognize monomers, but recognizes these non-nAb negatively selected trimers.
Guenaga2015
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
PG16: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
-
PG16: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
PG16: HIV-1 and its SIV precursors share a bnAb epitope in Env V2 at the trimer apex. This study tested the immunogenicity of a chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) Env trimer. In mice expressing a human V2-apex bnAb heavy-chain precursor, trimer immunization induced V2-directed nAbs. Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-chimpanzee immunodeficiency viruses (SCIVs) elicited high-titer viremia, potent autologous neutralizing antibodies, rapid sequence escape in the canonical V2-apex epitope, and in some cases, low-titer heterologous plasma breadth mapping to the V2-apex. Antibody cloning from 2 macaques (T925 and T927) identified 7 lineages (53 mAbs) with long CDRH3 regions that cross-neutralize some primary HIV-1 strains with low potency. Electron microscopy of members of the two most cross-reactive lineages confirmed V2 targeting with an angle of approach distinct from prototypical V2-apex bNAbs; antibody binding either required or induced an occluded-open trimer. Probing with conformation-sensitive, nonneutralizing antibodies revealed that SCIV-expressed, but not wild-type SIVcpz Envs, as well as a subset of primary HIV-1 Envs, preferentially adopted a more open trimeric state. These results reveal the existence of a cryptic V2 epitope that is exposed in occluded-open SIVcpz and HIV-1 Env trimers and elicits cross-neutralizing responses of limited breadth and potency. This cryptic epitope, which in some Env backgrounds is immunodominant, needs to be considered in immunogen design. As part of the study, binding and neutralization assays used panels of nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, CH01, BG1, VRC38.01), non-nAbs (697-D, 1393A, CH58, CAP228-3D, 3074, 447-52D, 17b, A32), and unmutated ancestors (PG9-RUA, PG16-RUA, VRC26-UCA, CH01-RUA).
Bibollet-Ruche2023
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG16: Structural characterization of macaque vaccine-induced mAbs Ab1303 and Ab1573 revealed a CD4bs binding mechanism that requires an occluded-open Env trimer conformation, similar to what has been observed for mAb b12. In a BG505 Env trimer binding competition assay, V1V2-targeting PG16 Fab competed minimally or moderately with Ab1303 and Ab1573 respectively.
Yang2022
(antibody interactions)
-
PG16: A macaque sequential immunization protocol with increasingly native-like V3-glycan-targeting Env trimers multimerized onto virus-like particles elicited multiple on-target mAbs with heterologous, yet generally weak, neutralization activity and minimal protection in a subsequent intrarectal heterologous challenge with SHIVDH12-V3AD8. The priming immunogen was RC1-4fill (clade A/E, RC1 with 4 additional glycans), a low affinity Env trimer with additional glycans to facilitate V3-glycan targeting and mask BG505 glycan hole, while the boosting immunogens were 11MUTB-4fill (clade A/E), B41-5MUT or B41 wildtype (clade B), AMC011/Du422 (clade B/C), and consensus group M/consensus clade C Env trimers. In a RC1 binding assay, PG16 IgG was moderately competed by PGT145 Fab and modestly competed by 10-1074 Fab.
Escolano2021
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PG16: Of 40 total Env trimer-targeting mAbs isolated from 6 macaques either after 3 priming immunizations with artificial consensus stabilized native-like HIV-1 immunogen ConM SOSIP.v7 or subsequent 2 boosting immunizations with the closely related ConSOSL.UFO.664 immunogen, the V1V2V3 region was immunodominant for the 22 (55%) mAbs that neutralized ConM and/or ConS virus. PG16 had 97% and 88% residual binding, respectively, when competing individually against biotinylated V1V2V3-targeting mAbs CM02A and CM05A1.
Reiss2022
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: This report characterizes an additional antiviral activity of some bnAbs to block HIV-1 release by tethering viral particles at the surface of infected cells in vitro in a bivalency-dependent manner. After cultivation of infected primary CD4+ T cells with individual bnAbs, supernatant p24 levels were negatively correlated with cell-associated Gag levels, Env binding and neutralization potency while cell-associated Gag levels and Env binding positively correlated with each other and individually with neutralization potency. The capacity to mediate this tethering activity varied among different classes of mAbs: 0/3 non-neutralizing mAbs, 1/5 bnAbs targeting the MPER or gp120/gp41 interface and 9/9 of the bnAbs targeting the V3 and V1/V1 loops or the CD4bs demonstrated this activity against at least 1/3 diverse viral strains (AD8, CH058 and vKB18). Five of these latter 9 bnAbs, including bnAb 10-1074 which had the most potent effect observed in study when cultivated with vKB18-infected CD4+ T cells, displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains. Surface aggregation of mature virions and bnAb 10-1074 was observed in CH058-infected primary CD4+ T cells and CHME macrophage-like cells. V2-targeting bnAb PG16 only displayed tethering activity against the vKB18 strain.
Dufloo2022
(binding affinity)
-
PG16: A plant-based expression system was used to produce different glycoforms of the bnAbs PG9, PG16, 10–1074, NIH45–46G54W, 10E8, PGT121, PGT128, PGT145, PGT135, and b12. Also produced were mutated forms (N92T) of VRC01 (mVRC01) and NIH45–46G54W (mNIH45–46G54W). The in vivo properties of these mAbs were assessed in macaques to distinguish those most likely to comprise or become a component of an affordable and efficacious immunotherapeutic cocktails. N-glycans within the VL domain impaired the plasma stability of plant-derived bnAbs. While PGT121 and b12 exhibited no immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, VRC01, 10-1074 and NIH45-46G54W elicited high titer anti-idiotypic antibodies. The results indicated that that specific mutations in certain bnAbs caused immunogenicity in macaques. Such immunogenicity in humans would potentially compromise their value for immunotherapy. CHO1-31 was used as a positive control in a neutralization assay.
Rosenberg2015
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PG16: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
PG16: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128 as well as 2G12 were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG16: Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 immunity associated with VRC01-like antibodies was studied by isolation of VRC01-like neutralizers with CD4bs probe; structural definition of gp120 recognition by RSC3-identified antibodies from different donors; functional complementation of heavy and light chains among VRC01-like antibodies; identification of VRC01 antibodies by 454 pyrosequencing; and cross-donor phylogenetic analysis of sequences derived from the same precursor germline gene. b12, among with other RSC3-reactive antibodies, was used for several comparisons and showed dramatic differences in heavy-chain orientation relative to the VRC01. b12 had 48-66% sequence identity of its heavy and light chains to respective chains of VRC-PG04 and VRC-CH31. PG9 and PG16 Abs were compared to for % somatic hyper mutation.
Wu2011
(structure)
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PG16: In an effort to identify new Env immunogens able to elicit bNAbs, this study looked at Envs derived from rare individuals who possess bNAbs and are elite viral suppressors, hypothesizing that in at least some people the antibodies may mediate durable virus control. The Env proteins recovered from these individuals may more closely resemble the Envs that gave rise to bNAbs compared to the highly diverse viruses isolated from normal progressors. This study identified a treatment-naive elite suppressor, EN3 (patient record #4929), whose serum had broad neutralization. The Env sequences of EN3 had much fewer polymorphisms, compared to those of a normal progressor, EN1 (patient record #4928), who also had broad serum neutralization. This result confirmed other reports of slower virus evolution in elite suppressors. EN3 Envelope proteins were unusual in that most possessed two extra cysteines within an elongated V1 region. The impact of the extra cysteines on the binding to bNAbs, virus infectivity, and sensitivity to neutralization suggested that structural motifs in V1 can affect infectivity, and that rare viruses may be prevented from developing escape. As part of this study, the neutralization of pseudotype viruses for EN3 Env clones was assayed for several bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, VRC01, 4E10, and 35O22).
Hutchinson2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG16: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16: A novel CD4bs bnAb, 1-18, is identified with breadth (97% against a 119-strain multiclade panel) and potency exceeding (IC50 = 0.048 µg/mL) most VH1-46 and VH1-2 class bnAbs like 3BNC117, VRC01, N6, 8ANC131, 10-1074, PGT151, PGT121, 8ANC195, PG16 and PGDM1400. 1-18 effectively restricts viral escape better than bnAbs 3BNC117 and VRC01. As with VRC01-like Abs, 1-18 targets the CD4bs but it recognizes the epitope differently. Neutralizing activity against VRC01 Ab-class escapes is maintained by 1-18. In humanized mice infected by strain HIV-1YU2, viral suppression is also maintained by 1-18. VH1-46-derived B cell clone 4.1 from patient IDC561 produced potent, broadly active mAbs. Subclone 4.1 is characterized by a 6 aa CDRH1 insertion lengthening it from 8 to 14 aa and produces bNAbs 1-18 and 1-55. Cryo-EM at 2.5A of 1-18 in complex with BG505SOSIP.664 suggests their insertion increases inter-protomer contacts by a negatively charged DDDPYTDDD motif, resulting in an enlargement of the buried surface on HIV-1 gp120. Variations in glycosylation is thought to confer higher neutralizing activity on 1-18 over 1-55.
Schommers2020
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664 has been reported. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 HR1 region which can guide the improvement of Env glycoprotein preparations and potentially increase their effectiveness as a vaccine. PG16 broadly neutralized HIV-1AD8 full-length and cytoplasmic tail-deleted Envs
Castillo-Menendez2019
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG16: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
PG16: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the V2 apex recognized by PGDM1400, PGT145, and PG16, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. PGT121, PG9, PG16, and CH01 bound better to the E153C/R178C/G152E mutant than to SOSIP.664. The I184C/E190C mutant bound all the V2 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, and CH01) better than SOSIP.664. I184C/E190C was more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs compared with BG505 (by 5-fold for PG9, 3-fold for PG16, 6-fold for CH01, and 3-fold for PGDM1400).
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Two HIV-1-infected individuals, VC10014 and VC20013, were monitored from early infection until well after they had developed broadly neutralizing activity. The bNAb activity developed about 1 year after infection and mapped to a single epitope in both subjects. Isolates from each subject, taken at five different time points, were tested against monoclonal bNAbs: VRC01, B12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, and 2F5. In subject VC10014, the bNAb activity developed around 1 year postinfection and targeted an epitope that overlaps the CD4-BS and is similar to (but distinct from) bNAb HJ16. In the case of VC20013, the bNAb activity targeted a novel epitope in the MPER that is critically dependent on residue 677 (mutation K677N).
Sather2014
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. V2 bNAb PG16 bound Opt and Alt immunogens more robustly than 459C WT, consistent with increased V2 exposure.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied, and future directions for the field. Recombinant native-like HIV Env trimers have enabled the identification of PG16, a potent ‘PG9-class’ bNAb. Antigenic region V2 apex (Table:1)
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: The authors selected an optimal panel of diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to represent the antigenic diversity of HIV globally in order to be used as antigen candidates. The selection was based on genetic and geographic diversity, and experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses. The eligibility of the envelopes as vaccine candidates was evaluated against a panel of antibodies for breadth, affinity, binding and durability of vaccine-elicited responses. The antigen panel was capable of detecting the spectrum of V2-specific antibodies that target epitopes from the V2 strand C (V2p), the integrin binding motif in V2 (V2i), and the quaternary epitope at the apex of the trimer (V2q).
Yates2018
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG16: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
PG16: This study describes the generation of CHO cell lines stably expressing the following vaccine Env Ags: CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B). The antigenic profiles of the molecules were assessed with a panel of well-characterized mAbs recognizing critical epitopes and glycosylation analysis confirming previously identified sites and revealing unknown sites at non-consensus motifs. A244.AE gp120 showed low level of binding to PG16 in ELISA EC50 and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays.
Wen2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: The prophylactic and therapeutic potential of an engineered single gene–encoded tandem bispecific immunoadhesin (IA) molecule BiIA-SG was studied. Before engineering BiIAs, codon-optimized scFvs of bNAbs PG9, PG16, PGT128, VRC01, and Hu5A8 were synthesized. The VL/VH domain of each scFv was engineered as a corresponding IA by fusion with human IgG1-Fc to generate IA-PG9, IA-PG16, IA-PGT128, IA-VRC01, and IA-Hu5A8. While all IAs exhibited specific anti–HIV-1 activity, only IA-PGT128 displayed similar potency and the same sigmoidal slope of 100% neutralization as previously described for the native PGT128, and IA-PGT128 in combination with IA-Hu5A8 exhibited the best synergistic effect based on computational synergy volumes. IA-PGT128 and IA-Hu5A8 were therefore used for BiIA construction.
Wu2018
-
PG16: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. PG16 is neither autoreactive nor polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG16: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers. quaternary epitopes in the V1/V2 domain could not be probed using PG16, as it doesn't bind to WT 89.6 or JRFL.
Hogan2018
-
PG16: Three strategies were applied to perturb the structure of Env in order to make the protein more susceptible to neutralization: exposure to cold, Env-activating ligands, and a chaotropic agent. A panel of mAbs (E51, 48d, 17b, 3BNC176, 19b, 447-52D, 39F, b12, b6, PG16, PGT145, PGT126, 35O22, F240, 10E8, 7b2, 2G12) was used to test the neutralization resistance of a panel of subtype B and C pseudoviruses with and without these agents. Both cold and CD4 mimicking agents (CD4Ms) increased the sensitivity of some viruses. The chaotropic agent urea had little effect by itself, but could enhance the effects of cold or CD4Ms. Thus Env destabilizing agents can make Env more susceptible to neutralization and may hold promise as priming vaccine antigens.
Johnson2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs, regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
PG16: The ability of neutralizing and nonneutralizing mAbs to block infection in models of mucosal transmission was tested. Neutralization potency did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4bs-specific bNAbs, in particular VRC01, blocked HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. MPER (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bNAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while bNAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) were more variable. Non-nAbs alone and in combinations, were poorly protective against mucosal infection. The protection provided by specific bNAbs demonstrates their potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing mucosal entry. PG9 and PG16 were selected to represent mAbs of the V1-V2 glycan class.
Cheeseman2017
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
-PG16: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. Consistent competition of PG16 was seen with some rabbit sear.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG16: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation improve an antibody's complementarity with its target epitope. Mass spectroscopy and X-ray structures were used to examine two classes of mAbs, CD4 binding Abs (VRC03, VRC-PG04) and V2 binding Abs (VRC26.01, VRC26.03, VRC26.10, PG16, CH03), to determine how specific mutations that occurred during maturation affected the binding of the mAbs to their target epitope.
Davenport2016
(structure, antibody lineage)
-
PG16: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3. PG16 had weak to moderate ADCC activity on cells infected with 2 of the 3 strains studied.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
PG16: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
PG16: bNAbs were found to have potent activating but not inhibitory FcγR-mediated effector function that can confer protection by blocking viral entry or suppressing viremia. bNAb activity is augmented with engineered Fc domains when assessed in in vivo models of HIV-1 entry or in therapeutic models using HIV-1-infected humanized mice. Enhanced FcγR engagement is not restricted by epitope specificity or neutralization potency as chimeras composed of human anti-V1/2 PG16 Fab and mouse Fc had improved or reduced in vivo activity depending on the Fc used.
Bournazos2014
(neutralization, chimeric antibody)
-
PG16: HIV-1 bNAb eptiope networks were predicted using 4 algorithms informed by neutralization assays using 282 Env from multiclade viruses. Patch clusters of possible Ab epitope regions were tested for significant sensitivity by site-directed mutagenesis. Epitope (Ab binding site) networks of critical Env residues for 21 bNAb (b12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126, PGT127, PGT128, PGT130, PGT131, PGT135, PGT136, PGT137, PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, PGT144, PGT145 and PGV04) were delineated and found to be located mostly in variable loops of gp120, particularly in V1/V2.
Evans2014
(antibody binding site, computational prediction)
-
PG16: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. V1/V2 glycan bNAb PG16 bound cell surface tightly whether the trimer contained its C-terminal or not, and was competed out by sCD4. It was able to neutralize the 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). V1/V2 glycan bNAb, PG16, neutralized B41 psuedovirus and bound B41 trimer strongly.
Pugach2015
-
PG16: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. PG16, PG9 and PG145, all V1/V2 glycan trimer apex bNAbs, were strongly, reciprocally competitive with one another. V3 glycan bNAbs PGT121, PGT122, PGT123 inhibited binding of PG16 strongly, but in a non-reciprocal manner.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG16: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes against all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. The Clade C trimers are reactive with the V1/V2 glycan bNAb, PG16, and both pseudotyped viruses were neutralized by PG167.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
PG16: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Binding of bNAb PG16 to trimers was minimally affected by trimer cross-linking.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG16: HIV-1 escape from the N332-glycan dependent bNAb, PGT135, developed in an elite controller but without change to the PGT135-binding Env epitope itself. Instead an insertion increasing V1 length by up to 21 residues concomitant with an additional 1-3 glycans and 2-4 cysteines shields the epitope from PGT135. The majority of viruses tested developed a 14-fold resistance to PGT135 from month 7 to 11. In comparison, HIV-1 developed a 7 fold sensitivity to bNAb PG16.
vandenKerkhof2016
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, escape)
-
PG16: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-V1/V2 glycan bNAb PG16, neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: A mathematical model was developed to predict the Ab concentration at which antibody escape variants outcompete their ancestors, and this concentration was termed the mutant selection window (MSW). The MSW was determined experimentally for 12 pairings of diverse HIV strains against 7 bnAbs (b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT128, 2F5). The neutralization of PG16 was assayed against JRFL (resistant strain) and JRFL-FLE168KN189A (sensitive strain).
Magnus2016
(neutralization, escape)
-
PG16: A panel of Env-specific mAbs was isolated from 6 HIV1-infected lactating women. Antibodies in colostrum may help prevent mucosal infection of the infant, so this study aimed to define milk IgGs for future vaccination strategies to reduce HIV transmission during lactation. Despite the high rate of VH 1-69 usage among colostrum Env specific B cells, it did not correlate with distinct gp120 epitope specificity or function. PG16 was compared to the newly-derived mAbs; it had no significant cross-reactivity with gut bacteria and tested negative in 2 tests of autoreactivity.
Jeffries2016
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG16: The study detailed binding kinetics of the interaction between BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer or its variants (gp120 monomer; first study of disulfide-stabilized variant gp120-gp41ECTO protomer) and several mAbs, both neutralizing (VRC01, PGV04, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT145, PGT151, 2G12) and non-neutralizing (b6, b12, 14e, 19b, F240). V1V2 quarternary-dependent epitope-binding bNAb, PG16, bound trimer best, but less well to protomer.
Yasmeen2014
(antibody binding site, assay or method development)
-
PG16: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. V1/V2 glycan-binding, second-generation mAb, PG16 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=0.24 µg/ml for 11/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 92%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
PG16: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti V1/V2 bNAb PG16 was able to neutralize 4/16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 10µg/ml, 1 of them highly with a value under 1 µg/ml and 3 moderately.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. PG16, a V2-glycan bnAb belonged to a group with slopes <1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
PG16: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. V1/V2 apex-binding gl-PG16 precursor bound to 1/3 trimers, BG505.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
PG16: A panel of antibodies was tested for binding, stability, and ADCC activity on HIV-infected cells. The differences in killing efficiency were linked to changes in binding of the antibody and the accessibility of the Fc region when bound to infected cells. Ab PG16 had weak ADCC.
Bruel2016
(binding affinity)
-
PG16: This review summarized bNAb immunotherapy studies. Several bnAbs have been shown to decrease viremia in vivo, and are a prospect for preventative vaccinations. bNAbs have 3 possible immune effector functions: (1) directly neutralizing virions, (2) mediating anti-viral activity through Fc-FcR interactions, and (3) binding to viral antigen to be taken up by dendritic cells. In contrast to anti-HIV mAbs, antibodies against host cell CD4 and CCR5 receptors (iMab and PRO 140) are hindered by their short half-life in vivo. MAb PG16 has been associated with viral suppression in humanized mice.
Halper-Stromberg2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PG16: To test whether NAbs can inhibit viral transmission through mucosal tissue, 4 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, 4E10) were tested in tissue culture models of human colonic and ectocervical tissues. All 4 nAbs reduced HIV transmission, with a relative efficacy of PG16 > PG9 > VRC01 >> 4E10. The nAbs had a good safety profile and were not affected by the presence of semen.
Scott2015
(immunotherapy)
-
PG16: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
PG16: HIV-1 strains were isolated from 60 patients infected with CRFs 01_AE, 07_BC, and 08_BC. Eight CRF01 strains that produced high-titer Env pseudoviruses were studied further. All were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PG9, PG16, and NIH45-46, but insensitive to 2G12. The PG16 have affinity for epitopes located in the conserved regions of the V2-V3 loop. Binding of PG16 with the virus was largely dependent on the same residues and was more sensitive to V3 loop substitutions than PG9. Sequence analysis of PG9- and PG16-resistant viruses revealed complex mutation patterns associated with residues that are critical for PG9/PG16 binding. CNAE14 was shown to be resistant to both PG9 and PG16. It is likely that substitutions S158T, S162T, K305T, and I307T jointly contribute to this resistance phenotype.
Chen2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16: The sequential development of three distinct bnAb responses within a single host, CAP257, over 4.5 years of infection has been described. It showed how escape from the first wave of Abs targeting V2 exposed a second site that was the stimulus for a new wave of glycan dependent bnAbs against the CD4 binding site. These data highlighted how Ab evolution in response to viral escape mutations served to broaden the host immune response to two epitopes. A third wave of neutralization targeting an undefined epitope that did not appear to overlap with the four known sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope has been reported. These data supported the design of templates for sequential immunization strategies.
Wibmer2013
(escape)
-
PG16: An atomic-level understanding of V1V2-directed bNAb recognition in a donor was used in the design of V1V2 scaffolds capable of interacting with quaternary-specific V1V2-directed bNAbs. The cocrystal structure of V1V2 with antibody CH03 from a second donor is reported and Env interactions of antibody CAP256-VRC26 from a third donor are modeled. V1V2-directed bNAbs used strand-strand interactions between a protruding Ab loop and a V1V2 strand but differed in their N-glycan recognition. Ontogeny analysis indicated that protruding loops develop early, and glycan interactions mature over time. PG 16 did bind to the monomeric V1V2 scaffolds.
Gorman2016
(glycosylation, structure, antibody lineage)
-
PG16: A subset of bNAbs that inhibit both cell-free and cell-mediated infection in primary CD4+ lymphocytes have been identified. These antibodies target either the CD4-binding site or the glycan/V3 loop on HIV-1 gp120 and act at low concentrations by inhibiting multiple steps of viral cell to cell transmission. This property of blocking viral cell to cell transmission to plasmacytoid DCs and interfering with type-I IFN production should be considered an important characteristic defining the potency for therapeutic or prophylactic antiviral strategies. PG16 was active against T/F viruses' transmission.
Malbec2013
-
PG16: A unified convergent strategy for the rapid production of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary complex type N-glycans with and without terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid residues connected via the α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkages is reported which may facilitate the design of carbohydrate-based immunogens. A glycan microarray-based profiling of PG16 was used to understand the binding specificity and showed detectable binding only to an α-2,6-linked sialic acid terminated complex type oligosaccharides, implying significant structural specificity.
Shivatare2013
(glycosylation, structure)
-
PG16: The effect of PNGS on viral infectivity and antibody neutralization (2F5, 4E10, b12, VRC01, VRC03, PG9, PG16, 3869) was evaluated through systemic mutations of each PNGS on CRF07_BC strain. Mutations at N197 (C2), N301 (V3), N442 (C4), and N625 (gp41) rendered the virus more susceptible to neutralization by MAbs that recognize the CD4 binding site or gp41. Generally, mutations on V4/V5 loops, C2/C3/C4 regions, and gp41 reduced the neutralization sensitivity to PG16. However, mutation of N289 (C2) made the virus more sensitive to both PG9 and PG16. Mutations at N142 (V1), N355 (C3) and N463 (V5) conferred resistance to neutralization by anti-gp41 MAbs. Available structural information of HIV Env and homology modeling was used to provide a structural basis for the observed biological effects of these mutations.
Wang2013
(neutralization, structure)
-
PG16: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10).
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
PG16: The neutralization abilities of Abs were enhanced by bioconjugation with aplaviroc, a small-molecule inhibitor of virus entry into host cells. Diazonium hexafluorophosphate was used. The conjugated Abs blocked HIV-1 entry through two mechanisms: by binding to the virus itself and by blocking the CCR5 receptor on host cells. Chemical modification did not significantly alter the potency and the pharmacokinetics.
Gavrilyuk2013
(neutralization)
-
PG16: This study investigated the immunogenicity of three ΔV1V2 deleted variants of the HIV-1 Env protein. The mutant ΔV1V2.9.VK induced a prominent response directed to epitopes effectively bound and neutralized the ΔV1V2 Env virus. This Env variant efficiently neutralized tier 1 virus SF162.This did not result in broad neutralization of neutralization-resistant virus isolates. This Env variant efficiently neutralized tier 1 virus SF162.This did not result in broad neutralization of neutralization-resistant virus isolates. BG505 SOSIP.664 trimers bind very efficiently to quaternary structure dependent, broadly neutralizing PG16 against the V1V2 domain.
Bontjer2013
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG16: This review surveyed the Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP) strategy, which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Recently published studies in humanized mice and macaques were discussed as well as the pros and cons of VIP towards clinical applications to control HIV endemics.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
PG16: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
PG16: Pairwise combinations of 6 NAbs (4E10, 2F5, 2G12, b12, PG9, PG16) were tested for neutralization of pseudoviruses and transmitted/founder viruses. Each of the NAbs tested targets a different region of gp120 or gp41. Some pairwise combinations enhanced neutralization synergistically, suggesting that combinations of NAbs may enhance clinical effectiveness.
Miglietta2014
(neutralization)
-
PG16: A gp140 trimer mosaic construct (MosM) was produced based on M group sequences. MosM bound to CD4 as well as multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT126, PGT145, PG9 and PG16. The immunogenicity of this construct, both alone and mixed together with a clade C Env protein vaccine, suggest a promising approach for improving NAb responses.
Nkolola2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: Cross-group neutralization of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, O, and P was tested with diverse patient sera and bNAbs PG9, PG16, 4E10, b12, 2F5, 2G12, VRC01, VRC03, and HJ16. The primary isolates displayed a wide spectrum of sensitivity to neutralization by the human sera, with some cross-group neutralization clearly observed. Among the bNAbs, only PG9 and PG16 showed any cross-group neutralization. The group N prototype strain YBF30 was highly sensitive to neutralization by PG9, and the interaction between their key residues was confirmed by molecular modeling. The conservation of the PG9/PG16 epitope within groups M and N suggests its relevance as a vaccine immunogen.
Braibant2013
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
PG16: PG16 was one of 10 MAbs used to study chronic vs. consensus vs. transmitted/founder (T/F) gp41 Envs for immunogenicity. Consensus Envs were the most potent eliciters of response but could only neutralize tier 1 and some tier 2 viruses. T/F Envs elicited the greatest breadth of NAb response; and chronic Envs elicited the lowest level and narrowest response. This V1V2 conformational loop binding Nab bound well at <10 nM to 0/5 chronic Envs, 0/6 Consensus Envs and 1/7 T/F Envs.
Liao2013c
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
PG16: The infectious virion (iVirions) capture index (IVCI) of different Abs have been determined. bnAbs captured higher proportions of iVirions compared to total virus particles (rVirions) indicating the capacity, breadth and selectively of bnAbs to capture iVirions. IVCI was additive with a mixture of Abs, providing proof of concept for vaccine-induced effect of improved capacity. bnAb PG16 showed significantly high IVCI of 11.6 and captured all the 4 strains tested.
Liu2014
(binding affinity)
-
PG16: Design, synthesis and antigenic evaluation of novel cyclic V1V2 glycopeptides carrying defined N-linked glycans, N160 and N156/N173 has been reported in terms of PG9 and PG16 binding and neutralization. A Man5GlcNAc2 glycan at N160 and a sialyted N-glycan are crtical for antigen binding.
Amin2013
(glycosylation)
-
PG16: Study evaluated 4 gp140 Env protein vaccine immunogens derived from an elite neutralizer donor VC10042, an HIV+ African American male from Vanderbilt cohort. Env immunogens, VC10042.05, VC10042.05RM, VC10042.08 and VC10042.ela, elicited high titers of cross-reactive Abs recognizing V1/V2 regions. PG16 didn't bind to the immunogens in any form and none of the parental Env were neutralized.
Carbonetti2014
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG16: This study examined how the conserved gp120-gp41 association site adapts to glycan changes that are linked to neutralization sensitivity, using a DSR mutant virus, K601D. K601D has a defective gp120-association, and was sequentially passaged in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to select for suppressor mutations. Mutations 136 and/or glycan 142 increased the sensitivity of only ΔN.
Drummer2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
PG16: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. PG16 showed very high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirus in a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1. Adsorption of gp120 protein to alum resulted in loss of binding to PG16, but not to PG9.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG16: The neutralization profile of 1F7, a human CD4bs mAb, is reported and compared to other bnNAbs. 1F7 exhibited extreme potency against primary HIV-1, but limited breadth across clades. PG16 neutralized 72% of a cross-clade panel of 157 HIV-1 isolates (Fig. S1) while 1F7 neutralized only 20% of the isolates.
Gach2013
(neutralization)
-
PG16: A highly conserved mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env is reported, showing that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1 infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. The mechanism might explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4v by the Vpu and Nef proteins. PG16 was used in CD4 coexpression and competitive binding assay.
Veillette2014
(effector function)
-
PG16: 8 bNAbs (PGT151 family) were isolated from an elite neutralizer. The new bNAbs bind a previously unknown glycan-dependent epitope on the prefusion conformation of gp41. These MAbs are specific for the cleaved Env trimer and do not recognize uncleaved Env trimer. PG16 was used as a V2 prototype bnAb control.
Falkowska2014
-
PG16: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. This small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including this one. The small panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
PG16: The conserved central region of gp120 V2 contains sulfated tyrosines (Tys173 and Tys177) that in the CD4-unbound prefusion state mediate intramolecular interaction between V2 and the conserved base of the third variable loop (V3), functionally mimicking sulfated tyrosines in CCR5 and anti-coreceptor-binding-site antibodies such as 412d. Enhancement of tyrosine sulfation decreased binding and neutralization of HIV-1 BaL by monomeric sCD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and increased recognition by the trimer-preferring antibodies PG9, PG16, CH01, and PGT145. Conversely, inhibition of tyrosine sulfation increased sensitivity to soluble CD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and diminished recognition by trimer-preferring antibodies. These results identify the sulfotyrosine-mediated V2-V3 interaction as a critical constraint that stabilizes the native HIV-1 envelope trimer and modulates its sensitivity to neutralization.
Cimbro2014
-
PG16: This is a review of a satellite symposium at the AIDS Vaccine 2012 conference, focusing on antibody gene transfer. Michel Nussenzweig presented studies exploring the possibility that antibodies might also be used to treat established infections. They found that combinations of five broadly neutralizing antibodies NIH45-46G54W, PG16, PGT128, 10-1074 and 3BC176 MAbs, controlled HIV-1 infection and suppressed the viral load to below the limit of detection during the entire therapy period of up to 60 days.
Balazs2013
(immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy)
-
PG16: A computational method to predict Ab epitopes at the residue level, based on structure and neutralization panels of diverse viral strains has been described. This method was evaluated using 19 Env-Abs, including PG16, against 181 diverse HIV-1 strains with available Ab-Ag complex structures.
Chuang2013
(computational prediction)
-
PG16: This study reports the glycan binding specificities and atomic level details of PG16 epitope and somatic mechanisms of clonal antibody diversification. Three PG16 specific residues Arg94LC, Ser95LC and His95LC (RSH) are found to be critical for sialic acid binding on complex glycan. RSH residues were introduced into PG9 to produce a chimeric antibody with enhanced neutralization. The co-crystal structure of PG9 bound to V1-V2 is discussed and compared to PG16 and PG9-PG16-RSH chimeric Ab based on its ability to recognize a combination of N-linked glycans and envelope polypeptide. PG9, PG16, and PG9-PG16-RSH were negative in assays of autoreactivity.
Pancera2013
(antibody binding site, autoantibody or autoimmunity, glycosylation, structure, chimeric antibody)
-
PG16: Four V2 MAbs CH58, CH59, HG107 and HG120 were isolated from RV144 Thai HIV-1 vaccinees. These MAbs recognized residue 169, neutralized laboratory HIV-1 (tier 1 strains) and mediated ADCC. PG16 was used in the study as a V1-V2 bnAb control to study the binding of the new mAb isolates. While PG9, PG16 and CH01 binding was abrogated by N160K and N156Q mutations and also by native glycosylation, the binding of CH58 and CH59 was not affected.
Liao2013b
(effector function)
-
PG16: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to 10E8-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
PG16: ADCC mediated by CD4i mAbs (or anti-CD4i-epitope mAbs) was studied using a panel of 41 novel mAbs. Three epitope clusters were classified, depending on cross-blocking in ELISA by different mAbs: Cluster A - in the gp120 face, cross-blocking by mAbs A32 and/or C11; Cluster B - in the region proximal to CoRBS (co-receptor binding site) involving V1V2 domain, cross-blocking by E51-M9; Cluster C - CoRBS, cross-blocking by 17b and/or 19e. The ADCC half-maximal effective concentrations of the Cluster A and B mAbs were generally 0.5-1 log lower than those of the Cluster C mAbs, and none of the Cluster A or B mAbs could neutralize HIV-1. Cluster A's A32- and C11-blockable mAbs were suggested to recognize conformational epitopes within the inner domain of gp120 that involve the C1 region. Neutralization potency and breadth were also assessed for these mAbs. No correlation was found between ADCC and neutralization Abs' action or functional responses. PG16 was used as the positive control in different assays.
Guan2013
(antibody interactions, effector function)
-
PG16: This study describes an ˜11 Angstrom cryo-EM structure of the trimeric HIV-1 Env precursor in its unliganded state. The three gp120 and gp41 subunits form a cage like structure with an interior void surrounding the trimer axis which restricts Ab access. PG16 was used to asses Env solubilization and purification approach affecting the integrity of the binding epitope.
Mao2012
(structure)
-
PG16: Previous study (Liu2011) showed that glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored HCDR3 subdomains (GPI-HCDR3) can be targeted to lipid rafts of the plasma membrane, bind to the epitope recognized by HCDR3 of PG16, and neutralize diverse HIV-1 isolates. This study further developed trimeric GPI-HCDR3s and demonstrated that trimeric GPI-HCDR3 (PG16) dramatically improves anti-HIV-1 neutralization, suggesting that a stoichiometry of recognition of 3 or 2 HCDR3 molecules (PG16) to 1 viral spike is possible.
Liu2013
(neutralization, antibody sequence, structure)
-
PG16: Neutralization profiles of 7 bnAbs were analyzed against 45 Envs (A, C, D clades), obtained soon after infection (median 59 days). The transmitted variants have distinct characteristics compared to variants from chronic patients, such as shorter variable loops and fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS). PG16 neutralized 44% of these viruses.
Goo2012
(neutralization, rate of progression)
-
PG16: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
PG16: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 V1V2 site, penetrating CDR H3 binds two glycans and strand, PG9 class, PG9 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as V1/V2 conformational epitope bnAb, isolated after 2009 by neutralization screening of cultured, unselected IgG+ memory B cells.
Bonsignori2012b
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
-
PG16: Somatic hypermutations are preferably found in CDR loops, which alter the Ab combining sites, but not the overall structure of the variable domain. FWR of CDR are usually resistant to and less tolerant of mutations. This study reports that most bnAbs require somatic mutations in the FWRs which provide flexibility, increasing Ab breadth and potency. To determine the consequence of FWR mutations the framework residues were reverted to the Ab's germline counterpart (FWR-GL) and binding and neutralizing properties were then evaluated. PG16, which recognizes V1/V2 loop, was among the 17 bnAbs which were used in studying the mutations in FWR. Fig S4C described the comparison of Ab framework amino acid replacement vs. interactive surface area on PG16.
Klein2013
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage)
-
PG16: Antigenic properties of 2 biochemically stable and homogeneous gp140 trimers (A clade 92UG037 and C clade CZA97012) were compared with the corresponding gp120 monomers derived from the same percursor sequences. The trimers had nearly all the antigenic properties expected for native viral spikes and were markedly different from monomeric gp120. Both trimers, but not monomers, bound to PG9 and PG16.
Kovacs2012
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Glycan shield of HIV Env protein helps to escape the Ab recognition. Several of the PGT BnAbs interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of Fabs PGT127 and PGT128 showed that the high neutralizing potency was mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface. PGT128 was compared and referred as an order of magnitude more potent than PG16
Pejchal2011
(glycosylation, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: Intrinsic reactivity of HIV-1, a new property regulating the level of both entry and sensitivity to Abs has been reported. This activity dictates the level of responsiveness of Env protein to co-receptor, CD4 engagement and Abs. PG16 was used as a trimer specific control antibody in binding and neutralization assay.
Haim2011
(antibody interactions)
-
PG16: PG9 and PG9-like V1V2-directed MAbs, that require an N-linked glycan at Env 160, were analyzed for gain-of-function mutations. 21 PG9-resistant HIV-1 isolates were analyzed by mutagenesis and neutralization assays. E to K mutations at positions 168, 169, 171 led to the most dramatic improvements on sensitivity to these MAbs (PG9, PG16, CH01, CH04, PGT141, PGT145).
Doria-RoseNA2012
(escape)
-
PG16: The study used the swarm of quasispecies representing Env protein variants to identify mutants conferring sensitivity and resistance to BnAbs. Libraries of Env proteins were cloned and in vitro mutagenesis was used to identify the specific AA responsible for altered neutralization/resistance, which appeared to be associated with conformational changes and exposed epitopes in different regions of gp160. The result showed that sequences in gp41, the CD4bs, and V2 domain act as global regulator of neutralization sensitivity. PG16 was used as BnAb to screen Env clones. wtR clone was resistant to PG16.
ORourke2012
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Glycan Asn332-targeting broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) antibodies were studied in 2 C-clade infected women. The ASn332 glycan was absent on infecting virus, but the BCN epitope with Asn332 evolved within 6 months though immune escape from earlier antibodies. Plasma from the subject CAP177 neutralized 88% of a large multi-subtype panel of 225 heterologous viruses, whereas CAP 314 neutralized 46% of 41 heterologous viruses but failed to neutralize viruses that lack glycan at 332. PG16 was referred to have second BCN Ab epitopes at AA 156 and 160 in addition to 332.
Moore2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
PG16: Vaccination efficacy of RV144 is described. The authors proposed that RV144 induced antibodies against Env V1/V2. The relationship between vaccine status and V1/V2 sequence have been characterized. The estimated cumulative HIV-1 incidence curve in the vaccine and placebo groups showed immunogenicity for K169 and 1181X genotypes and no immunogenicity for the opposite residues. PG16 was discussed as the quaternary-structure-preferring (QSP) antibody and mutations at positions 169 and 181 were associated with significant alteration in neutralization.
Rolland2012
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG16: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. PG16 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes are reported. Cross-reactive plasma samples were identified and evaluated from 308 subjects tested. PG16 was used as a control mAb in the comprehensive set of assays performed. PG9 was used as a control in the comprehensive set of assays performed. C1-0763 targeted a region similar to PG9 and PG16 recognizing a V1/V2 loop dependent epitope.
Tomaras2011
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: HIV therapy by combinations of 5 bNAbs was tested in YU2-infected humanized mice. Penta-mix (PG16, 45-46W, 3BC176, PGT128 and 10-1074) was the most effective in controlling the viraemia compared to tri-mix (PG16, 45-46, 3BC176) and monotherapy (Fig S9). Viral escape with PG16 monotherapy was associated with mutations at residues 160 and 162 at potential N-linked glycosylation site in V1/V2 loop. The viruses from the mice that rebounded after tri-mix therapy either did not have bNAbs-associated mutations or had K28R mapped to NIH45-46W or N162P mapped to PG16, but not both.
Klein2012a
(escape, immunotherapy)
-
PG16: A single-cell Ab cloning method is described to isolate neutralizing Abs using truncated gp160 transfected cells as bait. Among the 15 Abs reported, only two are found to be broadly neutralizing and bind to a novel conformational HIV-1 spike epitope. PG16 was used as a control in neutralizing assay.
Klein2012
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. PG16 was used as a control. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: YU2 gp140 bait was used to characterize 189 new MAbs representing 51 independent IgG memory B cell clones from 3 clade A or B HIV infected patients exhibiting broad neutralizing activity. PG16 has been referred in discussing the efficiency of YU-2 gp140 trimer as a bait for Ab capture.
Mouquet2011
(neutralization)
-
PG16: The rational design of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is discussed in relation to understanding of vaccine recognition sites, the structural basis of interaction with HIV-1 env and vaccine developmental pathways. PG16 has been discussed regarding the sites of HIV-1 vulnerability to neutralizing antibodies and in terms of humoral immune response during HIV1 infection.
Kwong2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
PG16: A panel of glycan deletion mutants was created by point mutation into HIV gp160, showing that glycans are important targets on HIV-1 glycoproteins for broad neutralizing responses in vivo. Enrichment of high mannose N-linked glycan(HM-glycan) of HIV-1 glycoprotein enhanced neutralizing activity of sera from 8/9 patients. PG16 was used as a control to compare the neutralizing activity of patients' sera.
Lavine2012
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Ab-driven escape and Ab role in infection control and prevention are reviewed. Main focus is on NAbs, but Ab acting through effector mechanisms are also discussed. PG16 is discussed in the context of developing broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies.
Overbaugh2012
(escape, review)
-
PG16: Neutralization activity was compared against MAb 10E8 and other broad and potent neutralizers in a 181-isolate Env-pseudovirus panel. 2F5 neutralized 73% of viruses at IC50<50 μg/ml and 59% of viruses at IC50<1 μg/ml, compared with 98% and 72% of MAb 10E8, respectively.
Huang2012a
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was dramatic compared to the parent WT VLPs, uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and PG16 neutralization, while trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Broadly neutralizing antibodies circulating in plasma were studied by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Abs fell in 2 groups. One group consisted of antibodies with restricted neutralization breadth that had neutral isoelectric points. These Abs bound to envelope monomers and trimers versus core antigens from which variable loops and other domains have been deleted. Another minor group consisted of broadly neutralizing antibodies consistently distinguished by more basic isoelectric points and specificity for epitopes shared by monomeric gp120, gp120 core, or CD4-induced structures. The pI values estimated for neutralizing plasma IgGs were compared to those of human anti-gp120 MAbs, including 5 bnMAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, b12, and 2G12), 2 narrowly neutralizing MAbs (17b and E51), and 3 nonneutralizing MAbs (A32, C11, and 19e). bnMAbs PG9 and PG16 exhibited more-neutral pIs (around 7.8), matching the more-neutral end of the plasma-derived fraction series, showing broadly neutralizing, but not most potent activity.
Sajadi2012
(polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: Sensitivity to neutralization was studied in 107 full-length Env molecular clones from multiple risk groups in various locations in China. Neutralization sensitivity to plasma pools and bNAbs was not correlated. PG9 neutralized 81% (25/31) and PG16 neutralized 71% (22/31) of the viruses tested. Viruses insensitive to PG9 were all equally insensitive to PG16 but not the other way around, suggesting that PG9 can tolerate more viral glycoprotein amino acid substitutions than PG16.
Shang2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16: The sensitivity to PG9 and PG16 of pseudotyped viruses was analysed carrying envelope glycoproteins from the viral quasispecies of three HIV-1 clade CRF01_AE-infected patients. It was confirmed that an acidic residue or a basic residue at position 168 in the V2 loop is a key element determining the sensitivity to PG9 and PG16. In addition, evidence is provided of the involvement of a conserved residue at position 215 of the C2 region in the PG9/PG16 epitopes. Sensitivity to PG16 in 10 Env-pseudotyped viruses was analyzed. Five clones from case 0377 presented a broad and continuous range of sensitivity to PG16. A broader range of sensitivity was observed in case 0978, clone 0978-M3 being resistant to PG16 whereas two other clones, 0978-M1 and 0978-M2, were highly sensitive. Clone 0858-M1 was resistant to PG16 whereas clone 0858-M2 was resistant to PG16. These results showed the broad heterogeneity in sensitivity to PG16 of closely genetically related envelope glycoproteins derived from single viral quasispecies. Clone 0978-M3 from case 0978 was resistant to PG16, whereas clones 0978-M1/M2 were highly sensitive to PG16. 0978-M3 E168K resulted in a high sensitivity to both PG16. In contrast, 0978-M2 K168E conferred resistance to PG16. I215M diminished the sensitivity of all clones to PG16.
Thenin2012a
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Given the potential importance of cell-associated virus during mucosal HIV-1 transmission, sensitivity of bNAbs targeting HIV-1 envelope surface unit gp120 (VRCO1, PG16, b12, and 2G12) and transmembrane domain gp41 (4E10 and 2F5) was examined for both cell-free and mDC-mediated infections of TZM-bl and CD4+ T cells. It was reported that higher gp120-bNAb concentrations, but not gp41-directed bNAb concentrations, are required to inhibit mDC-mediated virus spread, compared with cell-free transmission. For PG16, 3 of the 7 viruses (Lai/Balenv, Lai, and 89.6) demonstrated <50% inhibition at the highest tested concentration. For JRCSF, YU-2, and NL4-3, the PG16 IC50 was not significantly different between infections initiated with cell-free virus and those initiated with mDC-associated virus. 4E10 and 2F5 bound a significantly greater percentage of mDCs, compared with PG16.
Sagar2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: To overcome the many limitations of current systems for HIV-1 virus-like particle (VLP) production, a novel strategy was developed to produce HIV-1 VLP using stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells by cotransfecting S2 cells with plasmids encoding an envelope glycoprotein (consensus B or consensus C), a Rev-independent Gag (Pr55) protein, and a Rev protein, along with a pCoBlast selection marker. Except for antigenic epitope PG16, all other broadly neutralizing antigenic epitopes 2G12, b12, VRC01, and 4E10 tested are preserved on spikes of HIV-1 VLP produced by S2 clones.
Yang2012
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG16: The interaction of CD4bs-binding MAbs (VRC01, VRC-PG04) and V1V2 glycan-dependent MAbs (PG9, PG16) was analyzed. MAb binding and neutralization studies showed that these two Env targets to not cross-compete and that their combination can mediate additive neutralization. The combination of MAbs VRC01 and PG9 provides a predicted coverage of 97% of 208 isolates at IC50 < 50 μg/ml and of 91% at IC50 < 50 μg/ml. In contrast, the combination of PG9 and PG16 (or the combination of VRC01 and VRC-PG04) was only marginally better than either MAb alone.
Doria-Rose2012
(antibody interactions)
-
PG16: The study showed that alteration between a rare lysine K and a common N-linked glycan at position 160 of HIV-1 gp120 is primarily responsible for toggling between 2909 and PG16/PG9 neutralization sensitivity. These neutralization profiles were mutually exclusive (160K for MAb 2909, 160N for PG16/PG9); there was no case of a virus that was sensitive to both 2909 and PG16/PG9 neutralization. Several more positions were studied: both the PG and 2909 MAbs do not require an asparagine at position 156 for neutralization, both the PG and 2909 antibodies tolerate amino acid variation at position 165, and neither the PG nor the 2909 MAb could tolerate a glutamic acid at position 168.
Wu2011a
(antibody binding site, escape)
-
PG16: Crystal structure of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of 2909 at a 3.3-Å resolution was determined and compared to the previously determined structure of PG16. Comparison of 2909 to PG16 showed that both utilize protruding, anionic CDR H3s for recognition. Both 2909 and PG16 are highly dependent on the residue at position 160 in the V2 loop and the primary reason 2909 does not neutralize as broadly as PG16 was suggested to relate specifically to the N160K substitution, thereby suggesting that 2909 and PG16 recognize different immunotypes of the same epitope.
Changela2011
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
PG16: An Env obtained from a slow progressing patient was resistant to PG9 and PG16 mAbs. Based on assays of neutralization and glycosylation, it is suggested that the overall neutralization sensitivity of an Env is the outcome of characteristic molecular features of the V2 loop. Neutralization by PG9/16 is balanced by the glycans, net positive charge in the β sheet C region of the V2 loop, and possibly the length of the V2 loop.
Ringe2012
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG16: The neutralization activities of IA versus IgG and Fab versions of three broadly neutralizing antibodies: PG9, PG16, and VRC01 was compared to more fully understand the potential trade-offs in vector and construct design. The potential to combine VCR01 and PG9/PG16 activities to produce a single reagent with two gp120 specificities was also explored. In an Env-pseudotyped HIV-1 neutralization assay against a panel of 30 strains, PG16 neutralized 21 strains in IgG form, 15 stains in Fab form, 17 strains in IA form and 27 strains in VRC01scFv-PG16 form. It was found that the PG9, PG16, and VRC01 IAs were severalfold less potent than their IgG forms.
West2012
(neutralization)
-
PG16: The biological properties of 17 Env-pseudotyped viruses derived from variants of mother–infant pairs infected by HIV-1 strains of the CRF01_AE clade were compared, in order to explore their association with the restrictive transmission of the virus. Maternal clones issued from MIPs (mother-infant pairs) 0377, 0978 and 1021 displayed a broad and continuous range of sensitivity to both PG9 and PG16 whereas all infant clones were highly sensitive to both mAbs PG9 and PG16. When the four MIPs were considered in aggregate, infant clones were significantly more sensitive to PG9 and PG16 compared to maternal clones.
Thenin2012
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
PG16: gp120 was cyclically permuted and new N- and C-termini were created within the V1, V3, and V4 loop regions to reduce the length of the linker joining gp120 and M9. Addition of trimerization domains at the V1 loop of cyclic permutants of gp120 resulted in the formation of predominantly trimeric species, which bound CD4 and neutralizing antibodies b12, PG9, and PG16 with higher affinity.
Saha2012
(binding affinity)
-
PG16: Phenotypic activities of a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus from 24 acute individuals were compared to that of 17 viruses from chronics. There was a trend towards enhanced sensitivity to neutralization by PG16 of T/F Envs compared to chronic Envs.
Wilen2011
(neutralization)
-
PG16: HIV-1 adaptation to neutralization by MAbs VRC01, PG9, PG16 was studied using HIV-1 variants from historic (1985-1989) and contemporary (2003-2006) seroconverters. PG16 showed the broadest activity, neutralizing 57% of contemporary viruses at IC50 < 1 μ g/ml. Viruses from contemporary seroconverters were significantly more resistant to neutralization by VRC01 and tended to be more resistant to neutralization by PG16. Despite that, all recently transmitted viruses were sensitive to at least one broadly neutralizing Ab at concentration < 5 μg/ml. There was no clear correlation between the sensitivity to PG16 and presence or absence of certain amino acids, but more mutations were observed in viruses from contemporary seroconverters than from historical ones, and the absence of a potential N-linked glycosylation site at position 160 of V2 coincided with resistance to PG16.
Euler2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
PG16: PG16 paratope was mapped by assessing neutralization with arginine mutants. The resultant ‘arginine-scanning’ mutagenesis revealed a close match to the observed V1/V2 interface for PG9. The binding of PG9 and PG16 to monomeric gp120 in wild-type and V3-deleted contexts showed similar affinities, indicating that—in the context of monomeric gp120—V3 does not have a substantial role in PG9 or PG16 recognition and V1/V2 in the viral spike both shields and interacts with V3. All five MAbs PG9, PG16, CH04, PGT145 and 2909 showed anionic protruding CDR H3s, most of which were tyrosine sulphated. All also displayed β-hairpins and, although these varied substantially in orientation relative to the rest of the combining site, all appeared capable of penetrating an N-linked glycan shield to reach a cationic protein surface.
McLellan2011
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
PG16: CDR H3 domains derived from 4 anti-HIV mAbs, PG16, PG9, b12, E51, and anti-influenza MAb AVF were genetically linked to glycosil-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) attachment signal of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) to determine whether the exceptionally long and unique structure of the CDR H3 subdomain of PG16 is sufficient for epitope recognition and neutralization. CDR H3 subdomain of PG16 neutralized HIV-1 when targeted to the lipid raft of the plasma membrane of HIV-1 -susceptible cells. GPI-CDR H3(PG16) reduced the infection of 17 HIV-1 pseudotypes by over 99%, inhibited the infection of the other 6 HIV-1 pseudotypes by over 90%, and reduced the infection of JRFL by 70%. CDR H3 mutations (Y100HF, D100IA, and G7) abolished the neutralization activity of GPI-CDR H3(PG16).
Liu2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, structure)
-
PG16: One Env clone (4–2.J45) obtained from a recently infected Indian patient (NARI-IVC4) had exceptional neutralization sensitivity compared to other Envs obtained at the same time point from the same patient. 4–2.J45 Env expressing M424 showed relative resistance to PG16 over 4–2.J45 expressing I424, wherein comparable sensitivities were found of other Envs to PG16 except YU2, which showed approximately 3 fold increase in neutralization sensitivity to PG16. The indistinctness in PG9/PG16 sensitivities of 4–2.J45 and YU2 Envs expressing M424 was possibly due to some compensatory and conformational changes elsewhere within Env.
Ringe2011
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Several soluble gp140 Env proteins recognized by PG9 and PG16 were identified, and the effect of Env trimerization, the requirement for specific amino acids at position 160 within the V2 loop, and the importance of proper gp120-gp41 cleavage for MAb binding to soluble gp140s were investigated along with whether and how the kinetics of PG9 and PG16 binding to soluble gp140 correlates with the neutralizing potencies of these MAbs. It is reported that the presence of the extracellular part of gp41 on certain gp140 constructs improves the recognition of the PG16 epitope on the gp120 subunit and the trimerization of soluble gp140 may lead to the partial occlusion of the PG16 epitope. PG16 most efficiently recognized modified SF162 Env, SF162K160N of the small number of soluble gp140 Envs tested. The absence of SF162 neutralization by PG16 is the presence of a lysine at position 160 instead of an asparagine. PG16 recognized a smaller number of gp140s tested here than PG9. It is suggested that any structural differences between the virion-associated Env form and the soluble gp140 form have a greater impact on the PG16 epitope than on the PG9 epitope.
Davenport2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG16: CAP256, an HIV-1 subtype C-infected (and subsequently superinfected) participant enrolled in the CAPRISA Acute Infection cohort was studied. A subset of mutants were tested for neutralization by PG9/PG16 along with neutralization of ConC by CAP256 plasma nAb. The epitope recognized by CAP256 is distinct from but overlaps that of PG9/PG16. Like CAP256 plasma, both PG9 and PG16 were heavily dependent on K169 and somewhat dependent on K171. A V2 mutation (N160A) had a profound affect on PG9 and PG16 but a more moderate affect on CAP256. The adjacent D167N residue also impacted CAP256 neutralization but not PG9/PG16, and a K168A mutation reduced CAP256 neutralization but in fact enhanced the neutralization of ConC by PG9/16. Both PG9/16 and CAP256, in the context of the ConC backbone, were slightly affected by mutations in the V3 loop (I305, I309, and F317) with mild effect on neutralization sensitivity. The I307A mutation affected both PG9/PG16 slightly but had no discernible effect on CAP256 neutralization. Some similarities between CAP256 and PG9/16 neutralization along with significant differences suggest that the epitopes recognized by these Abs overlapped but were not identical.
Moore2011
(neutralization)
-
PG16: This review discusses current understanding of Env neutralization by antibodies in relation to epitope exposure and how this insight might benefit vaccine design strategies. This MAb is in the list of current MAbs with notable cross-neutralizing activity.
Pantophlet2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
PG16: This review outlines the general structure of the gp160 viral envelope, the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response, the mechanisms of viral escape and the characterization of broadly neutralizing Abs. It is noted that this MAb shows a significant breadth of neutralization across all clades and extraordinary potency.
Gonzalez2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, review)
-
PG16: This review discusses recent rational structure-based approaches in HIV vaccine design that helped in understanding the link between Env antigenicity and immunogenicity. This MAb was mentioned in the context of immunogens based on the epitopes recognized by bNAbs.
Walker2010a
(neutralization, review)
-
PG16: This review discusses the types of B-cell responses desired by HIV-1 vaccines and various methods used for eliciting HIV-1 inhibitory antibodies that include induction and characterization of vaccine-induces B-cell responses. PG16 was mentioned among new MAbs generated by isolating single Env-specific B cells by either single cell sorting by flow cytometry or from memory B-cell cultures coupled with high-throughput neutralization screening assays of B-cell supernatants. PG16 recognizes conserved regions of the variable loops in gp120 and is potent and broadly reactive against approximately 73-79% of HIV-1 strains.
Tomaras2010
(review)
-
PG16: This review discusses strategies for design of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines against HIV-1 and recent major advances in the field regarding isolation of potent broadly neutralizing Abs.
Sattentau2010
(review)
-
PG16: This review focuses on recent vaccine design efforts and investigation of broadly neutralizing Abs and their epitopes to aid in the improvement of immunogen design. NAb epitopes, NAbs response to HIV-1, isolation of novel mAbs, and vaccine-elicited NAb responses in human clinical trials are discussed in this review.
Mascola2010
(review)
-
PG16: Unlike the MPER MAbs tested, PG16 did not show any Env-independent virus capture in the conventional or in the modified version of the virus capture assay.
Leaman2010
-
PG16: Some of the key challenges for the development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine are discussed, such as challenges in identification of epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing epitopes, the impact of biological mechanisms in addition to Ab neutralization, and the poor persistence of anti-Env Ab responses in the absence of continuous antigenic stimulation.
Lewis2010
(review)
-
PG16: The role of HIV-1 envelope spike density on the virion and the effect it has on MAb avidity, and neutralization potencies of MAbs presented as different isotypes, are reviewed. Engineering approaches and design of immunogens able to elicit intra-spike cross-linking Abs are discussed.
Klein2010
(review)
-
PG16: Novel techniques for generation of broadly neutralizing Abs and how these Ab can aid in development of an effective vaccine are discussed.
Joyce2010
(review)
-
PG16: The review describes several different methods that have been used to isolate and characterize HIV MAbs within the human Ab repertoire. Relative advantages and limitations of methods such as EBV transformation, human hybridoma, non-immortalized B cell culture, combinatorial libraries from B cells and clonal sorting are discussed.
Hammond2010
(review)
-
PG16: This review summarizes novel techniques recently developed for isolation of broadly neutralizing monoclonal Abs from HIV-infected donors. Future challenges and importance of these techniques for development of HIV vaccines is also discussed.
Burton2010
(review)
-
PG16: PG16 epitope structure is reviewed. This review also summarizes data on the evolution of HIV neutralizing Abs, principles of Env immunogen design to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs, and future critical areas of research for development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine.
Hoxie2010
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
PG16: Novel methods for generation of broadly neutralizing Abs, such as PG9 and PG16 are reviewed. This review also summarizes PG9 and PG16 MAbs, and their similarity to 2909 MAb.
Kwong2009
(review)
-
PG16: Removal of N-linked glycosylation sites was shown to generally lead to a reduction in neutralization sensitivity to PG16, however, the position of the N-linked glycosylation site removed and the magnitude of the effect was isolate dependent. Loss of glycosylation sites in the V1, V2 and V3 loops had greatest effect on reduced neutralization sensitivity. Removal of the N160 glycan was the only substitution that universally eliminated sensitivity to neutralization by PG16. Binding of PG16 to Env transfected cells was not competed by monosaccharides indicating that PG16 sensitivity to glycosylation was due to the effect of glycans on gp120 conformation and PG16 epitope accessibility.
Doores2010
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Crystal structure of PG16 Fab was determined. The CDR H3 region was 28 residues long resembling an axe, and extending above the Ab variable domains as a semi-independent subdomain. This region was shown critical for neutralization activity of the Ab. Affinity maturation of PG16 correlated with Ab neutralization breadth, as light chain V-gene reversion produced chimeric Abs with less neutralization. PG16 had a single N-linked glycan that extended off the side of the light chain variable domain, but was not required for neutralization. Fab and IgG formats of PG16 had comparable neutralization potencies. The likely site of PG16 reaction with Env was determined to consist of CDR L1 and L2 and the CDR H3 elements.
Pancera2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, structure)
-
PG16: Broadly neutralizing sera from elite neutralizers exhibited significant sensitivities to mutations I165A, N332A, and N160K. PG16 neutralization activity was tested for pseudoviruses with the mutations relative to the WT. PG16 was shown to require N160K glycosylation for potent neutralizing activity. Pseudoviruses produced in cells treated with kifunensine were found resistant to PG16 neutralization. Donor sera that exhibited sensitivity to N160K showed diminished neutralizing activity against kifunensine-treated pseudoviruses, indicating that PG16 and PG9 MAbs mediate most of the sera neutralizing activity. PG16 and PG9 - like Ab were found in 21% of the donors.
Walker2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG16: Crystal structure of PG16 Fab fragment was determined. PG16 was shown to have a 28-residue CDR H3 that forms a unique stable subdomain. A 7-residue specificity loop within CDR H3 was shown to confer fine specificity of PG16 and PG9 MAbs, and to contain important contacts to gp120 as replacement of the 7 residues abolished PG16 neutralization. CDR H3 tyrosine for PG16 was singly sulfated, and tyrosine sulfation was shown to play a role in both binding and neutralization. Glycosylation of PG16 light chain did not have a significant effect on neutralization.
Pejchal2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG16: This MAb was derived from clade A infected patient. PG16 failed to bind to recombinant gp120 or gp41 but exhibited high neutralization breadth and potency, neutralizing 119 out of 162 cross-clade viruses with a potency exceeding that of b12, 2G12, and 2F5. PG16 also potently neutralized IAVI-C18 virus, that is neutralization resistant to all four bNAbs. PG16 preferred binding to trimeric Env due to subunit presentation in this form. Residues that form the epitope for PG16 were primarily located in the conserved regions of the V2 and V3 loops. N-glycosylation sites N156 and N160 in the V2 region were critical in forming the PG16 epitope. This Ab had a long CDRH3 loop.
Walker2009a
(antibody generation, glycosylation, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
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Cimbro2014
Raffaello Cimbro, Thomas R. Gallant, Michael A. Dolan, Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Yin Lin, Huiyi Miao, Donald Van Ryk, James Arthos, Inna Gorshkova, Patrick H. Brown, Darrell E. Hurt, and Paolo Lusso. Tyrosine Sulfation in the Second Variable Loop (V2) of HIV-1 gp120 Stabilizes V2-V3 Interaction and Modulates Neutralization Sensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(8):3152-3157, 25 Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24569807.
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Crooks2015
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Davenport2011
Thaddeus M. Davenport, Della Friend, Katharine Ellingson, Hengyu Xu, Zachary Caldwell, George Sellhorn, Zane Kraft, Roland K. Strong, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Binding Interactions between Soluble HIV Envelope Glycoproteins and Quaternary-Structure-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol., 85(14):7095-7107, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21543501.
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Davenport2016
Thaddeus M. Davenport, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Tongqing Zhou, Cinque Soto, Miklos Guttman, Stephanie Moquin, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Shiu-Lok Hu, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Kelly K. Lee. Somatic Hypermutation-Induced Changes in the Structure and Dynamics of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Structure, 20 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27477385.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2019
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Doores2010
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Doria-RoseNA2012
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin Georgiev, Sijy O'Dell, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Ryan P. Staupe, Jason S. McLellan, Jason Gorman, Marie Pancera, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. A Short Segment of the HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 Region Is a Major Determinant of Resistance to V1/V2 Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., Aug 2012. PubMed ID: 22623764.
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Dufloo2022
Jérémy Dufloo, Cyril Planchais, Stéphane Frémont, Valérie Lorin, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Karl Stefic, Nicoletta Casartelli, Arnaud Echard, Philippe Roingeard, Hugo Mouquet, Olivier Schwartz, and Timothée Bruel. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Tether Viral Particles at the Surface of Infected Cells. Nat. Commun., 13(1):630, 2 Feb 2022. PubMed ID: 35110562.
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Escolano2021
Amelia Escolano, Harry .B Gristick, Rajeev Gautam, Andrew T. DeLaitsch, Morgan E. Abernathy, Zhi Yang, Haoqing Wang, Magnus A. G. Hoffmann, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Zijun Wang, Nicholas Koranda, Leesa M. Kakutani, Han Gao, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Henna Raina, Ana Gazumyan, Melissa Cipolla, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Victor Ramos, Darrell J. Irvine, Murillo Silva, Anthony P. West, Jr., Jennifer R. Keeffe, Christopher O. Barnes, Michael S. Seaman, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Malcolm A. Martin, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Sequential Immunization of Macaques Elicits Heterologous Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the V3-Glycan Patch of HIV-1 Env. Sci. Transl. Med., 13(621):eabk1533, 24 Nov 2021. PubMed ID: 34818054.
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Euler2011
Zelda Euler, Evelien M. Bunnik, Judith A. Burger, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Activity of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Including PG9, PG16, and VRC01, against Recently Transmitted Subtype B HIV-1 Variants from Early and Late in the Epidemic. J. Virol., 85(14):7236-7245, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21561918.
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Evans2014
Mark C. Evans, Pham Phung, Agnes C. Paquet, Anvi Parikh, Christos J. Petropoulos, Terri Wrin, and Mojgan Haddad. Predicting HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope Networks Using Neutralization Titers and a Novel Computational Method. BMC Bioinformatics, 15:77, 19 Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24646213.
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Falkowska2014
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Gach2013
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Nuria Gonzalez, Amparo Alvarez, and Jose Alcami. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and their Significance for HIV-1 Vaccines. Curr. HIV Res., 8(8):602-612, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21054253.
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Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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Jacklyn Johnson, Yinjie Zhai, Hamid Salimi, Nicole Espy, Noah Eichelberger, Orlando DeLeon, Yunxia O'Malley, Joel Courter, Amos B. Smith, III, Navid Madani, Joseph Sodroski, and Hillel Haim. Induction of a Tier-1-Like Phenotype in Diverse Tier-2 Isolates by Agents That Guide HIV-1 Env to Perturbation-Sensitive, Nonnative States. J. Virol., 91(15), 1 Aug 2017. PubMed ID: 28490588.
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Florian Klein, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, D. Noah Sather, Clara Lehmann, Johannes F. Scheid, Zane Kraft, Yan Liu, John Pietzsch, Arlene Hurley, Pascal Poignard, Ten Feizi, Lynn Morris, Bruce D. Walker, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Broad Neutralization by a Combination of Antibodies Recognizing the CD4 Binding Site and a New Conformational Epitope on the HIV-1 Envelope Protein. J. Exp. Med., 209(8):1469-1479, 30 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22826297.
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Klein2012a
Florian Klein, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Joshua A. Horwitz, Henning Gruell, Johannes F. Scheid, Stylianos Bournazos, Hugo Mouquet, Linda A. Spatz, Ron Diskin, Alexander Abadir, Trinity Zang, Marcus Dorner, Eva Billerbeck, Rachael N. Labitt, Christian Gaebler, Paola M. Marcovecchio, Reha-Baris Incesu, Thomas R. Eisenreich, Paul D. Bieniasz, Michael S. Seaman, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Jeffrey V. Ravetch, Alexander Ploss, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. HIV Therapy by a Combination of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies in Humanized Mice. Nature, 492(7427):118-122, 6 Dec 2012. PubMed ID: 23103874.
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Klein2013
Florian Klein, Ron Diskin, Johannes F. Scheid, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marie Pancera, Tongqing Zhou, Reha-Baris Incesu, Brooks Zhongzheng Fu, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Michael S. Seaman, Peter D. Kwong, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Somatic Mutations of the Immunoglobulin Framework Are Generally Required for Broad and Potent HIV-1 Neutralization. Cell, 153(1):126-138, 28 Mar 2013. PubMed ID: 23540694.
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James M. Kovacs, Joseph P. Nkolola, Hanqin Peng, Ann Cheung, James Perry, Caroline A. Miller, Michael S. Seaman, Dan H. Barouch, and Bing Chen. HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Elicits More Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses than Monomeric gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):12111-12116, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22773820.
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Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Christy L. Lavine, Socheata Lao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI). High-Mannose Glycan-Dependent Epitopes Are Frequently Targeted in Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(4):2153-2164, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22156525.
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Liao2013c
Hua-Xin Liao, Chun-Yen Tsao, S. Munir Alam, Mark Muldoon, Nathan Vandergrift, Ben-Jiang Ma, Xiaozhi Lu, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy Bowman, Robert Parks, Haiyan Chen, Julie H. Blinn, Alan Lapedes, Sydeaka Watson, Shi-Mao Xia, Andrew Foulger, Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Ron Swanstrom, David C. Montefiori, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Bette Korber. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Transmitted/Founder, Consensus, and Chronic Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 87(8):4185-4201, Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23365441.
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Lihong Liu, Michael Wen, Weiming Wang, Shumei Wang, Lifei Yang, Yong Liu, Mengran Qian, Linqi Zhang, Yiming Shao, Jason T. Kimata, and Paul Zhou. Potent and Broad Anti-HIV-1 Activity Exhibited by a Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol-Anchored Peptide Derived from the CDR H3 of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG16. J. Virol., 85(17):8467-8476, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21715497.
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Lihong Liu, Weiming Wang, Lifei Yang, Huanhuan Ren, Jason T. Kimata, and Paul Zhou. Trimeric Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored HCDR3 of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG16 Is a Potent HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor. J. Virol., 87(3):1899-1905, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23152526.
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Pinghuang Liu, Latonya D. Williams, Xiaoying Shen, Mattia Bonsignori, Nathan A. Vandergrift, R. Glenn Overman, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, Daniel J. Stieh, Kerrie L. McCotter, Audrey L. French, Thomas J. Hope, Robin Shattock, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Capacity for Infectious HIV-1 Virion Capture Differs by Envelope Antibody Specificity. J. Virol., 88(9):5165-5170, May 2014. PubMed ID: 24554654.
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Mannar2021
Dhiraj Mannar, Karoline Leopold, and Sriram Subramaniam. Glycan Reactive Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein But Do Not Block Viral Entry. Sci. Rep., 11(1):12448, 14 Jun 2021. PubMed ID: 34127709.
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Riccardo Miglietta, Claudia Pastori, Assunta Venuti, Christina Ochsenbauer, and Lucia Lopalco. Synergy in Monoclonal Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1 Pseudoviruses and Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Transl. Med., 12:346, 2014. PubMed ID: 25496375.
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Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Moore2011
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, Daniel Sheward, Maphuti Madiga, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Zhong Lai, William J. Honnen, Molati Nonyane, Nancy Tumba, Tandile Hermanus, Sengeziwe Sibeko, Koleka Mlisana, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Carolyn Williamson, Abraham Pinter, Lynn Morris, and CAPRISA 002 Study. Potent and Broad Neutralization of HIV-1 Subtype C by Plasma Antibodies Targeting a Quaternary Epitope Including Residues in the V2 loop. J. Virol., 85(7):3128-3141, Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21270156.
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Moore2012
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, C. Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Molati Nonyane, Daniel J. Sheward, Tandile Hermanus, Shringkhala Bajimaya, Nancy L. Tumba, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Bronwen E. Lambson, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Lihua Ping, Nobubelo Ngandu, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Ronald I. Swanstrom, Michael S. Seaman, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Evolution of an HIV Glycan-Dependent Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope through Immune Escape. Nat. Med., 18(11):1688-1692, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23086475.
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Morgand2015
Marion Morgand, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Alain Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, Craig S. Pace, Marie Pancera, David D. Ho, Pascal Poignard, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Peter D. Kwong, Daniel Baty, Patrick Chames, Martine Braibant, and Francis Barin. A V1V2 Neutralizing Epitope Is Conserved in Divergent Non-M Groups of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26413851.
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Mouquet2011
Hugo Mouquet, Florian Klein, Johannes F. Scheid, Malte Warncke, John Pietzsch, Thiago Y. K. Oliveira, Klara Velinzon, Michael S. Seaman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Memory B Cell Antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 Cloned from Individuals Infected with Clade A and B Viruses. PLoS One, 6(9):e24078, 2011. PubMed ID: 21931643.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Nkolola2014
Joseph P. Nkolola, Christine A. Bricault, Ann Cheung, Jennifer Shields, James Perry, James M. Kovacs, Elena Giorgi, Margot van Winsen, Adrian Apetri, Els C. M. Brinkman-van der Linden, Bing Chen, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, and Dan H. Barouch. Characterization and Immunogenicity of a Novel Mosaic M HIV-1 gp140 Trimer. J. Virol., 88(17):9538-9552, 1 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 24965452.
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ORourke2012
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Kathryn A. Mesa, Aaron L. Vollrath, Gwen P. Tatsuno, Briana To, Faruk Sinangil, Kay Limoli, Terri Wrin, and Phillip W. Berman. Sequences in Glycoprotein gp41, the CD4 Binding Site, and the V2 Domain Regulate Sensitivity and Resistance of HIV-1 to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 86(22):12105-12114, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22933284.
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Overbaugh2012
Julie Overbaugh and Lynn Morris. The Antibody Response against HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2(1):a007039, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22315717.
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Pancera2010
Marie Pancera, Jason S. McLellan, Xueling Wu, Jiang Zhu, Anita Changela, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Sanjay Phogat, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Crystal Structure of PG16 and Chimeric Dissection with Somatically Related PG9: Structure-Function Analysis of Two Quaternary-Specific Antibodies That Effectively Neutralize HIV-1. J. Virol., 84(16):8098-8110, Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20538861.
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Pancera2013
Marie Pancera, Syed Shahzad-ul-Hussan, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Jason S. McLellan, Robert T. Bailer, Kaifan Dai, Sandra Loesgen, Mark K. Louder, Ryan P. Staupe, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Robert Parks, Joshua Eudailey, Krissey E. Lloyd, Julie Blinn, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, Mohammed N. Amin, Lai-Xi Wang, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, Carole A. Bewley, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Basis for Diverse N-Glycan Recognition by HIV-1-Neutralizing V1-V2-Directed Antibody PG16. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 20(7):804-813, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23708607.
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Pantophlet2010
Ralph Pantophlet. Antibody Epitope Exposure and Neutralization of HIV-1. Curr. Pharm. Des., 16(33):3729-3743, 2010. PubMed ID: 21128886.
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Pejchal2010
Robert Pejchal, Laura M. Walker, Robyn L. Stanfield, Sanjay K. Phogat, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. Structure and Function of Broadly Reactive Antibody PG16 Reveal an H3 Subdomain That Mediates Potent Neutralization of HIV-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(25):11483-11488, 22 Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20534513.
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Pejchal2011
Robert Pejchal, Katie J. Doores, Laura M. Walker, Reza Khayat, Po-Ssu Huang, Sheng-Kai Wang, Robyn L. Stanfield, Jean-Philippe Julien, Alejandra Ramos, Max Crispin, Rafael Depetris, Umesh Katpally, Andre Marozsan, Albert Cupo, Sebastien Maloveste, Yan Liu, Ryan McBride, Yukishige Ito, Rogier W. Sanders, Cassandra Ogohara, James C. Paulson, Ten Feizi, Christopher N. Scanlan, Chi-Huey Wong, John P. Moore, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Pascal Poignard, William R. Schief, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield. Science, 334(6059):1097-1103, 25 Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21998254.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Pugach2015
Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Reiss2022
E. I. M. M. Reiss, M. M. van Haaren, J. van Schooten, M. A. F. Claireaux, P. Maisonnasse, A. Antanasijevic, J. D. Allen, I. Bontjer, J. L. Torres, W.-H. Lee, G. Ozorowski, N. Vázquez Bernat, M. Kaduk, Y. Aldon, J. A. Burger, H. Chawla, A. Aartse, M. Tolazzi, H. Gao, P. Mundsperger, M. Crispin, D. C. Montefiori, G. B. Karlsson Hedestam, G. Scarlatti, A. B. Ward, R. Le Grand, R. Shattock, N. Dereuddre-Bosquet, R. W. Sanders, and M. J. van Gils. Fine-Mapping the Immunodominant Antibody Epitopes on Consensus Sequence-Based HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Vaccine Candidates. NPJ Vaccines, 7(1):152, 25 Nov 2022. PubMed ID: 36433972.
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Ringe2011
Rajesh Ringe, Deepak Sharma, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Sanjay Phogat, Arun Risbud, Madhuri Thakar, Ramesh Paranjape, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the C4 Region in gp120 Confers Enhanced Neutralization of HIV-1 by Modulating CD4 Binding Sites and V3 Loop. Virology, 418(2):123-132, 30 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21851958.
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Ringe2012
Rajesh Ringe, Sanjay Phogat, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Subtle Alteration of Residues Including N-Linked Glycans in V2 Loop Modulate HIV-1 Neutralization by PG9 and PG16 Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 426(1):34-41, 25 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22314018.
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Rolland2012
Morgane Rolland, Paul T. Edlefsen, Brendan B. Larsen, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Eric Sanders-Buell, Tomer Hertz, Allan C. deCamp, Chris Carrico, Sergey Menis, Craig A. Magaret, Hasan Ahmed, Michal Juraska, Lennie Chen, Philip Konopa, Snehal Nariya, Julia N. Stoddard, Kim Wong, Hong Zhao, Wenjie Deng, Brandon S. Maust, Meera Bose, Shana Howell, Adam Bates, Michelle Lazzaro, Annemarie O'Sullivan, Esther Lei, Andrea Bradfield, Grace Ibitamuno, Vatcharain Assawadarachai, Robert J. O'Connell, Mark S. deSouza, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Merlin L. Robb, Jason S. McLellan, Ivelin Georgiev, Peter D. Kwong, Jonathan M. Carlson, Nelson L. Michael, William R. Schief, Peter B. Gilbert, James I. Mullins, and Jerome H. Kim. Increased HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy against Viruses with Genetic Signatures in Env V2. Nature, 490(7420):417-420, 18 Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22960785.
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Rosenberg2015
Yvonne Rosenberg, Markus Sack, David Montefiori, Celia Labranche, Mark Lewis, Lori Urban, Lingjun Mao, Rainer Fischer, and Xiaoming Jiang. Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Monoclonal Antibodies in Macaques. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120451, 25 Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807114.
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Rudometova2022
N. B. Rudometova, N. S. Shcherbakova, D. N. Shcherbakov, O. S. Taranov, B. N. Zaitsev, and L. I. Karpenko. Construction and Characterization of HIV-1 env-Pseudoviruses of the Recombinant Form CRF63_02A and Subtype A6. Bull Exp Biol Med, 172(6):729-733 doi, Apr 2022. PubMed ID: 35501651
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Sagar2012
Manish Sagar, Hisashi Akiyama, Behzad Etemad, Nora Ramirez, Ines Freitas, and Suryaram Gummuluru. Transmembrane Domain Membrane Proximal External Region but Not Surface Unit-Directed Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Can Restrict Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Trans-Infection. J. Infect. Dis., 205(8):1248-1257, 15 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22396600.
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Saha2012
Piyali Saha, Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Sannula Kesavardhana, Edward Roshan Miranda, P. Shaik Syed Ali, Deepak Sharma, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Designed Cyclic Permutants of HIV-1 gp120: Implications for Envelope Trimer Structure and Immunogen Design. Biochemistry, 51(9):1836-1847, 6 Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22329717.
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Sajadi2012
Mohammad M. Sajadi, George K. Lewis, Michael S. Seaman, Yongjun Guan, Robert R. Redfield, and Anthony L. DeVico. Signature Biochemical Properties of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 86(9):5014-5025, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22379105.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Sather2014
D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, Andrew B. Stuart, Ann J. Hessell, Mathew D. Gray, Iliyana Mikell, Spyros A. Kalams, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Emergence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Viral Coevolution in Two Subjects during the Early Stages of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 88(22):12968-12981, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25122781.
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Sattentau2010
Quentin J. Sattentau and Andrew J. McMichael. New Templates for HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. F1000 Biol. Rep., 2:60, 2010. PubMed ID: 21173880.
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Schiffner2016
Torben Schiffner, Natalia de Val, Rebecca A. Russell, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Gabriel Ozorowski, Helen J. Kim, Travis Nieusma, Florian Brod, Albert Cupo, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Chemical Cross-Linking Stabilizes Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Antigens. J. Virol., 90(2):813-828, 28 Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26512083.
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Schommers2020
Philipp Schommers, Henning Gruell, Morgan E. Abernathy, My-Kim Tran, Adam S. Dingens, Harry B. Gristick, Christopher O. Barnes, Till Schoofs, Maike Schlotz, Kanika Vanshylla, Christoph Kreer, Daniela Weiland, Udo Holtick, Christof Scheid, Markus M. Valter, Marit J. van Gils, Rogier W. Sanders, Jörg J. Vehreschild, Oliver A. Cornely, Clara Lehmann, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Jesse D. Bloom, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Florian Klein. Restriction of HIV-1 Escape by a Highly Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody. Cell, 180(3):471-489.e22, 6 Feb 2020. PubMed ID: 32004464.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Scott2015
Yanille M. Scott, Seo Young Park, and Charlene S. Dezzutti. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibodies Prevent HIV Infection of Mucosal Tissue Ex Vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 60(2):904-912, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26596954.
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Shang2011
Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Xuanling Shi, Teng Zuo, Mark Goldin, Dan Chen, Bing Han, Wei Sun, Hao Wu, Xinquan Wang, and Linqi Zhang. Genetic and Neutralization Sensitivity of Diverse HIV-1 env Clones from Chronically Infected Patients in China. J. Biol. Chem., 286(16):14531-14541, 22 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21325278.
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Shivatare2013
Sachin S. Shivatare, Shih-Huang Chang, Tsung-I Tsai, Chien-Tai Ren, Hong-Yang Chuang, Li Hsu, Chih-Wei Lin, Shiou-Ting Li, Chung-Yi Wu, and Chi-Huey Wong. Efficient Convergent Synthesis of Bi-, Tri-, and Tetra-Antennary Complex Type N-Glycans and Their HIV-1 Antigenicity. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135(41):15382-15391, 16 Oct 2013. PubMed ID: 24032650.
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Simonich2016
Cassandra A. Simonich, Katherine L. Williams, Hans P. Verkerke, James A. Williams, Ruth Nduati, Kelly K. Lee, and Julie Overbaugh. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell, 166(1):77-87, 30 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27345369.
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Sliepen2015
Kwinten Sliepen, Max Medina-Ramirez, Anila Yasmeen, John P. Moore, Per Johan Klasse, and Rogier W. Sanders. Binding of Inferred Germline Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies to Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Virology, 486:116-120, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26433050.
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Thenin2012
Suzie Thenin, Tanawan Samleerat, Elsa Tavernier, Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong, Gonzague Jourdain, Marc Lallemant, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Issued from Mother-Infant Pairs Display a Wide Spectrum of Biological Properties. Virology, 426(1):12-21, 25 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22310702.
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Thenin2012a
Suzie Thenin, Emmanuelle Roch, Tanawan Samleerat, Thierry Moreau, Antoine Chaillon, Alain Moreau, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Naturally Occurring Substitutions of Conserved Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Different Clades Are Involved in PG9 and PG16 Resistance to Neutralization. J. Gen. Virol., 93(7):1495-1505, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22492917.
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Tomaras2010
Georgia D. Tomaras and Barton F. Haynes. Strategies for Eliciting HIV-1 Inhibitory Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 5(5):421-427, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20978384.
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Tomaras2011
Georgia D. Tomaras, James M. Binley, Elin S. Gray, Emma T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, Penny L. Moore, Nancy Tumba, Tommy Tong, Xiaoying Shen, Nicole L. Yates, Julie Decker, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Philippa Easterbrook, Salim Abdool Karim, Gift Kamanga, John A. Crump, Myron Cohen, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Polyclonal B Cell Responses to Conserved Neutralization Epitopes in a Subset of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 85(21):11502-11519, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21849452.
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Tong2012
Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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vandenKerkhof2013
Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, K. Anton Feenstra, Zelda Euler, Marit J. van Gils, Linda W. E. Rijsdijk, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Jaap Heringa, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and Rogier W. Sanders. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures That Correlate with the Development of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Retrovirology, 10:102, 23 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24059682.
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vandenKerkhof2016
Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Steven W. de Taeye, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Dennis R. Burton, Neeltje A. Kootstra, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Rogier W. Sanders, and Marit J. van Gils. HIV-1 escapes from N332-directed antibody neutralization in an elite neutralizer by envelope glycoprotein elongation and introduction of unusual disulfide bonds. Retrovirology, 13(1):48, 7 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27388013.
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Veillette2014
Maxime Veillette, Anik Désormeaux, Halima Medjahed, Nour-Elhouda Gharsallah, Mathieu Coutu, Joshua Baalwa, Yongjun Guan, George Lewis, Guido Ferrari, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, James E. Robinson, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, and Andres Finzi. Interaction with Cellular CD4 Exposes HIV-1 Envelope Epitopes Targeted by Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J. Virol., 88(5):2633-2644, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352444.
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vonBredow2016
Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Walker2010
Laura M. Walker, Melissa D. Simek, Frances Priddy, Johannes S. Gach, Denise Wagner, Michael B. Zwick, Sanjay K. Phogat, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals. PLoS Pathog., 6(8), 2010. PubMed ID: 20700449.
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Walker2010a
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Rational Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine Design: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22(3):358-366, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20299194.
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Walker2018
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211.
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Wang2013
Wenbo Wang, Jianhui Nie, Courtney Prochnow, Carolyn Truong, Zheng Jia, Suting Wang, Xiaojiang S. Chen, and Youchun Wang. A Systematic Study of the N-Glycosylation Sites of HIV-1 Envelope Protein on Infectivity and Antibody-Mediated Neutralization. Retrovirology, 10:14, 2013. PubMed ID: 23384254.
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Wang2018a
Hongye Wang, Ting Yuan, Tingting Li, Yanpeng Li, Feng Qian, Chuanwu Zhu, Shujia Liang, Daniel Hoffmann, Ulf Dittmer, Binlian Sun, and Rongge Yang. Evaluation of Susceptibility of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Variants to Neutralization by a Panel of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Arch. Virol., 163(12):3303-3315, Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30196320.
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Webb2015
Nicholas E. Webb, David C. Montefiori, and Benhur Lee. Dose-Response Curve Slope Helps Predict Therapeutic Potency and Breadth of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 6:8443, 29 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26416571.
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Wen2018
Yingxia Wen, Hung V. Trinh, Christine E Linton, Chiara Tani, Nathalie Norais, DeeAnn Martinez-Guzman, Priyanka Ramesh, Yide Sun, Frank Situ, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Christopher Hamlin, Sayali Onkar, Sai Tian, Susan Hilt, Padma Malyala, Rushit Lodaya, Ning Li, Gillis Otten, Giuseppe Palladino, Kristian Friedrich, Yukti Aggarwal, Celia LaBranche, Ryan Duffy, Xiaoying Shen, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, William Fulp, Raphael Gottardo, Brian Burke, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H. Kim, Mangala Rao, Robert J. O'Connell, Andrea Carfi, and Susan W. Barnett. Generation and Characterization of a Bivalent Protein Boost for Future Clinical Trials: HIV-1 Subtypes CR01\_AE and B gp120 Antigens with a Potent Adjuvant. PLoS One, 13(4):e0194266, 2018. PubMed ID: 29698406.
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West2012
Anthony P. West, Jr., Rachel P. Galimidi, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Single-Chain Fv-Based Anti-HIV Proteins: Potential and Limitations. J. Virol., 86(1):195-202, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22013046.
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West2013
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Wilen2011
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Wu2011
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Displaying record number 2163
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
VRC01 (VRC01d45, VRC-HIVMAB060-00-AB) |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp120 |
Epitope |
(Discontinuous epitope)
|
Subtype |
B |
Ab Type |
gp120 CD4bs |
Neutralizing |
tier 2 View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG1) |
Patient |
NIH45 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, adjuvant comparison, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, bispecific/trispecific, broad neutralizer, CD4+ CTL, chimeric antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, contact residues, dynamics, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, enhancing activity, escape, genital and mucosal immunity, germline, glycosylation, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, HIV-2, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, junction or fusion peptide, kinetics, memory cells, mimics, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, novel epitope, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, therapeutic vaccine, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 280 of
280 notes.
-
VRC01: N6/PGDM1400-10E8v4, a trispecific bnAb with variable domains from 3 different Abs (CD4bs-targeting N6 on a monospecific Ab arm, and V2-glycan-targeting PGDM1400 plus MPER-targeting 10E8v4 on a bispecific arm) demonstrated potent, yet transient, in vivo anti-viral activity in 6 SHIVBG505-infected naive Indian rhesus macaques. VRC01 demonstrated ADCC, ADCP, and ADCML Fc-mediated effector functions.
Pegu2022
(effector function)
-
VRC01: Eighty clusters of overlapping epitopes that could bind to MHC Class II HLA-DR1*01:01 (DR1) allele were identified by LC-MS/MS using a cell-free processing system that incorporated soluble DR1, HLA-DM (DM), cathepsins, and full-length protein antigens (Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Tat, Rev, and Nef). Sixteen of Env CD4+ T cell epitopes identified in this study, which were primarily located in the vicinity of the gp120/gp41 interface or the CD4bs, were assessed for overlap with bnAb binding footprints. 5/16 overlapped with the binding footprint of CD4bs-targeting bnAb VRC01: EEE267-283 (EEEVMIRSENITNNAKN), EQF351-371 (EQFGNNKTIIFKQSSGGDPEIV), SDN274-287 (SDNFTNNAKTIIVQ), ETF466-476 (ETFRPGGGDMR) and EEF91-103 (EEFNMWKNNMVEQ). The first 2 were identified as glycosylated forms, while the latter 2 were identified as unglycosylated forms, and SDN274-287 was identified with both glycosylated and unglycosylated forms.
Sengupta2023
(antibody binding site)
-
VRC01: This article reviews how B cell receptor sequence analyses and repertoires can be used in vaccine stratagem. Passive immunization trials with VRC01 are underway in humans as it has proven to be a bnAb suppressing viremia and viral rebound. Overall, multiple immunogens and their interactions driving bnAb development to generate Abs with special genetic characteristics of V gene restriction, long CDRH3 and high load SHM are the current effective strategy being used.
Kreer2020
(antibody generation, neutralization, therapeutic vaccine, review, antibody sequence)
-
VRC01: This preview summarizes the findings of Doud2017, Dingens2017, and Dingens2019 where all possible point mutation escapes from binding nAbs were mapped using a screen of single amino acid changes of soluble Env ectodomain that were then grown and exposed to bnAbs. A loss of interaction/binding to the bnAb suggested neutralization resistant Env and these were deep sequenced, giving an atlas of escape pathways the virus might take. Escape mutants were found to mostly overlap with the 5 structural epitopes (antigen binding regions) of Env even though many of them are not reported in nature. Two additional sets of mutations were found in (1) contact residues that do not affect neutralization and (2) residues outside the 5 structural epitopes. These studies will provide a third characteristic to add to successful bnAb generation besides breadth and potency - "non-susceptibility to escape". Combination therapy trials like those of VRC01 and 3BNC117, both CD4bs bnAbs, would also benefit from an understanding of their antigenic escape profile.
Ward2019
(review)
-
VRC01: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: Following the VRC018 clinical trial of the BG505 DS-SOSIP immunogen, donor N751 showed the highest BG505-reactive ELISA responses. B cells from this donor were sorted for binding to a novel BG505 trimer construct (BG505 glycan base); 8 clones were identified that bound to glycan-base BG505, and 2 were selected for characterization (2C06 and 2C09). The epitopes of 2C06.01 and 2C09.01 were similar to each other, and have substantial overlap with the epitope of VRC34.01, and lower overlap with two other FP-targeting mAbs, PGT151 and ACS202. Binding of mAbs to BG505 DS-SOSIP was compared with binding to the glycan base construct; some mAbs bound to both BG505 DS-SOSIP and glycan base (PGT145, VRC26.25, VRC01, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 2G12), some bound to neither (PG05, 447-52D, and 2557), and 4 base-binding mAbs bound to BG505 DS-SOSIP, but not to BG505 glycan base (1E6, 5H3, 3H2, and 9B9).
Wang2023
(binding affinity)
-
VRC01: A SHIV carrying a highly neutralization-sensitive Env (SHIVCNE40) was passaged in macaques. SHIVCNE40 developed enhanced replication kinetics associated with neutralization resistance against autologous serum, CD4-Ig, and several nAbs (17b, 3BNC117, N6, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, 35O22, 2F5, 10E8). A gp41 substitution, E658K, was the major determinant for this resistance. However, this mutation didn’t disrupt the binding of SHIVCNE40 with assayed nAbs (17b, N6, VRC01, b12, PGT145, 10-1074, 35O22). Structural modeling and functional verification indicate that the substitution disrupts an intermolecular salt bridge with the neighboring protomer, particularly K601, thereby promoting fusion and facilitating immune evasion. This effect is applicable across many HIV-1 viruses of diverse subtypes. These results highlight the critical role of gp41 in shaping the neutralization profile and conformation of Env during viral adaptation. The unique intermolecular salt bridge could potentially be utilized for rational vaccine design involving more stable HIV-1 Env trimers.
Wang2019
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, structure)
-
VRC01: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
VRC01: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
VRC01:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. VRC01 was used as a reference control IgG. Neutralizing activity of EPTC112 was evaluated in the presence and absence of VRC01.
Molinos-Albert2023
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: A panel of 58 mAbs was cloned from a rhesus macaque immunized with envelope glycoprotein immunogens developed from HIV-1 clade B-infected human donor VC10014. Neutralizing mAbs predominantly targeted linear epitopes in the V3 region in the cradle orientation (V3C), with others targeting the V3 ladle orientation (V3L), the CD4 binding site, C1, C4, or gp41. Nonneutralizing mAbs bound C1, C5, or undetermined gp120 conformational epitopes. Neutralization potency strongly correlated with the magnitude of binding to infected primary macaque splenocytes and to the level of ADCC, but did not correlate with ADCP. MAbs were traced to 23 of 72 functional IgHV germline alleles. Neutralizing V3C mAbs displayed minimal nucleotide SHM in the H chain V region (3.77%), indicating that relatively little affinity maturation was needed to achieve in-clade neutralization breadth. This study underscores the polyfunctional nature of vaccine-elicited tier 2-neutralizing V3 Abs and demonstrates partial reproduction of a human donor’s Ab response through nonhuman primate vaccination. Several previously-isolated mAbs were used in binding assays: b12, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, 2558, 2219, 1006-15D, 447-52D, 10-1074, 830A, 2F5, F240, PGDM1400, 2219.
Spencer2021
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: The polyclonal response of human subjects VC20013 and VC10014 demonstrated increasing neutralization breadth against a panel of HIV-1 isolates over time. Full-length functional env genes were cloned longitudinally from these subjects from months after infection through 2.6 to 5.8 years of infection. Motifs associated with the development of breadth in published, cross-sectional studies were found in the viral sequences of both subjects. To test the immunogenicity of envelope vaccines derived from time points obtained during and after broadening of neutralization activity within these subjects, rabbits were coimmunized 4 times with selected multiple gp160 DNAs and gp140-trimeric envelope proteins. In an assay of rabbit polyclonal responses, the most rapid and persistent neutralization of multiclade tier 1 viruses was elicited by envelopes that were circulating in plasma at time points prior to the development of 50% neutralization breadth in both human subjects. The breadth elicited in rabbits was not improved by exposure to later envelope variants. Env immunogen sequences were tested for binding to a panel of well studied mAbs of various binding types (VRC01, HJ16, b12, b6, PG9, PGT121, 2G12, 2F5, F240); all gp140s bound to weak or non-neutralizing antibodies b6 and F240. MAb b6 also bound BG505 SOSIP, while F240 did not, suggesting that cluster I gp41 epitopes, which become exposed during gp120 shedding, are more easily accessed on these trimers than on BG505-SOSIP. These data have implications for vaccine development in describing a target time point to identify optimal env immunogens.
Malherbe2014
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
VRC01: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
VRC01: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: VRC01 was positive for neutralization and binding to infected cells, but negative for ADCC.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: This study used directed evolution to overcome the instability and heterogeneity of a primary Env isolate (ADA) in order to design better immunogens. HIV-1 virions were subjected to iterative cycles of destabilization and replication to select for Envs with enhanced stability. Several mutations in Env were associated with increased trimer stability, primarily in the heptad repeat regions of gp41 and V1 of gp120. Mutations from the most stable Envs were combined into a variant Env, termed "comb-mut", with superior homogeneity and stability. Comb-mut had greater binding affinity for PGT128, PG9, PG16, 2G12, VRC01, b12, and CD4-IgG2, but decreased binding to 4E10, 2F5, b6, 19b, 17b, 7B2, and D50. Comb-mut was more sensitive to neutralization by PG9. One specific mutation (K574) was shown to decrease the neutralization IC50 of mAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10, b6, 2G12, 8K8 and inhibitors sCD4, T-20, and PF-68742. Several of the Env substitutions were shown to stabilize Env spikes from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. Spike stabilizing mutations may be useful in the development of Env immunogens that stably retain native, trimeric structure.
Leaman2013
(mimics, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: The Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials showed that VRC01 treatment prevented acquisition of strains of HIV-1 sensitive to VRC01. VRC01 dose and serum concentration were shown to be inversely correlated with risk of acquiring HIV. Prevention efficacy (PE) was strongly dependent on the neutralization sensitivity of an HIV-1 isolate to VRC01, measured as in vitro IC80 or IC50. Statistical tests showed that PE is significantly greater against viruses with lower IC80 or IC50, and the result was replicated across two AMP trial cohorts. In HVTN 704/HPTN 085, which enrolled 2,699 transgender individuals and men who have sex with men in Brazil, Peru and the United States, PE was 73.0% against viruses with IC80 < 1 μg/ml. In HVTN 703/HPTN 081, which enrolled 1,924 heterosexual women in Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, PE was 78.6% against viruses with IC80 < 1 μg/ml. AMP data were used to calculate a predicted PT80 (serum neutralization 80% inhibitory dilution titer), which quantifies the neutralization potency of antibodies in an individual's serum against an HIV-1 isolate. An average PT80 of 200 (a bnAb concentration 200-fold higher than that required to reduce infection by 80% in vitro) against a population of probable exposing viruses was estimated to be required for 90% prevention efficacy against acquisition of these viruses. This study suggests that the goal of sustained PT80 >200 against 90% of circulating viruses can be achieved by promising bnAb regimens engineered for long half-lives. The PT80 biomarker is proposed as a surrogate endpoint for evaluation of bnAb regimens, and as a tool for benchmarking candidate bnAb-inducing vaccines. A predicted triple bnAb regimen of PGDM1400LS + PGT121.414LS + VRC07-523LS was predicted to provide levels of HIV prevention with over 7-fold higher efficacy than VRC01.
Gilbert2022
(autologous responses, immunoprophylaxis, computational prediction)
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VRC01: The phase 2b Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials showed that VRC01, prevented acquisition of HIV-1 sensitive to VRC01. To inform future study design and dosing regimen selection of candidate bnAbs, this study investigated the association of VRC01 serum concentration with HIV-1 acquisition using AMP trial data. The case–control sample included 107 VRC01 recipients who acquired HIV-1 and 82 VRC01 recipients who remained without HIV-1 during the study. Estimated VRC01 concentrations in VRC01 recipients without HIV-1 were higher than those in VRC01 recipients who acquired HIV-1. Body weight was inversely associated with HIV-1 acquisition among both placebo and VRC01 recipients, but did not modify the prevention efficacy of VRC01. VRC01 concentration was inversely correlated with HIV-1 acquisition, and positively correlated with prevention efficacy of VRC01. Simulation studies suggest that fixed dosing may be comparable to weight-based dosing in overall predicted prevention efficacy. These findings suggest that bnAb serum concentration may be a useful marker for dosing regimen selection, and operationally efficient fixed dosing regimens could be considered for future trials of HIV-1 bnAbs.
Seaton2023
(immunoprophylaxis, kinetics, immunotherapy)
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VRC01: VRC01-class mAbs were isolated from chronically subtype-C infected patient PC063. The neutralization of these mAbs was compared with VRC01, 12A21, minVRC01, and min12A21.
Umotoy2019
(neutralization, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: Reduction in exposure of non-neutralizing Ab (nnAb) epitopes on native-like Env trimer immunogens results in bnAbs being elicited that have autologous tier 2 neutralization instead of tier 1. The design of trimer modifications to silence nnAb reactivity were directed towards (1) the V3 loop (2) epitopes exposed through CD4-induced conformational changes (CD4i epitopes) and (3) the exposed SOSIP trimer base that is usually buried within virus membrane. (1) In Steichen2016 2 Env variants of BG505 SOSIP.664 with reduced V3 nnAb-generating activity were created, one using mammalian display screens, BG505 MD39, and the other with an engineered disulfide bond, BG505 SOSIP.DS21. MD39's trimer design was improved by using the Rosetta Design platform and inserting 6 buried mutations to form BG505 Olio6, and both this trimer as well as the DS21 were shown to have reduced antigenicity for nnAb generation in a rabbit vaccine model. (2) To reduce CD4i epitope elicitation of nnAbs, saturation mutagenesis of Olio6 was performed, in search of the trimer that binds VRC01-class bnAbs but not CD4. BG505 Olio6.CD4KO containing the G473T mutation was identified. In addition, for the purposes of nucleic acid-based vaccine platform designs, the natural furin cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 was removed to abolish protease cleavage, by swapping the order of gp14 and gp120 in the gp160 gene, giving the trimer BG505 MD39.CP (circular permutation). (3) The exposed trimer base was masked with glycan in 3 under-glycosylated regions in order to direct bnAb responses to the distal regions (CD4bs, V2 apex, N332 superset) of the trimer instead, generating the GRSF (glycan resurfaced) MD39 and GRSF MD39.CP variants. Furthermore, variants with improved thermostability over MD39 were created, MD37 and MD64. All of these stabilizing mutations were transferred to diverse HIV isolates from different subtypes. Finally 3 subtype C (isolate 327c) trimers were assessed for binding to bnAbs, VRC01, PGT121, PGT151, PGT145, PG9 and to nnAbs, F105 and 17b - VRC01 does bind all three.
Kulp2017
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, assay or method development, autologous responses, vaccine antigen design, structure)
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VRC01: The VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) vaccine trials (2016-2020) showed that passively administered bnAbs could prevent HIV-1 acquisition of bnAb-sensitive viruses. Viruses isolated from AMP participants who acquired infection during the study were used to make a panel of 218 HIV-1 pseudoviruses. The majority of viruses identified were clade B and C, with clades A, D, F, G and recombinants present at lower frequencies. BnAbs in clinical development (VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, CAP256.25, PGDM1400, PGT121, 10–1074 and 10E8v4) were tested for neutralization against all AMP placebo viruses (n = 76). Compared to older clade C viruses (1998–2010), the AMP clade C viruses showed increased resistance to VRC07-523LS and CAP256.25. At a concentration of 1μg/ml (IC80), predictive modeling identified the triple combination of V3/V2-glycan/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10-1074/PGDM1400/VRC07-523LS) as the best antibody mixture against clade C viruses, and a combination of MPER/V3/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10E8v4/10-1074/VRC07-523LS) as the best against clade B viruses, due to low coverage of V2-glycan directed bnAbs against clade B viruses. The AMP placebo virus panel represents a resource for defining the sensitivity of contemporaneous circulating viral strains to bnAbs.
Mkhize2023
(assay or method development, neutralization, immunotherapy)
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VRC01: Using subtype A BG505 Env structural information, improved variants of subtype B JRFL and subtype C 16055 Env native flexibly linked (NFL) trimers were generated. The trimer-derived (TD) residues that increased well-ordered, homogeneous, stable, and soluble trimers did not require positive or negative selection as previously needed [Guenaga2015, PLoS Pathos. 11(1):e1004570]. VRC01 recognition and avidity to the CD4bs was high, with binding to the JRFL NFL TD15 trimer being higher than to the 16055 NFL TD8 as was the case for other CD4bs-bnAbs tested, viz. VRC03 and VRC06.
Guenaga2015a
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, vaccine antigen design, structure)
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VRC01: Two potent VRC01-class bNAbs, MinVRC01 and Min12A21, were engineered using minimal mutations. The mutations could be clustered spatially based on epitope interaction, and this was coupled to a neutralization readout. With the definition of VRC01-class epitope and paratope interaction and which of these interactions drives neutralization, the authors developed a tool (AFF, Antibody Features Frequency) to estimate which Ab sequence correlates with certain features. A yeast surface display method (using libraries mutated in residues of VH and VL genes as well as reversions, insertions and deletions) was used to assess the mutations and find heavily mutation-enriched genes. Min12A21 had the highest AFF in this study, while MinVRC01 had a high AFF, as well as polyreactivity.
Jardine2016a
(assay or method development, mutation acquisition, neutralization, structure, antibody polyreactivity)
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VRC01: Most published structures of bnAbs, yet none of non- or poorly-neutralizing mAbs, were structurally compatible with a newly generated crystal structure of a mature ligand-free endoglycosidase H-treated BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimer. Robust binding of the structurally incompatible V3- and CD4-bs targeting nAbs could be induced with CD4. A “DS” variant of BG505 SOSIP.664, containing a stabilizing disulfide bond between 201C and 433C mutations, was developed and appeared to represent an obligate intermediate in that it bound only a single CD4 and remained in a prefusion closed conformation. BnAb VRC01 was structurally compatible with BG505 SOSIP.664 and had a breadth of 89% (IC50 < 50 μg/ml) in a panel of 170 diverse HIV-1 pseudoviruses. VRC01 binding of the Env trimer was drastically reduced (<25% vs. wildtype) with some mutations that stabilized the closed prefusion state. VRC01 had KD values of 1.72 and 1.43 nM, respectively, when binding to BG505 SOSIP.664 wildtype and DS variant.
Kwon2015
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
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VRC01: Cryo-electron microscopy (EM) of the cleaved, soluble SOSIP gp140 trimer complexed with CD4bs-binding bnAb PGV04 was studied at 5.8Å, facilitating study of Env V1/V2, V3, HR1 and HR2 domains and some shielding glycans. This provides further information on trimer assembly, gp120-gp41 interactions and the three-dimensional CD4bs epitope cluster. Glycan N276 prevents binding of VRC01 to the gp120 monomer. When the heavy chain of VRC01 binds the trimer at the CD4bs, it is within 5Å of a loop (residues 61–62) that precedes a short α-helix (α-0) in C1 of a neighboring gp120 protomer (similar to CD4 binding to CD4bs).
Lyumkis2013
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
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VRC01: Native, well-ordered, soluble mimetics of the Env trimer from subtypes B (JRFL) and C (16055) were obtained from genetically identical samples of heterogeneous mixture of disordered Env SOSIPs. Negative selection by non-nAbs was used to remove disordered oligomers, leaving well-ordered trimers that were able to bind sCD4, a panel of bnAbs that bind CD4bs, and PGT15 which is a bnAb that binds only cleavage-dependent, well-ordered, Env trimer. Several biophysical techniques were used to interrogate the structure of the purified subtype B and C trimers. Trimer antigenicity was assessed by bio-layer interferometry against F105-like non-neutralizing Abs, and some bnAbs in solution. Non-trimer-preferring Ab VRC01 recognizes monomers, but recognizes these non-nAb negatively selected trimers as well.
Guenaga2015
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons, structure)
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VRC01: The study characterized viral evolution and changes in neutralizing activity and sensitivity of a long-term non-progressing patient (GX2016EU01) with HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection. Four plasma samples were derived from the patient between 2016 and 2020, and 59 full-length env gene fragments were obtained, revealing that potential N-linked glycosylation sites in V1 and V5 significantly increased over time. While 24 Env-pseudotyped viruses from the patient remained sensitive to autologous plasma, all were resistant to bNAbs 2G12, PGT121, and PGT135. The pseudoviruses were sensitive to 10E8, VRC01, and 12A21, but became more resistant to these bnAbs and to autologous plasma at later timepoints. The neutralization breadth of plasma from all 4 sequential samples was 100% against the global HIV-1 reference panel. Immune escape mutants resulted in increased resistance to bNAbs targeting different epitopes. The study identified known mutations F277W in gp41 and previously uncharacterized mutation S465T in V5 which may be associated with increased viral resistance to bNAbs.
Wang2022
(autologous responses, glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, escape, rate of progression, polyclonal antibodies)
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VRC01: To characterize the persistence and phenotypic properties of HIV Env over time, blood and lymphoid samples were obtained at 2 timepoints from 8 people with HIV on suppressive ART. Single genome amplification and sequencing was performed on env to understand genetic diversity clonal expansion. A subset of envs were used to generate pseudovirus particles to assess sensitivity to autologous plasma IgG and bnAbs, and neutralization was assayed against a panel of 5 bnAbs (VRC01, 10E8, PGT121, 10-1074, 3BNC117) and the trispecific N6/PGDM1400x10E8. Identical env sequences indicating clonal expansion persisted between timepoints and within multiple T-cell subsets. At both timepoints, CXCR4-tropic (X4) Envs were more prevalent in naive and central memory cells; the proportion of X4 Envs did not significantly change in each subset between timepoints. Autologous purified plasma IgG showed variable neutralization of Envs, with no significant difference in neutralization between R5 and X4 Envs. X4 Envs were more sensitive to neutralization with clinical bnAbs, with CD4-binding site bnAbs demonstrating high breadth and potency against Envs. These data suggest the viral reservoir was predominantly maintained over time through proliferation of infected cells. The humoral immune response to Envs within the latent reservoir was variable between persons. The study also found that coreceptor usage can influence bNAb sensitivity and may need to be considered for future bNAb immunotherapy approaches.
Gartner2023
(co-receptor, neutralization, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, polyclonal antibodies)
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VRC01: N-linked glycosylation of antibodies can increase their chemical heterogeneity, complicating their manufacture. VRC01-like antibodies were assessed for the presence of light chain (LC) glycosylation, with some showing the presence of LC glycosylation (N6, VRC01, 3BNC117, VRC-CH31,) and some not (12A12, VRC18, VRC-PG04, VRC-PG20, VRC23, DRVIA7). This study developed a method to remove variable domain (Fv) glycans from nAbs, and used this method to develop engineered versions of 4 antibodies (VRC26.25, N6, PGT121, and VRC07-523).
Chuang2020
(assay or method development, glycosylation)
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VRC01: Some CD4-binding site Abs have greater env trimer binding due to quaternary contacts. This study engrafted the extended heavy-chain framework region 3 (FR3) loop of VRC03, which mediates quaternary interaction, onto several potent bnAbs, enabling them to reach an adjacent gp120 protomer. The interactive quaternary surface was delineated by solving the crystal structure of 2 of the chimeric antibodies. Chimerization enhances the neutralizing activity of several potent bNAbs against a majority of global HIV-1 strains. Compared to unmodified antibodies, the chimeric antibodies displayed lower autoreactivity and prolonged in vivo half-life in huFcRn mice and macaques. Thus, paratope engraftment may be used to expand the epitope repertory of natural antibodies, improving their functionality. VRC01-FR3-03 had more potent neutralization than VRC01; neither Ab was autoreactive in either of two assays.
Liu2019
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, neutralization)
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VRC01: This study reported isolation of 263A9 with low neutralizing activity. 263A9 in particular, was a VRC01-like antibody whose VH and VL were derived from IGHV1–2*04 and IGKV1–33*01,respectively, and both had significant SHM rates. It was found that the VL of 263A9 hindered the neutralizing activity of the Ab, and that replacing its LCDR1 and LCDR3 with VRC01 increased the neutralizing breadth of the chimeric Abs. An antibodyomics research revealed that the VL of 263A9 lineage was remote from VRC01-class antibodies. this study also looked at the envelope sequence characteristics of donor CBJC263 and discovered that N276 in the D loop and N460/N463 glycans in the V5 region of gp120 potentially interact with VL of 263A9 at the structural level.
Hu2023
(neutralization, germline)
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VRC01: This paper comprehensively defined the effect of every viable single aa mutation in the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of BG505.T332N Env on binding by 9 individual bnAbs targeting 5 epitope classes (VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PG9, PGT145, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 10E8), as well as by a mixture of 3BNC117 and 10-1074. Escape mutations mostly occurred in a small subset of structurally-defined contacts within <4 Å and at near-contact sites within 5-10 Å of the Ab. Escape from both CD4bs-targeting bnAbs, VRC01 and 3BNC117, occurred at sites including 197 (glycosylation motif), 279 (loop D) and 369 (CD4 binding loop), but there were Ab-specific differences as well. Env sites with the largest cumulative mutational impact on VRC01 binding were N197, N279, and I326. Of 19 point mutations assessed on a BG505.T332N background, the greatest effects on neutralization were mediated by N279K and N197S, with respective fold-change decreases of >175 and 26.1, and N197E with ˜50 fold increase in neutralization potency. While both N197S and N197E eliminate the N197 glycan, N197S also introduces an N-linked glycosylation site at N195 which may be required for escape mediated by N197 mutations. See LANL Features and Contacts database for more details. Strain-specific differences were also identified through mapping escape of a lab-derived Env (strain LAI) from VRC01.
Dingens2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, escape, contact residues)
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VRC01: Primary HIV-1 Envs were expressed as SHIVs, and responses from infected rhesus macaques showed patterns of Env-antibody coevolution similar to those in humans. This included conserved immunogenetic, structural, and chemical solutions to epitope recognition and precise Env-amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions leading to virus persistence. A total of 22 macaques were infected with one of the following: SHIV.CH505, SHIV.CH848, or SHIV.CAP256SU. Seven of the animals’ sera showed heterologous neutralization against tier 1A pseudoviruses: 2 were infected by SHIV.CH505 (RM5695 and RM6070), 2 by SHIV.CH848 (RM6163 and RM6167), and 3 by SHIV.CAP256SU (RM40591, RM42056 and RM6727). The remaining 15 animals showed either no or very limited, low titer neutralization of heterologous tier 2 viruses. Escape mutations from the macaque sera and mAbs closely resembled those of human mAb of the same binding type. Virus-antibody coevolution in macaques can thus recapitulate developmental features of human bNAbs, thereby guiding HIV-1 immunogen design. Several mAbs were isolated from RM6072 (infected with SHIV.CH505); these included DH650UCA, various intermediates, DH650, and DH650.2 - DH650.14. DH650 bound the CD4-binding site by CD4 mimicry, mirroring human bnAbs 8ANC131, CH235, or VRC01. The crystal structure of DH650 bound to the gp120 Env core of the CH505 T/F virus showed that its interactions with the gp120 CD4bs closely resembled those of the human CD4bs mAbs CH235, 8ANC131 and VRC01. None of the DH650 lineage mAbs neutralized heterologous viruses; on a panel of 117 multi-clade viruses, DH650.8 neutralized none.
Roark2021
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, escape, structure)
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VRC01: The study used an immunization regimen incorporating targeted N-glycan removal and heterologous prime:boosting in rabbits to elicit neutralizing responses to epitopes conserved across strains. This multi-faceted approach elicited cross-neutralizing IgG mAbs in a subset of rabbits, with much of the response directed to the CD4bs. From rabbit C3, a mixture of 3 mAbs (A10, E70 and 1C2) reconstituted most of the neutralizing ability of C3 serum or purified IgG. The binding site of mAb E70 was determined by cross-competition ELISA and cryoEM, and it was directed to the CD4bs. E70 contacts with Env were compared with those of VRC01 and VRC-PG19; a set of 8 Env positions were contacted by all three mAbs. E70 structure was compared with that of VRC01, CH103, and CH235. E70 was able to neutralize 25% of a 40-virus tier 2 panel. Deletion of the N-glycan at N234 rendered viruses resistant to E70. MAb 1C2 was directed to the gp120:gp41 interface and resembled the human bnAb 3BC315, both in its binding site and its neutralization specificity. CryoEM and crystal structure revealed a complex interface recognition.
Dubrovskaya2019
(structure, contact residues)
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VRC01: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
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VRC01: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
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VRC01: The study looked at the neutralization of subtype C Env sequences from 9 South African individuals followed longitudinally. A total of 43 Env sequences were cloned and assayed for neutralization by 12 bnAbs of various binding types (VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074 and PGT121, 10E8, 3BNC117, CAP256.VRC26.25, 4E10, PGDM1400, and N123-VRC34.01). Features associated with resistance to bNAbs were higher potential glycosylation sites, relatively longer V1 and V4 domains, and known signature mutations. The study found significant variability in the breadth and potency of bnAbs against circulating HIV-1 subtype C envelopes. In particular, VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074, and PGT121 display broad activity against subtype C variants. The results suggest that these 6 bnAbs are potent antibodies that should be considered for future antibody therapy and treatment studies targeting HIV-1 subtype C.
Mandizvo2022
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, immunotherapy)
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VRC01: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); VRC01 had 23 improbable mutations out of 71 total AA mutations, and 3 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
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VRC01: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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VRC01: A panel of 33 CRF02_AG pseudoviruses was generated from HIV-1-infected individuals during early stages of infection. Samples represented a 15-year period 1997-2012. These viruses were best neutralized by the CD4bs-directed bnAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, and N6) and the MPER-directed bnAb 10E8 in terms of both potency and breadth. There was a higher resistance to bnAbs targeting the V1V2-glycan region (PG9 and PGT145) and the V3-glycan region (PGT121 and 10-1074). Neutralization by 8ANC195 was also assayed. Combinations of antibodies were predicted by the CombiNaber tool to achieve full coverage across this subtype. There was increased resistance to bnAbs targeting the CD4bs linked to the diversification of CRF02_AG Env over the course of the timespan sampled.
Stefic2019
(neutralization, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
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VRC01: Isolation of human MPER-targeting mAb, E10, from an HIV-1-infected patient sample by single B cell sorting and single cell PCR has been reported. E10 had lower neutralization activity than mAb b12 but higher ADCC activity than mAb 2F5 at low concentrations. MAb VRC01 did not show a positive response to any of 60 overlapping consensus B-clade 15mer linear peptides spanning gp160 from HXB2 aa position 485-735. Assessed peptides included #121-180 (catalog #8883-8942) from NIH ARRP.
Yang2018
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VRC01: The study found variations in the neutralization susceptibility of 71 Indian clade C viruses to 4 bnAbs (VRC01, VRC26.25, PGDM1400 and PGT121). Based on the neutralization data, the resistance signatures of the 4 bnAbs were determined. Using the CombiNAber tool, two possible combinations of three bnAbs (VRC01/VRC26.25/PGT121 and PGDM1400/VRC26.25/PGT121) were predicted to have 100% neutralization of the panel of Indian clade C viruses.
Mullick2021
(antibody interactions, neutralization)
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VRC01: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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VRC01: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: This report characterizes an additional antiviral activity of some bnAbs to block HIV-1 release by tethering viral particles at the surface of infected cells in vitro in a bivalency-dependent manner. After cultivation of infected primary CD4+ T cells with individual bnAbs, supernatant p24 levels were negatively correlated with cell-associated Gag levels, Env binding and neutralization potency while cell-associated Gag levels and Env binding positively correlated with each other and individually with neutralization potency. The capacity to mediate this tethering activity varied among different classes of mAbs: 0/3 non-neutralizing mAbs, 1/5 bnAbs targeting the MPER or gp120/gp41 interface and 9/9 of the bnAbs targeting the V3 and V1/V1 loops or the CD4bs demonstrated this activity against at least 1/3 diverse viral strains (AD8, CH058 and vKB18). Five of these latter 9 bnAbs displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains. Surface aggregation of mature virions and bnAb 10-1074 was observed in CH058-infected primary CD4+ T cells and CHME macrophage-like cells. CD4bs-targeting bnAb VRC01 displayed tethering activity against 2/3 HIV-1 strains (AD8 and vKB18).
Dufloo2022
(binding affinity)
-
VRC01: Five novel functional HIV-1/HCV cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (180, 692, 688, 803, and KP1-8) with diverse epitope specificities were isolated from a chronically HIV-1/HCV co-infected donor, VC10014, and characterized. MAb VRC01 was used as positive control for binding to clade A BG505 gp140, clade B B41 gp140, clade C ConC gp120, and clade AE A244 gp120.
Pilewski2023
-
VRC01: Env clones were obtained from donor CBJC515 plasma. The neutralization of these clones was tested against 3 donor serum samples (2005, 2006, 2008) and 6 bnAbs (10E8, 2G12, PGT121, PGT135, VRC01, 12A21). In phylogeny, the sequences clustered into 2 major clusters. Cluster I viruses vanished in 2006 and then appeared as recombinants in 2008. In Cluster II viruses, the V1 length and N-glycosylation sites increased over the four years of the study period. Most viruses were sensitive to concurrent and subsequent autologous plasma, and to bNAbs 10E8, PGT121, VRC01, and 12A21, but all viruses were resistant to PGT135. Overall, 90% of Cluster I viruses were resistant to 2G12, while 94% of Cluster II viruses were sensitive to 2G12. The study confirmed that HIV-1 continued to evolve even in the presence of bnAbs, and two virus clusters in this donor adopted different escape mechanisms under the same humoral immune pressure.
Hu2021
(autologous responses, glycosylation, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: A family of CD4BS antibodies was isolated from donor 391370, whose serum had broad neutralization. Among this family, BG24, BG5, BG33, and BG38 were studied, and BG24 had the lowest neutralization IC50. Compared to other VRC01-class antibodies, BG24 is much less mutated, while achieving comparable breadth and potency. Several mutational variants of BG24 were also studied, including BG24-G54W and BG24-Y100DW. Two BG24 constructs were designed that substituted CDRH2 residues from VRC-PG20; these constructs (BG24-CDR2-v1 and BG24-CDR2-v2) had a 2 to 5-fold improvement in IC50 relative to unmodified BG24. VH and VL germline gene usage and phylogeny were determined for sequences of the BG24 family mAbs. BG24 was negative for autoreactivity and polyreactivity. Following intravenous injection of BG24 into nonhumanized mice, BG24 showed a similar decline in serum to other VRC01-class antibodies indicating an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile. In humanized mice injected with HIV YU-2, treatment with BG24 or VRC01 showed a comparable peak drop in average viral load, with rebound of viremia by 3 weeks after treatment initiation. An x-ray crystal structure of a BG24-BG505 Env trimer complex revealed conserved contacts at the gp120 interface characteristic of the VRC01-class Abs, despite lacking common CDR3 sequence motifs. Relative to VRC01-class bNAbs, BG24 maintained a similar gp120-binding orientation.
Barnes2022
(neutralization, immunotherapy, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: This study inferred a high-probability unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of the VRC01 lineage and reconstructed the stages of lineage maturation, including a phylogeny of 45 naturally-paired mAbs from donor NIH45. Nine new lineage members were isolated from donor NIH45, named DH651.1 - DH561.9. The study also derived VH and VL reverted forms of several VRC01-class mAbs derived from other donors (12A12, 3BNC60, 3BNC117, VRC20, VRC23, and VRC18b). Early mutations within the VRC01 lineage defined maturation pathways toward limited or broad neutralization, suggesting that focusing the immune response is likely required to steer B-cell maturation toward the development of neutralization breadth. VRC01 lineage bnAbs with long CDR H3s overcame the HIV-1 N276 glycan barrier without shortening their CDR L1, revealing a solution for broad neutralization in which the heavy chain, not CDR L1, is the determinant to accommodate the N276 glycan. An X-ray structure and molecular dynamics simulation of VRC08 were studied to elucidate this process.
Bonsignori2018
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: A plant-based expression system was used to produce different glycoforms of the bnAbs PG9, PG16, 10–1074, NIH45–46G54W, 10E8, PGT121, PGT128, PGT145, PGT135, and b12. Also produced were mutated forms (N92T) of VRC01 (mVRC01) and NIH45–46G54W (mNIH45–46G54W). The in vivo properties of these mAbs were assessed in macaques to distinguish those most likely to comprise or become a component of an affordable and efficacious immunotherapeutic cocktails. N-glycans within the VL domain impaired the plasma stability of plant-derived bnAbs. While PGT121 and b12 exhibited no immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, VRC01, 10-1074 and NIH45-46G54W elicited high titer anti-idiotypic antibodies. The results indicated that that specific mutations in certain bnAbs caused immunogenicity in macaques. Such immunogenicity in humans would potentially compromise their value for immunotherapy. CHO1-31 was used as a positive control in a neutralization assay.
Rosenberg2015
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
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VRC01: This study reported the results of the Antibody Mediated Prevention trials such as HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN), 704/HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 085 and HVTN 703/HPTN 081. These were designed as proof-of-concept trials to determine whether VRC01 is capable of preventing HIV-1 acquisition. Cohorts include At-risk cisgender men and transgender persons in the Americas and Europe for HVTN 704/HPTN 085 and at-risk women in sub-Saharan Africa in the HVTN 703/HPTN 081. Participants were randomly selected to receive infusions of VRC01 at a dose of either 10mg/kg (low-dose) or 30mg/Kg (high-dose) or placebo, for 10 infusions in total, every 8 weeks. HIV-1 testing was performed every 4 weeks. Estimated prevention efficacy was 26.6% (95% confidence interval) in HVTN 704/HPTN 085 and 8.8% (95% confidence interval) in HVTN 703/HPTN 081. VRC01 did not prevent overall HIV-1 acquisition more effectively than placebo, but analyses of VRC01-sensitive HIV-1 isolates provided proof-of-concept that bnAb prophylaxis can be effective.
Corey2021
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
VRC01: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128 as well as 2G12 were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
-
VRC01: To improve the potency and breadth of bNAbs, structure-based design methods were used to generate engineered variants of 6 VRC01-class mAbs (VRC01, VRC07-523LS, VRC08, N6, 3BNC117 and N49P7). Several of the engineered variant mAbs had improved potency, breadth, and pharmacokinetics. The specific mutations introduced, singly or in combination, included mutation of heavy chain (HC) amino acid 54, replacement of the native HC FR3 with FR3 from VRC03 (03FR3), introduction of the "LS" HC mutations (M428L and N434S in the Fc region), and light chain truncation of the first 2 or 3 residues. In previous studies, the LS mutation has been shown to improve antibody half-life without significantly affecting potency, while alteration of LC residues 1, 2, and 3 can improve the potency of some mAbs.
Kwon2021
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: Analyses of all PDB HIV1-Env trimer (prefusion, closed) structures fulfilling certain parameters of resolution were performed to classify them on the basis of (a) antibody class which was informed by parental B cells as well as structural recognition, and (b) Env residues defining recognized HIV epitopes. Structural features of the 206 HIV epitope and bNAb paratopes were correlated with functional properties of the breadth and potency of neutralization against a 208-strain panel. Broadly nAbs with >25% breadth of neutralization belonged to 20 classes of antibodies with a large number of protruding loops and high degree of somatic hypermutation (SHM). Analysis of recognized HIV epitopes placed the bNAbs into 6 categories (viz. V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide and subunit interface). The epitopes contained high numbers of independent sequence segments and glycosylated surface area. VRC01-Env formed a distinct group within the CD4bs category, Class VRC01. Crystal structure data at 3.4A resolution of fully glycosylated Clade G X1193.ct SOSIP.664 prefusion trimer with VRC01 as well as PGT122 and 35O22 was found in PDB ID: 5FYJ.
Chuang2019
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
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VRC01: In an effort to identify new Env immunogens able to elicit bNAbs, this study looked at Envs derived from rare individuals who possess bNAbs and are elite viral suppressors, hypothesizing that in at least some people the antibodies may mediate durable virus control. The Env proteins recovered from these individuals may more closely resemble the Envs that gave rise to bNAbs compared to the highly diverse viruses isolated from normal progressors. This study identified a treatment-naive elite suppressor, EN3 (patient record #4929), whose serum had broad neutralization. The Env sequences of EN3 had much fewer polymorphisms, compared to those of a normal progressor, EN1 (patient record #4928), who also had broad serum neutralization. This result confirmed other reports of slower virus evolution in elite suppressors. EN3 Envelope proteins were unusual in that most possessed two extra cysteines within an elongated V1 region. The impact of the extra cysteines on the binding to bNAbs, virus infectivity, and sensitivity to neutralization suggested that structural motifs in V1 can affect infectivity, and that rare viruses may be prevented from developing escape. As part of this study, the neutralization of pseudotype viruses for EN3 Env clones was assayed for several bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, VRC01, 4E10, and 35O22).
Hutchinson2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: This review focuses on the potential for bNAbs to induce HIV-1 remission, either alone or in combination with latency reversing agents, therapeutic vaccines, or other novel therapeutics. Ongoing human trials aimed at HIV therapy or remission are utilizing the following antibodies, alone or in combination: VRC01, VRC01-LS, VRC07-523-LS, 3BNC117, 10-1074, 10-1074-LS, PGT121, PGDM1400, 10E8.4-iMab, and SAR441236 (trispecific VRC01/PGDM1400-10E8v4). Ongoing non-human primate studies aimed to target, control, or potentially eliminate the viral reservoir are utilizing the following antibodies, alone or in combination: 3BNC117, 10-1074, N6-LS, PGT121, and the GS9721 variant of PGT121.
Hsu2021
(antibody interactions, immunotherapy, review, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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VRC01: A series of mutants was produced in the CAP256-VRC26.25 heavy chain for the purpose of avoiding the previously-identified proteolytic cleavage at position K100m. Neutralization of the mutants was tested, and the cleavage-resistant variant that showed the greatest potency was K100mA. In addition to the K100mA mutation, an LS mutation was added to the Fc portion of the heavy chain, as this change has been shown to improve the half-life of antibodies used for passive administration without affecting neutralization potency. The resulting construct was named CAP256V2LS. The pharmacokinetics of CAP256V2LS were assessed in macaques and mice, and it showed a profile similar to other antibodies used for immunotherapy. The antibody lacked autoreactivity. Structural analysis of wild-type CAP256-VRC26.25 showed that the K100m residue is not involved in interaction with the Env trimer. Previously-published neutralization data for VRC01 and VRC01-LS were used for comparison purposes.
Zhang2022
(neutralization, immunotherapy, broad neutralizer)
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VRC01: Rabbits were immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding JR-CSF gp120. Five sera with potent autologous neutralizing activity were selected and compared with a human neutralizing plasma (Z23) and monoclonal antibodies targeting various regions of gp120 (VRC01, b12, b6, F425, 2F5, 2G12, and X5). The rabbit sera contained different neutralizing activities dependent on C3 and V5, C3 and V4, or V4 regions of the glycan-rich outer domain of gp120. All sera showed enhanced neutralizing activity toward an Env variant that lacked a glycosylation site in V4. The JR-CSF gp120 epitopes recognized by the sera were distinct from those of the mAbs. The activity of one serum required specific glycans that are also important for 2G12 neutralization, and this serum blocked the binding of 2G12 to gp120. The findings show that different fine specificities can achieve potent neutralization of HIV-1, yet this strong activity does not result in improved breadth.
Narayan2013
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: The study compared well-characterized nAbs (2G12, b12, VRC01, 10E8, 17b) with 4 mAbs derived from a Japanese patient (4E9C, 49G2, 916B2, 917B11) in their neutralization and ADCC activity against viruses of subtypes B and CRF01. CRF01 viruses were less susceptible to neutralization by 2G12 and b12, while VRC01 was highly effective in neutralizing CRF01 viruses. 49G2 showed better neutralization breadth against CRF01 than against B viruses. CRF01_AE viruses from Japan also showed a slightly higher susceptibility to anti-CD4i Ab 4E9C than the subtype B viruses, and to CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam. Neutralization breadth of other anti-CD4i Abs 17b, 916B2 and 917B11 was low against both subtype B and CRF01_AE viruses. Anti-CD4bs Ab 49G2, which neutralized only 22% of the viruses, showed the broadest coverage of Fc-mediated signaling activity against the same panel of Env clones among the Abs tested. The CRF01_AE viruses from Japan were more susceptible to 49G2-mediated neutralization than the CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam, but Fc-mediated signaling activity of 49G2was broader and stronger in the CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam than the CRF01_AE viruses from Japan.
Thida2019
(effector function, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
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VRC01: An R5 virus isolated from chronic patient NAB01 (Patient Record# 4723) was adapted in culture to growth in the presence of target cells expressing reduced levels of CD4. Entry kinetics of the virus were altered, and these alterations resulted in extended exposure of CD4-induced neutralization-sensitive epitopes to CD4. Adapted and control viruses were assayed for their neutralization by a panel of neutralizing antibodies targeting several different regions of Env (PGT121, PGT128, 1-79, 447-52d, b6, b12, VRC01, 17b, 4E10, 2F5, Z13e1). Adapted viruses showed greater sensitivity to antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site and the V3 loop. This evolution of Env resulted in increased CD4 affinity but decreased viral fitness, a phenomenon seen also in the immune-privileged CNS, particularly in macrophages.
Beauparlant2017
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion, dynamics, kinetics)
-
VRC01: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
VRC01: In 8 ART-treated patients, latent viruses were induced by a viral outgrowth assay and assayed for their sensitivity to neutralization by 8 broadly neutralizing antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10E8v4-V5F-100cF). The patients' inducible reservoir of autologous viruses was generally refractory to neutralization, and higher Env diversity correlated with greater resistance to neutralization.
Wilson2021
(autologous responses, neutralization, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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VRC01: Extensive structural and biochemical analyses demonstrated that PGT145 achieves recognition and neutralization by targeting quaternary structure of the cationic trimer apex with long and unusually stabilized anionic β-hairpin HCDR3 loops. In BG505.Env.C2 alanine-scanning neutralization assays, VRC01 had more similar results to hammerhead-class antibodies PG9 & CH01 than to PGT145-like antibodies.
Lee2017
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
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VRC01: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
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VRC01: A novel CD4bs bnAb, 1-18, is identified with breadth (97% against a 119-strain multiclade panel) and potency exceeding (IC50 = 0.048 µg/mL) most VH1-46 and VH1-2 class bnAbs like 3BNC117, VRC01, N6, 8ANC131, 10-1074, PGT151, PGT121, 8ANC195, PG16 and PGDM1400. 1-18 effectively restricts viral escape better than bnAbs 3BNC117 and VRC01. As with VRC01-like Abs, 1-18 targets the CD4bs but it recognizes the epitope differently. Neutralizing activity against VRC01 Ab-class escapes is maintained by 1-18. In humanized mice infected by strain HIV-1YU2, viral suppression is also maintained by 1-18. VH1-46-derived B cell clone 4.1 from patient IDC561 produced potent, broadly active mAbs. Subclone 4.1 is characterized by a 6 aa CDRH1 insertion lengthening it from 8 to 14 aa and produces bNAbs 1-18 and 1-55. Cryo-EM at 2.5A of 1-18 in complex with BG505SOSIP.664 suggests their insertion increases inter-protomer contacts by a negatively charged DDDPYTDDD motif, resulting in an enlargement of the buried surface on HIV-1 gp120. Variations in glycosylation is thought to confer higher neutralizing activity on 1-18 over 1-55.
Schommers2020
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664 has been reported. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 HR1 region which can guide the improvement of Env glycoprotein preparations and potentially increase their effectiveness as a vaccine. VRC01 broadly neutralized HIV-1AD8 full-length and cytoplasmic tail-deleted Envs.
Castillo-Menendez2019
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
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VRC01: HIV Env glycoproteins were expressed by incorporation into live attenuated rubella viral vectors strain RA27/3. These vectors can stably express Env core derived glycoproteins ranging in size up to 363 amino acids from HIV clade C strain 426c. By themselves, the vectors elicited modest Ab titers to the Env insert. But the combination of rubella/env prime followed by a homologous protein boost gave a strong response. MAb VRC01 was used as a positive control in neutralization assays.
Virnik2018
(vaccine antigen design)
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VRC01: An engineered Env outer domain(OD) eOD-GT8 60-mer nanoparticle has been reported as a priming immunogen for eliciting VRC01-class precursors. N-linked glycans were introduced into non-CD4bs surfaces of eOD-GT8 to mask irrelevant epitopes, and these mutants were evaluated in a mouse model that expressed diverse IgG heavy chains containing human IGHV1-2*02, the germline VRC01 VH segment. Compared to the parental eOD-GT8, a mutant with 5 added glycans stimulated significantly higher proportions of CD4bs-specific serum responses and VRC01-class precursors. The antibodies used to evaluate the antigens included VRC01, its V gene germline revertant VRC01 gl, the VRC-PG04 V gene germline revertant VRC-PG04 gl, a polyclonal rabbit anti-gp120 serum, two non-CD4bs monoclonal antibodies (X1A2 and X1C6) isolated from eOD-GT6 60-mer-immunized XenoMouse, and two non-CD4bs mAbs (mA9 and mE4) isolated from eOD-GT8 60-mer-immunized IGHV1-2 knockin mice.
Duan2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: In an attempt to engage appropriate germline B cells that give rise to bNAbs, a combination of Env glycan modifications that permit far greater neutralization potency by near germline forms of multiple VRC01-class bNAbs were tested. The authors assessed CD4bs bNAbs for neutralizing activity against of Env-pseudotyped viruses (EPV) that were either Man5-enrichment and/or had targeted glycan deletion and concluded that neutralization by germline-reverted forms of VRC01-class bNAbs requires a combination of both Man5-enrichment and glycan deletion. In particular, Man5-enrichment increased the sensitivity of 426c by 8–12 fold when assayed with mature VRC01, 3BNC117, VRC-CH31 and CH103, and this sensitivity increased further by targeted glycan deletion. Furthermore, Man5-enrichment increased the sensitivity of subtype C transmitted-founder 426c EPV that lacked glycan N276, and those that lacked two glycans at N460 and N463, to mature VRC01 by ˜10-fold.
LaBranche2018
(antibody interactions, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: Expanding on previous work aimed at understanding the germline VRC01-class antibody-recognition potential of the previously described 426c Env, the authors characterize the crystal structure, binding and contacts to the germline VRC01 of two C Env constructs: the previously described soluble trimeric 426c SOSIP with three NLGSs removed at positions Asn276, Asn460, and Asn463; and a monomeric 426c core containing all wild-type NLGSs (including those at positions Asn276, Asn460, and Asn463), but lacking variable loops 1, 2, and 3. The authors test and characterize various glycan-deleted combinations and NLGS backbones and demonstrate that germline VRC01 could bind to a 426c core construct in the presence of all naturally occurring NLGSs surrounding the CD4BS, including the NLGS at position Asn276 and with its associated glycan.
Borst2018
(antibody interactions, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: Lipid-based nanoparticles for the multivalent display of trimers have been shown to enhance humoral responses to trimer immunogens in the context of HIV vaccine development. After immunization with soluble MD39 SOSIP trimers (a stabilized version of BG505), trimer-conjugated liposomes improved both germinal center B cell and trimer-specific T follicular helper cell responses. In particular, MD39-liposomes showed high levels of binding by bNAbs such as V3 glycan specific PGT121, V1/V2 glycan specific PGT145, gp120/gp41 interface specific PGT151, CD4 binding site specific VRC01, and showed minimal binding by non-NAbs like CD4 binding site specific B6, and V3 specific 4025 or 39F.
Tokatlian2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) recognized by VRC01 and b12, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. Compared with BG505 SOSIP.664, the E153C/R178C V1-V2 disulfide mutant bound the VRC01, PGT151, and 2G12 slightly less well and the G152E compensatory mutation improved VRC01, PGT151, and 2G12 binding. However, there was no change in sensitivity to VRC01 for either mutant virus E153C/K178C/G152E or I184C/E190C.
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: This study looks at the role of somatic mutations within antibody variable and framework regions (FWR) in bNAbs and how these mutations alter thermostability and neutralization as the Ab lineage reaches maturation. The emergence and selection of different mutations in the complementarity-determining and framework regions are necessary to maintain a balance between antibody function and stability. The study shows that all major classes of bNAbs (DH270, CH103, CH235, VRC01, PGT lineage etc.) have lower thermostability than their corresponding inferred UCA antibodies. Fab interdomain flexibility mutations are selected early in Ab development.
Henderson2019
(neutralization, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: The authors used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to define the structure of the HIV-1 MPER when linked to the transmembrane domain (MPER-TMD) in the context of a lipid bilayer. In particular, they looked at the accessibility of the MPER-TMD to 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 and DH570. The MPER appears to be accessible up to ∼10% of the time to the 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8 Fabs but ∼40% of time to the DH570 Fab. To assess possible functional roles for the MPER in membrane fusion, they generated 17 Env mutants using the sequence of a clade A isolate, 92UG037.8, mutating each of the three structural elements: hydrophobic core, turn, and kink. Mutants W670A (hydrophobic core), F673A (turn), and W680A (kink), while still sensitive to VRC01, became much more resistant to the trimer-specific bNAbs and also gained sensitivity to b6, 3791, and 17b. All mutants with changes at W666 in the hydrophobic core and K683 at the kink lost infectivity almost completely. For the rest of the mutants, infectivity ranged from 4.3 to 50.8% of that of the wild type, showing that key residues important for stabilizing the MPER structure are also critical for Env-induced membrane fusion activity, especially in the context of viral infection.
Fu2018
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity, structure)
-
VRC01: Two HIV-1-infected individuals, VC10014 and VC20013, were monitored from early infection until well after they had developed broadly neutralizing activity. The bNAb activity developed about 1 year after infection and mapped to a single epitope in both subjects. Isolates from each subject, taken at five different time points, were tested against monoclonal bNAbs: VRC01, B12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, and 2F5. In subject VC10014, the bNAb activity developed around 1 year postinfection and targeted an epitope that overlaps the CD4-BS and is similar to (but distinct from) bNAb HJ16. In the case of VC20013, the bNAb activity targeted a novel epitope in the MPER that is critically dependent on residue 677 (mutation K677N). All of the isolates from subject VC20013 were very susceptible to bNAbs that target the CD4 binding site (CD4-BS), including b12 and VRC01.
Sather2014
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. The G458Y signature mutation conferred complete resistance (IC50 > 25 mg/mL) to VRC01 and can neutralize the CH505 TF (IC50 of 0.14mg/mL).VRC01 has reduced breadth and potency against C clade viruses.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: In vitro neutralization data against 25 subtype A, 100 C, and 20 D pseudoviruses of 8 bNAbs (3BNC117, N6, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, CAP256-VRC26.25, PGDM1400, 10–1074, PGT121) and 2 bispecific Abs under clinical development (10E8-iMAb, 3BNC117-PGT135) was studied to assess the antibodies’ potential to prevent infection by dominant HIV-1 subtypes in sub-Saharan Africa. In vivo protection of these Abs and their 2-Ab combination was predicted using a function of in vitro neutralization based on data from a macaque simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge study. Conclusions were that 1. bNAb combinations outperform individual bNAbs 2. Different bNAb combinations were optimal against different HIV subtypes 3. Bispecific 10E8-iMAb outperformed all combinations, and 4. 10E8-iMAb in combination with other conventional Abs was predicted to be the best combination against HIV-infection.
Wagh2018
(neutralization, computational prediction, immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: A novel antibody, Y498, was derived from donor XJ1981, whose serum had potent and broad neutralization activity. Y498 neutralized 30% of 70 tested HIV-1 isolates and targeted an epitope overlapping the CD4bs of gp120. The neutralization of Y498 was compared to that of 3 other CD4BS antibodies: VRC01, b12, and A16.
Sun2017
(antibody generation, neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: This review summarizes current advances in antibody lineage-based design and epitope-based vaccine design. Antibody lineage-based design is described for VRC01, PGT121 and PG9 antibody classes, and epitope-based vaccine design is described for the CD4-binding site, as well as fusion peptide and glycan-V3 cites of vulnerability.
Kwong2018
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer, junction or fusion peptide)
-
VRC01: VRC 606 (clinicaltrials.gov NCT02599896) was a single-site Phase I open-label dose-escalation study that evaluated a variant of VRC01, VRC01LS for safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. VRC01LS has mutations M428L and N434S in the Fc region intended to extend serum half-life, these LS mutations result in enhanced IgG-FcRn binding but do not affect binding to the Fc-gamma receptor and thus do not impair Fc-mediated effector functions, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). It was observed that VRC01LS was safe and well tolerated and displayed a serum half-life more than four times longer than wild-type VRC01. The VRC01LS Ab retained its neutralizing activity in serum for the 48-week duration of this study, and no Abs were detected to it.
Gaudinski2018
(enhancing activity, therapeutic vaccine, immunotherapy, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied, and future directions for the field. VRC01, a prototype super-Ab, was isolated from direct functional screening of thousands of B cell clones. VRC01 is in Phase I clinical development and the Antibody-Mediated Prevention (AMP) study will assess the ability of the VRC01 mAb specific for CD4 binding site to decrease the risk of HIV acquisition in humans.
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: The authors selected an optimal panel of diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to represent the antigenic diversity of HIV globally in order to be used as antigen candidates. The selection was based on genetic and geographic diversity, and experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses. The eligibility of the envelopes as vaccine candidates was evaluated against a panel of antibodies for breadth, affinity, binding and durability of vaccine-elicited responses. The antigen panel was capable of detecting the spectrum of V2-specific antibodies that target epitopes from the V2 strand C (V2p), the integrin binding motif in V2 (V2i), and the quaternary epitope at the apex of the trimer (V2q).
Yates2018
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
VRC01: A systems glycobiology approach was applied to reverse engineer the relationship between bNAb binding and glycan effects on Env proteins. Glycan occupancy was interrogated across every potential N-glycan site in 94 recombinant gp120 antigens. Using a Bayesian machine learning algorithm, bNAb-specific glycan footprints were identified and used to design antigens that selectively alter bNAb antigenicity. The novel synthesized antigens unsuccessfully bound to target bNAbs with enhanced and selective antigenicity.
Yu2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: This review discusses current HIV bNAb immunogen design strategies, recent progress made in the development of animal models to evaluate potential vaccine candidates, advances in the technology to analyze antibody responses, and emerging concepts in understanding B cell developmental pathways that may facilitate HIV vaccine design strategies.
Andrabi2018
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
VRC01: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: Bispecific bNAbs containing anti-CD4bs VRC01 and anti-V3 glycan PGT121 were constructed by linking the single chain (Sc) bNAbs with flexible (G4S)n linkers at IgG Fc and were found to have greater neutralization breadth than parental bNAbs when optimal. The optimal bis-specific NAb, dVRC01-5X-PGT121, was one that crosslinked protomers within one Env spike. Combination of this bispecific with a third bNAb, anti-MPER 10E8, gave 99.5%, i.e. nearly pan-neutralization of a 208 virus panel with a geometric mean IC50 below 0.1 µg/ml.
Steinhardt2018
(neutralization, immunotherapy, bispecific/trispecific)
-
VRC01: The first cryo-EM structure of a cross-linked vaccine antigen was solved. The 4.2 Å structure of HIV-1 BG505 SOSIP soluble recombinant Env in complex with a bNAb PGV04 Fab fragment revealed how cross-linking affects key properties of the trimer. SOSIP and GLA-SOSIP trimers were compared for antigenicity by ELISA, using a large panel of mAbs previously determined to react with BG505 Env. Non-NAbs globally lost reactivity (7-fold median loss of binding), likely because of covalent stabilization of the cross-linked ‘closed’ form of the GLA-SOSIP trimer that binds non-NAbs weakly or not at all. V3-specific non-NAbs showed 2.1–3.3-fold reduced binding. Three autologous rabbit monoclonal NAbs to the N241/N289 ‘glycan-hole’ surface, showed a median ˜1.5-fold reduction in binding. V3 non-NAb 4025 showed residual binding to the GLA-SOSIP trimer. By contrast, bNAbs like VRC01 broadly retained reactivity significantly better than non-NAbs, with exception of PGT145 (3.3-5.3 fold loss of binding in ELISA and SPR).
Schiffner2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
VRC01: This study describes the generation of CHO cell lines stably expressing the following vaccine Env Ags: CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B). The antigenic profiles of the molecules were assessed with a panel of well-characterized mAbs recognizing critical epitopes and glycosylation analysis confirming previously identified sites and revealing unknown sites at non-consensus motifs. A244.AE gp120 bound to VRC01 in ELISA EC50 and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays. 6240.B gp120 bound to VRC01. 6240.B gp120 exhibited binding to VRC01.
Wen2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: The prophylactic and therapeutic potential of an engineered single gene–encoded tandem bispecific immunoadhesin (IA) molecule BiIA-SG was studied. Before engineering BiIAs, codon-optimized scFvs of bNAbs PG9, PG16, PGT128, VRC01, and Hu5A8 were synthesized. The VL/VH domain of each scFv was engineered as a corresponding IA by fusion with human IgG1-Fc to generate IA-PG9, IA-PG16, IA-PGT128, IA-VRC01, and IA-Hu5A8. While all IAs exhibited specific anti–HIV-1 activity, only IA-PGT128 displayed similar potency and the same sigmoidal slope of 100% neutralization as previously described for the native PGT128, and IA-PGT128 in combination with IA-Hu5A8 exhibited the best synergistic effect based on computational synergy volumes. IA-PGT128 and IA-Hu5A8 were therefore used for BiIA construction.
Wu2018
-
VRC01: Prevention of HIV infection by intravenously-administered VRC01 was modeled to predict prevention efficacy (PE) of each 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg VRC01 dose. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) were administered high-dose intra-rectal simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge two days post-VRC01 infusion (“NHP model”). As humans may require greater VRC01 concentration to achieve the same level of protection, it was assumed that 5-fold greater VRC01 serum concentration would be needed to provide the same level of per-exposure PE as seen in the NHP data (“5-fold model”). For the 10 mg/kg regimen, the 5-fold and NHP models predict an overall PE of 37% and 64%, respectively; for the 30 mg/kg regimen, the two models predict an overall PE of 53% and 82%, respectively.
Huang2018
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
VRC01: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. VRC01 is autoreactive, but not polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
VRC01: This study was designed to evaluate the safety, pharmacological profile, and immune functions of VRC01 administered either subcutaneously or intravenously as a foundation for future efficacy trials. HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) 104 was designed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of multiple doses of VRC01. Eighty-eight healthy, HIV-uninfected, low-risk participants were enrolled in 6 United States clinical research sites affiliated with the HVTN between September 9, 2014 and July 15, 2015. Participants were randomized to receive the following: a 40 mg/kg IV VRC01 loading dose followed by five 20 mg/kg IV VRC01 doses every 4 weeks (treatment group 1 [T1], n = 20); eleven 5 mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) VRC01 (treatment group 3 [T3], n = 20); placebo (placebo group 3 [P3], n = 4)doses every 2 weeks; or three 40 mg/kg IV VRC01 doses every 8 weeks (treatment group 2 [T2], n = 20). Treatment groups T4 and T5 (n = 12 each) received three 10 or 30 mg/kg IV VRC01 doses every 8 weeks, respectively. Participants were followed for 32 weeks after their first VRC01 administration and received a total of 249 IV infusions and 208 SC injections, with no serious adverse events, dose-limiting toxicities, nor evidence for anti-VRC01 antibodies observed. The limitations of this study include the relatively small sample size of each VRC01 administration regimen and missing data from participants who were unable to complete all study visits. The antibody in serum after administration showed evidence of a number of immune functions that are known to inhibit HIV transmission and replication.
Mayer2017
(immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: Panels of C clade pseudoviruses were computationally downselected from the panel of 200 C clade viruses defined by Rademeyer et al. 2016. A 12-virus panel was defined for the purpose of screening sera from vaccinees. Panels of 50 and 100 viruses were defined as smaller sets for use in testing magnitude and breadth against C clade. Published neutralization data for 16 mAbs was taken from CATNAP for the computational selections: 10-1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128, VRC26.25, VRC26.08, PGDM1400, PG9, PGT145, VRC07-523, 10E8, VRC13, 3BNC117, VRC07, VRC01, 4E10.
Hraber2017
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
VRC01: This study reports host tolerance mechanisms that limit the development of CD4bs and HCDR3-binder bNAbs via sequential HIV-1 Env vaccination. Vaccine-induced macaque CD4bs bnAbs recognize open Env trimers, and accumulate relatively modest somatic mutations. In naive CD4bs, unmutated common ancestor knock-in mice Env + B cell clones develop anergy and partial deletion at the transitional to mature B cell stage, but become Env- upon receptor editing. Stepwise immunization initiates CD4bs-bnAb responses, but immune tolerance mechanisms restrict their development. Crystal structure of DH522 showed footprints of VRC01 and CD4 attachment inhibitor N-(4-bromophenyl)-N′-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)ethanediamide (NBD-557).
Williams2017a
(glycosylation, structure, antibody lineage, chimeric antibody)
-
VRC01: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers. Envs with or without the TM1 mutations were expressed in HEK 293T cells and analyzed for the relative expression of Ab epitopes including the CD4 binding site for VRC01.
Hogan2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: The HIV Vaccine Trials Network and the HIV Prevention Trials Network conducted the first clinical test-of-concept, Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials to assess whether, and how, intravenous infusion of VRC01, prevents HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 prevention efficacy trials were conducted in two cohorts: 2700 HIV-uninfected men and transgender persons who have sex with men in the United States, Peru, Brazil, and Switzerland; and 1500 HIV-uninfected sexually active women in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Participants were randomized 1:1:1 to receive an intravenous infusion of 10 mg/kg VRC01, 30 mg/kg VRC01, or a control preparation every 8 weeks for a total of 10 infusions. Each trial wasdesigned (1) to assess overall prevention efficacy (PE) pooled over the two VRC01 dose groups vs. control and (2) to assess VRC01 dose and laboratory markers as correlates of protection (CoPs) against overall and genotype- and phenotype-specific infection. Each AMP trial was designed to have 90% power to detect PE > 0% if PE is ≥ 60%. If affirmative, they will provide information for estimating the optimal dosage of VRC01 (or subsequent derivatives) and identify threshold levels of neutralization and Fc effector functions associated with high-level protection.
Gilbert2017
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
VRC01: SOSIP.664 trimer was modified at V3 positions 306 and 308 by Leucine substitution to create hydrophobic interactions with the tryptophan residue at position 316 and the V1V2 domain. These modifications stabilized the resulting SOSIP.v5.2 S306L R308L trimers. In vivo, the induction of V3 non-NAbs was significantly reduced compared with the SOSIP.v5.2 trimers. S306L plus R308L paired substitutions had no effect on the trimer reactivity of VRC01.
deTaeye2018
(broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: Nanodiscs (discoidal lipid bilayer particles of 10-17 nm surrounded by membrane scaffold protein) were used to incorporate Env complexes for the purpose of vaccine platform generation. The Env-NDs (Env-NDs) were characterized for antigenicity and stability by non-NAbs and NAbs. Most NAb epitopes in gp41 MPER and in the gp120:gp41 interface were well exposed while non-NAb cell surface epitopes were generally masked. Anti-CD4bs NAb VRC01, had a Kd of 14.6 nM and bound the Env-ND well.
Witt2017
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: In the RV305 HIV-1 vaccine trial, two boosts of either ALVAC-HIV, AIDSVAX B/E gp120 or ALVAC-HIV + AIDSVAX B/E gp120 were given to HIV-1-uninfected RV144 vaccine-recipients. While no bNAb plasma activity was induced in this trial as well, an increased frequency of memory B cells that produce Env-specific anti-CD4bs antibodies with long HCDR3s was detected. In a binding assay, VRC01 binding was reduced by mutants of CRF01_AE Env protein A244.
Easterhoff2017
(binding affinity)
-
VRC01: DS-SOSIP.4mut (4mut) was identified as the most immunogenic and stable of 4 engineered, soluble, closed prefusion HIV-1 Env trimers. 4mut contained 4 mutations (M154, M300, M302 and L320) designed to form hydrophobic interactions between V1V1 and V3 loops. Both pre- and post-V3 negative selection, CD4bs-targeted bnAb VRC01 recognized 4mut, the other 3 designed trimers (DS-SOSIP.6mut containing 4mut mutations, Y177W and I420M, DS-SOSIP.I423F and DS-SOSIP.A316W), and related trimers DS-SOSIP and BG505 SOSIP.664. Each DS-SOSIP variant was able to elicit trimer-specific responses, comparable to BG505 SOSIP.664, in guinea pigs after 4 immunizations, but none elicited heterologous neutralizing activity. Crystal structures were generated for 4mut and 6mut.
Chuang2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
VRC01: Libraries of BG505 gp120 containing mutations were displayed on yeast and screened for binding to a panel of VRC01-class mAbs. Boosted VRC01 gH mice showed broad neutralization on a panel of N276A viruses, neutralization of fully native virus containing the N276 glycan site was limited to a single heterologous tier 2 isolate and was substantially less potent. The progress of vaccine-induced somatic hyper mutation, SHM, toward mature VRC01 was tested. For each VH1-2 sequence, the total number of amino-acid mutations and the number of amino-acid mutations shared with a panel of VRC01-class mAbs like VRC01, PGV04, PGV20, VRC-CH31, 3BNC60, and 12A12 were determined. Extremely deep Ab repertoire sequencing on two healthy HIV-naive individuals were performed to compute the frequency of randomly incorporated VRC01-class mutations in human VH1-2 Ab sequence.
Briney2016
(HIV-2, neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: Env variants that lack all 15 core glycan sites were produced. These variants retain conformational integrity and viral infectivity and bind to several bNAbs, including VRC01 and b12, suggesting that Env glycans are not essential to protein folding, and deglycosylated antigens may be useful as priming immunogens. A partially germline-reverted variant of VRC01 (GL-VRC01) was produced to compare its binding to that of VRC01.
Rathore2017
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: Env trimers were engineered with selective deglycosylation around the CD4 binding site to see if they could be useful vaccine antigens. The neutralization of glycan-deleted trimers was tested for a set of bnAbs (PG9, PGT122, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13, PGT151, 8ANC195, 35O22), and the antigens elicited potent neutralization based on the CD4 supersite. A crystal structure was made of one of these Env trimers bound to Fabs 35O22 and 3H+109L. Guinea pigs vaccinated with these antigens achieved neutralization of deglycosylated Envs. Glycan-deleted Env trimers may be useful as priming antigens to increase the frequency of CD4 site-directed antibodies.
Zhou2017
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
VRC01: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs, regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: Mice twice-primed with DNA plasmids encoding HIV-1 gp120 and gag and given a double boost with HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) i.e. DDVV immunization, elicited Env-specific antibody responses as well as Env- and Gag-specific CTL responses. In vivo electroporation (EP) was used to increase breadth and potency of response. Human anti-gp120 VRC01 was used to prove that the VLP spike included the broad neutralization epitope recognized by it.
Huang2017a
(therapeutic vaccine, variant cross-reactivity)
-
VRC01: This review discusses host controls of bNAb responses and why highly antigenic vaccine Envs do not induce bNAbs when used as vaccine immunogens. In Kl mice expressing 3BNC60 germline unmutated common ancestor (UCA), majority of the bone marrow B cell were deleted, and peripheral residual B cells were anergic. Vaccination resulted in GL B cells activated with minimal affinity maruration.
Kelsoe2017
(review)
-
VRC01: A panel of mAbs (2G12, VRC01, HJ16, 2F5, 4E10, 35O22, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074) was tested to compare their efficacy in cell-free versus cell-cell transmission. Almost all bNAbs (with the exception of anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a) blocked cell-free infection with greater potency than cell-cell infection, and showed greater potency in neutralization of cell-free viruses. The lower effectiveness on neutralization was particularly pronounced for transmitted/founder viruses, and less pronounced for chronic and lab-adapted viruses. The study highlights that the ability of an antibody to inhibit cell-cell transmission may be an important consideration in the development of Abs for prophylaxis.
Li2017
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization)
-
VRC01: Compared to patient-derived mAbs, vaccine-elicited mAbs are often less able to neutralize the virus, due to a less-effective angle of approach to the Env spike. This study engineered an immunogen consisting of the gp120 core in complex with a CD4bs mAb, 17b. Rabbits immunized with this antigen displayed earlier affinity maturation and better virus neutralization compared to those immunized with the gp120 core alone. The 17b antibody was shown to have a steric clash with two other CD4bs Abs, GE136 and GE148, but not with VRC01. VRC01 and 2G12 bound to the the 17b-gp120 complex more avidly than to the gp120 core alone.
Chen2016b
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
VRC01: This study describes a computational method to calculate the binding affinities of antibodies and antigens. The method called free-energy perturbation (FEP) was developed using HIV-1 Env gp120 and 3 VRC01-class mAbs, VRC01, VRC03, and VRC-PG04.
Clark2017
(binding affinity, structure)
-
VRC01: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
VRC01: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8. Engineered variant VRC01-LS had greater persistence and improved protection against SHIV challenge, compared to VRC01.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
VRC01: Prevalence, breadth, and potency of NAb responses in 98 CRF07_BC-infected individuals using a multi-subtype panel of 30 tier 2-3 Env-pseudotyped viruses were identified and the neutralization pattern of CRF07_BC-infected people was compared with that of subtype B'-infected individuals in China. 18% of 98 plasma samples neutralized >80% of viruses, and 53% neutralized >50%, suggesting the presence of broadly NAbs. CRF07_BC-infected individuals generated higher but less broad neutralization titers against intra-subtype viruses than subtype B'-infected individuals with longer infection length, indicating the transition from narrow autologous to broad heterologous neutralization over time. Neutralization activity of the top six plasmas from each cohort was attributable to the IgG fraction, and half of them developed CD4 binding site antibody reactivity. VRC01 and 2G12 were used as controls.
Hu2017
(broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: First population pharmacokinetics (PK) analysis of VRC01 was conducted using 84 HIV-uninfected adults who received multiple-dose intravenous or subcutaneous VRC01 every several weeks. The study demonstrated that a robust PK model of VRC01 could be developed to reliably characterize the observed PK data and to estimate VRC01 concentration values and associated variabilities at any post-dose time-point.
Huang2017
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
VRC01: Novel bNAb, IOMA, combines features of VH1-2/VRC01-class bNAbs with CD4-mimetic CD4bs bNAbs. It is described in complex to BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimer by 3.5A and 3.9A-resolution crystal structures. The IOMA-BG505 structure demonstrates that VH1-2*02-derived CD4-mimetic bNAbs are not limited to longer, five-residue CDRL3s as in the case of VRC01. This is the first full description of native glycosylated trimer (untrimmed high-mannose and complex-typle N-glycans) revealing Ab-vulnerable glycan holes. Though derived from VRC01, the shorter CDRL3 makes IOMA resemble am 8ANC131-class/VH1-46-derived CD4bs bNAb.
Gristick2016
(glycosylation)
-
VRC01: This review summarizes vaccine approaches to counter HIV diversity. A structural map illustrated the contact regions of several bNAbs: VRC26.09, PGT128, CH235.12, and 10E8. Structures illustrating the bNAbs' tolerance for sequence variation were illustrated for CH235.12, PGT128, VRC26.09, and 10E8. CD4BS bNAbs such as VRC01 and CH235.12 illustrate that bNAbs bind to both conserved and hypervariable regions of Env. These bNAbs aren't broad because their epitopes are highly conserved, but rather they arise due to selective pressures of the autologous viruses.
Korber2017
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
VRC01: In 33 individuals (14 uninfected and 19 HIV-1-infected), intravenous infusion of 10-1074 was well tolerated. In infected individuals with sensitive strains, 10-1074 decreased viremia, but escape variants and viral rebound occurred within a few weeks. Escape variants were also resistant to V3 antibody PGT121, but remained sensitive to antibodies targeting other epitopes (3BNC117, VRC01 or PGDM1400). Loss of the PNGS at position N332 or 324G(D/N)IR327 mutation was associated with resistance to 10-1074 and PGT121.
Caskey2017
(escape, immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: The results confirm that Nef and Vpu protect HIV-1-infected cells from ADCC, but also show that not all classes of antibody can mediate ADCC. Anti-cluster-A antibodies are able to mediate potent ADCC responses, whereas anti-coreceptor binding site antibodies are not. Position 69 in gp120 is important for antibody-mediated cellular toxicity by anti-cluster-A antibodies. The angle of approach of a given class of antibodies could impact its capacity to mediate ADCC. VRC01 and b12 were selected as Abs that recognize the CD4 binding site.
Ding2015
(effector function)
-
VRC01: The ability of neutralizing and nonneutralizing mAbs to block infection in models of mucosal transmission was tested. Neutralization potency did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4bs-specific bNAbs, in particular VRC01, blocked HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. MPER (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bNAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while bNAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) were more variable. Non-nAbs alone and in combinations, were poorly protective against mucosal infection. The protection provided by specific bNAbs demonstrates their potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing mucosal entry. VRC01, b12, and CH31 were selected as representative mAbs of the CD4-BS class.
Cheeseman2017
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
VRC01: To understand HIV neutralization mediated by the MPER, antibodies and viruses were studied from CAP206, a patient known to produce MPER-targeted neutralizing mAbs. 41 human mAbs were isolated from CAP206 at various timepoints after infection, and 4 macaque mAbs were isolated from animals immunized with CAP206 Env proteins. Two rare, naturally-occuring single-residue changes in Env were identified in transmitted/founder viruses (W680G in CAP206 T/F and Y681D in CH505 T/F) that made the viruses less resistant to neutralization. The results point to the role of the MPER in mediating the closed trimer state, and hence the neutralization resistance of HIV. CH58 was one of several mAbs tested for neutralization of transmitted founder viruses isolated from clade C infected individuals CAP206 and CH505, compared to T/F viruses containing MPER mutations that confer enhanced neutralization sensitivity.
Bradley2016a
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: A novel MHC-independent third-generation anti-HIV-1 CAR molecule (CD3ζ-CD28-CD137) has been reported.The extracellular domain is consisted of an scFv region derived from the bNAb VRC01 capable of redirecting the antigen specificity of primary CD8+ T cell populations against gp120. CAR cytoplasmic region, composed of a CD3ζ chain and multiple signaling domains (CD28 and CD137). The VC-CAR-T cells, were able to induce T cell-mediated cytolysis after coculture with gp120-expressing cells and wild-type HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells. This also effectively induced the cytolysis of LRA-reactivated HIV-1-infected CD4 T lymphocytes isolated from infected individuals receiving sup-pressive cART. The data demonstrates that the special features of genetically engineered CAR-T cells make them a particularly suitable candidate for therapeutic application and constitute an improvement over existing CD4-based CAR-T technology.
Liu2016
(CD4+ CTL, immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: This study performed cyclical permutation of the V1 loop of JRFL in order to develop better gp120 trimers to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Some mutated trimers showed improved binding to several mAbs, including VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, PGT128, PGT145, PGDM1400, b6, and F105. Guinea pigs immunized with prospective trimers showed improved neutralization of a panel of HIV-1 pseudoviruses. Binding of VRC01 to JRFL was abolished by mutation N279A.
Kesavardhana2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
VRC01: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. VRC01 was 1 of 4 reference VRC01-like bNAbs - VRC01, 3BNC117, 8ANC131, CH103.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
VRC01: 24 participants received VRC01 as immunotherapy during ART treatment interruption. VRC01 delayed viral rebound by approximately 4 to 6 weeks. VRC01 exerted pressure on the rebounding virus, resulting in selection for neutralization-resistant viruses.
Bar2016
(immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: Chimeric antigen receptors, i.e., fusion proteins made from single-chain antibodies, may be a useful approach to immunotherapy. A set of mAbs were chosen based on their binding to a variety of sites on Env and availability of antibody sequences. The chimeric receptors were created by fusing the antibody's heavy chain, light chain, and two signaling domains into a single molecule. All 7 antibodies used to make the chimeric receptors (10E8, 3BNC117, PGT126, VRC01, X5, PGT128, PG9) showed specific killing of HIV-1 infected cells and suppression of viral replication against a panel of HIV-1 strains.
Ali2016
(immunotherapy, chimeric antibody)
-
VRC01: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
VRC01: In neutralization assays of antibody mixtures, there was a modest synergy between the CD4bs VRC01 and either of the two CD4i MAbs E51 and 412d. The synergy is likely the result of the ability of CD4i antibodies (E51 or 412d) to induce the open state and facilitate access to the CD4 binding site. The presence of E51 enhanced the Env binding of VRC01, NIH45-46, NIH45-46G54W, and to a lesser extent 3BNC117.
Gardner2016
(antibody interactions)
-
VRC01: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
VRC01: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
VRC01: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
VRC01: This study estimated intra-lineage longitudinal evolutionary rate changes for the VRC26 and CH103 lineages and compared these to the reported rate changes of the VRC01 lineage. Results confirmed that a decreasing evolutionary rate is common to all three lineages.
Sheng2016
(antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. Consistent with CD4bs bNAbs, VRC01 bound cell surface tightly whether the trimer contained its C-terminal or not, and was competed out by sCD4. It was able to neutralize the 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). CD4bs bNAb, VRC01, was able to neutralize and bind B41 pseudovirus and trimer well.
Pugach2015
-
VRC01: The first generation of HIV trimer soluble immunogens, BG505 SOSIP.664 were tested in a mouse model for generation of nAb to neutralization-resistant circulating HIV strains. No such NAbs were induced, as mouse Abs targeted the bottom of soluble Env trimers, suggesting that the glycan shield of Env trimers is impenetrable to murine B cell receptors and that epitopes at the trimer base should be obscured in immunogen design in order to avoid non-nAb responses. Association and dissociation of known anti-trimer bNAbs (VRC01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT151, PGT135, PG9, 35O22, 3BC315 and PGT145) were found to be far greater than murine generated non-NAbs.
Hu2015
-
VRC01: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. Among CD4bs binding bNAbs, VRC01 recognizes trimer similarly to CH103, CH106, 3BNC117 and 1NC9, and is inhibited by sCD4. VRC01 enhanced binding of non-NAb 17b. outer domain (OD)-glycan bNAbs, PGT135 and PGT136, though ˜ 5x less efficient binders of trimer, were able to unidirectionally inhibit binding of VRC01, as also other CD4bs bNAbs, 3BNC117, 2BNC60, NIH45-46.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
VRC01: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes for all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. The Clade C trimer ZM197M is strongly reactive to the CD4bs bNAb VRC01 but trimer DU442 and its pseudotyped virus are weakly reactive with VRC01. The structure of a complex of ZM197M SOSIP.664 with VRC01 Fab at 9.6 A by cryo-EM had a 0.96 correlation with the structure of the Clade A trimer.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
VRC01: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Binding of the anti-CD4bs bNAb VRC01 to trimers was minimally affected by trimer cross-linking.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
VRC01: HIV-1 escape from the N332-glycan dependent bNAb, PGT135, developed in an elite controller but without change to the PGT135-binding Env epitope itself. Instead an insertion increasing V1 length by up to 21 residues concomitant with an additional 1-3 glycans and 2-4 cysteines shields the epitope from PGT135. The majority of viruses tested developed a 14-fold resistance to PGT135 from month 7 to 11. In contrast no significant difference in neutralization sensitivity was seen between HIV-1 and bNAb VRC01.
vandenKerkhof2016
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, escape)
-
VRC01: The native-like, engineered trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 induced potent NAbs against conformational epitopes of neutralization-resistant Tier-2 viruses in rabbits and macaques, but induced cross-reactive NAbs against linear V3 epitopes of neutralization-sensitive Tier-1 viruses. A different trimer, B41 SOSIP.664 also induced strong autologous Tier-2 NAb responses in rabbits. Sera from 10/20 BG505 SOSIP.664-D7324 trimer-immunized rabbits were capable of inhibiting VRC01 binding to CD4bs, but gp140-immunized sera could not. 4/4 similarly trimer-immunized macaque sera also inhibited VRC01 binding. Serum inhibition of VRC01-trimer binding significantly correlated with rabbit autologous neutralization of the trimer-equivalent psuedovirus, BG505.T332N.
Sanders2015
(antibody generation, neutralization, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-CD4bs bNAb VRC01 neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: This review discusses the application of bNAbs for HIV treatment and eradication, focusing on bnAbs that target key epitopes, specifically: 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, VRC26.08, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, and 10-1074. VRC01 was one of the first CD4bs antibodies identified, and it has been tested in both prophylactic and therapeutic human trials.
Stephenson2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
VRC01: This paper describes modifications that expand the germ line VRC01-class antibody-recognition potential of the previously described 426c Env. The authors show that an optimized Env immunogen can engage multiple germ line VRC01-class antibodies.
McGuire2016
(antibody interactions, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: This review discusses the breakthroughs in understanding of the biology of the transmitted virus, the structure and nature of its envelope trimer, vaccine-induced CD8 T cell control in primates, and host control of bnAb elicitation.
Haynes2016
(review)
-
VRC01: This study described a natural interaction between Abs and mucin protein, especially, MUC16 that is enhanced in chronic HIV infection. Agalactosylated (G0) Abs demonstrated the highest binding to MUC16. Binding of Abs to epithelial cells was diminished following MUC16 knockdown, and the MUC16 N-linked glycans were critical for binding.These point to a novel opportunity to enrich Abs at mucosal sites by targeting Abs to MUC16 through changes in Fc glycosylation, potentially blocking viral movement. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was performed to determine the binding affinity of Fc, Fab, and F(ab)2 of VRC01 to MUC16. They determined the relative percentage of G0, G1, and G2 glycan structures and the enhanced MUC16 binding with VRC01 was linked to higher G0 glycosylation.
Gunn2016
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
VRC01: A panel of Env-specific mAbs was isolated from 6 HIV1-infected lactating women. Antibodies in colostrum may help prevent mucosal infection of the infant, so this study aimed to define milk IgGs for future vaccination strategies to reduce HIV transmission during lactation. Despite the high rate of VH 1-69 usage among colostrum Env specific B cells, it did not correlate with distinct gp120 epitope specificity or function. VRC01 was compared to the newly-derived mAbs; it tested positive in one assay of cross-reactivity with gut bacteria, and positive in one test of autoreactivity.
Jeffries2016
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
VRC01: The study detailed binding kinetics of the interaction between BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer or its variants (gp120 monomer; first study of disulfide-stabilized variant gp120-gp41ECTO protomer) and several mAbs, both neutralizing (VRC01, PGV04, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT145, PGT151, 2G12) and non-neutralizing (b6, b12, 14e, 19b, F240). CD4bs-directed VRC01 potently neutralizes BG505.T332N pseudovirus and binds strongly to all 3 antigens with slow dissociation.
Yasmeen2014
(antibody binding site, assay or method development)
-
VRC01: Neutralization breadth in 157 antiretroviral-naive individuals infected for less than 1 year post-infection was studied and compared to a cohort of 170 untreated chronic patients. A range of neutralizing activities was observed with a panel of six recombinant viruses from five different subtypes. Some sera were broadly reactive, predominantly targeting envelope epitopes within the V2 glycan-dependent region. The Env neutralization breadth was positively associated with time post infection. VRC01 has been used as a control in testing CD4 binding site neutralizing specificity of the sera.
Sanchez-Merino2016
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
VRC01: This review summarized the novel strategies for HIV vaccine discovery. Multiple therapeutic vaccines have failed in the past, in a non placebo controlled trial, a Tat vaccine demonstrated immune cell restoration, reduction of immune activation, and reduced HIV-1 DNA viral load. bNAbs offer both prevention potential and treatment. In early-phase clinical trials, VRC01 reduced viral load in HIV-1-infected individuals not on HAART.
Gray2016
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, HAART, ART, review)
-
VRC01: A new, current, mostly tier2 panel of 200 C-clade Env-psuedotyped viruses from early (< 100d) infection in southern Africa was used to assess antibody responses to natural infection and to vaccines. Viruses were assayed with bNAbs targeting the V2 glycan (PG9, VRC26.25), the MPER site (4E10), the CD4 binding site (VRC01), and the V3/C3 glycan site (PGT128). For VRC01 (and all other Abs besides PGT128) there was no significant difference in neutralization between pre-seroconversion and post-seroconversion viruses. When viruses from 3 time periods were compared, breadth remained constant, but potency decreased, indicating that the C clade epidemic is becoming increasingly resistant to VRC01. Viruses collected pre-seroconversion were more resistant to neutralization by serum than those post-seroconversion. As the epidemic matured over 13 years, viruses also became more resistant to mAbs tested.
Rademeyer2016
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
VRC01: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. CD4 bs-binding, second-generation mAb, VRC01 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=2.13 µg/ml for 11/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 92%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
VRC01: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti-CD4bs bNAb VRC01 was able to neutralize only 1/16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 10µg/ml, RBF208,M/O at 3.64 µg/ml.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
VRC01: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. VRC01, a CD4bs bnAb belonged to a group with slopes >1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. CD4bs-binding gl-VRC01 precursor did not bind to any trimers.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: This study presented structures of germline-reverted VRC01-class bNAbs alone and complexed with 426c-based gp120 immunogens. Germline bNAb–426c gp120 complexes showed preservation of VRC01-class signature residues and gp120 contacts, but detectably different binding modes compared to mature bNAb-gp120 complexes. It reported that unlike most antibodies, the overall final structures of VRC01 class antibodies are formed before the antibodies mature. NIH45-46GL and 3BNC60GL make all predicted HC VRC01-class signature contacts with the CD4-binding loop, the V5 loop, and loop D to bind to gp120.
Scharf2016
(structure)
-
VRC01: This study reported that early passive immunotherapy can eliminate early viral foci and thereby prevent the establishment of viral reservoirs. HIV-1–specific human neutralizing mAbs (NmAbs) were used as a post-exposure therapy in an infant macaque model for intrapartum MTCT, inoculated orally with the SHIV SF162P3. On days 1, 4, 7 and 10 post virus exposure, animals were injected with NmAbs and quantified systemic distribution 24 h after Ab administration. Replicating virus was found in multiple tissues by day 1 in untreated animals. For VRC01 The time to maximal concentration in the plasma was 24 h, independent of dose, and the serum (plasma) half-life of VRC01 was 3.9–4.2 d. All NmAb-treated macaques were free of virus in blood and tissues at 6 months after exposure.
Hessell2016
(neutralization, acute/early infection, immunotherapy, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
VRC01: Donor EB179 was a long-term non-progressor with high serum neutralization breadth and potency. 8 B-cell clones produced Abs, including 179NC75 which had the highest neutralization, especially to Clade B virus, neutralizing 70% of a clade-B pseudovirus panel and 6 out of 9 cross-clade Env pseudoviruses as opposed to bNAb VRC01's neutralizing 7/9 of the same psuedoviral panel. 179NC75 was also more potent than VRC01 against 8 viruses of a 22 Tier-2 clade B panel.
Freund2015
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: A panel of antibodies was tested for binding, stability, and ADCC activity on HIV-infected cells. The differences in killing efficiency were linked to changes in binding of the antibody and the accessibility of the Fc region when bound to infected cells. Ab VRC01 had weak ADCC.
Bruel2016
(effector function, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: This review discusses the structural characteristics of bNAbs, how they recognize the virus, and new vaccination strategies that aim to guide B cells to produce protective Abs. The evolutionary lineage of VRC01 in the donor has been extensively studied. Although VRC01 had a 5-fold lower mutation rate than other bNAbs, such as CA256-VRC26 and CH103, it seems likely that the principles that guide VRC01 bNAb development will apply to other bNAb ontogenies.
Sadanand2016
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
VRC01: To test whether NAbs can inhibit viral transmission through mucosal tissue, 4 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, 4E10) were tested in tissue culture models of human colonic and ectocervical tissues. All 4 nAbs reduced HIV transmission, with a relative efficacy of PG16 > PG9 > VRC01 >> 4E10. The nAbs had a good safety profile and were not affected by the presence of semen.
Scott2015
(immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
VRC01: In 5 years additional members of the CH235 clonal lineage were isolated based on deep sequencing of donor CH505's VL and VH chains at 17 timepoints in the donor's infection. Two of these had greater neutralization potency, CH235.9 and CH235.12. Study of crystal structures indicated a site of vulnerability near the Env CD4 binding site. The lineages of CH103 and CH235, both derived from Donor CH505 were compared - CH103 lineage Kd increased an order of magnitude each step of maturation but maintained a fast association rate; CH235 lineage however, had slower Kds and Kas over maturation. VRC01 was used as a control and neutralized 89% of a 202-multiclade Env-psuedovirus panel at a potency of <50 µg/ml. Despite using VH1-46, the CH235.9 and CH235.12 neutralizing profiles were more similar functionally to that of VH1-2-derived antibody VRC01. Structurally, both VRC01 and the CH235 bNAbs mimic CD4 to bind virus, preserving contacts with gp120 D368.
Bonsignori2016
(neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence)
-
VRC01: A germline-targeting immunogen (eOD-GT8) was developed to elicit VRC01-class bNAbs. HIV-naive humans were shown to have VRC01-class precursor naive B cells that responded to this immunogen; 27 such mAbs were isolated (Vrc01c-HuGL1 - Vrc01c-HuGL1). Not only are the eOD-GT8 isolated naïve B cells highly enriched for VRC01-class core characteristics of VH1-02 and a 5–amino acid L-CDR3, they possess further refined sequence attributes of VRC01-class bNAbs.
Jardine2016
(vaccine antigen design, immunotherapy, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: HIV-1 strains were isolated from 60 patients infected with CRFs 01_AE, 07_BC, and 08_BC. Eight CRF01 strains that produced high-titer Env pseudoviruses were studied further. All were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PG9, PG16, and NIH45-46, but insensitive to 2G12. Mutations in either of the loop D or V5 regions (or both) may be critical for natural evasion of VRC01. However, the resistance mechanisms are currently unknown and four CRF01 AE viruses, CNAE08, CNAE14, CNAE17, and CNAE31, were demonstrated to be resistant to VRC01. Exchanging the V5 region alone did not affect the sensitivity of the viruses to VRC01.CNAE09, CNAE10, and CNAE11 strains containing the asparagine residue at position 461 were still highly sensitive to VRC01. CNAE17 demonstrated the highest levels of resistance may be due to the presence of mutation S365P in the CD4bs.
Chen2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
VRC01: Four bNAbs (VRC01, VRC01-LS, 3BNC117, and 10-1074) were administered, singly or in combination, to macaques, followed by weekly challenges with clade B SHIVAD8. In all cases, the administration of MAbs delayed virus acquisition. Control animals required 2 to 6 challenges before becoming infected, while animals receiving VRC01 required 4–12 challenges; 3BNC117 required 7–20 challenges; 10-1074 required 6–23 challenges; and VRC01-LS required 9–18 challenges. Animals that received a single antibody infusion resisted infection for up to 23 weekly challenges.
Gautam2016
(immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. VRC01 neutralized 89% of the 199 viruses tested.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: This study isolated 4 novel antibodies that bind the CD4 binding site of Env. Population-level analysis classified a diverse group of CD4bs antibodies into two types: CDR H3-dominated or VH-gene-restricted, each with distinct ontogenies. Structural data revealed that neutralization breadth was correlated with angle of approach of the antibodies to the CD4 binding region. VRC01 was one of the antibodies in the VH-gene-restricted class.
Zhou2015
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: Double, triple or quadruple combinations of fifteen bNAbs that target 4 distinct epitope regions: the CD4 binding site (3BNC117, VRC01, VRC07, VRC07-523, VRC13), the V3-glycan supersite (10–1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128), the V1/V2-glycan site (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.25), and the gp41 MPER epitope (10E8) were studied. Their neutralization potency and breadth were assayed against a panel of 200 acute/early subtype C strains, and compared to a novel, highly accurate predictive mathematical model (no-overlap Bliss Hill model, CombiNaber tool, LANL HIV Immunology database). These data were used to predict the best combinations of bNAbs for immunotherapy.
Wagh2016
(neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: VRC07-523:BNabs were tested for their ability to suppress viremia during acute infection in rhesus macaques. Most effective by all virological parameters was dual therapy with VRC07-523 + PGT121. Therapy with VRC01 also curtailed viral replication, but less consistently. These finding support the use of MAbs for immunotherapy during early infection.
Bolton2015
(acute/early infection, immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: The rate of maturation and extent of diversity for the VRC01 lineage were characterized through longitudinal sampling of peripheral B cell transcripts from donor 45 over 15 years and co-crystal structures. VRC01-lineage clades underwent continuous evolution, with rates of ˜2 substitutions per 100 nucleotides per year, comparable with HIV-1 evolution. 39 VRC01-lineage Abs segregated into three major clades, and all Abs from donor 45 contained a cysteine at position 98 (99 in some sequences due to a 1-aa insertion) which was used as a signature to assess membership in the VRC01 lineage. Of 1,041 curated NGS sequences assigned to the VRC01 lineage, six did not contain the cysteine while 1,035 did (99.4%). For this Ab CDR H3 length is 12 and VH changes 32%, Vk nucleotide change is 18%.
Wu2015
(antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: A VRC01 drug product was administered to 23 participants: 15 were on ART, and 8 were viremic and not receiving ART. The treatment reduced viremia significantly only in the viremic subjects. In 4 of these subjects, the reduction in viremia was accompanied by outgrowth of viruses that were less neutralization-sensitive.
Lynch2015
(immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: CD4-binding site Abs are reviewed. New insights from donor-serum responses, atomic-level structures of antibody-Env complexes, and next-generation sequencing of B-cell transcripts are invigorating vaccine-design efforts to elicit effective CD4-binding site Abs. Analysis of the epitopes recognized by CD4-binding Abs reveals substantial similarity in the recognized region of gp120. VRC01 targets the outer domain of gp120.
Georgiev2013a
(review)
-
VRC01: The human Ab gene repertoires of uninfected and HIV-1-infected individuals were studied at genomic DNA (gDNA) and cDNA levels to determine the frequencies of putative germline Ab genes of known HIV-1 bnAbs. All libraries were deep sequenced and analysed using IMGT/HighV-QUEST software (http://imgt.org/HighV-QUEST/index. The human gDNA Ab libraries were more diverse in heavy and light chain V-gene lineage usage than the cDNA libraries. This implied that the human gDNA Ab gene repertoires may have more potential than the cDNA repertoires to develop HIV-1 bnmAbs. Relatively high frequencies of the VH and VKs and VLs that used the same V-genes and had the same CDR3 lengths as known HIV-1 bnmAbs regardless of (D)J-gene usage. The putative germline genes were determined for a set of mAbs (b12, VRC01, VRC03, NIH45-46, 3BNC60, PG9, PGT127, and X5).
Zhang2013
(antibody lineage, germline)
-
VRC01: A previous study demonstrated the presence of VRC01-resistant strains in an HIV-1 infected patient during antiretroviral therapy. This study report follow-up of two subsequent samples, CRF08-BC env clones,CNE47 and CNE48 from the same patient. With genetic and phenotypic analysis it showed that VRC01-resistant HIV-1 continued to exist and the resistant phenotype was associated with a single asparagine residue at position 460 (N460), a potential N-linked glycosylation site in the V5 region.
Guo2014
-
VRC01: A subset of bNAbs that inhibit both cell-free and cell-mediated infection in primary CD4+ lymphocytes have been identified. These antibodies target either the CD4-binding site or the glycan/V3 loop on HIV-1 gp120 and act at low concentrations by inhibiting multiple steps of viral cell to cell transmission. This property of blocking viral transmission to plasmacytoid DCs and interfering with type-I IFN production should be considered an important characteristic defining the potency for therapeutic or prophylactic antiviral strategies. VRC01 was only partially effective in blocking cell to cell transmission.
Malbec2013
-
VRC01: The effect of PNGS on viral infectivity and antibody neutralization (2F5, 4E10, b12, VRC01, VRC03, PG9, PG16, 3869) was evaluated through systemic mutations of each PNGS on CRF07_BC strain. Mutations at N197 (C2), N301 (V3), N442 (C4), and N625 (gp41) rendered the virus more susceptible to neutralization by MAbs that recognize the CD4 binding site or gp41. Generally, mutations on V4/V5 loops, C2/C3/C4 regions, and gp41 reduced the neutralization sensitivity to PG16. However, mutation of N289 (C2) made the virus more sensitive to both PG9 and PG16. Mutations at N142 (V1), N355 (C3) and N463 (V5) conferred resistance to neutralization by anti-gp41 MAbs. Available structural information of HIV Env and homology modeling was used to provide a structural basis for the observed biological effects of these mutations.
Wang2013
(neutralization, structure)
-
VRC01: This review surveyed the Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP) strategy, which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Recently published studies in humanized mice and macaques were discussed as well as the pros and cons of VIP towards clinical applications to control HIV endemics. A single injection of AAV8 vector achieved peak Ab production in serum at week 6.VRC01 could provide full protection against HIV challenge (10 ng) at a titer of 8.3 μg/mL conforming the superiority over b12.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
VRC01: Engineered nanoparticle immunogens eOD-GT8 in 60mer and 3mer form bound VRC01 bNAb precursors and induced VRC01-class bNAbs with classic short CDRL3 in a VRC01 gH (approximated germline-reverted heavy chain precursor) knock-in mouse. Induced antibodies had mutations favoring binding to near-native gp120 constructs.
Jardine2015
(antibody generation, enhancing activity, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
VRC01: The heavy and light chains of VRC01 were stably expressed in tobacco plant cells. The resulting antibody had neutralization breadth and potency similar to that produced in HEK cells. The results demonstrate a method for low-cost production of anti-HIV antibodies.
Teh2014
(antibody gene transfer)
-
VRC01: A gp140 trimer mosaic construct (MosM) was produced based on M group sequences. MosM bound to CD4 as well as multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT126, PGT145, PG9 and PG16. The immunogenicity of this construct, both alone and mixed together with a clade C Env protein vaccine, suggest a promising approach for improving NAb responses.
Nkolola2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: Cross-group neutralization of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, O, and P was tested with diverse patient sera and bNAbs PG9, PG16, 4E10, b12, 2F5, 2G12, VRC01, VRC03, and HJ16. The primary isolates displayed a wide spectrum of sensitivity to neutralization by the human sera, with some cross-group neutralization clearly observed. Among the bNAbs, only PG9 and PG16 showed any cross-group neutralization. The group N prototype strain YBF30 was highly sensitive to neutralization by PG9, and the interaction between their key residues was confirmed by molecular modeling. The conservation of the PG9/PG16 epitope within groups M and N suggests its relevance as a vaccine immunogen.
Braibant2013
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
VRC01: VRC01 was one of 10 MAbs used to study chronic vs. consensus vs. transmitted/founder (T/F) gp41 Envs for immunogenicity. Consensus Envs were the most potent eliciters of response but could only neutralize tier 1 and some tier 2 viruses. T/F Envs elicited the greatest breadth of NAb response; and chronic Envs elicited the lowest level and narrowest response. This CD4BS binding Nab bound well at <10 nM to 3/5 chronic Envs, 4/6 Consensus Envs and 6/7 T/F Envs.
Liao2013c
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: Study evaluated 4 gp140 Env protein vaccine immunogens derived from an elite neutralizer donor VC10042, an HIV+ African American male from Vanderbilt cohort. Env immunogens, VC10042.05, VC10042.05RM, VC10042.08 and VC10042.ela, elicited high titers of cross-reactive Abs recognizing V1/V2 regions. All the Env protein except VC10042.05 bound to VRC01, although weak binding was detected with VC10042.05 monomer. Parental Env of VC10042.ela was highly neutralized by VRC01.
Carbonetti2014
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
VRC01: The effect of low pH and HIV-1 Abs which increased the transcytosis of the virus by 20 fold, has been reported. This enhanced transcytosis was due to the Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn), which facilitates HIV-1's own transmission by usurping Ab responses directed against itself. Both infectious and noninfectious viruses were transcytosed by VRC01.
Gupta2013
-
VRC01: A set of potent VRC01-like (PVL) MAbs were generated from VRC01-derivatve NIH45-46G54W and they were more potent than even NIH45-46 or NIH45-46G54W, cross-recognizing viruses across clades. The novel antibodies designed based on crystal structure were NIH45-46m2, NIH45-46m7, NIH45-46m25 and NIH45-46m28, with NIH45-46m2 being the single most broad and potent antibody till date. 45-46m2 and 45-46m7 in combination with each other and a third antibody were able to thwart viral escape routes.
Diskin2013
-
VRC01: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. VRC01 showed very high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirus in a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions, neutralization)
-
VRC01: This study evaluated the frequency of anti-gp120 B cells in follicular (FO) and marginal zone (MZ) B cells compartments of naive WT mice and human populations. Mouse MZ B cells use IGHV1-53, closely related to human IGHV1-2*02 that encodes VRC01, to generate gp120-specific Abs. VRC01 bound very well to RSC3, but IGHV1-53 didn't. These MZ B cell derived germline Abs showed similarity to purported VRC01 germline and are not protective against HIV.
Pujanauski2013
(antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: 4 new variants of VRC07, a MAb from the VRC01 class of neutralizing antibodies were generated using structure-guided optimization and were between 4 and 5.7 times more potent than VRC01.
Rudicell2014
-
VRC01: The neutralization profile of 1F7, a human CD4bs mAb, is reported and compared to other bnNAbs. 1F7 exhibited extreme potency against primary HIV-1, but limited breadth across clades.VRC01 neutralized 92% of a cross-clade panel of 157 HIV-1 isolates (Fig. S1) while 1F7 neutralized only 20% of the isolates.
Gach2013
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: This study reports the development of a new cell-line (A3R5)-based highly sensitive Ab detection assay. This T-lymphoblastoid cell-line stably expreses CCR5 and recognizes CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1. A3R5 cells showed greater neutralization potency compared to the current cell-line of choice TZM-bl. VRC01 was used as a reference Ab in neutralization assay comparing A3R5 and TZM-bl.
McLinden2013
(assay or method development)
-
VRC01: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. VRC01 is a CD4bs Ab, with breadth 87%, IC50 0.98 μg per ml, and its unique feature is CD4 mimicry by its VH1-2-derived heavy chain. Similar MAbs include VRC02, VRC03, NIH45-46, 3BNC60, BNC62, 3BNC117, 12A12, 12A21, 12A30, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
VRC01: A highly conserved mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env is reported, showing that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1 infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. The mechanism might explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4v by the Vpu and Nef proteins. VRC01 was used in CD4 coexpression and competitive binding assay.
Veillette2014
(effector function)
-
VRC01: The ability of MAb A32 to recognize HIV-1 Env expressed on the surface of infected CD4(+) T cells as well as its ability to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity was investigated. This study demonstrates that the epitope defined by MAb A32 is a major target on gp120 for plasma ADCC activity. VRC01 was used as a control and A32 showed >3 fold higher ADCC activity than VRC01.
Ferrari2011a
(effector function)
-
VRC01d45: The ontogeny of VRC01 class Abs was determined by enumerating VRC01-class characteristics in many donors by next-gen sequencing and X-ray crystallography. Analysis included VRC01 (donor NIH 45), VRC-PG04 (donor IAVI 74), VRC-CH31 (donor 0219), 3BNC117 (donor RU3), 12A21 (donor IAVI 57), and somatically related VRC-PG19,19b, 20, 20b MAbs from donor IAVI 23. Despite the sequence differences of VRC01-class Abs, exceeding 50%, Ab-gp120 cocrystal structures showed VRC01-class recognition to be remarkably similar. It is reported that glutamic acid to glutamine mutation at residue 96 decreased the binding affinity to 10 fold in VRC01.
Zhou2013a
(antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: Next generation sequencing was applied to a new donor C38 (different from donor NIH45) to identify VRC01 class bNAbs. VRC01 class heavy chains were selected through a cross-donor phylogenetic analysis. VRC01 class light chains were identified through a five-amino-acid sequence motif. (CDR L3 length of 5 amino acids and Q or E at position 96 (Kabat numbering) or position 4 within the CDR L3 sequence.)
Zhu2013a
(antibody sequence)
-
VRC01: Series of VRC01 and 10E8 variants with partial framework reversions to germline in both H and L chains were created and their neutralization activity was compared to that of the mature antibody. Some of these Abs retained broad and potent neutralization activity even when their framework regions were substantially reverted back to germline, suggesting the promise of partial framework reversion for Ab optimization.
Georgiev2014
(neutralization, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. This small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including this one. The small panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
VRC01: N276D was determined as the critical binding site of MAb HJ16 by resistance induction in a sensitive primary CRF02_AG strain. N-linked glycosylation site removing N276D mutation was responsible for resistance to HJ16 by site-directed mutagenesis in envs of the homologous CRF02_AG, as well as of a subtype A and a subtype C primary isolate. Sensitivity to the CD4bs VRC01 and VRC03 mAbs was increased in the N276D mutated viruses.
Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh2013
(glycosylation)
-
VRC01:X-ray crystallography, surface plasmon resonance and pseudovirus neutralization were used to characterize a heavy chain only llama antibody, named JM4. The full-length IgG2b version of JM4 neutralizes over 95% of circulating HIV-1 isolates. JM4 targets a hybrid epitope on gp120 that combines elements from both the CD4 binding region and the coreceptor binding surface. JM4 epitope overlaps very little with the VRC01 although the binding sites are in close proximity. JM4 IgG2b was able to potently neutralize the HIV-1 isolates that were resistant to VRC01.
Acharya2013
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: This is a review of a satellite symposium at the AIDS Vaccine 2012 conference, focusing on antibody gene transfer. Dennis Burton showed that PGT121 provides protection in lower in vivo concentrations than b12.
Balazs2013
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
VRC01: A computational method to predict Ab epitopes at the residue level, based on structure and neutralization panels of diverse viral strains has been described. This method was evaluated using 19 Env-Abs, including VRC01, against 181 diverse HIV-1 strains with available Ab-Ag complex structures.
Chuang2013
(computational prediction)
-
VRC01: The complexity of the epitopes recognized by ADCC responses in HIV-1 infected individuals and candidate vaccine recipients is discussed in this review. VRC01 is discussed as the CD4bs-targeting, neutralizing anti-gp120 mAb exhibiting ADCC activity and having a discontinuous epitope. Both VRC01 and b12 recognize the outer domain of gp120. b12 recognizes using Ab heavy chain, where as VRC01 uses both heavy and light chains. This differences is crucial for their neutralization breadth.
Pollara2013
(effector function, review)
-
VRC01: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to PG9-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: Cryoelectron tomography was used to determine structures of A12, m36, or m36/CD4 complexed to trimeric Env displayed on intact HIV-1 BaL virus. The steric interactions at the distal ends of the bound Ab moieties are likely to play a role in determining the rotation of gp120 as in A12 and b12 or without any quaternary structure change as in VRC01.
Meyerson2013
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
VRC01: Systematic computational analyses of gp120 plasticity and conformational transition in complexes with CD4 binding fragments, mimetic proteins and Ab fragments is described to explain the molecular mechanisms by which gp120 interacts with the CD4bs at local and subdomain levels. An isotopic elastic network analysis, a full atomic normal mode analysis and simulation of conformational transitions were used to compare the gp120 structures in CD4 bound and Ab-bound states. VRC01 was mentioned in the context of CD4 binding sites.
Korkut2012
(structure)
-
VRC01: This study describes an ˜11 Angstrom cryo-EM structure of the trimeric HIV-1 Env precursor in its unliganded state. The three gp120 and gp41 subunits form a cage like structure with an interior void surrounding the trimer axis which restricts Ab access. VRC01 was used in ELISA to asses the recognition of the purified Env glycoproteins and recognized conformation dependent epitopes near CD4 binding site of gp120.
Mao2012
(structure)
-
VRC01: The sera of 20 HIV-1 patients were screened for ADCC in a novel assay measuring granzyme B (GrB) and T cell elimination and reported that complex sera mediated greater levels of ADCC than anti-HIV mAbs. The data suggested that total amount of IgG bound is an important determinant of robust ADCC which improves the vaccine potency. VRC01 was used as an anti CD4 binding Ab to study effects of Ab specificity and affinity on ADCC against HIV-1 infected targets.
Smalls-Mantey2012
(assay or method development, effector function)
-
VRC01: Neutralizing antibody response was studied in elite controller. Subject VC10042 is an African American male, infected with clade B for 2 decades (since 1984) without any signs of disease and no antiretroviral treatment. The neutralizing activity of autologous CD4bs NAbs was very similar to that of NIH45-46W, but very different from other anti-CD4bs MAbs tested. The viral autologous variants that were resistant to neutralization by autologous and most bnMAbs tested had an extremely rare R272/N368 combination. This mutation was shown in the study to impart a fitness cost to the virus.
Sather2012
(autologous responses, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: Isolation of VRC06 and VRC06b MAbs from a slow progressor donor 45 is reported. This is the same donor from whom bnMAbs VRC01, VRC03 and NIH 45-46 were isolated and the new MAbs are clonal variants of VRC03. VRC01 was used as a broadly reactive CD4bs MAb to compare neutralizing specificity of VRC06.
Li2012
-
VRC01: This is a comment on Tan2012. It is noted that Tran and colleagues used high-resolution 3D cryoelectron tomography to define the conformation of Env when bound to soluble CD4 and to a series of monoclonal antibodies. It was demonstrated that antibodies binding to the CD4 binding site or coreceptor binding site of Env may lead to significantly different conformations of the trimeric Env complex. VRC01 locks the complex in a closed conformation, while binding to soluble CD4 or the monoclonal antibody 17b fixed the trimer in an open conformation.
Wright2012
(novel epitope)
-
VRC01: Previous cryo-electron tomographic studies were extended. A more complete picture of the HIV entry process was presented by showing that HIV-1 Env binding to either soluble CD4 (sCD4) or the co-receptor mimic 17b leads to the same structural opening, or activation, of the Env spike. Atudy also demonstrated structurally that the broadly neutralizing antibodies VRC01, VRC02, VRC03 are able to block this activation, locking Env in a state that resembles closed, native Env. The cryo-electron microscopic structure of soluble trimeric Env in the 17b-bound state is presented at ˜9 Å resolution, revealing it as a novel, activated intermediate conformation of trimeric Env that could serve as a new template for immunogen design.
Tran2012
(structure)
-
VRC01: Efficacy of VRC01 as a topically administered microbicide to prevent sexual transmission was evaluated in a RAG-hu humanized mouse model of vaginal HIV-1 transmission. A combination of MAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10 and 2G12, was used as a positive efficacy control. 7/9 VRC01 antibody administered mice and all of the mice receiving the four bNAb antibody combination were protected against HIV-1 challenge.
Veselinovic2012
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
VRC01: Two genetically related and two unrelated envelope clones, derived from CRF08_BC-infected patients, with distinct VRC01 neutralization profiles were studied, and 22 chimeric envelope clones were generated by interchanging the loop D and/or V5 regions between the original envelopes or by single alanine substitutions within each region. Interchanging the V5 region between the genetically related or unrelated clones completely swapped their VRC01 sensitivity profiles. Asn-460, a potential N-linked glycosylation site in the V5 region, was a key factor for observed resistance. The long side chain of Asn-460, and potential glycosylation, may create steric hindrance that lowers binding affinity, thereby increasing resistance to VRC01 neutralization
Guo2012
(neutralization, structure)
-
VRC01: Neutralization profiles of 7 bnAbs were analyzed against 45 Envs (A, C, D clades), obtained soon after infection (median 59 days). The transmitted variants have distinct characteristics compared to variants from chronic patients, such as shorter variable loops and fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS). VRC01 neutralized 71% of these viruses.
Goo2012
(neutralization, rate of progression)
-
VRC01: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
VRC01: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 CD4-binding site, CD4-mimicry by heavy chain, VRC01 class, VRC01 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: This review discusses the new research developments in bnAbs for HIV-1, Influenza, HCV. Models of the HIV-1 Env spike and of Influenza visrus spike with select bnAbs bound are shown.
Burton2012
(review)
-
VRC01: This review summarizes challenges to the development of an HIV-1 vaccine, lessons learned from scientific investigation and completed vaccine trials, and promising developments in HIV-1 vaccine design. VRC01 identification and characterization is discussed in detail.
Kwong2012a
(review)
-
VRC01: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as CD4 binding site bnAb, isolated after 2009 by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using a resurfaced core gp120 molecule (RSC3).
Bonsignori2012b
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
-
VRC01: Different adjuvants, including Freund's adjuvant (FCA/FIA), MF59, Carbopol-971P and 974P were compared on their ability to elicit antibody responses in rabbits. Combination of Carbopol-971P and MF59 induced potent adjuvant activity with significantly higher titer nAbs than FCA/FIA. There was no difference in binding of this MAb to gp140 SF162 with FIA, MF59, C974 and C974+MF59 adjuvants, but there was 3-fold decrease of antigenicity with C971 and C971+MF59 as compared to the unadjuvanted sample.
Lai2012
(adjuvant comparison)
-
VRC01: Somatic hypermutations are preferably found in CDR loops, which alter the Ab combining sites, but not the overall structure of the variable domain. FWR of CDR are usually resistant to and less tolerant of mutations. This study reports that most bnAbs require somatic mutations in the FWRs which provide flexibility, increasing Ab breadth and potency. To determine the consequence of FWR mutations the framework residues were reverted to the Ab's germline counterpart (FWR-GL) and binding and neutralizing properties were then evaluated. VRC01, a CD4Bs Ab, was among the 17 bnAbs which were used in studying the mutations in FWR. Fig S4C described the comparison of Ab framework amino acid replacement vs. interactive surface area on VRC01.
Klein2013
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: This study shows that Env immunogens fail to engage the germline-reverted forms of known bnAbs that target CD4BS. However, the elimination of a conserved NLGS at Asn276 in Loop D and the NLGS at positions 460 and 463, located in variable region 5 of Env increased the binding and activation of VRC01 and NIH45-46. This study showed that elimination of NLGS from these regions from Clade C Env 426c increases VRC01 binding.
McGuire2013
(neutralization, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: Antigenic properties of 2 biochemically stable and homogeneous gp140 trimers (A clade 92UG037 and C clade CZA97012) were compared with the corresponding gp120 monomers derived from the same percursor sequences. The trimers had nearly all the antigenic properties expected for native viral spikes and were markedly different from monomeric gp120. All gp120 and gp140 trimers bound tightly to VRC01 Fab, with the higher affinity for VRC01-gp140 interactions. the trimers also resisted conformational changes induced by VRC01, as demonstrated by 17b binding.
Kovacs2012
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: Glycan shield of HIV Env protein helps to escape the Ab recognition. Several of the PGT BnAbs interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of Fabs PGT127 and PGT128 showed that the high neutralizing potency was mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface. PGT128 was compared and referred as an order of magnitude more potent than VRC01.
Pejchal2011
(glycosylation, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: Intrinsic reactivity of HIV-1, a new property regulating the level of both entry and sensitivity to Abs has been reported. This activity dictates the level of responsiveness of Env protein to co-receptor, CD4 engagement and Abs. VRC01 has been used as a control CD4BS binding Ab in immuno-precipitation assay.
Haim2011
(antibody interactions)
-
VRC01: Computational and crystallographic analysis and in vitro screening were employed to design a gp120 outer domain immunogen (eOD-GT6) that could bind to VRC01-class bNAbs and to their germline precursors. When multimerized on nanoparticles, eOD-GT6 activated germline and mature VRC01-class B cells and thus can be a promising vaccine prime. eOD-GT6 had 10 mutations relative to HXB2. Removal of glycans at positions 276 and 463 was necessary for GL affinity and removal of glycans at positions 386 and 403 also improved affinity. T278R, I371F, N460V are involved in the binding interface. L260F, K357R, G471S stabilize loops involved in the interface. eOD-GT6 bound both VRC01 mature and germline antibodies.
Jardine2013
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design, structure, antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: The study used the swarm of quasispecies representing Env protein variants to identify mutants conferring sensitivity and resistance to BnAbs. Libraries of Env proteins were cloned and in vitro mutagenesis was used to identify the specific AA responsible for altered neutralization/resistance, which appeared to be associated with conformational changes and exposed epitopes in different regions of gp160. The result showed that sequences in gp41, the CD4bs, and V2 domain act as global regulator of neutralization sensitivity. VRC01 was used as BnAb to screen Env clones and no significant change was observed with VRC01 neutralization.
ORourke2012
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: Concomitant virus evolution and antibody maturation, leading to induction of a lineage of broadly neutralizing antibodies CH103-CH106, were followed in an African patient CH505 for 34 months from the time of infection. Compared to 30-36% VRC01, CH31 and NIH45-46 mutation frequencies of the published CD4 binding sites, CH103-CH106 exhibited 13-17% mutations.
Liao2013
(broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: This study reports the isolation of a panel of Env vaccine elicited CD4bs-directed macaque mAbs and genetic and functional features that distinguish these Abs from CD4bs MAbs produced during chronic HIV-1 infection. VRC01 was used as a control bNAb.
Sundling2012
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
VRC01: Existing structural and sequence data was analyzed. A set of signature features for potent VRC01-like (PVL) and almost PVL abs was proposed and verified by mutagenesis. Sequences of VRC01, NIH45-46 and VRC-PG04 revealed a striking correlation for the length of CDRL3 (5 residues).
West2012a
(antibody lineage)
-
VRC01: Synthesis of an engineered soluble heterotrimeric gp140 is described. These gp140 protomers were designed against clade A and clade B viruses. The heterotrimer gp140s exhibited broader anti-tier1 isolate neutralizing antibody responses than homotrimer gp140. VRC01 was used to determine and compare the immunogenicity of homo and heterotrimers gp140s.
Sellhorn2012
(vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. VRC01 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: Crystal structures of unliganded core gp120 from HIV-1 clade B, C, and E were determined to understand the mechanism of CD4 binding capacity of unliganded HIV-1. The results suggest that the CD4 bound conformation represents "a ground state" for the gp120 core with variable loop. VRC01 was used as a control to prove whether the purified and crystallized gp120 is in the CD4 bound conformational state or not.
Kwon2012
(structure)
-
VRC01: Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes are reported. Cross-reactive plasma samples were identified and evaluated from 308 subjects tested. VRC01 was used as a control mAb in the comprehensive set of assays performed.
Tomaras2011
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. VRC01 was used as a control in virus neutralization assay. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: YU2 gp140 bait was used to characterize 189 new MAbs representing 51 independent IgG memory B cell clones from 3 clade A or B HIV infected patients exhibiting broad neutralizing activity. The neutralizing potency of the antibodies was compared and none of these antibodies were as broad as VRC01. It has also been referred in discussing the efficiency of YU-2 gp140 trimer as a bait for Ab capture.
Mouquet2011
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: The rational design of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is discussed in relation to understanding of vaccine recognition sites, the structural basis of interaction with HIV-1 env and vaccine developmental pathways. Role of VRC01 has been described regarding the sites of HIV-1 vulnerability to neutralizing antibodies and relating to humoral immune response during infection. VRC01 appears to target the site very effectively resulting in neutralization of ˜90% of circulating isolates.
Kwong2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
VRC01: A panel of glycan deletion mutants was created by point mutation into HIV gp160, showing that glycans are important targets on HIV-1 glycoproteins for broad neutralizing responses in vivo. Enrichment of high mannose N-linked glycan(HM-glycan) of HIV-1 glycoprotein enhanced neutralizing activity of sera from 8/9 patients. VRC01 was used as a control to compare the neutralizing activity of patients' sera.
Lavine2012
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: Ab-driven escape and Ab role in infection control and prevention are reviewed. Main focus is on NAbs, but Ab acting through effector mechanisms are also discussed. Highly potent VRC01 (anti-CD4b) is discussed in the context of developing broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies.
Overbaugh2012
(escape, review)
-
VRC01: Neutralization activity was compared against MAb 10E8 and other broad and potent neutralizers in a 181-isolate Env-pseudovirus panel. 2F5 neutralized 89% of viruses at IC50<50 μg/ml and 75% of viruses at IC50<1 μg/ml, compared with 98% and 72% of MAb 10E8, respectively.
Huang2012a
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was stronger than binding to the parent WT VLPs, uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and VRC01 neutralization, while trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: The role of V1V2 in the resistance of HIV-1 to neutralizing Abs was studied using a panel of neutralization-sensitive and -resistant HIV-1 variants and through exchanging regions of Env between neutralization-sensitive and -resistant viruses. An increase in the length of the V1V2 loop and/or the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) in that same region of Env was directly involved in the neutralization resistance. The introduction of a longer V1V2 loop with more PNGS of HIV-1 from contemporary seroconverters into the background of Env of HIV-1 from historical seroconverters resulted in a 2-fold increase in neutralization resistance to MAb VRC01 for 10/18 viruses.
vanGils2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
VRC01: To improve the immunogenicity of HIV-1 Env vaccines, a chimeric gp140 trimer in which V1V2 region was replaced by the GM-CSF cytokine was constructed. We selected GM-CSF was selected because of its defined adjuvant activity. Chimeric EnvGM-CSF protein enhanced Env-specific Ab and T cell responses in mice compared with wild-type Env. Probing with neutralizing antibodies showed that both the Env and GM-CSF components of the chimeric protein were folded correctly. 3 proteins were studied: Env-wild-type, Env-ΔV1V2, Env-hGM-CSF. MAb VRC01 against discontinuous epitope associated with the CD4bs recognized Env-hGM-CSF, but the binding was subtly (2-fold) less efficient compared with that to Env-wild-type, suggesting that the CD4bs on Env-hGM-CSF is intact, but the accessibility and/or conformation of the VRC01 epitope is subtly altered by the replacement of the V1V2 domain by GM-CSF.
vanMontfort2011
(vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC01: Broadly neutralizing antibodies circulating in plasma were studied by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Abs fell in 2 groups. One group consisted of antibodies with restricted neutralization breadth that had neutral isoelectric points. These Abs bound to envelope monomers and trimers versus core antigens from which variable loops and other domains have been deleted. Another minor group consisted of broadly neutralizing antibodies consistently distinguished by more basic isoelectric points and specificity for epitopes shared by monomeric gp120, gp120 core, or CD4-induced structures. The pI values estimated for neutralizing plasma IgGs were compared to those of human anti-gp120 MAbs, including 5 bnMAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, b12, and 2G12), 2 narrowly neutralizing MAbs (17b and E51), and 3 nonneutralizing MAbs (A32, C11, and 19e). bnMAbs VRC01, 2G12 and b12 had basic pIs (8.1 to >9).
Sajadi2012
(polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC01: Sensitivity to neutralization was studied in 107 full-length Env molecular clones from multiple risk groups in various locations in China. Neutralization sensitivity to plasma pools and bNAbs was not correlated. IgG1b12 and VRC01 had different neutralization potency and breadth, despite both of them recognizing the critical CD4-binding domain. IgG1b12 neutralized 45% (14/31) while VRC01 neutralized about 81% (25/31) of the viruses tested.
Shang2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
VRC01: Given the potential importance of cell-associated virus during mucosal HIV-1 transmission, sensitivity of bNAbs targeting HIV-1 envelope surface unit gp120 (VRCO1, PG16, b12, and 2G12) and transmembrane domain gp41 (4E10 and 2F5) was examined for both cell-free and mDC-mediated infections of TZM-bl and CD4+ T cells. It was reported that higher gp120-bNAb concentrations, but not gp41-directed bNAb concentrations, are required to inhibit mDC-mediated virus spread, compared with cell-free transmission. In all cases except for 89.6, the VRC01 concentration required to inhibit infection by 50% (IC50) was significantly lower for cell-free infection as compared with mDC-associated trans-infection. For 89.6, VRC01 did not demonstrate <50% inhibition of either cell-free or mDC-associated HIV-1 at the highest tested doses. 4E10 and 2F5 bound a significantly greater percentage of mDCs, compared with VRC01.
Sagar2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: To overcome the many limitations of current systems for HIV-1 virus-like particle (VLP) production, a novel strategy was developed to produce HIV-1 VLP using stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells by cotransfecting S2 cells with plasmids encoding an envelope glycoprotein (consensus B or consensus C), a Rev-independent Gag (Pr55) protein, and a Rev protein, along with a pCoBlast selection marker. Except for antigenic epitope PG16, all other broadly neutralizing antigenic epitopes 2G12, b12, VRC01, and 4E10 tested are preserved on spikes of HIV-1 VLP produced by S2 clones.
Yang2012
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
VRC01: In order to increase recognition of CD4 by Env and to elicit stronger neutralizing antibodies against it, two Env probes were produced and tested - monomeric Env was stabilized by pocket filling mutations in the CD4bs (PF2) and trimeric Env was formed by appending trimerization motifs to soluble gp120/gp14. PF2-containing proteins were better recognized by bNMAb against CD4bs and more rapidly elicited neutralizing antibodies against the CD4bs. Trimeric Env, however, elicited a higher neutralization potency that mapped to the V3 region of gp120.
Feng2012
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: The sera of 113 HIV-1 seroconverters from three cohorts were analyzed for binding to a set of well-characterized gp120 core and resurfaced stabilized core (RSC3) protein probes, and their cognate CD4bs knockout mutants. VRC01 bound very strongly to the gp120 core and RSC3, strongly bound to RSC3/G367R, weakly bound to gp120 core D368R and RSC3 Δ3711, and very weakly bound to RSC3 Δ3711/P363N.
Lynch2012
(binding affinity)
-
VRC01: The interaction of CD4bs-binding MAbs (VRC01, VRC-PG04) and V1V2 glycan-dependent MAbs (PG9, PG16) was analyzed. MAb binding and neutralization studies showed that these two Env targets to not cross-compete and that their combination can mediate additive neutralization. The combination of MAbs VRC01 and PG9 provides a predicted coverage of 97% of 208 isolates at IC50 < 50 μg/ml and of 91% at IC50 < 50 μg/ml. In contrast, the combination of PG9 and PG16 (or the combination of VRC01 and VRC-PG04) was only marginally better than either MAb alone.
Doria-Rose2012
(antibody interactions)
-
VRC01: The strategy of incorporating extra glycans onto gp120 was explored, with the goal to occlude the epitopes of non-neutralizing MAbs while maintaining exposure of the b12 site. The focus was on the head-to-head comparison of the ability of 2 adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and Quil A, to promote CD4-specific Ab responses in mice immunized with the engineered mutant Q105N compared to gp120wt. Neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies targeting three areas on gp120 – the CD4bs (F105, b6, b12, b13, VRC01, VRC03 and CD4- IgG2), the glycosylated ‘silent face’ (2G12) and the V3 loop (B4e8) – were assessed for binding. The antibodies b6, b12, b13, VRC01 and 2G12 bound best to mutant Q105N, albeit with lower affinities than to gp120wt. Retention of b6 and b13 binding was not expected, but can be explained by their very similar mode of interaction with the CD4bs compared to b12. Abs F105 and VRC03 did not bind Q105N at all. The V3-specific antibody B4e8 did not bind to Q105N.
Ahmed2012
(adjuvant comparison, antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
VRC01: The neutralization activities of IA versus IgG and Fab versions of three broadly neutralizing antibodies: PG9, PG16, and VRC01 was compared to more fully understand the potential trade-offs in vector and construct design. The potential to combine VCR01 and PG9/PG16 activities to produce a single reagent with two gp120 specificities was also explored. In an Env-pseudotyped HIV-1 neutralization assay against a panel of 30 strains, VRC01 neutralized 25 strains in IgG form, 24 strains in IgG-2A form, 21 stains in Fab form, 18 strains in IA form and 27 strains in VRC01scFv-PG16 form. It was found that the PG9, PG16, and VRC01 IAs were severalfold less potent than their IgG forms.
West2012
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: The role of envelope expression context and producer cell type was characterized for nine novel replication-competent chimeric HIV-1 isolates from the dominant circulating HIV-1 subtypes in Africa, where most new HIV-1 infections are occurring. Pseudoviruses generated in 293T cells were the most sensitive to antibody neutralization. Replicating viruses generated in primary lymphocytes were most resistant to neutralization by most monoclonal antibodies including VRC01. PBMC-derived chimeras displayed increased neutralization resistance compared to 293T-derived chimeras for VRC01.
Provine2012
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: Phenotypic activities of a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus from 24 acute individuals were compared to that of 17 viruses from chronics. T/F Envs were more sensitive than chronic Envs to MAbs b12 and VRC01. The binding of b12 and VRC01 to the trimeric Envs was strongly correlated to their sensitivity to inhibition for both T/F and chronic viruses. Binding of VRC01 to the T/F was increased relative to a subgroup of 11 chronics.
Wilen2011
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: HIV-1 adaptation to neutralization by MAbs VRC01, PG9, PG16 was studied using HIV-1 variants from historic (1985-1989) and contemporary (2003-2006) seroconverters. VRC01 neutralized 33% of contemporary viruses at IC50 < 1 μ g/ml and 76% at IC50 < 4 μ g/ml. Viruses from contemporary seroconverters were significantly more resistant to neutralization by VRC01 and tended to be more resistant to neutralization by PG16. Despite that, all recently transmitted viruses were sensitive to at least one broadly neutralizing Ab at concentration < 5 μg/ml. There was no clear correlation between the sensitivity to VRC01 and presence or absence of certain amino acids.
Euler2011
(neutralization, escape)
-
VRC01: VRC01 selection pressure was studied using viral quasispecies from 3 time points (2001, 2006, 2009) in donor 45, from whom VRC01 was initially isolated, and from several time points in 5 additional donors with broadly serum neutralizing Abs. 473 Envs were assessed in total. While VRC01 neutralizes 90% of genetically diverse heterologous HIV-1 strains, most plasma derived autologous Env variants from donor 45 were highly resistant to VRC01. Isolation of HIV-1 env sequences from proviral DNA allowed to identify archival ENV clones highly sensitive to VRC01, suggesting that donor 45 was infected with a VRC01 sensitive virus that evolved to escape from VRC01.
Wu2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
VRC01: MAb VRC01 neutralization is further characterized in the context of full-length gp120, its impact on the architecture of the viral Env functional spike upon binding, and viral factors associated with the relatively few cases of HIV-1 neutralization resistance. It was confirmed that mutations of structurally defined contact residues in loop D (N terminal to the V3 region), the CD4 binding loop, and the V5-β24-α5 region diminished VRC01-mediated binding or neutralization.
Li2011
(acute/early infection)
-
VRC01: The neutralization potency of PG9, PG16, VRC01 and PGV04 was approximately 10-fold greater than that of MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. Alanine substitutions D279A, I420A and I423A abrogated PGV04 neutralization, and decreased neutralization by VRC01. In contrast to VRC01, PGV04 did not enhance 17b or X5 binding to their epitopes in the co-receptor region on the gp120 monomer, and in contrast to CD4, none of the CD4bs MAbs tested induced the 17b site on trimeric cleaved Env, suggesting that a degree of mimicry of CD4 by anti-CD4bs bnMAbs may be a consequence of binding to the CD4 epitope on monomeric gp120 rather than a neutralization mechanism.
Falkowska2012
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. Although VRC01 neutralized 93% of 162 isolates at IC50<50 μg/ml, it was almost 10-fold less potent than several new antibodies PGT 121-123 and 125-128, for which the median antibody concentration required to inhibit HIV activity by 50% or 90% (IC50 and IC90 values) was almost 10-fold lower than that of PG9, VRC01 and PGV04.
Walker2011
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: 576 new HIV antibodies were cloned from 4 unrelated individuals producing expanded clones of potent broadly neutralizing CD4bs antibodies that bind to the 2CC core. In order to amplify highly somatically mutated immunoglobulin genes, a new primer set with the 5' primer set further upstream from the potentially mutated region was used. Despite extensive hypermutation, the new antibodies shared a consensus sequence of 68 IgH chain amino acids and arose independently from two related IgH genes. With the exception of 8ANC195 MAb, all of the antibodies tested resemble CD4 and VRC01 in that they facilitate CD4i-antibody binding to one or both viral spikes. Comparison of the crystal structure of 3BNC60 MAb to VRC01 revealed conservation of the contacts to the HIV spike. In this study, VRC01 neutralized 100% of 118 isolates representing major HIV-1 clades, with IC50<50μg/ml, but only 17 of the viruses tested were more sensitive to VRC01 than to 3BNC117. NIH45-46, a new variant of VRC01, was more potent than VRC01 on 62 of the viruses tested but still less potent than 3BNC117. VRC01 was not polyreactive - reacted with LPS, but not with dsDNA, ssDNA or insulin.
Scheid2011
(neutralization, antibody sequence, broad neutralizer)
-
VRC01: Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 immunity associated with VRC01-like antibodies was studied by isolation of VRC01-like neutralizers with CD4bs probe; structural definition of gp120 recognition by RSC3-identified antibodies from different donors; functional complementation of heavy and light chains among VRC01-like antibodies; identification of VRC01 antibodies by 454 pyrosequencing; and cross-donor phylogenetic analysis of sequences derived from the same precursor germline gene. VRC01 strongly bound to YU2 gp120 wild type and mutated proteins, HXB2 gp120 and antigenically resurfaced protein RSC3. All 10 antibodies isolated by RSC3 binding use the IGHV1-2*02 germline and accrue 70 to 90 nucleotide changes. The structure of VRC-PG04 in complex with gp120 showed striking similarity with the previously determined complex with VRC01, despite low sequence identity and different donors. Heavy- and light-chain cross-pairing chimeras of VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31 could neutralize up to 90% of 20 clade A, B and C viruses. Thousands of heavy and light chain sequences were found by 454 pyrosequencing, with the sequence identity to VRC01 and VRC02 heavy chains below 75%. Dozens chimeric antibodies obtained by pairing heavy-chain sequences with VRC03 and PG04 light chains and light-chain sequences with VRC01, VRC03,PG04 heavy chains displayed potent neutralization (up to 90%) of A, B and C clade viruses. Cross-donor phylogenetic analysis suggested that common maturation intermediates with 20 to 30 affinity maturation changes from IGHV1-2*02 genomic precursor are found in different individuals. These intermediates give rise to potent broadly neutralizing antibodies with 70-90 changes from IGHV1-2*02. Analysis presented in this study suggests stimulation the elicitation of these intermediates with modified gp120 can be employed for vaccine induced elicitation of VRC01-like antibodies.
Wu2011
(neutralization, antibody sequence, structure)
-
VRC01: One Env clone (4–2.J45) obtained from a recently infected Indian patient (NARI-IVC4) had exceptional neutralization sensitivity compared to other Envs obtained at the same time point from the same patient. Both Envs expressing M424 and I424 showed comparable sensitivity to VRC01, possibly due to the fact that I424M did not impact conformational masking of VRC01 epitope.
Ringe2011
(neutralization)
-
VRC01: Two SHIV-C mutants were designed: SHIV-1157ipEL-pΔ3N, a mutant of the early SHIV-1157ipEL-p which lacked the 3N residues in the V2 stem, and SHIV-1157ipd3N4+3N, a mutant of the late SHIV-1157ipd3N4 where 3N residues was added in the V2 stem. VRC01 neutralized and bound to all four SHIV-Cs with no significant differences. For VRC01, the movement of the V2 loop resulting from the deletion in the V2 stem does not mask the cognate epitope, implying that VRC01 is less sensitive than b12 to conformational masking by the V2 loop.
Watkins2011
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
VRC01: The characteristics of HIV-1-specific NAbs were evaluated in 100 breast-fed infants of HIV-1-positive mothers who were HIV-1 negative at birth and they were monitored until age 2. A panel of eight viruses that included variants representative of those in the study region as well as more diverse strains was used to determine the breadth of the infant NAbs. VRC01 had low neutralization potency for 1 (THRO4156.18) out of 8 pseudoviruses in the panel but high for the rest of them. For maternal variants, VRC01 had low neutralization potency for 1 (MK184.E4) out of 12 variants and high for the rest of them.
Lynch2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
VRC01: The impact of specific changes at distal sites on antibody binding and neutralization was examined on Q461 variants. The changes at position 675 in conjunction with Thr to Ala at position 569 resulted in a dramatic increase in the neutralization sensitivity to some gp41 and gp120 MAbs and plasma but had less effect on the more potent MAb VRC01. There was an increase in VRC01 neutralization sensitivity to viruses with both mutations with intermediate effect for the individual mutants.
Lovelace2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
VRC01: This review discusses recent rational structure-based approaches in HIV vaccine design that helped in understanding the link between Env antigenicity and immunogenicity. This MAb was mentioned in the context of immunogens based on the epitopes recognized by bNAbs. VRC01 displayed greater breadth and potency compared to b12.
Walker2010a
(neutralization, review)
-
VRC01: This review discusses current understanding of Env neutralization by antibodies in relation to epitope exposure and how this insight might benefit vaccine design strategies. This MAb is in the list of current MAbs with notable cross-neutralizing activity.
Pantophlet2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
VRC01: This review outlines the general structure of the gp160 viral envelope, the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response, the mechanisms of viral escape and the characterization of broadly neutralizing Abs. It is noted that mAbs VRC01 and VRC02 are somatic variants of the same IgG1 clone and neutralize over 90 percent of circulating HIV-1 isolates.
Gonzalez2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, review)
-
VRC01: This review discusses strategies for design of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines against HIV-1 and recent major advances in the field regarding isolation of potent broadly neutralizing Abs.
Sattentau2010
(review)
-
VRC01: Novel techniques for generation of broadly neutralizing Abs and how these Ab can aid in development of an effective vaccine are discussed.
Joyce2010
(review)
-
VRC01: The review describes several different methods that have been used to isolate and characterize HIV MAbs within the human Ab repertoire. Relative advantages and limitations of methods such as EBV transformation, human hybridoma, non-immortalized B cell culture, combinatorial libraries from B cells and clonal sorting are discussed.
Hammond2010
(review)
-
VRC01: This review summarizes novel techniques recently developed for isolation of broadly neutralizing monoclonal Abs from HIV-infected donors. Future challenges and importance of these techniques for development of HIV vaccines is also discussed.
Burton2010
(review)
-
VRC01: The crystal structure for VRC01 in complex with an HIV-1 gp120 core from a clade A/E recombinant strain was analyzed to understand the structural basis for its neutralization breadth and potency. Crystal structure of Fab VRC01 in complex with gp120 was determined. VRC01 was shown to partially mimic CD4 interaction with gp120, with 73% of the CD4 N-terminal domain overlapping with VRC01 and 98% of the site of initial CD4 attachment covered by this Ab. VRC01 showed high affinity for both CD4-bound and non-CD4-bound conformations of gp120. Th source of most natural resistance to VRC01 was found to be variation in the V5 region and alternations in gp120 D-loop. Genomic precursors of VRC01 did not bind or neutralize virus. Thus, neutralization of HIV-1 by VRC01 was mediated through partial receptor mimicry and extensive affinity maturation. VRC01 was also shown to recognize N-linked glycan at position 276.
Zhou2010
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
VRC01: This broadly neutralizing Ab was derived from B-cells from a donor that was screened for CD4bs mAbs with resurfaced stabilized core 3 (RSC3) protein. The protein was designed to preserve the antigenic structure of the gp120 CD4bs neutralizing surface but eliminate other antigenic regions of HIV-1. VRC01 neutralized 91% of 190 virus strains of different HIV-1 clades. VRC01 bound strongly to RSC3 and was highly somatically mutated. Binding of VRC01 to gp120 was competed by b12 and F105. Binding of 17b was markedly enhanced by the addition of VRC01.
Wu2010
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, enhancing activity, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, kinetics, binding affinity, antibody sequence)
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Bar2016
Katharine J. Bar, Michael C. Sneller, Linda J. Harrison, J. Shawn Justement, Edgar T. Overton, Mary E. Petrone, D. Brenda Salantes, Catherine A. Seamon, Benjamin Scheinfeld, Richard W. Kwan, Gerald H. Learn, Michael A. Proschan, Edward F. Kreider, Jana Blazkova, Mark Bardsley, Eric W. Refsland, Michael Messer, Katherine E. Clarridge, Nancy B. Tustin, Patrick J. Madden, KaSaundra Oden, Sijy J. O'Dell, Bernadette Jarocki, Andrea R. Shiakolas, Randall L. Tressler, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Robert T. Bailer, Julie E. Ledgerwood, Edmund V. Capparelli, Rebecca M. Lynch, Barney S. Graham, Susan Moir, Richard A. Koup, John R. Mascola, James A. Hoxie, Anthony S. Fauci, Pablo Tebas, and Tae-Wook Chun. Effect of HIV Antibody VRC01 on Viral Rebound after Treatment Interruption. N. Engl. J. Med., 375(21):2037-2050, 24 Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27959728.
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Barbian2015
Hannah J. Barbian, Julie M. Decker, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Rachel P. Galimidi, Anthony P. West, Jr., Gerald H. Learn, Nicholas F. Parrish, Shilpa S. Iyer, Yingying Li, Craig S. Pace, Ruijiang Song, Yaoxing Huang, Thomas N. Denny, Hugo Mouquet, Loic Martin, Priyamvada Acharya, Baoshan Zhang, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, C. Theo Verrips, Nika M. Strokappe, Lucy Rutten, Laura E. McCoy, Robin A. Weiss, Corrine S. Brown, Raven Jackson, Guido Silvestri, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, George M. Shaw, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Pamela J. Bjorkman, David D. Ho, Michael Farzan, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Neutralization Properties of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses Infecting Chimpanzees and Gorillas. mBio, 6(2), 21 Apr 2015. PubMed ID: 25900654.
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Barnes2022
Christopher O. Barnes, Till Schoofs, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Jovana Golijanin, Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman, Henning Gruell, Philipp Schommers, Nina Suh-Toma, Yu Erica Lee, Julio C. Cetrulo Lorenzi, Alicja Piechocka-Trocha, Johannes F. Scheid, Anthony P. West, Jr., Bruce D. Walker, Michael S. Seaman, Florian Klein, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. A Naturally Arising Broad and Potent CD4-Binding Site Antibody with Low Somatic Mutation. Sci. Adv., 8(32):eabp8155, 12 Aug 2022. PubMed ID: 35960796.
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Beauparlant2017
David Beauparlant, Peter Rusert, Carsten Magnus, Claus Kadelka, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Osvaldo Zagordi, Corinna Oberle, Maria J. Duenas-Decamp, Paul R. Clapham, Karin J. Metzner, Huldrych F. Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. Delineating CD4 Dependency of HIV-1: Adaptation to Infect Low Level CD4 Expressing Target Cells Widens Cellular Tropism But Severely Impacts on Envelope Functionality. PLoS Pathog., 13(3):e1006255, Mar 2017. PubMed ID: 28264054.
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Berendam2021
Stella J. Berendam, Tiffany M. Styles, Papa K.. Morgan-Asiedu, DeAnna Tenney, Amit Kumar, Veronica Obregon-Perko, Katharine J. Bar, Kevin O. Saunders, Sampa Santra, Kristina De Paris, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ann Chahroudi, Sallie R. Permar, Rama R. Amara, and Genevieve G. Fouda. Systematic Assessment of Antiviral Potency, Breadth, and Synergy of Triple Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Combinations against Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. J. Virol., 95(3), 13 Jan 2021. PubMed ID: 33177194.
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Bolton2015
Diane L. Bolton, Amarendra Pegu, Keyun Wang, Kathleen McGinnis, Martha Nason, Kathryn Foulds, Valerie Letukas, Stephen D. Schmidt, Xuejun Chen, John Paul Todd, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Srinivas Rao, Nelson L. Michael, Merlin L. Robb, John R. Mascola, and Richard A. Koup. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Monoclonal Antibodies Suppress Acute Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viremia and Limit Seeding of Cell-Associated Viral Reservoirs. J. Virol., 90(3):1321-1332, 18 Nov 2015. PubMed ID: 26581981.
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Bonsignori2012b
Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, Laurent Verkoczy, Georgia D. Tomaras, Barton F. Haynes, and M. Anthony Moody. HIV-1 Antibodies from Infection and Vaccination: Insights for Guiding Vaccine Design. Trends Microbiol., 20(11):532-539, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22981828.
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Bonsignori2016
Mattia Bonsignori, Tongqing Zhou, Zizhang Sheng, Lei Chen, Feng Gao, M. Gordon Joyce, Gabriel Ozorowski, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Chaim A. Schramm, Kevin Wiehe, S. Munir Alam, Todd Bradley, Morgan A. Gladden, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Sheelah Iyengar, Amit Kumar, Xiaozhi Lu, Kan Luo, Michael C. Mangiapani, Robert J. Parks, Hongshuo Song, Priyamvada Acharya, Robert T. Bailer, Allen Cao, Aliaksandr Druz, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Young D. Kwon, Mark K. Louder, Baoshan Zhang, Anqi Zheng, Brenna J. Hill, Rui Kong, Cinque Soto, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Daniel C. Douek, David C. Montefiori, Michael A. Moody, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, Garnett Kelsoe, Peter T. Hraber, Bette T. Korber, Scott D. Boyd, Andrew Z. Fire, Thomas B. Kepler, Lawrence Shapiro, Andrew B. Ward, John R. Mascola, Hua-Xin Liao, Peter D. Kwong, and Barton F. Haynes. Maturation Pathway from Germline to Broad HIV-1 Neutralizer of a CD4-Mimic Antibody. Cell, 165(2):449-463, 7 Apr 2016. PubMed ID: 26949186.
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Bonsignori2018
Mattia Bonsignori, Eric Scott, Kevin Wiehe, David Easterhoff, S. Munir Alam, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Melissa Cooper, Shi-Mao Xia, Ruijun Zhang, David C. Montefiori, Rory Henderson, Xiaoyan Nie, Garnett Kelsoe, M. Anthony Moody, Xuejun Chen, M. Gordon Joyce, Peter D. Kwong, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, Andrew T. McGuire, Leonidas Stamatatos, Max Medina-Ramirez, Rogier W. Sanders, Kevin O. Saunders, Thomas B. Kepler, and Barton F. Haynes. Inference of the HIV-1 VRC01 Antibody Lineage Unmutated Common Ancestor Reveals Alternative Pathways to Overcome a Key Glycan Barrier. Immunity, 49(6):1162-1174.e8, 18 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30552024.
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Borst2018
Andrew J. Borst, Connor E. Weidle, Matthew D. Gray, Brandon Frenz, Joost Snijder, M. Gordon Joyce, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Peter D. Kwong, Andrew T. McGuire, Frank DiMaio, Leonidas Stamatatos, Marie Pancera, and David Veesler. Germline VRC01 Antibody Recognition of a Modified Clade C HIV-1 Envelope Trimer and a Glycosylated HIV-1 Gp120 Core. eLife, 7, 7 Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30403372.
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Bouvin-Pley2014
M. Bouvin-Pley, M. Morgand, L. Meyer, C. Goujard, A. Moreau, H. Mouquet, M. Nussenzweig, C. Pace, D. Ho, P. J. Bjorkman, D. Baty, P. Chames, M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Poignard, F. Barin, and M. Braibant. Drift of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Toward Increased Neutralization Resistance over the Course of the Epidemic: A Comprehensive Study Using the Most Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(23):13910-13917, Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25231299.
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Bradley2016a
Todd Bradley, Ashley Trama, Nancy Tumba, Elin Gray, Xiaozhi Lu, Navid Madani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, Amanda Eaton, Shi-Mao Xia, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy M. Bowman, Susan Barnett, Salim S. Abdool-Karim, Scott D. Boyd, Bruno Melillo, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., Joseph Sodroski, Thomas B. Kepler, S. Munir Alam, Feng Gao, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, M Anthony Moody, David Montefiori, Sampa Santra, Lynn Morris, and Barton F. Haynes. Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity. EBioMedicine, 12:196-207, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27612593.
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Braibant2013
Martine Braibant, Eun-Yeung Gong, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Thierry Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, and Francis Barin. Cross-Group Neutralization of HIV-1 and Evidence for Conservation of the PG9/PG16 Epitopes within Divergent Groups. AIDS, 27(8):1239-1244, 15 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23343910.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Briney2016
Bryan Briney, Devin Sok, Joseph G. Jardine, Daniel W. Kulp, Patrick Skog, Sergey Menis, Ronald Jacak, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Natalia de Val, Fabian Sesterhenn, Khoa M. Le, Alejandra Ramos, Meaghan Jones, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Tanya R. Blane, Skye Spencer, Erik Georgeson, Xiaozhen Hu, Gabriel Ozorowski, Yumiko Adachi, Michael Kubitz, Anita Sarkar, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, David Nemazee, Dennis R. Burton, and William R. Schief. Tailored Immunogens Direct Affinity Maturation toward HIV Neutralizing Antibodies. Cell, 166(6):1459-1470.e11, 8 Sep 2016. PubMed ID: 27610570.
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Bruel2016
Timothée Bruel, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Sonia Amraoui, Marine Malbec, Léa Richard, Katia Bourdic, Daniel Aaron Donahue, Valérie Lorin, Nicoletta Casartelli, Nicolas Noël, Olivier Lambotte, Hugo Mouquet, and Olivier Schwartz. Elimination of HIV-1-Infected Cells by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 7:10844, 3 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26936020.
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Burton2010
Dennis R. Burton and Robin A. Weiss. A Boost for HIV Vaccine Design. Science, 329(5993):770-773, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20705840.
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Burton2012
Dennis R. Burton, Pascal Poignard, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Present New Prospects to Counter Highly Antigenically Diverse Viruses. Science, 337(6091):183-186, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22798606.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Cai2017
Yongfei Cai, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Jia Chen, Sai Tian, Nicholas Fredette, Christine E. Linton, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Kshitij Wagh, James Theiler, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Stephen C. Harrison, Andrea Carfi, and Bing Chen. Antigenicity-Defined Conformations of an Extremely Neutralization-Resistant HIV-1 Envelope Spike. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114(17):4477-4482, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28396421.
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Carbonetti2014
Sara Carbonetti, Brian G. Oliver, Jolene Glenn, Leonidas Stamatatos, and D. Noah Sather. Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens Derived from an Elite Neutralizer Elicit Cross-Reactive V1V2 Antibodies and Low Potency Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS One, 9(1):e86905, 2014. PubMed ID: 24466285.
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Caskey2017
Marina Caskey, Till Schoofs, Henning Gruell, Allison Settler, Theodora Karagounis, Edward F. Kreider, Ben Murrell, Nico Pfeifer, Lilian Nogueira, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Gerald H. Learn, Yehuda Z. Cohen, Clara Lehmann, Daniel Gillor, Irina Shimeliovich, Cecilia Unson-O'Brien, Daniela Weiland, Alexander Robles, Tim Kummerle, Christoph Wyen, Rebeka Levin, Maggi Witmer-Pack, Kemal Eren, Caroline Ignacio, Szilard Kiss, Anthony P. West, Jr., Hugo Mouquet, Barry S. Zingman, Roy M. Gulick, Tibor Keler, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Michael S. Seaman, Beatrice H. Hahn, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Sarah J. Schlesinger, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Florian Klein. Antibody 10-1074 Suppresses Viremia in HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Nat. Med., 23(2):185-191, Feb 2017. PubMed ID: 28092665.
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Castillo-Menendez2019
Luis R. Castillo-Menendez, Hanh T. Nguyen, and Joseph Sodroski. Conformational Differences between Functional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers and Stabilized Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 93(3), 1 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30429345.
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Cheeseman2017
Hannah M. Cheeseman, Natalia J. Olejniczak, Paul M. Rogers, Abbey B. Evans, Deborah F. L. King, Paul Ziprin, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and Robin J. Shattock. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 91(1), 1 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27795431.
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Chen2015
Jia Chen, James M. Kovacs, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Donghyun Park, Elise Zablowsky, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Effect of the Cytoplasmic Domain on Antigenic Characteristics of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Science, 349(6244):191-195, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26113642.
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Chen2016
Danying Chen, Xiaozhou He, Jingrong Ye, Pengxiang Zhao, Yi Zeng, and Xia Feng. Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of CRF01\_AE HIV-1 env Clones from Patients Residing in Beijing, China. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 32(10-11):1113-1124, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27066910.
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Chen2016b
Yajing Chen, Richard Wilson, Sijy O'Dell, Javier Guenaga, Yu Feng, Karen Tran, Chi-I Chiang, Heather E. Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, John R. Mascola, Richard T. Wyatt, and Yuxing Li. An HIV-1 Env-Antibody Complex Focuses Antibody Responses to Conserved Neutralizing Epitopes. J. Immunol., 197(10):3982-3998, 15 Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27815444.
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Chuang2013
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Priyamvada Acharya, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Robert T. Bailer, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Residue-Level Prediction of HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes Based on Neutralization of Diverse Viral Strains. J. Virol., 87(18):10047-10058, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23843642.
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Chuang2017
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Marie Pancera, Kai Xu, Cheng Cheng, Priyamvada Acharya, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Timothy G. Wanninger, Yongping Yang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Sijy O'Dell, Tongqing Zhou, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure-Based Design of a Soluble Prefusion-Closed HIV-1 Env Trimer with Reduced CD4 Affinity and Improved Immunogenicity. J. Virol., 91(10), 15 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28275193.
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Chuang2019
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Jing Zhou, Priyamvada Acharya, Reda Rawi, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Robert T. Bailer, Venkata P. Dandey, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Survey of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Env Trimer Delineates Epitope Categories and Characteristics of Recognition. Structure, 27(1):196-206.e6, 2 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30471922.
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Chuang2020
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Vera B. Ivleva, Amarendra Pegu, Eun Sung Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Rajoshi Chaudhuri, Hui Geng, Bob C. Lin, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Hairong Wang, Tongqing Zhou, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Lisa A. Kueltzo, Q. Paula Lei, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Removal of Variable Domain N-Linked Glycosylation as a Means To Improve the Homogeneity of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. mAbs, 12(1):1836719, 2020. PubMed ID: 33121334.
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Chun2014
Tae-Wook Chun, Danielle Murray, Jesse S. Justement, Jana Blazkova, Claire W. Hallahan, Olivia Fankuchen, Kathleen Gittens, Erika Benko, Colin Kovacs, Susan Moir, and Anthony S. Fauci. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Suppress HIV in the Persistent Viral Reservoir. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(36):13151-13156, 9 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25157148.
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Clark2017
Anthony J. Clark, Tatyana Gindin, Baoshan Zhang, Lingle Wang, Robert Abel, Colleen S. Murret, Fang Xu, Amy Bao, Nina J. Lu, Tongqing Zhou, Peter D. Kwong, Lawrence Shapiro, Barry Honig, and Richard A. Friesner. Free Energy Perturbation Calculation of Relative Binding Free Energy between Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the gp120 Glycoprotein of HIV-1. J. Mol. Biol., 429(7):930-947, 7 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 27908641.
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Corey2021
Lawrence Corey, Peter B. Gilbert, Michal Juraska, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Shelly T. Karuna, Srilatha Edupuganti, Nyaradzo M. Mgodi, Allan C. deCamp, Erika Rudnicki, Yunda Huang, Pedro Gonzales, Robinson Cabello, Catherine Orrell, Javier R. Lama, Fatima Laher, Erica M. Lazarus, Jorge Sanchez, Ian Frank, Juan Hinojosa, Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk, Kyle E. Marshall, Pamela G. Mukwekwerere, Joseph Makhema, Lindsey R. Baden, James I. Mullins, Carolyn Williamson, John Hural, M. Juliana McElrath, Carter Bentley, Simbarashe Takuva, Margarita M. Gomez Lorenzo, David N. Burns, Nicole Espy, April K. Randhawa, Nidhi Kochar, Estelle Piwowar-Manning, Deborah J. Donnell, Nirupama Sista, Philip Andrew, James G. Kublin, Glenda Gray, Julie E. Ledgerwood, John R. Mascola, Myron S. Cohen, and HVTN 704/HPTN 085 and HVTN 703/HPTN 081 Study Teams. Two Randomized Trials of Neutralizing Antibodies to Prevent HIV-1 Acquisition. N. Engl. J. Med., 384(11):1003-1014, 18 Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33730454.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2018
Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Andrea Vecchione, Enzo Scutigliani, Kwinten Sliepen, Judith A. Burger, Patricia van der Woude, Anna Schorcht, Edith E. Schermer, Marit J. van Gils, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the gp120 V3 Loop through Hydrophobic Interactions Reduces the Immunodominant V3-Directed Non-Neutralizing Response to HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 293(5):1688-1701, 2 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29222332.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Ding2015
Shilei Ding, Maxime Veillette, Mathieu Coutu, Jérémie Prévost, Louise Scharf, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Guido Ferrari, James E. Robinson, Christina Stürzel, Beatrice H. Hahn, Daniel Sauter, Frank Kirchhoff, George K. Lewis, Marzena Pazgier, and Andrés Finzi. A Highly Conserved Residue of the HIV-1 gp120 Inner Domain Is Important for Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses Mediated by Anti-cluster A Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(4):2127-2134, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26637462.
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Dingens2019
Adam S. Dingens, Dana Arenz, Haidyn Weight, Julie Overbaugh, and Jesse D. Bloom. An Antigenic Atlas of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguishes Functional and Structural Epitopes. Immunity, 50(2):520-532.e3, 19 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30709739.
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Diskin2013
Ron Diskin, Florian Klein, Joshua A. Horwitz, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, D. Noah Sather, Paola M. Marcovecchio, Terri Lee, Anthony P. West, Jr., Han Gao, Michael S. Seaman, Leonidas Stamatatos, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Restricting HIV-1 Pathways for Escape Using Rationally Designed Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Exp. Med., 210(6):1235-1249, 3 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23712429.
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Doria-Rose2012
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Zhongjia Yang, Sijy O'Dell, Martha Nason, Stephen D. Schmidt, Krisha McKee, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Neutralization Coverage Is Improved by Combining Monoclonal Antibodies That Target Independent Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(6):3393-3397, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22258252.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Duan2018
Hongying Duan, Xuejun Chen, Jeffrey C. Boyington, Cheng Cheng, Yi Zhang, Alexander J. Jafari, Tyler Stephens, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Peng Zhao, Sergey Menis, Martha C. Nason, Erica Normandin, Maryam Mukhamedova, Brandon J. DeKosky, Lance Wells, William R. Schief, Ming Tian, Frederick W. Alt, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. Glycan Masking Focuses Immune Responses to the HIV-1 CD4-Binding Site and Enhances Elicitation of VRC01-Class Precursor Antibodies. Immunity, 49(2):301-311.e5, 21 Aug 2018. PubMed ID: 30076101.
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Dubrovskaya2019
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Dufloo2022
Jérémy Dufloo, Cyril Planchais, Stéphane Frémont, Valérie Lorin, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Karl Stefic, Nicoletta Casartelli, Arnaud Echard, Philippe Roingeard, Hugo Mouquet, Olivier Schwartz, and Timothée Bruel. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Tether Viral Particles at the Surface of Infected Cells. Nat. Commun., 13(1):630, 2 Feb 2022. PubMed ID: 35110562.
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Feng2012
Yu Feng, Krisha McKee, Karen Tran, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Adhuna Phogat, Mattias N. Forsell, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. Biochemically Defined HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Variant Immunogens Display Differential Binding and Neutralizing Specificities to the CD4-Binding Site. J. Biol. Chem., 287(8):5673-5686, 17 Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22167180.
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Ferrari2011a
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Freund2015
Natalia T. Freund, Joshua A. Horwitz, Lilian Nogueira, Stuart A. Sievers, Louise Scharf, Johannes F. Scheid, Anna Gazumyan, Cassie Liu, Klara Velinzon, Ariel Goldenthal, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Michael S. Seaman, Bruce D. Walker, Florian Klein, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. A New Glycan-Dependent CD4-Binding Site Neutralizing Antibody Exerts Pressure on HIV-1 In Vivo. PLoS Pathog, 11(10):e1005238, Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26516768.
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Qingshan Fu, Md Munan Shaik, Yongfei Cai, Fadi Ghantous, Alessandro Piai, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Zhijun Liu, Stephen C. Harrison, Michael S. Seaman, Bing Chen, and James J. Chou. Structure of the Membrane Proximal External Region of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 115(38):E8892-E8899, 18 Sep 2018. PubMed ID: 30185554.
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Gardner2016
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Gartner2023
Matthew J. Gartner, Carolin Tumpach, Ashanti Dantanarayana, Jared Stern, Jennifer M. Zerbato, J. Judy Chang, Thomas A. Angelovich, Jenny L. Anderson, Jori Symons, Steve G. Deeks, Jacqueline K. Flynn, Sharon R. Lewin, Melissa J. Churchill, Paul R. Gorry, and Michael Roche. Persistence of Envelopes in Different CD4+ T-Cell Subsets in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed People with HIV. AIDS, 37(2):247-257, 1 Feb 2023. PubMed ID: 36541637.
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Gautam2016
Rajeev Gautam, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Amarendra Pegu, Martha C. Nason, Florian Klein, Anna Gazumyan, Jovana Golijanin, Alicia Buckler-White, Reza Sadjadpour, Keyun Wang, Zachary Mankoff, Stephen D. Schmidt, Jeffrey D. Lifson, John R. Mascola, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Malcolm A. Martin. A Single Injection of Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Protects against Repeated SHIV Challenges. Nature, 533(7601):105-109, 5 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27120156.
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Georgiev2013a
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Gilbert2017
Peter B. Gilbert, Michal Juraska, Allan C. deCamp, Shelly Karuna, Srilatha Edupuganti, Nyaradzo Mgodi, Deborah J. Donnell, Carter Bentley, Nirupama Sista, Philip Andrew, Abby Isaacs, Yunda Huang, Lily Zhang, Edmund Capparelli, Nidhi Kochar, Jing Wang, Susan H. Eshleman, Kenneth H. Mayer, Craig A. Magaret, John Hural, James G. Kublin, Glenda Gray, David C. Montefiori, Margarita M. Gomez, David N. Burns, Julie McElrath, Julie Ledgerwood, Barney S. Graham, John R. Mascola, Myron Cohen, and Lawrence Corey. Basis and Statistical Design of the Passive HIV-1 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) Test-of-Concept Efficacy Trials. Stat. Commun. Infect. Dis., 9(1), Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 29218117.
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Gristick2016
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Javier Guenaga, Natalia de Val, Karen Tran, Yu Feng, Karen Satchwell, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Well-Ordered Trimeric HIV-1 Subtype B and C Soluble Spike Mimetics Generated by Negative Selection Display Native-Like Properties. PLoS Pathog., 11(1):e1004570, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25569572.
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Guenaga2015a
Javier Guenaga, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Natalia de Val, Shailendra K. Sharma, Barbara Carrette, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Structure-Guided Redesign Increases the Propensity of HIV Env To Generate Highly Stable Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 90(6):2806-2817, 30 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26719252.
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Dongxing Guo, Xuanling Shi, Kelly C. Arledge, Dingka Song, Liwei Jiang, Lili Fu, Xinqi Gong, Senyan Zhang, Xinquan Wang, and Linqi Zhang. A Single Residue within the V5 Region of HIV-1 Envelope Facilitates Viral Escape from the Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody VRC01. J. Biol. Chem., 287(51):43170-43179, 14 Dec 2012. PubMed ID: 23100255.
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Barton F. Haynes, George M. Shaw, Bette Korber, Garnett Kelsoe, Joseph Sodroski, Beatrice H. Hahn, Persephone Borrow, and Andrew J. McMichael. HIV-Host Interactions: Implications for Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 19(3):292-303, 9 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26922989.
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Linling He, Sonu Kumar, Joel D. Allen, Deli Huang, Xiaohe Lin, Colin J. Mann, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jeffrey Copps, Anita Sarkar, Gabrielle S. Blizard, Gabriel Ozorowski, Devin Sok, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, David Nemazee, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jiang Zhu. HIV-1 Vaccine Design through Minimizing Envelope Metastability. Sci. Adv., 4(11):eaau6769, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30474059.
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Hogan2018
Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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Peter Hraber, Cecilia Rademeyer, Carolyn Williamson, Michael S. Seaman, Raphael Gottardo, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Celia LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Panels of HIV-1 Subtype C Env Reference Strains for Standardized Neutralization Assessments. J. Virol., 91(19), 1 Oct 2017. PubMed ID: 28747500.
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Denise C. Hsu, John W. Mellors, and Sandhya Vasan. Can Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Help Achieve an ART-Free Remission? Front. Immunol., 12:710044, 2021. PubMed ID: 34322136.
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Joyce K. Hu, Jordan C. Crampton, Albert Cupo, Thomas Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, Kwinten Sliepen, Steven W. de Taeye, Devin Sok, Gabriel Ozorowski, Isaiah Deresa, Robyn Stanfield, Andrew B. Ward, Dennis R. Burton, Per Johan Klasse, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, and Shane Crotty. Murine Antibody Responses to Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimers Are Highly Restricted in Specificity. J. Virol., 89(20):10383-10398, Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26246566.
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Xintao Hu, Yuanyuan Hu, Chunhong Zhao, Hongmei Gao, Kelli M. Greene, Li Ren, Liying Ma, Yuhua Ruan, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, David C. Montefiori, Kunxue Hong, and Yiming Shao. Profiling the Neutralizing Antibody Response in Chronically HIV-1 CRF07\_BC-Infected Intravenous Drug Users Naive to Antiretroviral Therapy. Sci. Rep., 7:46308, 7 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28387330.
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Yuanyuan Hu, Sen Zou, Zheng Wang, Ying Liu, Li Ren, Yanling Hao, Shasha Sun, Xintao Hu, Yuhua Ruan, Liying Ma, Yiming Shao, and Kunxue Hong. Virus Evolution and Neutralization Sensitivity in an HIV-1 Subtype B' Infected Plasma Donor with Broadly Neutralizing Activity. Vaccines (Basel), 9(4), 25 Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33805985.
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Yuanyuan Hu, Dan Li, Zhenzhen Yuan, Yi Feng, Li Ren, Yanling Hao, Shuo Wang, Xintao Hu, Ying Liu, Kunxue Hong, Yiming Shao, and Zheng Wang. Characterization of a VRC01-Like Antibody Lineage with Immature V(L) from an HIV-1 Infected Chinese Donor. Mol. Immunol., 154:11-23, Feb 2023. PubMed ID: 36577292.
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Jardine2016
Joseph G. Jardine, Daniel W. Kulp, Colin Havenar-Daughton, Anita Sarkar, Bryan Briney, Devin Sok, Fabian Sesterhenn, June Ereño-Orbea, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Isaiah Deresa, Xiaozhen Hu, Skye Spencer, Meaghan Jones, Erik Georgeson, Yumiko Adachi, Michael Kubitz, Allan C. deCamp, Jean-Philippe Julien, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, Shane Crotty, and William R. Schief. HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Precursor B Cells Revealed by Germline-Targeting Immunogen. Science, 351(6280):1458-1463, 25 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 27013733.
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Jardine2016a
Joseph G. Jardine, Devin Sok, Jean-Philippe Julien, Bryan Briney, Anita Sarkar, Chi-Hui Liang, Erin A. Scherer, Carole J. Henry Dunand, Yumiko Adachi, Devan Diwanji, Jessica Hsueh, Meaghan Jones, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Michael Kubitz, Skye Spencer, Matthias Pauthner, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Fabian Sesterhenn, Patrick C. Wilson, Denise M. Galloway, Robyn L. Stanfield, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, and William R. Schief. Minimally Mutated HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to Guide Reductionist Vaccine Design. PLoS Pathog, 12(8):e1005815, 25 Aug 2016. PubMed ID: 27560183.
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Jeffries2016
T. L. Jeffries, Jr., C. R. Sacha, J. Pollara, J. Himes, F. H. Jaeger, S. M. Dennison, E. McGuire, E. Kunz, J. A. Eudailey, A. M. Trama, C. LaBranche, G. G. Fouda, K. Wiehe, D. C. Montefiori, B. F. Haynes, H.-X. Liao, G. Ferrari, S. M. Alam, M. A. Moody, and S. R. Permar. The Function and Affinity Maturation of HIV-1 gp120-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from Colostral B Cells. Mucosal. Immunol., 9(2):414-427, Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26242599.
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Joyce2010
Joseph G. Joyce and Jan ter Meulen. Pushing the Envelope on HIV-1 Neutralization. Nat. Biotechnol., 28(9):929-931, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20829830.
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Julien2015
Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Gabriel Ozorowski, Yuanzi Hua, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Steven W. de Taeye, Travis Nieusma, Albert Cupo, Anila Yasmeen, Michael Golabek, Pavel Pugach, P. J. Klasse, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Design and Structure of Two HIV-1 Clade C SOSIP.664 Trimers That Increase the Arsenal of Native-Like Env Immunogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(38):11947-11952, 22 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26372963.
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Kelsoe2017
Garnett Kelsoe and Barton F. Haynes. Host Controls of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Development. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):79-88, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133807.
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Kesavardhana2017
Sannula Kesavardhana, Raksha Das, Michael Citron, Rohini Datta, Linda Ecto, Nonavinakere Seetharam Srilatha, Daniel DiStefano, Ryan Swoyer, Joseph G. Joyce, Somnath Dutta, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Jessica A. Flynn, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Structure-Based Design of Cyclically Permuted HIV-1 gp120 Trimers That Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Biol. Chem., 292(1):278-291, 6 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27879316.
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Klein2013
Florian Klein, Ron Diskin, Johannes F. Scheid, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marie Pancera, Tongqing Zhou, Reha-Baris Incesu, Brooks Zhongzheng Fu, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Michael S. Seaman, Peter D. Kwong, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Somatic Mutations of the Immunoglobulin Framework Are Generally Required for Broad and Potent HIV-1 Neutralization. Cell, 153(1):126-138, 28 Mar 2013. PubMed ID: 23540694.
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Korber2017
Bette Korber, Peter Hraber, Kshitij Wagh, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Polyvalent Vaccine Approaches to Combat HIV-1 Diversity. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):230-244, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133800.
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Korkut2012
Anil Korkut and Wayne A. Hendrickson. Structural Plasticity and Conformational Transitions of HIV Envelope Glycoprotein gp120. PLoS One, 7(12):e52170, 2012. PubMed ID: 23300605.
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Kovacs2012
James M. Kovacs, Joseph P. Nkolola, Hanqin Peng, Ann Cheung, James Perry, Caroline A. Miller, Michael S. Seaman, Dan H. Barouch, and Bing Chen. HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Elicits More Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses than Monomeric gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):12111-12116, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22773820.
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Kreer2020
Christoph Kreer, Henning Gruell, Thierry Mora, Aleksandra M. Walczak, and Florian Klein. Exploiting B Cell Receptor Analyses to Inform on HIV-1 Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines (Basel), 8(1):13 doi, Jan 2020. PubMed ID: 31906351
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Kulp2017
Daniel W. Kulp, Jon M. Steichen, Matthias Pauthner, Xiaozhen Hu, Torben Schiffner, Alessia Liguori, Christopher A. Cottrell, Colin Havenar-Daughton, Gabriel Ozorowski, Erik Georgeson, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Jordan R. Willis, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Samantha M. Reiss, Mia Shin, Natalia de Val, Andrew B. Ward, Shane Crotty, Dennis R. Burton, and William R. Schief. Structure-Based Design of Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Trimers to Silence Non-Neutralizing Epitopes and Eliminate CD4 Binding. Nat. Commun., 8(1):1655, 21 Nov 2017. PubMed ID: 29162799.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kwon2012
Young Do Kwon, Andrés Finzi, Xueling Wu, Cajetan Dogo-Isonagie, Lawrence K. Lee, Lucas R. Moore, Stephen D. Schmidt, Jonathan Stuckey, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, David A. Vicic, Asim K. Debnath, Lawrence Shapiro, Carole A. Bewley, John R. Mascola, Joseph G. Sodroski, and Peter D. Kwong. Unliganded HIV-1 gp120 Core Structures Assume the CD4-Bound Conformation with Regulation by Quaternary Interactions and Variable Loops. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(15):5663-5668, 10 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22451932.
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Kwon2015
Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Priyamvada Acharya, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Emma T. Crooks, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Miklos Guttman, Xiaochu Ma, Sandeep Narpala, Cinque Soto, Daniel S. Terry, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Goran Ahlsen, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Mark A. Hallen, Adam Harned, Tatsiana Kirys, Mark K. Louder, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Keiko Osawa, Madhu Prabhakaran, Mallika Sastry, Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Jonathan Stuckey, Paul V. Thomas, Tishina Tittley, Constance Williams, Baoshan Zhang, Hong Zhao, Zhou Zhou, Bruce R. Donald, Lawrence K. Lee, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Ulrich Baxa, Arne Schön, Ernesto Freire, Lawrence Shapiro, Kelly K. Lee, James Arthos, James B. Munro, Scott C. Blanchard, Walther Mothes, James M. Binley, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Crystal Structure, Conformational Fixation and Entry-Related Interactions of Mature Ligand-Free HIV-1 Env. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 22(7):522-531, Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26098315.
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Kwon2021
Young D. Kwon, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Jason Gorman, Baoshan Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Mark K. Louder, Bob C. Lin, Krisha McKee, Amarendra Pegu, Raffaello Verardi, Eun Sung Yang, VRC Production Program, Kevin Carlton, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Paolo Lusso, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. A Matrix of Structure-Based Designs Yields Improved VRC01-Class Antibodies for HIV-1 Therapy and Prevention. MAbs, 13(1):1946918, Jan-Dec 2021. PubMed ID: 34328065.
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Kwong2011
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Rational Design of Vaccines to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 1(1):a007278, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 22229123.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2012a
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. The Changing Face of HIV Vaccine Research. J. Int. AIDS Soc., 15(2):17407, 2012. PubMed ID: 22789610.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Kwong2018
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity, 48(5):855-871, 15 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29768174.
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LaBranche2018
Celia C. LaBranche, Andrew T. McGuire, Matthew D. Gray, Shay Behrens, Xuejun Chen, Tongqing Zhou, Quentin J. Sattentau, James Peacock, Amanda Eaton, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Haili Tang, Lautaro G. Perez, Kevin O. Saunders, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, Leonidas Stamatatos, and David C. Montefiori. HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Modifications That Permit Neutralization by Germline-Reverted VRC01-Class Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 14(11):e1007431, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30395637.
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Lai2012
Rachel P. J. Lai, Michael S. Seaman, Paul Tonks, Frank Wegmann, David J. Seilly, Simon D. W. Frost, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Antu K. Dey, Indresh K. Srivastava, Quentin Sattentau, Susan W. Barnett, and Jonathan L. Heeney. Mixed Adjuvant Formulations Reveal a New Combination That Elicit Antibody Response Comparable to Freund's Adjuvants. PLoS One, 7(4):e35083, 2012. PubMed ID: 22509385.
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Lavine2012
Christy L. Lavine, Socheata Lao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI). High-Mannose Glycan-Dependent Epitopes Are Frequently Targeted in Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(4):2153-2164, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22156525.
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Leaman2013
Daniel P. Leaman and Michael B. Zwick. Increased Functional Stability and Homogeneity of Viral Envelope Spikes through Directed Evolution. PLoS Pathog., 9(2):e1003184, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23468626.
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Lee2017
Jeong Hyun Lee, Raiees Andrabi, Ching-Yao Su, Anila Yasmeen, Jean-Philippe Julien, Leopold Kong, Nicholas C. Wu, Ryan McBride, Devin Sok, Matthias Pauthner, Christopher A. Cottrell, Travis Nieusma, Claudia Blattner, James C. Paulson, Per Johan Klasse, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. A Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Targets the Dynamic HIV Envelope Trimer Apex via a Long, Rigidified, and Anionic beta-Hairpin Structure. Immunity, 46(4):690-702, 18 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28423342.
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Li2011
Yuxing Li, Sijy O'Dell, Laura M. Walker, Xueling Wu, Javier Guenaga, Yu Feng, Stephen D. Schmidt, Krisha McKee, Mark K. Louder, Julie E. Ledgerwood, Barney S. Graham, Barton F. Haynes, Dennis R. Burton, Richard T. Wyatt, and John R. Mascola. Mechanism of Neutralization by the Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibody VRC01. J. Virol., 85(17):8954-8967, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21715490.
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Li2012
Yuxing Li, Sijy O'Dell, Richard Wilson, Xueling Wu, Stephen D. Schmidt, Carl-Magnus Hogerkorp, Mark K. Louder, Nancy S. Longo, Christian Poulsen, Javier Guenaga, Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Nicole Doria-Rose, Mario Roederer, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Display Dual Recognition of the Primary and Coreceptor Binding Sites and Preferential Binding to Fully Cleaved Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 86(20):11231-11241, Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22875963.
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Li2017
Hongru Li, Chati Zony, Ping Chen, and Benjamin K. Chen. Reduced Potency and Incomplete Neutralization of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 with Transmitted Founder Envs. J. Virol., 91(9), 1 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28148796.
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Liang2016
Yu Liang, Miklos Guttman, James A. Williams, Hans Verkerke, Daniel Alvarado, Shiu-Lok Hu, and Kelly K. Lee. Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J. Virol., 90(20):9224-9236, 15 Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27489265.
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Liao2013
Hua-Xin Liao, Rebecca Lynch, Tongqing Zhou, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Scott D. Boyd, Andrew Z. Fire, Krishna M. Roskin, Chaim A. Schramm, Zhenhai Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Lawrence Shapiro, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, S. Gnanakaran, Peter Hraber, Kevin Wiehe, Garnett Kelsoe, Guang Yang, Shi-Mao Xia, David C. Montefiori, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Richard M. Scearce, Kelly A. Soderberg, Myron Cohen, Gift Kamanga, Mark K. Louder, Lillian M. Tran, Yue Chen, Fangping Cai, Sheri Chen, Stephanie Moquin, Xiulian Du, M. Gordon Joyce, Sanjay Srivatsan, Baoshan Zhang, Anqi Zheng, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, Thomas B. Kepler, Bette T. M. Korber, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Barton F. Haynes. Co-Evolution of a Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody and Founder Virus. Nature, 496(7446):469-476, 25 Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23552890.
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Liao2013c
Hua-Xin Liao, Chun-Yen Tsao, S. Munir Alam, Mark Muldoon, Nathan Vandergrift, Ben-Jiang Ma, Xiaozhi Lu, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy Bowman, Robert Parks, Haiyan Chen, Julie H. Blinn, Alan Lapedes, Sydeaka Watson, Shi-Mao Xia, Andrew Foulger, Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Ron Swanstrom, David C. Montefiori, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Bette Korber. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Transmitted/Founder, Consensus, and Chronic Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 87(8):4185-4201, Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23365441.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Liu2016
Bingfeng Liu, Fan Zou, Lijuan Lu, Cancan Chen, Dalian He, Xu Zhang, Xiaoping Tang, Chao Liu, Linghua Li, and Hui Zhang. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Guided by the Single-Chain Fv of a Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Specifically and Effectively Eradicate Virus Reactivated from Latency in CD4+ T Lymphocytes Isolated from HIV-1-Infected Individuals Receiving Suppressive Combined Antiretroviral Therapy. J. Virol., 90(21):9712-9724, 1 Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27535056.
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Liu2019
Qingbo Liu, Yen-Ting Lai, Peng Zhang, Mark K. Louder, Amarendra Pegu, Reda Rawi, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Xuejun Chen, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Eun Sung Yang, Huiyi Miao, Yuge Wang, Anthony S. Fauci, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Improvement of Antibody Functionality by Structure-Guided Paratope Engraftment. Nat. Commun., 10(1):721, 13 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30760721.
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Lovelace2011
Erica Lovelace, Hengyu Xu, Catherine A. Blish, Roland Strong, and Julie Overbaugh. The Role of Amino Acid Changes in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmembrane Domain in Antibody Binding and Neutralization. Virology, 421(2):235-244, 20 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22029936.
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Lynch2011
John B. Lynch, Ruth Nduati, Catherine A. Blish, Barbra A. Richardson, Jennifer M. Mabuka, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Grace John-Stewart, and Julie Overbaugh. The Breadth and Potency of Passively Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Do Not Correlate with the Risk of Infant Infection. J. Virol., 85(11):5252-5261, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21411521.
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Lynch2012
Rebecca M. Lynch, Lillian Tran, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Myron Cohen, CHAVI 001 Clinical Team Members, Rebecca DerSimonian, Zelda Euler, Elin S. Gray, Salim Abdool Karim, Jennifer Kirchherr, David C. Montefiori, Sengeziwe Sibeko, Kelly Soderberg, Georgia Tomaras, Zhi-Yong Yang, Gary J. Nabel, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Lynn Morris, Barton F. Haynes, and John R. Mascola. The Development of CD4 Binding Site Antibodies during HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(14):7588-7595, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22573869.
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Lynch2015
Rebecca M. Lynch, Eli Boritz, Emily E. Coates, Adam DeZure, Patrick Madden, Pamela Costner, Mary E. Enama, Sarah Plummer, Lasonji Holman, Cynthia S. Hendel, Ingelise Gordon, Joseph Casazza, Michelle Conan-Cibotti, Stephen A. Migueles, Randall Tressler, Robert T. Bailer, Adrian McDermott, Sandeep Narpala, Sijy O'Dell, Gideon Wolf, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Brandie A. Freemire, Robert J. Gorelick, Janardan P. Pandey, Sarumathi Mohan, Nicolas Chomont, Remi Fromentin, Tae-Wook Chun, Anthony S. Fauci, Richard M. Schwartz, Richard A. Koup, Daniel C. Douek, Zonghui Hu, Edmund Capparelli, Barney S. Graham, John R. Mascola, Julie E. Ledgerwood, and VRC 601 Study Team. Virologic Effects of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody VRC01 Administration during Chronic HIV-1 Infection. Sci. Transl. Med., 7(319):319ra206, 23 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26702094.
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Lyumkis2013
Dmitry Lyumkis, Jean-Philippe Julien, Natalia de Val, Albert Cupo, Clinton S. Potter, Per-Johan Klasse, Dennis R. Burton, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Bridget Carragher, Ian A. Wilson, and Andrew B. Ward. Cryo-EM Structure of a Fully Glycosylated Soluble Cleaved HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. Science, 342(6165):1484-1490, 20 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24179160.
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Malbec2013
Marine Malbec, Françoise Porrot, Rejane Rua, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Ari Halper-Stromberg, Johannes F. Scheid, Caroline Eden, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Olivier Schwartz. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies That Inhibit HIV-1 Cell to Cell Transmission. J. Exp. Med., 210(13):2813-2821, 16 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24277152.
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Malherbe2014
Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, D. Noah Sather, Biwei Guo, Shilpi Pandey, William F. Sutton, Andrew B. Stuart, Harlan Robins, Byung Park, Shelly J. Krebs, Jason T. Schuman, Spyros Kalams, Ann J. Hessell, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Envelope variants circulating as initial neutralization breadth developed in two HIV-infected subjects stimulate multiclade neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. J Virol, 88(22):12949-67 doi, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25210191
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Mandizvo2022
Tawanda Mandizvo, Nombali Gumede, Bongiwe Ndlovu, Siphiwe Ndlovu, Jaclyn K. Mann, Denis R. Chopera, Lanish Singh, Krista L. Dong, Bruce D. Walker, Zaza M. Ndhlovu, Christy L. Lavine, Michael S. Seaman, Kamini Gounder, and Thumbi Ndung'u. Subtle Longitudinal Alterations in Env Sequence Potentiate Differences in Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute HIV-1 Subtype C Infection. J. Virol., 96(24):e0127022, 21 Dec 2022. PubMed ID: 36453881.
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Mannar2021
Dhiraj Mannar, Karoline Leopold, and Sriram Subramaniam. Glycan Reactive Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein But Do Not Block Viral Entry. Sci. Rep., 11(1):12448, 14 Jun 2021. PubMed ID: 34127709.
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Mao2012
Youdong Mao, Liping Wang, Christopher Gu, Alon Herschhorn, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hillel Haim, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Subunit Organization of the Membrane-Bound HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 19(9):893-899, Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22864288.
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Mayer2017
Kenneth H. Mayer, Kelly E. Seaton, Yunda Huang, Nicole Grunenberg, Abby Isaacs, Mary Allen, Julie E. Ledgerwood, Ian Frank, Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk, Lindsey R. Baden, Benigno Rodriguez, Hong Van Tieu, Georgia D. Tomaras, Aaron Deal, Derrick Goodman, Robert T. Bailer, Guido Ferrari, Ryan Jensen, John Hural, Barney S. Graham, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Corey, David C. Montefiori, HVTN 104 Protocol Team, and NIAID HIV Vaccine Trials Network. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Immunological Activities of Multiple Intravenous or Subcutaneous Doses of an Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibody, VRC01, Administered to HIV-Uninfected Adults: Results of a Phase 1 Randomized Trial. PLoS Med, 14(11):e1002435, Nov 2017. PubMed ID: 29136037.
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McGuire2013
Andrew T. McGuire, Sam Hoot, Anita M. Dreyer, Adriana Lippy, Andrew Stuart, Kristen W. Cohen, Joseph Jardine, Sergey Menis, Johannes F. Scheid, Anthony P. West, William R. Schief, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Engineering HIV Envelope Protein To Activate Germline B Cell Receptors of Broadly Neutralizing Anti-CD4 Binding Site Antibodies. J. Exp. Med., 210(4):655-663, 8 Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23530120.
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McGuire2016
Andrew T. McGuire, Matthew D. Gray, Pia Dosenovic, Alexander D. Gitlin, Natalia T. Freund, John Petersen, Colin Correnti, William Johnsen, Robert Kegel, Andrew B. Stuart, Jolene Glenn, Michael S. Seaman, William R. Schief, Roland K. Strong, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Specifically Modified Env Immunogens Activate B-Cell Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies in Transgenic Mice. Nat. Commun., 7:10618, 24 Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26907590.
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McLinden2013
Robert J. McLinden, Celia C. LaBranche, Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Victoria R. Polonis, Michael A. Eller, Lindsay Wieczorek, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Stephen Perfetto, David C. Montefiori, Nelson L. Michael, and Jerome H. Kim. Detection of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in a Human CD4+/CXCR4+/CCR5+ T-Lymphoblastoid Cell Assay System. PLoS One, 8(11):e77756, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312168.
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Meyerson2013
Joel R. Meyerson, Erin E. H. Tran, Oleg Kuybeda, Weizao Chen, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Andrea Gorlani, Theo Verrips, Jeffrey D. Lifson, and Sriram Subramaniam. Molecular Structures of Trimeric HIV-1 Env in Complex with Small Antibody Derivatives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(2):513-518, 8 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23267106.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Mkhize2023
Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize, Anna E. J. Yssel, Haajira Kaldine, Rebecca T. van Dorsten, Amanda S. Woodward Davis, Nicolas Beaume, David Matten, Bronwen Lambson, Tandile Modise, Prudence Kgagudi, Talita York, Dylan H. Westfall, Elena E. Giorgi, Bette Korber, Colin Anthony, Rutendo E. Mapengo, Valerie Bekker, Elizabeth Domin, Amanda Eaton, Wenjie Deng, Allan DeCamp, Yunda Huang, Peter B . Gilbert, Asanda Gwashu-Nyangiwe, Ruwayhida Thebus, Nonkululeko Ndabambi, Dieter Mielke, Nyaradzo Mgodi, Shelly Karuna, Srilatha Edupuganti, Michael S. Seaman, Lawrence Corey, Myron S. Cohen, John Hural, M. Juliana McElrath, James I. Mullins, David Montefiori, Penny L. Moore, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Neutralization Profiles of HIV-1 Viruses from the VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) Trials. PLoS Pathog., 19(6):e1011469, Jun 2023. PubMed ID: 37384759.
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Molinos-Albert2023
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Morgand2015
Marion Morgand, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Alain Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, Craig S. Pace, Marie Pancera, David D. Ho, Pascal Poignard, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Peter D. Kwong, Daniel Baty, Patrick Chames, Martine Braibant, and Francis Barin. A V1V2 Neutralizing Epitope Is Conserved in Divergent Non-M Groups of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26413851.
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Mouquet2011
Hugo Mouquet, Florian Klein, Johannes F. Scheid, Malte Warncke, John Pietzsch, Thiago Y. K. Oliveira, Klara Velinzon, Michael S. Seaman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Memory B Cell Antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 Cloned from Individuals Infected with Clade A and B Viruses. PLoS One, 6(9):e24078, 2011. PubMed ID: 21931643.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Mullick2021
Ranajoy Mullick, Jyoti Sutar, Nitin Hingankar, Suprit Deshpande, Madhuri Thakar, Seema Sahay, Rajesh P. Ringe, Sampurna Mukhopadhyay, Ajit Patil, Shubhangi Bichare, Kailapuri G. Murugavel, Aylur K. Srikrishnan, Rajat Goyal, Devin Sok, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Neutralization Diversity of HIV-1 Indian Subtype C Envelopes Obtained from Cross Sectional and Followed up Individuals against Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Having Distinct gp120 Specificities. Retrovirology, 18(1):12, 14 May 2021. PubMed ID: 33990195.
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Narayan2013
Kristin M. Narayan, Nitish Agrawal, Sean X. Du, Janelle E. Muranaka, Katherine Bauer, Daniel P. Leaman, Pham Phung, Kay Limoli, Helen Chen, Rebecca I. Boenig, Terri Wrin, Michael B. Zwick, and Robert G. Whalen. Prime-Boost Immunization of Rabbits with HIV-1 gp120 Elicits Potent Neutralization Activity against a Primary Viral Isolate. PLoS One, 8(1):e52732, 9 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23326351.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Nkolola2014
Joseph P. Nkolola, Christine A. Bricault, Ann Cheung, Jennifer Shields, James Perry, James M. Kovacs, Elena Giorgi, Margot van Winsen, Adrian Apetri, Els C. M. Brinkman-van der Linden, Bing Chen, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, and Dan H. Barouch. Characterization and Immunogenicity of a Novel Mosaic M HIV-1 gp140 Trimer. J. Virol., 88(17):9538-9552, 1 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 24965452.
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ORourke2012
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Kathryn A. Mesa, Aaron L. Vollrath, Gwen P. Tatsuno, Briana To, Faruk Sinangil, Kay Limoli, Terri Wrin, and Phillip W. Berman. Sequences in Glycoprotein gp41, the CD4 Binding Site, and the V2 Domain Regulate Sensitivity and Resistance of HIV-1 to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 86(22):12105-12114, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22933284.
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Overbaugh2012
Julie Overbaugh and Lynn Morris. The Antibody Response against HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2(1):a007039, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22315717.
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Pantophlet2010
Ralph Pantophlet. Antibody Epitope Exposure and Neutralization of HIV-1. Curr. Pharm. Des., 16(33):3729-3743, 2010. PubMed ID: 21128886.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Pejchal2011
Robert Pejchal, Katie J. Doores, Laura M. Walker, Reza Khayat, Po-Ssu Huang, Sheng-Kai Wang, Robyn L. Stanfield, Jean-Philippe Julien, Alejandra Ramos, Max Crispin, Rafael Depetris, Umesh Katpally, Andre Marozsan, Albert Cupo, Sebastien Maloveste, Yan Liu, Ryan McBride, Yukishige Ito, Rogier W. Sanders, Cassandra Ogohara, James C. Paulson, Ten Feizi, Christopher N. Scanlan, Chi-Huey Wong, John P. Moore, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Pascal Poignard, William R. Schief, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield. Science, 334(6059):1097-1103, 25 Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21998254.
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Pilewski2023
Kelsey A. Pilewski, Steven Wall, Simone I. Richardson, Nelia P. Manamela, Kaitlyn Clark, Tandile Hermanus, Elad Binshtein, Rohit Venkat, Giuseppe A. Sautto, Kevin J. Kramer, Andrea R. Shiakolas, Ian Setliff, Jordan Salas, Rutendo E. Mapengo, Naveen Suryadevara, John R. Brannon, Connor J. Beebout, Rob Parks, Nagarajan Raju, Nicole Frumento, Lauren M. Walker, Emilee Friedman Fechter, Juliana S. Qin, Amyn A. Murji, Katarzyna Janowska, Bhishem Thakur, Jared Lindenberger, Aaron J. May, Xiao Huang, Salam Sammour, Priyamvada Acharya, Robert H. Carnahan, Ted M. Ross, Barton F. Haynes, Maria Hadjifrangiskou, James E. Crowe, Jr., Justin R. Bailey, Spyros Kalams, Lynn Morris, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Functional HIV-1/HCV Cross-Reactive Antibodies Isolated from a Chronically Co-Infected Donor. Cell Rep., 42(2):112044, 27 Jan 2023. PubMed ID: 36708513.
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Pollara2013
Justin Pollara, Mattia Bonsignori, M. Anthony Moody, Marzena Pazgier, Barton F. Haynes, and Guido Ferrari. Epitope Specificity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Responses. Curr. HIV Res., 11(5):378-387, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 24191939.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Provine2012
Nicholas M. Provine, Valerie Cortez, Vrasha Chohan, and Julie Overbaugh. The Neutralization Sensitivity of Viruses Representing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Diverse Subtypes from Early in Infection Is Dependent on Producer Cell, as Well as Characteristics of the Specific Antibody and Envelope Variant. Virology, 427(1):25-33, 25 May 2012. PubMed ID: 22369748.
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Pugach2015
Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Pujanauski2013
Lindsey M. Pujanauski, Edward N. Janoff, Martin D. McCarter, Roberta Pelanda, and Raul M. Torres. Mouse Marginal Zone B Cells Harbor Specificities Similar to Human Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(4):1422-1427, 22 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23288906.
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Rademeyer2016
Cecilia Rademeyer, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Elena E. Giorgi, Ruwayhida Thebus, Alexander Robles, Daniel J. Sheward, Kshitij Wagh, Jetta Garrity, Brittany R. Carey, Hongmei Gao, Kelli M. Greene, Haili Tang, Gama P. Bandawe, Jinny C. Marais, Thabo E. Diphoko, Peter Hraber, Nancy Tumba, Penny L. Moore, Glenda E. Gray, James Kublin, M. Juliana McElrath, Marion Vermeulen, Keren Middelkoop, Linda-Gail Bekker, Michael Hoelscher, Leonard Maboko, Joseph Makhema, Merlin L. Robb, Salim Abdool Karim, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Jerome H. Kim, Beatrice H. Hahn, Feng Gao, Ronald Swanstrom, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Carolyn Williamson. Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization. PLoS Pathog., 12(7):e1005742, Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27434311.
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Rathore2017
Ujjwal Rathore, Piyali Saha, Sannula Kesavardhana, Aditya Arun Kumar, Rohini Datta, Sivasankar Devanarayanan, Raksha Das, John R. Mascola, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Glycosylation of the Core of the HIV-1 Envelope Subunit Protein gp120 Is Not Required for Native Trimer Formation or Viral Infectivity. J. Biol. Chem., 292(24):10197-10219, 16 Jun 2017. PubMed ID: 28446609.
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Ren2018
Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Ringe2011
Rajesh Ringe, Deepak Sharma, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Sanjay Phogat, Arun Risbud, Madhuri Thakar, Ramesh Paranjape, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the C4 Region in gp120 Confers Enhanced Neutralization of HIV-1 by Modulating CD4 Binding Sites and V3 Loop. Virology, 418(2):123-132, 30 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21851958.
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Roark2021
Ryan S. Roark, Hui Li, Wilton B. Williams, Hema Chug, Rosemarie D. Mason, Jason Gorman, Shuyi Wang, Fang-Hua Lee, Juliette Rando, Mattia Bonsignori, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Kevin O. Saunders, Kevin Wiehe, M. Anthony Moody, Peter T. Hraber, Kshitij Wagh, Elena E. Giorgi, Ronnie M. Russell, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Weimin Liu, Jesse Connell, Andrew G. Smith, Julia DeVoto, Alexander I. Murphy, Jessica Smith, Wenge Ding, Chengyan Zhao, Neha Chohan, Maho Okumura, Christina Rosario, Yu Ding, Emily Lindemuth, Anya M. Bauer, Katharine J. Bar, David Ambrozak, Cara W. Chao, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Bob C. Lin, Mark K. Louder, Richard Nguyen, Baoshan Zhang, Mark G. Lewis, Donald D. Raymond, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Chaim A. Schramm, Daniel C. Douek, Mario Roederer, Thomas B. Kepler, Garnett Kelsoe, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, Bette T. Korber, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, Beatrice H. Hahn, and George M. Shaw. Recapitulation of HIV-1 Env-Antibody Coevolution in Macaques Leading to Neutralization Breadth. Science, 371(6525), 8 Jan 2021. PubMed ID: 33214287.
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Rosenberg2015
Yvonne Rosenberg, Markus Sack, David Montefiori, Celia Labranche, Mark Lewis, Lori Urban, Lingjun Mao, Rainer Fischer, and Xiaoming Jiang. Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Monoclonal Antibodies in Macaques. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120451, 25 Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807114.
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Rudicell2014
Rebecca S. Rudicell, Young Do Kwon, Sung-Youl Ko, Amarendra Pegu, Mark K. Louder, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Xueling Wu, Jiang Zhu, Jeffrey C. Boyington, Xuejun Chen, Wei Shi, Zhi-Yong Yang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Aliaksandr Druz, Cinque Soto, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, John-Paul Todd, Krissey E. Lloyd, Joshua Eudailey, Kyle E. Roberts, Bruce R. Donald, Robert T. Bailer, Julie Ledgerwood, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Lawrence Shapiro, Richard A. Koup, Barney S. Graham, Martha C. Nason, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Srinivas S. Rao, Mario Roederer, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Enhanced Potency of a Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody In Vitro Improves Protection against Lentiviral Infection In Vivo. J. Virol., 88(21):12669-12682, 1 Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25142607.
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Rudometova2022
N. B. Rudometova, N. S. Shcherbakova, D. N. Shcherbakov, O. S. Taranov, B. N. Zaitsev, and L. I. Karpenko. Construction and Characterization of HIV-1 env-Pseudoviruses of the Recombinant Form CRF63_02A and Subtype A6. Bull Exp Biol Med, 172(6):729-733 doi, Apr 2022. PubMed ID: 35501651
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Sadanand2016
Saheli Sadanand, Todd J. Suscovich, and Galit Alter. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV: New Insights to Inform Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Med., 67:185-200, 2016. PubMed ID: 26565674.
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Sagar2012
Manish Sagar, Hisashi Akiyama, Behzad Etemad, Nora Ramirez, Ines Freitas, and Suryaram Gummuluru. Transmembrane Domain Membrane Proximal External Region but Not Surface Unit-Directed Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Can Restrict Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Trans-Infection. J. Infect. Dis., 205(8):1248-1257, 15 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22396600.
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Sajadi2012
Mohammad M. Sajadi, George K. Lewis, Michael S. Seaman, Yongjun Guan, Robert R. Redfield, and Anthony L. DeVico. Signature Biochemical Properties of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 86(9):5014-5025, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22379105.
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Sanchez-Merino2016
V. Sanchez-Merino, A. Fabra-Garcia, N. Gonzalez, D. Nicolas, A. Merino-Mansilla, C. Manzardo, J. Ambrosioni, A. Schultz, A. Meyerhans, J. R. Mascola, J. M. Gatell, J. Alcami, J. M. Miro, and E. Yuste. Detection of Broadly Neutralizing Activity within the First Months of HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 90(11):5231-5245, 1 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26984721.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Sanders2015
Rogier W. Sanders, Marit J. van Gils, Ronald Derking, Devin Sok, Thomas J. Ketas, Judith A. Burger, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Cassandra Simonich, Leslie Goo, Heather Arendt, Helen J. Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee, Pavel Pugach, Melissa Williams, Gargi Debnath, Brian Moldt, Mariëlle J. van Breemen, Gözde Isik, Max Medina-Ramírez, Jaap Willem Back, Wayne C. Koff, Jean-Philippe Julien, Eva G. Rakasz, Michael S. Seaman, Miklos Guttman, Kelly K. Lee, Per Johan Klasse, Celia LaBranche, William R. Schief, Ian A. Wilson, Julie Overbaugh, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, David C. Montefiori, Hansi Dean, and John P. Moore. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Science, 349(6244):aac4223, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26089353.
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Sather2012
D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Jenny Kehayia, Zane Kraft, Iliyana Mikell, Johannes F. Scheid, Florian Klein, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Developed by an HIV-Positive Elite Neutralizer Exact a Replication Fitness Cost on the Contemporaneous Virus. J. Virol., 86(23):12676-12685, Dec 2012. PubMed ID: 22973035.
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Sather2014
D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, Andrew B. Stuart, Ann J. Hessell, Mathew D. Gray, Iliyana Mikell, Spyros A. Kalams, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Emergence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Viral Coevolution in Two Subjects during the Early Stages of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 88(22):12968-12981, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25122781.
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Sattentau2010
Quentin J. Sattentau and Andrew J. McMichael. New Templates for HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. F1000 Biol. Rep., 2:60, 2010. PubMed ID: 21173880.
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Scharf2016
Louise Scharf, Anthony P. West, Jr., Stuart A. Sievers, Courtney Chen, Siduo Jiang, Han Gao, Matthew D. Gray, Andrew T. McGuire, Johannes F. Scheid, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Structural Basis for Germline Antibody Recognition of HIV-1 Immunogens. Elife, 5, 21 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26997349.
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Scheid2011
Johannes F. Scheid, Hugo Mouquet, Beatrix Ueberheide, Ron Diskin, Florian Klein, Thiago Y. K. Oliveira, John Pietzsch, David Fenyo, Alexander Abadir, Klara Velinzon, Arlene Hurley, Sunnie Myung, Farid Boulad, Pascal Poignard, Dennis R. Burton, Florencia Pereyra, David D. Ho, Bruce D. Walker, Michael S. Seaman, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Brian T. Chait, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Sequence and Structural Convergence of Broad and Potent HIV Antibodies That Mimic CD4 Binding. Science, 333(6049):1633-1637, 16 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21764753.
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Schiffner2016
Torben Schiffner, Natalia de Val, Rebecca A. Russell, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Gabriel Ozorowski, Helen J. Kim, Travis Nieusma, Florian Brod, Albert Cupo, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Chemical Cross-Linking Stabilizes Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Antigens. J. Virol., 90(2):813-828, 28 Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26512083.
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Schiffner2018
Torben Schiffner, Jesper Pallesen, Rebecca A. Russell, Jonathan Dodd, Natalia de Val, Celia C. LaBranche, David Montefiori, Georgia D. Tomaras, Xiaoying Shen, Scarlett L. Harris, Amin E. Moghaddam, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Rogier W. Sanders, Laura E. McCoy, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Structural and Immunologic Correlates of Chemically Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1006986, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29746590.
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Schommers2020
Philipp Schommers, Henning Gruell, Morgan E. Abernathy, My-Kim Tran, Adam S. Dingens, Harry B. Gristick, Christopher O. Barnes, Till Schoofs, Maike Schlotz, Kanika Vanshylla, Christoph Kreer, Daniela Weiland, Udo Holtick, Christof Scheid, Markus M. Valter, Marit J. van Gils, Rogier W. Sanders, Jörg J. Vehreschild, Oliver A. Cornely, Clara Lehmann, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Jesse D. Bloom, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Florian Klein. Restriction of HIV-1 Escape by a Highly Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody. Cell, 180(3):471-489.e22, 6 Feb 2020. PubMed ID: 32004464.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Scott2015
Yanille M. Scott, Seo Young Park, and Charlene S. Dezzutti. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibodies Prevent HIV Infection of Mucosal Tissue Ex Vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 60(2):904-912, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26596954.
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Seaton2023
Kelly E. Seaton, Yunda Huang, Shelly Karuna, Jack R. Heptinstall, Caroline Brackett, Kelvin Chiong, Lily Zhang, Nicole L Yates, Mark Sampson, Erika Rudnicki, Michal Juraska, Allan C. deCamp, Paul T. Edlefsen, James I. Mullins, Carolyn Williamson, Raabya Rossenkhan, Elena E. Giorgi, Avi Kenny, Heather Angier, April Randhawa, Joshua A. Weiner, Michelle Rojas, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Lu Zhang, Sheetal Sawant, Margaret E. Ackerman, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, John Hural, M. Julianna McElrath, Philip Andrew, Jose A. Hidalgo, Jesse Clark, Fatima Laher, Catherine Orrell, Ian Frank, Pedro Gonzales, Srilatha Edupuganti, Nyaradzo Mgodi, Lawrence Corey, Lynn Morris, David Montefiori, Myron S. Cohen, Peter B. Gilbert, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Pharmacokinetic Serum Concentrations of VRC01 Correlate with Prevention of HIV-1 Acquisition. EBioMedicine, 93:104590, Jul 2023. PubMed ID: 37300931.
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Sellhorn2012
George Sellhorn, Zane Kraft, Zachary Caldwell, Katharine Ellingson, Christine Mineart, Michael S. Seaman, David C. Montefiori, Eliza Lagerquist, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Engineering, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Stable Clade A/B Recombinant Soluble Heterotrimeric gp140 Proteins. J. Virol., 86(1):128-142, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22031951.
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Sengupta2023
Srona Sengupta, Josephine Zhang, Madison C. Reed, Jeanna Yu, Aeryon Kim, Tatiana N. Boronina, Nathan L. Board, James O. Wrabl, Kevin Shenderov, Robin A. Welsh, Weiming Yang, Andrew E. Timmons, Rebecca Hoh, Robert N. Cole, Steven G. Deeks, Janet D. Siliciano, Robert F. Siliciano, and Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri. A cell-free antigen processing system informs HIV-1 epitope selection and vaccine design. J Exp Med, 220(7):e20221654 doi, Jul 2023. PubMed ID: 37058141
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Shang2011
Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Xuanling Shi, Teng Zuo, Mark Goldin, Dan Chen, Bing Han, Wei Sun, Hao Wu, Xinquan Wang, and Linqi Zhang. Genetic and Neutralization Sensitivity of Diverse HIV-1 env Clones from Chronically Infected Patients in China. J. Biol. Chem., 286(16):14531-14541, 22 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21325278.
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Sheng2016
Zizhang Sheng, Chaim A. Schramm, Mark Connors, Lynn Morris, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Lawrence Shapiro. Effects of Darwinian Selection and Mutability on Rate of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Evolution during HIV-1 Infection. PLoS Comput. Biol., 12(5):e1004940, May 2016. PubMed ID: 27191167.
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Simonich2016
Cassandra A. Simonich, Katherine L. Williams, Hans P. Verkerke, James A. Williams, Ruth Nduati, Kelly K. Lee, and Julie Overbaugh. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell, 166(1):77-87, 30 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27345369.
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Kwinten Sliepen, Max Medina-Ramirez, Anila Yasmeen, John P. Moore, Per Johan Klasse, and Rogier W. Sanders. Binding of Inferred Germline Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies to Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Virology, 486:116-120, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26433050.
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Smalls-Mantey2012
Adjoa Smalls-Mantey, Nicole Doria-Rose, Rachel Klein, Andy Patamawenu, Stephen A. Migueles, Sung-Youl Ko, Claire W. Hallahan, Hing Wong, Bai Liu, Lijing You, Johannes Scheid, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against Primary HIV-Infected CD4+ T Cells Is Directly Associated with the Magnitude of Surface IgG Binding. J. Virol., 86(16):8672-8680, Aug 2012. PubMed ID: 22674985.
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Spencer2021
David A. Spencer, Delphine C. Malherbe, Nestor Vazquez Bernat, Monika Adori, Benjamin Goldberg, Nicholas Dambrauskas, Heidi Henderson, Shilpi Pandey, Tracy Cheever, Philip Barnette, William F. Sutton, Margaret E. Ackerman, James J. Kobie, D. Noah Sather, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Ann J. Hessell. Polyfunctional Tier 2-Neutralizing Antibodies Cloned following HIV-1 Env Macaque Immunization Mirror Native Antibodies in a Human Donor. J Immunol, 206(5):999-1012 doi, Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33472907
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Stefic2019
Karl Stefic, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Asma Essat, Clara Visdeloup, Alain Moreau, Cécile Goujard, Marie-Laure Chaix, Martine Braibant, Laurence Meyer, and Francis Barin. Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade CRF02\_AG Viruses with a Focus on Evolution over Time. J. Virol., 93(2), 15 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30404804.
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Steinhardt2018
James J. Steinhardt, Javier Guenaga, Hannah L. Turner, Krisha McKee, Mark K. Louder, Sijy O'Dell, Chi-I Chiang, Lin Lei, Andrey Galkin, Alexander K. Andrianov, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Robert T. Bailer, Andrew B. Ward, John R. Mascola, and Yuxing Li. Rational Design of a Trispecific Antibody Targeting the HIV-1 Env with Elevated Anti-Viral Activity. Nat. Commun., 9(1):877, 28 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29491415.
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Stephenson2016
Kathryn E. Stephenson and Dan H. Barouch. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Eradication. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 13(1):31-37, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26841901.
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Stewart-Jones2016
Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Cinque Soto, Thomas Lemmin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Aliaksandr Druz, Rui Kong, Paul V. Thomas, Kshitij Wagh, Tongqing Zhou, Anna-Janina Behrens, Tatsiana Bylund, Chang W. Choi, Jack R. Davison, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Justin Taft, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Vidya S. Shivatare, Chang-Chun D. Lee, Chung-Yi Wu, Carole A. Bewley, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Mark Connors, Max Crispin, Ulrich Baxa, Bette T. Korber, Chi-Huey Wong, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165(4):813-826, 5 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27114034.
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Sun2017
Youxiang Sun, Yuanyuan Qiao, Yuanmei Zhu, Huihui Chong, and Yuxian He. Identification of a Novel HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody from a CRF07\_BC-Infected Chinese Donor. Oncotarget, 8(38):63047-63063, 8 Sep 2017. PubMed ID: 28968970.
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Sundling2012
Christopher Sundling, Yuxing Li, Nick Huynh, Christian Poulsen, Richard Wilson, Sijy O'Dell, Yu Feng, John R. Mascola, Richard T. Wyatt, and Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam. High-Resolution Definition of Vaccine-Elicited B Cell Responses Against the HIV Primary Receptor Binding Site. Sci. Transl. Med., 4(142):142ra96, 11 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22786681.
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Teh2014
Audrey Y-H. Teh, Daniel Maresch, Katja Klein, and Julian K-C. Ma. Characterization of VRC01, a Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV mAb, Produced in Transiently and Stably Transformed Tobacco. Plant Biotechnol. J., 12(3):300-311, Apr 2014. PubMed ID: 24256218.
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Thida2019
Win Thida, Takeo Kuwata, Yosuke Maeda, Tetsu Yamashiro, Giang Van Tran, Kinh Van Nguyen, Masafumi Takiguchi, Hiroyuki Gatanaga, Kazuki Tanaka, and Shuzo Matsushita. The Role of Conventional Antibodies Targeting the CD4 Binding Site and CD4-Induced Epitopes in the Control of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Viruses. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 508(1):46-51, 1 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30470571.
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Tokatlian2018
Talar Tokatlian, Daniel W. Kulp, Andrew A. Mutafyan, Christopher A. Jones, Sergey Menis, Erik Georgeson, Mike Kubitz, Michael H. Zhang, Mariane B. Melo, Murillo Silva, Dong Soo Yun, William R. Schief, and Darrell J. Irvine. Enhancing Humoral Responses Against HIV Envelope Trimers via Nanoparticle Delivery with Stabilized Synthetic Liposomes. Sci. Rep., 8(1):16527, 8 Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30410003.
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Tomaras2011
Georgia D. Tomaras, James M. Binley, Elin S. Gray, Emma T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, Penny L. Moore, Nancy Tumba, Tommy Tong, Xiaoying Shen, Nicole L. Yates, Julie Decker, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Philippa Easterbrook, Salim Abdool Karim, Gift Kamanga, John A. Crump, Myron Cohen, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Polyclonal B Cell Responses to Conserved Neutralization Epitopes in a Subset of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 85(21):11502-11519, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21849452.
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Tong2012
Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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Tran2012
Erin E. H. Tran, Mario J. Borgnia, Oleg Kuybeda, David M. Schauder, Alberto Bartesaghi, Gabriel A. Frank, Guillermo Sapiro, Jacqueline L. S. Milne, and Sriram Subramaniam. Structural Mechanism of Trimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Activation. PLoS Pathog., 8(7):e1002797, 2012. PubMed ID: 22807678.
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Umotoy2019
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vandenKerkhof2013
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Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Steven W. de Taeye, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Dennis R. Burton, Neeltje A. Kootstra, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Rogier W. Sanders, and Marit J. van Gils. HIV-1 escapes from N332-directed antibody neutralization in an elite neutralizer by envelope glycoprotein elongation and introduction of unusual disulfide bonds. Retrovirology, 13(1):48, 7 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27388013.
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vanMontfort2011
Thijs van Montfort, Mark Melchers, Gözde Isik, Sergey Menis, Po-Ssu Huang, Katie Matthews, Elizabeth Michael, Ben Berkhout, William R. Schief, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. A Chimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer with an Embedded Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Domain Induces Enhanced Antibody and T Cell Responses. J. Biol. Chem., 286(25):22250-22261, 24 Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21515681.
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Veillette2014
Maxime Veillette, Anik Désormeaux, Halima Medjahed, Nour-Elhouda Gharsallah, Mathieu Coutu, Joshua Baalwa, Yongjun Guan, George Lewis, Guido Ferrari, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, James E. Robinson, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, and Andres Finzi. Interaction with Cellular CD4 Exposes HIV-1 Envelope Epitopes Targeted by Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J. Virol., 88(5):2633-2644, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352444.
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Milena Veselinovic, C. Preston Neff, Leila R. Mulder, and Ramesh Akkina. Topical Gel Formulation of Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibody VRC01 Confers Protection against HIV-1 Vaginal Challenge in A Humanized Mouse Model. Virology, 432(2):505-510, 25 Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22832125.
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Virnik2018
Konstantin Virnik, Edmund Nesti, Cody Dail, Aaron Scanlan, Alexei Medvedev, Russell Vassell, Andrew T. McGuire, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Ira Berkower. Live Rubella Vectors Can Express Native HIV Envelope Glycoproteins Targeted by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Prime the Immune Response to an Envelope Protein Boost. Vaccine, 36(34):5166-5172, 16 Aug 2018. PubMed ID: 30037665.
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vonBredow2016
Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Wagh2016
Kshitij Wagh, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Carolyn Williamson, Alex Robles, Madeleine Bayne, Jetta Garrity, Michael Rist, Cecilia Rademeyer, Hyejin Yoon, Alan Lapedes, Hongmei Gao, Kelli Greene, Mark K. Louder, Rui Kong, Salim Abdool Karim, Dennis R. Burton, Dan H. Barouch, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, Bette Korber, and Michael S. Seaman. Optimal Combinations of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Prevention and Treatment of HIV-1 Clade C Infection. PLoS Pathog., 12(3):e1005520, Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 27028935.
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Wagh2018
Kshitij Wagh, Michael S. Seaman, Marshall Zingg, Tomas Fitzsimons, Dan H. Barouch, Dennis R. Burton, Mark Connors, David D. Ho, John R. Mascola, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Jeffrey Ravetch, Rajeev Gautam, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Potential of Conventional \& Bispecific Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Prevention of HIV-1 Subtype A, C \& D Infections. PLoS Pathog., 14(3):e1006860, Mar 2018. PubMed ID: 29505593.
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Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211.
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Hongye Wang, Ting Yuan, Tingting Li, Yanpeng Li, Feng Qian, Chuanwu Zhu, Shujia Liang, Daniel Hoffmann, Ulf Dittmer, Binlian Sun, and Rongge Yang. Evaluation of Susceptibility of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Variants to Neutralization by a Panel of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Arch. Virol., 163(12):3303-3315, Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30196320.
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Wang2019
Qian Wang, Lihong Liu, Wuze Ren, Agegnehu Gettie, Hua Wang, Qingtai Liang, Xuanling Shi, David C. Montefiori, Tongqing Zhou, and Linqi Zhang. A Single Substitution in gp41 Modulates the Neutralization Profile of SHIV during In Vivo Adaptation. Cell Rep., 27(9):2593-2607.e5, 28 May 2019. PubMed ID: 31141685.
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Wang2022
Lijie Wang, Shujia Liang, Jianhua Huang, Yibo Ding, Lin He, Yanling Hao, Li Ren, Meiling Zhu, Yi Feng, Abdur Rashid, Yue Liu, Shibo Jiang, Kunxue Hong, and Liying Ma. Neutralization Sensitivity of HIV-1 CRF07\_BC From an Untreated Patient With a Focus on Evolution Over Time. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12:862754, 2022. PubMed ID: 35372102.
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Wang2023
Shuishu Wang, Flavio Matassoli, Baoshan Zhang, Tracy Liu, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Tatsiana Bylund, Timothy Johnston, Amy R. Henry, I-Ting Teng, Prabhanshu Tripathi, Jordan E. Becker, Anita Changela, Ridhi Chaudhary, Cheng Cheng, Martin Gaudinski, Jason Gorman, Darcy R. Harris, Myungjin Lee, Nicholas C. Morano, Laura Novik, Sijy O'Dell, Adam S. Olia, Danealle K. Parchment, Reda Rawi, Jesmine Roberts-Torres, Tyler Stephens, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Danyi Wang, David J. Van Wazer, Tongqing Zhou, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Richard A. Koup, Lawrence Shapiro, Daniel C. Douek, Adrian B. McDermott, and Peter D. Kwong. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies elicited in humans by a prefusion-stabilized envelope trimer form a reproducible class targeting fusion peptide. Cell Rep, 42(7):112755 doi, Jul 2023. PubMed ID: 37436899
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Andrew B. Ward. Playing Chess with HIV. Immunity, 50(2):283-285 doi, Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30784575
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Jennifer D. Watkins, Juan Diaz-Rodriguez, Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, Davide Corti, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Efficiency of Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the CD4-Binding Site: Influence of Conformational Masking by the V2 Loop in R5-Tropic Clade C Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Virol, 85(23):12811-12814, Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 21957314.
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Nicholas E. Webb, David C. Montefiori, and Benhur Lee. Dose-Response Curve Slope Helps Predict Therapeutic Potency and Breadth of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 6:8443, 29 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26416571.
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Yingxia Wen, Hung V. Trinh, Christine E Linton, Chiara Tani, Nathalie Norais, DeeAnn Martinez-Guzman, Priyanka Ramesh, Yide Sun, Frank Situ, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Christopher Hamlin, Sayali Onkar, Sai Tian, Susan Hilt, Padma Malyala, Rushit Lodaya, Ning Li, Gillis Otten, Giuseppe Palladino, Kristian Friedrich, Yukti Aggarwal, Celia LaBranche, Ryan Duffy, Xiaoying Shen, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, William Fulp, Raphael Gottardo, Brian Burke, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H. Kim, Mangala Rao, Robert J. O'Connell, Andrea Carfi, and Susan W. Barnett. Generation and Characterization of a Bivalent Protein Boost for Future Clinical Trials: HIV-1 Subtypes CR01\_AE and B gp120 Antigens with a Potent Adjuvant. PLoS One, 13(4):e0194266, 2018. PubMed ID: 29698406.
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Anthony P. West, Jr., Rachel P. Galimidi, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Single-Chain Fv-Based Anti-HIV Proteins: Potential and Limitations. J. Virol., 86(1):195-202, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22013046.
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West2012a
Anthony P. West, Jr., Ron Diskin, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Structural Basis for Germ-Line Gene Usage of a Potent Class of Antibodies Targeting the CD4-Binding Site of HIV-1 gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):E2083-E2090, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22745174.
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Anthony P. West, Jr., Louise Scharf, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Computational Analysis of Anti-HIV-1 Antibody Neutralization Panel Data to Identify Potential Functional Epitope Residues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(26):10598-10603, 25 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23754383.
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Wieczorek2023
Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Michelle Zemil, Eric Lewitus, Erin Kavusak, Jonah Heller, Sebastian Molnar, Mekhala Rao, Gabriel Smith, Meera Bose, Amy Nguyen, Adwitiya Dhungana, Katherine Okada, Kelly Parisi, Daniel Silas, Bonnie Slike, Anuradha Ganesan, Jason Okulicz, Tahaniyat Lalani, Brian K. Agan, Trevor A. Crowell, Janice Darden, Morgane Rolland, Sandhya Vasan, Julie Ake, Shelly J. Krebs, Sheila Peel, Sodsai Tovanabutra, and Victoria R. Polonis. Evolution of HIV-1 envelope towards reduced neutralization sensitivity, as demonstrated by contemporary HIV-1 subtype B from the United States. PLoS Pathog, 19(12):e1011780 doi, Dec 2023. PubMed ID: 38055771
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Wiehe2018
Kevin Wiehe, Todd Bradley, R. Ryan Meyerhoff, Connor Hart, Wilton B. Williams, David Easterhoff, William J. Faison, Thomas B. Kepler, Kevin O. Saunders, S. Munir Alam, Mattia Bonsignori, and Barton F. Haynes. Functional Relevance of Improbable Antibody Mutations for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Development. Cell Host Microbe, 23(6):759-765.e6, 13 Jun 2018. PubMed ID: 29861171.
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Craig B. Wilen, Nicholas F. Parrish, Jennifer M. Pfaff, Julie M. Decker, Elizabeth A. Henning, Hillel Haim, Josiah E. Petersen, Jason A. Wojcechowskyj, Joseph Sodroski, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, John C. Tilton, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Robert W. Doms. Phenotypic and Immunologic Comparison of Clade B Transmitted/Founder and Chronic HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. J Virol, 85(17):8514-8527, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21715507.
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Wilton B. Williams, Jinsong Zhang, Chuancang Jiang, Nathan I. Nicely, Daniela Fera, Kan Luo, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Munir Alam, Thomas B. Kepler, Akshaya Ramesh, Kevin Wiehe, James A. Holland, Todd Bradley, Nathan Vandergrift, Kevin O. Saunders, Robert Parks, Andrew Foulger, Shi-Mao Xia, Mattia Bonsignori, David C. Montefiori, Mark Louder, Amanda Eaton, Sampa Santra, Richard Scearce, Laura Sutherland, Amanda Newman, Hilary Bouton-Verville, Cindy Bowman, Howard Bomze, Feng Gao, Dawn J. Marshall, John F. Whitesides, Xiaoyan Nie, Garnett Kelsoe, Steven G. Reed, Christopher B. Fox, Kim Clary, Marguerite Koutsoukos, David Franco, John R. Mascola, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, and Laurent Verkoczy. Initiation of HIV Neutralizing B Cell Lineages with Sequential Envelope Immunizations. Nat. Commun., 8(1):1732, 23 Nov 2017. PubMed ID: 29170366.
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Andrew Wilson, Leyn Shakhtour, Adam Ward, Yanqin Ren, Melina Recarey, Eva Stevenson, Maria Korom, Colin Kovacs, Erika Benko, R. Brad Jones, and Rebecca M. Lynch. Characterizing the Relationship between Neutralization Sensitivity and env Gene Diversity During ART Suppression. Front. Immunol., 12:710327, 15 Sep 2021. PubMed ID: 34603284.
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Xueling Wu, Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, Baoshan Zhang, Ivelin Georgiev, Charlene Wang, Xuejun Chen, Nancy S. Longo, Mark Louder, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen Perfetto, Stephen D. Schmidt, Wei Shi, Lan Wu, Yongping Yang, Zhi-Yong Yang, Zhongjia Yang, Zhenhai Zhang, Mattia Bonsignori, John A. Crump, Saidi H. Kapiga, Noel E. Sam, Barton F. Haynes, Melissa Simek, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark Connors, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Gary J. Nabel, Mario Roederer, Lawrence Shapiro, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. Focused Evolution of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Revealed by Structures and Deep Sequencing. Science, 333(6049):1593-1602, 16 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21835983.
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Xueling Wu, Charlene Wang, Sijy O'Dell, Yuxing Li, Brandon F. Keele, Zhongjia Yang, Hiromi Imamichi, Nicole Doria-Rose, James A. Hoxie, Mark Connors, George M. Shaw, Richard T. Wyatt, and John R. Mascola. Selection Pressure on HIV-1 Envelope by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to the Conserved CD4-Binding Site. J. Virol., 86(10):5844-5856, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22419808.
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Wu2015
Xueling Wu, Zhenhai Zhang, Chaim A. Schramm, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Tongqing Zhou, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Sijy O'Dell, Krisha McKee, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Nancy S. Longo, Rebecca M. Lynch, Kevin O. Saunders, Cinque Soto, Sanjay Srivatsan, Yongping Yang, Robert T. Bailer, Mark K. Louder, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Mark Connors, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Lawrence Shapiro. Maturation and Diversity of the VRC01-Antibody Lineage over 15 Years of Chronic HIV-1 Infection. Cell, 161(3):470-485, 23 Apr 2015. PubMed ID: 25865483.
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Wu2016
Xueling Wu and Xiang-Peng Kong. Antigenic Landscape of the HIV-1 Envelope and New Immunological Concepts Defined by HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 42:56-64, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27289425.
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Wu2018
Xilin Wu, Jia Guo, Mengyue Niu, Minghui An, Li Liu, Hui Wang, Xia Jin, Qi Zhang, Ka Shing Lam, Tongjin Wu, Hua Wang, Qian Wang, Yanhua Du, Jingjing Li, Lin Cheng, Hang Ying Tang, Hong Shang, Linqi Zhang, Paul Zhou, and Zhiwei Chen. Tandem bispecific neutralizing antibody eliminates HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. J Clin Invest, 128(6):2239-2251, Jun 1 2018. PubMed ID: 29461979.
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Yang2012
Lifei Yang, Yufeng Song, Xiaomin Li, Xiaoxing Huang, Jingjing Liu, Heng Ding, Ping Zhu, and Paul Zhou. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Produced by Stably Transfected Drosophila S2 Cells: A Desirable Vaccine Component. J. Virol., 86(14):7662-7676, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22553333.
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Yang2014
Lili Yang and Pin Wang. Passive Immunization against HIV/AIDS by Antibody Gene Transfer. Viruses, 6(2):428-447, Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24473340.
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Yang2018
Zheng Yang, Xi Liu, Zehua Sun, Jingjing Li, Weiguo Tan, Weiye Yu, and Meiyun Zhang. Identification of a HIV gp41-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody with Potent Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front. Immunol., 9:2613, 2018. PubMed ID: 30519238.
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Yasmeen2014
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Yates2018
Nicole L. Yates, Allan C. deCamp, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, Carmela Irene, Abraham Pinter, James Peacock, Linda J. Harris, Sheetal Sawant, Peter Hraber, Xiaoying Shen, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Sorachai Nitayapan, Phillip W. Berman, Merlin L. Robb, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Barton F. Haynes, S. Munir Alam, David C. Montefiori, and Georgia D. Tomaras. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins from Diverse Clades Differentiate Antibody Responses and Durability among Vaccinees. J. Virol., 92(8), 15 Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29386288.
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Yu2018
Wen-Han Yu, Peng Zhao, Monia Draghi, Claudia Arevalo, Christina B. Karsten, Todd J. Suscovich, Bronwyn Gunn, Hendrik Streeck, Abraham L. Brass, Michael Tiemeyer, Michael Seaman, John R. Mascola, Lance Wells, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, and Galit Alter. Exploiting Glycan Topography for Computational Design of Env Glycoprotein Antigenicity. PLoS Comput. Biol., 14(4):e1006093, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29677181.
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Zhang2013
Yu Zhang, Tingting Yuan, Jingjing Li, Yanyu Zhang, Jianqing Xu, Yiming Shao, Zhiwei Chen, and Mei-Yun Zhang. The Potential of the Human Immune System to Develop Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies: Implications for Vaccine Development. AIDS, 27(16):2529-2539, 23 Oct 2013. PubMed ID: 24100711.
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Zhang2022
Baoshan Zhang, Deepika Gollapudi, Jason Gorman, Sijy O'Dell, Leland F. Damron, Krisha McKee, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Eun Sung Yang, Amarendra Pegu, Bob C. Lin, Cara W. Chao, Xuejun Chen, Lucio Gama, Vera B. Ivleva, William H. Law, Cuiping Liu, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Wei Shi, Judith A. Stein, Michael S. Seaman, Adrian B. McDermott, Kevin Carlton, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, Q. Paula Lei, and Nicole A. Doria-Rose. Engineering of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody CAP256V2LS for Manufacturability and Improved Half Life. Sci. Rep., 12(1):17876, 25 Oct 2022. PubMed ID: 36284200.
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Zhou2010
Tongqing Zhou, Ivelin Georgiev, Xueling Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Kaifan Dai, Andrés Finzi, Young Do Kwon, Johannes F. Scheid, Wei Shi, Ling Xu, Yongping Yang, Jiang Zhu, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Joseph Sodroski, Lawrence Shapiro, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Basis for Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 by Antibody VRC01. Science, 329(5993):811-817, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20616231.
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Zhou2013a
Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, Xueling Wu, Stephanie Moquin, Baoshan Zhang, Priyamvada Acharya, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Han R. Altae-Tran, Gwo-Yu Chuang, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Nancy S. Longo, Mark K. Louder, Timothy Luongo, Krisha McKee, Chaim A. Schramm, Jeff Skinner, Yongping Yang, Zhongjia Yang, Zhenhai Zhang, Anqi Zheng, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Johannes F. Scheid, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Melissa Simek, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Mark Connors, Lawrence Shapiro, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Multidonor Analysis Reveals Structural Elements, Genetic Determinants, and Maturation Pathway for HIV-1 Neutralization by VRC01-Class Antibodies. Immunity, 39(2):245-258, 22 Aug 2013. PubMed ID: 23911655.
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Zhou2015
Tongqing Zhou, Rebecca M. Lynch, Lei Chen, Priyamvada Acharya, Xueling Wu, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, M. Gordon Joyce, Daniel Lingwood, Cinque Soto, Robert T. Bailer, Michael J. Ernandes, Rui Kong, Nancy S. Longo, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Lillian Tran, Zhongjia Yang, Aliaksandr Druz, Timothy S. Luongo, Stephanie Moquin, Sanjay Srivatsan, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Anqi Zheng, Marie Pancera, Tatsiana Kirys, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Tatyana Gindin, Hung-Pin Peng, An-Suei Yang, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Matthew D. Gray, Leonidas Stamatatos, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Myron S. Cohen, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph P. Casazza, Mark Connors, Davide Corti, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Quentin J. Sattentau, Robin A. Weiss, Anthony P. West, Jr., Pamela J. Bjorkman, Johannes F. Scheid, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Repertoire of HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the CD4 Supersite in 14 Donors. Cell, 161(6):1280-1292, 4 Jun 2015. PubMed ID: 26004070.
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Zhou2017
Tongqing Zhou, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Cheng Cheng, Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Hui Geng, Krisha McKee, Young Do Kwon, Sijy O'Dell, Mallika Sastry, Stephen D. Schmidt, Kai Xu, Lei Chen, Rita E. Chen, Mark K. Louder, Marie Pancera, Timothy G. Wanninger, Baoshan Zhang, Anqi Zheng, S. Katie Farney, Kathryn E. Foulds, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Thomas Lemmin, Sandeep Narpala, Reda Rawi, Cinque Soto, John-Paul Todd, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Yongping Yang, Peng Zhao, Barton F. Haynes, Leonidas Stamatatos, Michael Tiemeyer, Lance Wells, Diana G. Scorpio, Lawrence Shapiro, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Quantification of the Impact of the HIV-1-Glycan Shield on Antibody Elicitation. Cell Rep., 19(4):719-732, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28445724.
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Zhu2013a
Jiang Zhu, Xueling Wu, Baoshan Zhang, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Cinque Soto, Tongqing Zhou, Joseph P. Casazza, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Lawrence Shapiro. De Novo Identification of VRC01 Class HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies by Next-Generation Sequencing of B-Cell Transcripts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(43):E4088-E4097, 22 Oct 2013. PubMed ID: 24106303.
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Pegu2022
Amarendra Pegu, Ling Xu, Megan E. DeMouth, Giulia Fabozzi, Kylie March, Cassandra G. Almasri, Michelle D. Cully, Keyun Wang, Eun Sung Yang, Joana Dias, Christine M. Fennessey, Jason Hataye, Ronnie R. Wei, Ercole Rao, Joseph P. Casazza, Wanwisa Promsote, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Krisha McKee, Stephen D. Schmidt, Xuejun Chen, Cuiping Liu, Wei Shi, Hui Geng, Kathryn E. Foulds, Shing-Fen Kao, Amy Noe, Hui Li, George M. Shaw, Tongqing Zhou, Constantinos Petrovas, John-Paul Todd, Brandon F. Keele, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Richard A. Koup, Zhi-Yong Yang, Gary J. Nabel, and John R. Mascola. Potent Anti-Viral Activity of a Trispecific HIV Neutralizing Antibody in SHIV-Infected Monkeys. Cell Rep., 38(1):110199, 4 Jan 2022. PubMed ID: 34986348.
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Displaying record number 2635
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
PGT121 (PGT-121) |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
|
Epitope |
(Discontinuous epitope)
|
Subtype |
A |
Ab Type |
gp120 V3 // V3 glycan (V3g) |
Neutralizing |
P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG) |
Patient |
Donor 17 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, bispecific/trispecific, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, contact residues, dynamics, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, escape, germline, glycosylation, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, isotype switch, junction or fusion peptide, kinetics, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 154 of
154 notes.
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PGT121: This preview summarizes the findings of Doud2017, Dingens2017, and Dingens2019 where all possible point mutation escapes from binding nAbs were mapped using a screen of single amino acid changes of soluble Env ectodomain that were then grown and exposed to bnAbs. A loss of interaction/binding to the bnAb suggested neutralization resistant Env and these were deep sequenced, giving an atlas of escape pathways the virus might take. Escape mutants were found to mostly overlap with the 5 structural epitopes (antigen binding regions) of Env even though many of them are not reported in nature. Two additional sets of mutations were found in (1) contact residues that do not affect neutralization and (2) residues outside the 5 structural epitopes. These studies will provide a third characteristic to add to successful bnAb generation besides breadth and potency - "non-susceptibility to escape". Combination therapy trials like those of PGT121 and 10-1074, both of which target the glycosylation supersite N332, would also benefit from an understanding of their antigenic escape profile.
Ward2019
(review)
-
PGT121: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: Membrane-bound mRNA-encoded BG505-based Apex GT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. The antigenicity of the most promising immunogen, ApexGT5, was also assessed in variants designed for mRNA delivery. Membrane-bound DNA-expressed BG505 SOSIP.MD39 (MD39, background for Apex constructs), ApexGT5, ApexGT5.Congly and ApexGT5.Gmax, as well as membrane-bound mRNA-encoded MD39, ApexGT5 and ApexGT5Congly all had generally similar antigenic profiles and bound mAb PGT121 at high levels.
Willis2022
(antibody binding site)
-
PGT121: A SHIV carrying a highly neutralization-sensitive Env (SHIVCNE40) was passaged in macaques. SHIVCNE40 developed enhanced replication kinetics associated with neutralization resistance against autologous serum, CD4-Ig, and several nAbs (17b, 3BNC117, N6, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, 35O22, 2F5, 10E8). A gp41 substitution, E658K, was the major determinant for this resistance. Structural modeling and functional verification indicate that the substitution disrupts an intermolecular salt bridge with the neighboring protomer, thereby promoting fusion and facilitating immune evasion. This effect is applicable across many HIV-1 viruses of diverse subtypes. These results highlight the critical role of gp41 in shaping the neutralization profile and conformation of Env during viral adaptation. The unique intermolecular salt bridge could potentially be utilized for rational vaccine design involving more stable HIV-1 Env trimers.
Wang2019
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, structure)
-
PGT121: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
PGT121: This study designed and expressed scFv versions of 4 HIV bnAbs prioritized for clinical testing: CAP256-VRC26.25 (V2-apex), PGT121 (V3-glycan supersite), 3BNC117 (CD4 binding site), and 10E8v4 (MPER). A 15- or 18-amino-acid glycine-serine linker between the heavy- and light-chain fragments provided adequate levels of scFv expression. When tested against a 45-multi-subtype virus panel, all 4 scFv retained good neutralizing activity, although there was some loss of function compared to the parental IgGs. Remarkably, 10E8v4-scFv maintained 100% breadth with only a minor reduction in potency. For CAP256-VRC26.25, there was a significant 138-fold loss of potency that was in part related to differential interaction with charged amino acids at positions 169 and 170 in the V2 epitope. Potency was reduced for the 3BNC117-scFv (13-fold) and PGT121-scFv (4-fold) among viruses lacking the N276 and N332 glycans, respectively, and in viruses with a longer V1 loop for PGT121-scFv. This suggested that scFvs interact with their epitopes in subtly different ways, with variation at key residues affecting scFv neutralization more than the corresponding IgGs. Overall, scFv of clinically relevant bNAbs had significant neutralizing activity, indicating that they could be considered for passive immunization.
vanDorsten2020
(neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. PGT121 was used as a reference control IgG. Inhibition of EPTC112 binding to SOSIP was mainly evidenced with anti-V3-glycan bNAb PGT121 (55%–77% blocking range).
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
PGT121: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: The polyclonal response of human subjects VC20013 and VC10014 demonstrated increasing neutralization breadth against a panel of HIV-1 isolates over time. Full-length functional env genes were cloned longitudinally from these subjects from months after infection through 2.6 to 5.8 years of infection. Motifs associated with the development of breadth in published, cross-sectional studies were found in the viral sequences of both subjects. To test the immunogenicity of envelope vaccines derived from time points obtained during and after broadening of neutralization activity within these subjects, rabbits were coimmunized 4 times with selected multiple gp160 DNAs and gp140-trimeric envelope proteins. In an assay of rabbit polyclonal responses, the most rapid and persistent neutralization of multiclade tier 1 viruses was elicited by envelopes that were circulating in plasma at time points prior to the development of 50% neutralization breadth in both human subjects. The breadth elicited in rabbits was not improved by exposure to later envelope variants. Env immunogen sequences were tested for binding to a panel of well studied mAbs of various binding types (VRC01, HJ16, b12, b6, PG9, PGT121, 2G12, 2F5, F240); all gp140s bound to weak or non-neutralizing antibodies b6 and F240. MAb b6 also bound BG505 SOSIP, while F240 did not, suggesting that cluster I gp41 epitopes, which become exposed during gp120 shedding, are more easily accessed on these trimers than on BG505-SOSIP. These data have implications for vaccine development in describing a target time point to identify optimal env immunogens.
Malherbe2014
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
PGT121: The study isolated 3 new V3-glycan antibody lineages (DH270, DH272, DH475) from donor CH848, who was followed for 5 years starting from the time of transmission. The DH272 and DH475 lineages had neutralization patterns that likely selected for observed viral escape variants, which, in turn, stimulated the DH270 lineage to potent neutralization breadth. DH270 antibodies were recovered from memory B cells at all three sampling times (weeks 205, 232, and 234 post-infection). Like some previously-characterized Abs (PGT121, PGT128, 10-1074), the DH270 lineage mAbs bound to Env N332, and their neutralization was reduced or abrogated by mutation of this residue. PGT121 neutralized 131/207 heterologous pseudoviruses with IC50 value of <50 μ/ml and demonstrated an inverse correlation between potency and V1 length.
Bonsignori2017
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
PGT121: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: PGT121 was negative for neutralization, ADCC, and weakly positive for binding to infected cells.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: Reduction in exposure of non-neutralizing Ab (nnAb) epitopes on native-like Env trimer immunogens results in bnAbs being elicited that have autologous tier 2 neutralization instead of tier 1. The design of trimer modifications to silence nnAb reactivity were directed towards (1) the V3 loop (2) epitopes exposed through CD4-induced conformational changes (CD4i epitopes) and (3) the exposed SOSIP trimer base that is usually buried within virus membrane. (1) In Steichen2016 2 Env variants of BG505 SOSIP.664 with reduced V3 nnAb-generating activity were created, one using mammalian display screens, BG505 MD39, and the other with an engineered disulfide bond, BG505 SOSIP.DS21. MD39's trimer design was improved by using the Rosetta Design platform and inserting 6 buried mutations to form BG505 Olio6, and both this trimer as well as the DS21 were shown to have reduced antigenicity for nnAb generation in a rabbit vaccine model. (2) To reduce CD4i epitope elicitation of nnAbs, saturation mutagenesis of Olio6 was performed, in search of the trimer that binds VRC01-class bnAbs but not CD4. BG505 Olio6.CD4KO containing the G473T mutation was identified. In addition, for the purposes of nucleic acid-based vaccine platform designs, the natural furin cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 was removed to abolish protease cleavage, by swapping the order of gp14 and gp120 in the gp160 gene, giving the trimer BG505 MD39.CP (circular permutation). (3) The exposed trimer base was masked with glycan in 3 under-glycosylated regions in order to direct bnAb responses to the distal regions (CD4bs, V2 apex, N332 superset) of the trimer instead, generating the GRSF (glycan resurfaced) MD39 and GRSF MD39.CP variants. Furthermore, variants with improved thermostability over MD39 were created, MD37 and MD64. All of these stabilizing mutations were transferred to diverse HIV isolates from different subtypes. Finally 3 subtype C (isolate 327c) trimers were assessed for binding to bnAbs, VRC01, PGT121, PGT151, PGT145, PG9 and to nnAbs, F105 and 17b - PGT121 binds to all three as well as to AD8 SOSIP and AD8 MD64.
Kulp2017
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, assay or method development, autologous responses, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT121: The VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) vaccine trials (2016-2020) showed that passively administered bnAbs could prevent HIV-1 acquisition of bnAb-sensitive viruses. Viruses isolated from AMP participants who acquired infection during the study were used to make a panel of 218 HIV-1 pseudoviruses. The majority of viruses identified were clade B and C, with clades A, D, F, G and recombinants present at lower frequencies. BnAbs in clinical development (VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, CAP256.25, PGDM1400, PGT121, 10–1074 and 10E8v4) were tested for neutralization against all AMP placebo viruses (n = 76). Compared to older clade C viruses (1998–2010), the AMP clade C viruses showed increased resistance to VRC07-523LS and CAP256.25. At a concentration of 1μg/ml (IC80), predictive modeling identified the triple combination of V3/V2-glycan/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10-1074/PGDM1400/VRC07-523LS) as the best antibody mixture against clade C viruses, and a combination of MPER/V3/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10E8v4/10-1074/VRC07-523LS) as the best against clade B viruses, due to low coverage of V2-glycan directed bnAbs against clade B viruses. The AMP placebo virus panel represents a resource for defining the sensitivity of contemporaneous circulating viral strains to bnAbs.
Mkhize2023
(assay or method development, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: Using subtype A BG505 Env structural information, improved variants of subtype B JRFL and subtype C 16055 Env native flexibly linked (NFL) trimers were generated. The trimer-derived (TD) residues that increased well-ordered, homogeneous, stable, and soluble trimers did not require positive or negative selection as previously needed [Guenaga2015, PLoS Pathos. 11(1):e1004570]. PGT121 and PGT128 both bound the NFL TD Env with high avidity, this was particularly relevant to the 16055 TD trimer in which N332 was introduced into the supersite for glycan presence as opposed to the native 16055 Env.
Guenaga2015a
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT121: Native, well-ordered, soluble mimetics of the Env trimer from subtypes B (JRFL) and C (16055) were obtained from genetically identical samples of heterogeneous mixture of disordered Env SOSIPs. Negative selection by non-nAbs was used to remove disordered oligomers, leaving well-ordered trimers that were able to bind sCD4, a panel of bnAbs that bind CD4bs, and PGT15 which is a bnAb that binds only cleavage-dependent, well-ordered, Env trimer. Several biophysical techniques were used to interrogate the structure of the purified subtype B and C trimers. Trimer antigenicity was assessed by bio-layer interferometry against F105-like non-neutralizing Abs, and some bnAbs in solution. Glycan-targeting (around N332) Ab PGT121 recognizes both the subtype B JRFL trimers as well as subtype C 16055 trimers that lack N-linked glycan at N332 but the off-rate is faster; PGT121 can however, neutralize both subtype B and C trimers.
Guenaga2015
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
PGT121: The study characterized viral evolution and changes in neutralizing activity and sensitivity of a long-term non-progressing patient (GX2016EU01) with HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection. Four plasma samples were derived from the patient between 2016 and 2020, and 59 full-length env gene fragments were obtained, revealing that potential N-linked glycosylation sites in V1 and V5 significantly increased over time. While 24 Env-pseudotyped viruses from the patient remained sensitive to autologous plasma, all were resistant to bNAbs 2G12, PGT121, and PGT135. The pseudoviruses were sensitive to 10E8, VRC01, and 12A21, but became more resistant to these bnAbs and to autologous plasma at later timepoints. The neutralization breadth of plasma from all 4 sequential samples was 100% against the global HIV-1 reference panel. Immune escape mutants resulted in increased resistance to bNAbs targeting different epitopes. The study identified known mutations F277W in gp41 and previously uncharacterized mutation S465T in V5 which may be associated with increased viral resistance to bNAbs.
Wang2022
(autologous responses, glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, escape, rate of progression, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: This paper demonstrated that sequential immunization, vs. repeated administration of a single immunogen, was superior in eliciting bnAbs and SHM. The protocols that were most successful had gradual epitope structural changes, and thus avoided large drops in affinity, between successive boosts. The immunizations were done in knockin mice expressing a germline reverted version of the PGT121 family precursor with stabilized native-like soluble Env trimer immunogens engineered in Steichen2016 (PMID 27610569) to target this PGT121 precursor. 10MUT, with the highest affinity for germline precursors, was used as a priming immunogen while 10MUT, 7MUT, 5MUT, BG505-SOSIP.664, and/or a cocktail of native-like soluble trimers with diverse variable loops (aka VLC) were used as boosts.
Escolano2016
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT121: Using a BG505-SOSIP.664 backbone, authors engineered a series of stabilized native-like soluble Env trimers that each had varying affinity for germline-reverted antibodies and/or mature PGT121. These trimers included 3MUT, 5MUT, 7MUT, 10MUT, MD39, MD39-10MUT, and MD39-11MUTB. When conjugated to liposomes, the latter 3 trimers could each activate mature PGT121 B cells but only MD39-11MUTB could activate germline-reverted PGT121 B cells (PGT121-GLCDR3rev4). Two weeks after a single immunization of PGT121-GLCDR3rev4 knockin mice, immunogen-specific serum responses were detected in 4/5 10MUT-immunized mice and 4/4 MD39-11MUTB-immunized mice but not in 6 BG505-SOSIP-immunized mice. Authors also proposed sequential immunization schemes using their engineered trimers, one of which was evaluated in Escolano2016 (PMID 27610569).
Steichen2016
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT121: To characterize the persistence and phenotypic properties of HIV Env over time, blood and lymphoid samples were obtained at 2 timepoints from 8 people with HIV on suppressive ART. Single genome amplification and sequencing was performed on env to understand genetic diversity clonal expansion. A subset of envs were used to generate pseudovirus particles to assess sensitivity to autologous plasma IgG and bnAbs, and neutralization was assayed against a panel of 5 bnAbs (VRC01, 10E8, PGT121, 10-1074, 3BNC117) and the trispecific N6/PGDM1400x10E8. Identical env sequences indicating clonal expansion persisted between timepoints and within multiple T-cell subsets. At both timepoints, CXCR4-tropic (X4) Envs were more prevalent in naive and central memory cells; the proportion of X4 Envs did not significantly change in each subset between timepoints. Autologous purified plasma IgG showed variable neutralization of Envs, with no significant difference in neutralization between R5 and X4 Envs. X4 Envs were more sensitive to neutralization with clinical bnAbs, with CD4-binding site bnAbs demonstrating high breadth and potency against Envs. These data suggest the viral reservoir was predominantly maintained over time through proliferation of infected cells. The humoral immune response to Envs within the latent reservoir was variable between persons. The study also found that coreceptor usage can influence bNAb sensitivity and may need to be considered for future bNAb immunotherapy approaches.
Gartner2023
(co-receptor, neutralization, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: N-linked glycosylation of antibodies can increase their chemical heterogeneity, complicating their manufacture. VRC01-like antibodies were assessed for the presence of light chain (LC) glycosylation, with some showing the presence of LC glycosylation (N6, VRC01, 3BNC117, VRC-CH31,) and some not (12A12, VRC18, VRC-PG04, VRC-PG20, VRC23, DRVIA7). This study developed a method to remove variable domain (Fv) glycans from nAbs, and used this method to develop engineered versions of 4 antibodies (VRC26.25, N6, PGT121, and VRC07-523). When germline residues were introduced to remove each glycan, antibody properties between wild type and mutant were not significantly altered for VRC26.25 and PGT121; however, germline mutants for N6 and VRC07-523 showed increased polyreactivity, which correlates with unfavorable in vivo pharmacokinetics. To reduce polyreactivity induced by removal of Fv glycan, aromatic residues and arginines structurally proximal to the removed glycan were mutated, and Fv glycan-removed variants were identified with low polyreactivity for N6 and VRC07-523. Two such variants, N6-N72Q-R18D and VRC07-523-N72Q-R24D, were assayed in humanized mice and showed thermostability, neutralization potency, neutralization breadth, and half-life that were similar to their wild type glycosylated counterparts. With reduced heterogeneity, Fv-glycan-removed nAbs may have utility for treating or preventing infection by HIV-1.
Chuang2020
(assay or method development, glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PGT121: REVIEW: This review discusses isotype switching. Several anti-HIV mAbs are mentioned as having isotype switch variants: F105, F425 B4e8, F240, 2F5, and PGT121.
Janda2016
(isotype switch, review)
-
PGT121: This paper comprehensively defined the effect of every viable single aa mutation in the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of BG505.T332N Env on binding by 9 individual bnAbs targeting 5 epitope classes (VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PG9, PGT145, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 10E8), as well as by a mixture of 3BNC117 and 10-1074. Escape mutations mostly occurred in a small subset of structurally-defined contacts within <4 Å and at sites within 5-10 Å of the Ab. Escape from both V3-targeting bnAbs, PGT121 and 10-1074, occurred at similar sites, especially in and near the GDIR and N332 glycosylation motifs. There were also Ab-specific differences in escape sites as well as a larger effect magnitude for 10-1074. Env sites with the largest cumulative mutational impact on PGT121 binding were D325, R327, H330, N332, S334, and T415. Of 16 point mutations assessed, T415R, R327A, G441P, and T415Y mutations had the greatest effect on neutralization with respective IC50 value fold-increases of 3.8, 3.4, 2.6 and 2.4, relative to wildtype. See LANL Features and Contacts database for more details.
Dingens2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, escape, contact residues)
-
PGT121: This study reports on bispecific antibodies in which one arm is a single-chain (scFv) form of a V2-glycan antibody (VRC26.25 or PGT145), and the other arm is a V3-glycan Fab (10-1074, PGT121, or PGT128). A linker was used consisting of 10 repeats of tetraglycine-serine (10GS); additionally, KIH (knob in hole) mutations were introduced for stabilization. Some of these bispecific antibodies are markedly more potent than their parental bNAbs, likely because they simultaneously engage both the V2-apex and V3-glycan epitopes of Env.
Davis-Gardner2020
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: This study aimed to define properties shared by transmitted viruses by comparing antigenic and functional properties of envelope glycoproteins of viral variants isolated during primary infection in 27 patients belonging to 8 transmission clusters. The neutralization of the 27 pseudotyped viruses was assayed with 8 human bnAbs targeting various regions of the virus. The infectious properties of the viruses was assessed by measuring their infectivity and sensitivity to entry inhibitors. Transmitted viruses from the same transmission chain shared many properties, including similar neutralization profiles, sensitivity to inhibitors, and infectivity. All transmitted viruses were CCR5-tropic, sensitive to maraviroc, and resistant to soluble forms of CD4, irrespective of cluster. They were also generally sensitive to bnAbs that target V3 (10-1074, PGT121), CD4bs (3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W), and MPER region (10E8), suggesting that the loss of these epitopes may affect a virus’s capacity to be transmitted. The viruses were somewhat less sensitive to bnAbs targeting the V1V2 region (PG9, PGT145) and gp120/gp41 interface (8ANC195). These data suggest that the transmission bottleneck is governed by selective forces.
Beretta2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
PGT121: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
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PGT121: The study looked at the neutralization of subtype C Env sequences from 9 South African individuals followed longitudinally. A total of 43 Env sequences were cloned and assayed for neutralization by 12 bnAbs of various binding types (VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074 and PGT121, 10E8, 3BNC117, CAP256.VRC26.25, 4E10, PGDM1400, and N123-VRC34.01). Features associated with resistance to bNAbs were higher potential glycosylation sites, relatively longer V1 and V4 domains, and known signature mutations. The study found significant variability in the breadth and potency of bnAbs against circulating HIV-1 subtype C envelopes. In particular, VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074, and PGT121 display broad activity against subtype C variants. The results suggest that these 6 bnAbs are potent antibodies that should be considered for future antibody therapy and treatment studies targeting HIV-1 subtype C.
Mandizvo2022
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); PGT121 had 15 improbable mutations out of 55 total AA mutations, and 3 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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PGT121: 3 clonally-related autologously-neutralizing mAbs (43A, 43A1, and 43A2), isolated from rabbit 5743 which was co-immunized with BG505- and B41-based SOSIP soluble trimers [Klasse2016, PMID: 27627672], bind to an immunodominant epitope in V1 overlapping the bnAb N332 glycan supersite without interacting with glycans. All 43A family members, at 2-50 μg/ml concentrations, competed strongly with PGT121 with 6-34% residual binding in a BG505 SOSIP.664 binding assay. Negative-stain electron microscopy determined that the 43A family has an overlapping epitope near the base of V3 and a similar angle of approach as bnAb PGT121. PGT121 made more extensive contacts with Env using its approx. 20 aa-long CDRH3, when compared to 43A2 which interacted with Env with its 13 aa CDRL3. Analysis of known crystal structure of putative precursor of PGT121 bound to BG505 SOSIP (PDB 5CEZ) revealed that, compared to an unbound state, the V1 loop has undergone a conformational change to provide PGT121 with access to the GDIR motif. Contacts with gp120 side chains can be found in the Env Features and Contacts database at hiv.lanl.gov.
Nogal2020
(antibody interactions, structure, contact residues)
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PGT121: A panel of 33 CRF02_AG pseudoviruses was generated from HIV-1-infected individuals during early stages of infection. Samples represented a 15-year period 1997-2012. These viruses were best neutralized by the CD4bs-directed bnAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, and N6) and the MPER-directed bnAb 10E8 in terms of both potency and breadth. There was a higher resistance to bnAbs targeting the V1V2-glycan region (PG9 and PGT145) and the V3-glycan region (PGT121 and 10-1074). Neutralization by 8ANC195 was also assayed. Combinations of antibodies were predicted by the CombiNaber tool to achieve full coverage across this subtype. There was increased resistance to bnAbs targeting the CD4bs linked to the diversification of CRF02_AG Env over the course of the timespan sampled.
Stefic2019
(neutralization, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
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PGT121: After single immunization, 14/17 cloned mAbs from mice immunized with either modified native-like soluble Env trimer immunogen RC1 or RC1-4fill, and 32/38 cloned mAbs from macaques immunized with RC1-4fill multimerized on virus-like particles bound to the desired V3-glycan patch with diverse binding mechanisms. Germline usage and CDR sequence and length were identified for all 55 mAbs but only those with published functional characterization were included in this database. In macaques, these non-neutralizing mAbs had sequence and structural similarities to inferred germline precursors of bnAbs that target V3-glycan patch like PGT121 including longer light chain CDRs, CDRL3 QXXDSS & SYAG motifs, and CDRL1 NIG-like motifs. Compared to parental immunogen 11MUTB, both RC1 and RC1-4fill have N156 glycan deletion to facilitate V3-glycan patch binding while RC1-4fill also has glycans added at N230, N241, N289 and N344 to mask soluble trimer base epitope. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that the absence of the N156 or N301 potential N-linked glycosylation site respectively enhances or reduces neutralization by bnAb PGT121. PGT121 efficiently bound RC1, RC1-4fill, 11MUTB, mutant RC1-GAIA, 11MUTBΔ301 and BG505, but had greatly diminished binding to a deglycosylated RC1 mutant. The shared inferred germline (iGL) revertant for PGT121/10-1074 bound to RC1 and 11MUTB with similar affinities (KD values both approx. 50 μM). A chimeric mAb with an iGL revertant light chain (LC) and mature PGT121 heavy chain (HC), but not the inverse chimeric mAb (mature PGT121 LC and shared iGL HC), was recognized by an anti-idiotypic Ab specific for the shared PGT121/10-1074 iGL revertant.
Escolano2019
(anti-idiotype, glycosylation)
-
PGT121: The study found variations in the neutralization susceptibility of 71 Indian clade C viruses to 4 bnAbs (VRC01, VRC26.25, PGDM1400 and PGT121). Based on the neutralization data, the resistance signatures of the 4 bnAbs were determined. Using the CombiNAber tool, two possible combinations of three bnAbs (VRC01/VRC26.25/PGT121 and PGDM1400/VRC26.25/PGT121) were predicted to have 100% neutralization of the panel of Indian clade C viruses.
Mullick2021
(antibody interactions, neutralization)
-
PGT121: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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PGT121: Of 40 total Env trimer-targeting mAbs isolated from 6 macaques either after 3 priming immunizations with artificial consensus stabilized native-like HIV-1 immunogen ConM SOSIP.v7 or subsequent 2 boosting immunizations with the closely related ConSOSL.UFO.664 immunogen, the V1V2V3 region was immunodominant for the 22 (55%) mAbs that neutralized ConM and/or ConS virus. PGT121 had 51% and 53% residual binding, respectively, when competing individually against biotinylated V1V2V3-targeting mAbs CM02A and CM05A1.
Reiss2022
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: This report characterizes an additional antiviral activity of some bnAbs to block HIV-1 release by tethering viral particles at the surface of infected cells in vitro in a bivalency-dependent manner. After cultivation of infected primary CD4+ T cells with individual bnAbs, supernatant p24 levels were negatively correlated with cell-associated Gag levels, Env binding and neutralization potency while cell-associated Gag levels and Env binding positively correlated with each other and individually with neutralization potency. The capacity to mediate this tethering activity varied among different classes of mAbs: 0/3 non-neutralizing mAbs, 1/5 bnAbs targeting the MPER or gp120/gp41 interface and 9/9 of the bnAbs targeting the V3 and V1/V1 loops or the CD4bs demonstrated this activity against at least 1/3 diverse viral strains (AD8, CH058 and vKB18). Five of these latter 9 bnAbs, including bnAb 10-1074 which had the most potent effect observed in study when cultivated with vKB18-infected CD4+ T cells, displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains. Surface aggregation of mature virions and bnAb 10-1074 was observed in CH058-infected primary CD4+ T cells and CHME macrophage-like cells. V3-targeting bnAb PGT121 displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains.
Dufloo2022
(binding affinity)
-
PGT121: Env clones were obtained from donor CBJC515 plasma. The neutralization of these clones was tested against 3 donor serum samples (2005, 2006, 2008) and 6 bnAbs (10E8, 2G12, PGT121, PGT135, VRC01, 12A21). In phylogeny, the sequences clustered into 2 major clusters. Cluster I viruses vanished in 2006 and then appeared as recombinants in 2008. In Cluster II viruses, the V1 length and N-glycosylation sites increased over the four years of the study period. Most viruses were sensitive to concurrent and subsequent autologous plasma, and to bNAbs 10E8, PGT121, VRC01, and 12A21, but all viruses were resistant to PGT135. Overall, 90% of Cluster I viruses were resistant to 2G12, while 94% of Cluster II viruses were sensitive to 2G12. The study confirmed that HIV-1 continued to evolve even in the presence of bnAbs, and two virus clusters in this donor adopted different escape mechanisms under the same humoral immune pressure.
Hu2021
(autologous responses, glycosylation, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: This is the first report of a triple combination bnAb (PGDM1400, PGT121, and VRC07-523LS) therapeutic clinical trial in HIV-1-infected humans. Three subjects received this triple combination therapy, which was well-tolerated, and completed the trial. An additional subject, 683-7312, received double bnAb therapy (PGDM1400 and PGT121). After bnAb administration, all 4 subjects had an initial decrease from baseline viral loads and then rebounded. Subject 693-2215 showed resistance to PGDM1400 and PGT121 at baseline. The loss of a potential N-linked glycosylation site at residue 332, known to be a key Env glycan contact for V3 glycan bnAbs, mediated PGT121 viral escape for all subjects. The trial also established, for the first time, the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of PGDM1400 alone, or in combination with PGT121, in adults without HIV. The median PGT121 elimination half-life estimate for the groups without HIV co-administered with PDGM1400 was 20.2 days and 11.8 days for the groups with HIV when co-administered with PGDM1400 and VRC07-523LS.
Julg2022
(antibody interactions, neutralization, escape, kinetics, immunotherapy, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: A plant-based expression system was used to produce different glycoforms of the bnAbs PG9, PG16, 10–1074, NIH45–46G54W, 10E8, PGT121, PGT128, PGT145, PGT135, and b12. Also produced were mutated forms (N92T) of VRC01 (mVRC01) and NIH45–46G54W (mNIH45–46G54W). The in vivo properties of these mAbs were assessed in macaques to distinguish those most likely to comprise or become a component of an affordable and efficacious immunotherapeutic cocktails. N-glycans within the VL domain impaired the plasma stability of plant-derived bnAbs. While PGT121 and b12 exhibited no immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, VRC01, 10-1074 and NIH45-46G54W elicited high titer anti-idiotypic antibodies. The results indicated that that specific mutations in certain bnAbs caused immunogenicity in macaques. Such immunogenicity in humans would potentially compromise their value for immunotherapy. CHO1-31 was used as a positive control in a neutralization assay.
Rosenberg2015
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
PGT121: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128 as well as 2G12 were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PGT121: IgA and IgG bNAbs of 3 distinct B cell lineages were characterized in a viremic controller (pt7). Two lineages comprised only IgG+ or IgA+ blood memory B cells; the third combined both IgG and IgA clonal variants. BNAb 7-269 in the IgA-only lineage displayed the highest neutralizing capacity despite limited somatic mutation. Immunotherapy with 7-269 in humanized mice delayed viral rebound. AD8-infected cell killing by primary human natural killer (NK) cells via ADCC was observed with all pt7 bNAbs binding strongly to target cells and expressed as IgGs, except for 7-155. BNAbs in all three lineages targeted the N332 glycan supersite. Epitope mapping showed that all pt7 IgA and IgG bNAbs target the high-mannose patch centered on the N332 glycan without interacting with the V3 loop base, which contrasts with numerous bNAbs targeting the N332 supersite. The cryo-EM structure of 7-269 in complex with BG505 SOSIP revealed an epitope mainly composed of sugar residues comprising the N332 and N295 glycans; onto which 7-269 positions itself in a structurally similar way to 2G12. Binding and cryo-EM structural analyses showed that antibodies from the two other lineages interact mostly with glycans N332 and N386. Hence, multiple B cell lineages of IgG and IgA bNAbs focused on a unique HIV-1 site of vulnerability can codevelop in HIV-1 viremic controllers. Other antibodies used as controls included 10-188, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT135, 10-1074, BG8, BG18, and SF12.
Lorin2022
(antibody binding site, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT121: An elite controller patient (VA40774) was identified as having an Env V1 domain that was unusually long and contained 2 additional N-glycosylation sites and 2 additional cysteine residues, relative to HXB2. When this V1 region was put into other viral backbones, the resulting virus had lower infectivity. The long V1 domain is sufficient for partial or complete escape from neutralization by V3-glycan targeting antibodies 10-1074 and PGT121, but not by another V3-glycan bNAb (PGT128) nor by other classes of bNAbs.
Silver2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization)
-
PGT121: In an effort to identify new Env immunogens able to elicit bNAbs, this study looked at Envs derived from rare individuals who possess bNAbs and are elite viral suppressors, hypothesizing that in at least some people the antibodies may mediate durable virus control. The Env proteins recovered from these individuals may more closely resemble the Envs that gave rise to bNAbs compared to the highly diverse viruses isolated from normal progressors. This study identified a treatment-naive elite suppressor, EN3 (patient record #4929), whose serum had broad neutralization. The Env sequences of EN3 had much fewer polymorphisms, compared to those of a normal progressor, EN1 (patient record #4928), who also had broad serum neutralization. This result confirmed other reports of slower virus evolution in elite suppressors. EN3 Envelope proteins were unusual in that most possessed two extra cysteines within an elongated V1 region. The impact of the extra cysteines on the binding to bNAbs, virus infectivity, and sensitivity to neutralization suggested that structural motifs in V1 can affect infectivity, and that rare viruses may be prevented from developing escape. As part of this study, the neutralization of pseudotype viruses for EN3 Env clones was assayed for several bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, VRC01, 4E10, and 35O22).
Hutchinson2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: This review focuses on the potential for bNAbs to induce HIV-1 remission, either alone or in combination with latency reversing agents, therapeutic vaccines, or other novel therapeutics. Ongoing human trials aimed at HIV therapy or remission are utilizing the following antibodies, alone or in combination: VRC01, VRC01-LS, VRC07-523-LS, 3BNC117, 10-1074, 10-1074-LS, PGT121, PGDM1400, 10E8.4-iMab, and SAR441236 (trispecific VRC01/PGDM1400-10E8v4). Ongoing non-human primate studies aimed to target, control, or potentially eliminate the viral reservoir are utilizing the following antibodies, alone or in combination: 3BNC117, 10-1074, N6-LS, PGT121, and the GS9721 variant of PGT121.
Hsu2021
(antibody interactions, immunotherapy, review, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PGT121: A series of mutants was produced in the CAP256-VRC26.25 heavy chain for the purpose of avoiding the previously-identified proteolytic cleavage at position K100m. Neutralization of the mutants was tested, and the cleavage-resistant variant that showed the greatest potency was K100mA. In addition to the K100mA mutation, an LS mutation was added to the Fc portion of the heavy chain, as this change has been shown to improve the half-life of antibodies used for passive administration without affecting neutralization potency. The resulting construct was named CAP256V2LS. The pharmacokinetics of CAP256V2LS were assessed in macaques and mice, and it showed a profile similar to other antibodies used for immunotherapy. The antibody lacked autoreactivity. Structural analysis of wild-type CAP256-VRC26.25 showed that the K100m residue is not involved in interaction with the Env trimer. Neutralization data for PGT121 were used for comparison purposes.
Zhang2022
(neutralization, immunotherapy, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: This study describes the design of the CAPRISA 012B human trial to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics of CAP256V2LS. Escalating dosages of CAP256V2LS, alone and in combination with 2 other mAbs (VRC07-523LS, PGT121) will be given to 52 HIV-negative and 14 HIV-positive women. Results will be reported in a future study.
Mahomed2020
(immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: An R5 virus isolated from chronic patient NAB01 (Patient Record# 4723) was adapted in culture to growth in the presence of target cells expressing reduced levels of CD4. Entry kinetics of the virus were altered, and these alterations resulted in extended exposure of CD4-induced neutralization-sensitive epitopes to CD4. Adapted and control viruses were assayed for their neutralization by a panel of neutralizing antibodies targeting several different regions of Env (PGT121, PGT128, 1-79, 447-52d, b6, b12, VRC01, 17b, 4E10, 2F5, Z13e1). Adapted viruses showed greater sensitivity to antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site and the V3 loop. This evolution of Env resulted in increased CD4 affinity but decreased viral fitness, a phenomenon seen also in the immune-privileged CNS, particularly in macrophages.
Beauparlant2017
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion, dynamics, kinetics)
-
PGT121: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PGT121: In 8 ART-treated patients, latent viruses were induced by a viral outgrowth assay and assayed for their sensitivity to neutralization by 8 broadly neutralizing antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10E8v4-V5F-100cF). The patients' inducible reservoir of autologous viruses was generally refractory to neutralization, and higher Env diversity correlated with greater resistance to neutralization.
Wilson2021
(autologous responses, neutralization, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PGT121: In this clinical trial, administration of PGT121 was well tolerated in both HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected individuals. PGT121 potently and transiently inhibited HIV-1 replication in viremic individuals who had PGT121-sensitive viruses at enrollment. There were several distinct viral evolutionary patterns associated with the emergence of PGT121 resistance and viral rebound. These pathways included single point mutations, multiple point mutations, and viral recombination that led to increased resistance. Loss of D325 and the glycan at N332 were specifically associated with resistance in multiple patients. In some patients, resistance to PGT121 was accompanied by resistance to other bNAbs (10-1074, PGDM1400, or 3BNC117), as measured by neutralization assays.
Stephenson2021
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: Three vaccine regimens administered in guinea pigs over 200 weeks were compared for ability to elicit NAb polyclonal sera. While tier 1 NAb responses did increase with vaccination, tier 2 NAb heterologous responses did not. The 3 regimens were C97 (monovalent, Clade C gp140), 4C (tetravalent, 4 Clade C mosaic gp140s), ABCM (tetravalent, Clades A, B, C and mosaic gp140s). Polyclonal sera generated from the 4C regimen, compared to the C97 regimen, was markedly superior at outcompeting PGT121 binding to gp140 antigens, suggesting that the 4C regimen induced the most robust V3-specific antibodies.
Bricault2018
(antibody generation, vaccine-induced immune responses, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PGT121: A novel CD4bs bnAb, 1-18, is identified with breadth (97% against a 119-strain multiclade panel) and potency exceeding (IC50 = 0.048 µg/mL) most VH1-46 and VH1-2 class bnAbs like 3BNC117, VRC01, N6, 8ANC131, 10-1074, PGT151, PGT121, 8ANC195, PG16 and PGDM1400. 1-18 effectively restricts viral escape better than bnAbs 3BNC117 and VRC01. As with VRC01-like Abs, 1-18 targets the CD4bs but it recognizes the epitope differently. Neutralizing activity against VRC01 Ab-class escapes is maintained by 1-18. In humanized mice infected by strain HIV-1YU2, viral suppression is also maintained by 1-18. VH1-46-derived B cell clone 4.1 from patient IDC561 produced potent, broadly active mAbs. Subclone 4.1 is characterized by a 6 aa CDRH1 insertion lengthening it from 8 to 14 aa and produces bNAbs 1-18 and 1-55. Cryo-EM at 2.5A of 1-18 in complex with BG505SOSIP.664 suggests their insertion increases inter-protomer contacts by a negatively charged DDDPYTDDD motif, resulting in an enlargement of the buried surface on HIV-1 gp120. Variations in glycosylation is thought to confer higher neutralizing activity on 1-18 over 1-55.
Schommers2020
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664 has been reported. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 HR1 region which can guide the improvement of Env glycoprotein preparations and potentially increase their effectiveness as a vaccine. PGT121 broadly neutralized HIV-1AD8 full-length and cytoplasmic tail-deleted Envs.
Castillo-Menendez2019
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT121: This study reported analytical challenges associated with the formulation of 3BNC117 and PGT121 and the mixture of these mAbs. The single and mixture formulations were characterized for relative solubility and conformational stability at multiple temperatures, followed by stability and neutralization studies. Specific concentration-dependent aggregation rates at 30°C and 40°C were measured by size exclusion chromatography for the individual bnAbs with the mixture showing intermediate behavior. Interestingly, although the relative ratio of the 2 bnAbs remained constant at 4°C, the ratio of 3BNC117 to PGT121 increased in the dimer that formed during storage at 40°C.
Patel2018
(antibody interactions, neutralization)
-
PGT121: The latent viral reservoir is the critical barrier for the development of an HIV-1 cure. This study showed that the V3 glycan-dependent bNAb PGT121 together with the TLR7 agonist vesatolimod (GS-9620) administered during ART suppression delayed viral rebound following ART discontinuation in SHIV-SF162P3-infected rhesus monkeys that initiated ART during early acute infection. Moreover, the subset of PGT121+GS-9620 treated monkeys that did not show viral rebound following ART discontinuation also did not reveal virus by highly sensitive adoptive transfer and CD8 depletion studies. These data demonstrate the potential of bNAb administration together with innate immune stimulation as a possible strategy to target the viral reservoir.
Borducchi2018
(antibody interactions, immunotherapy, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PGT121: Chemoenzymatic synthesis, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of the V3 N334 glycopeptides from HIV-1 A244 gp120 have been reported. A synthetic V3 glycopeptide carrying a N334 high-mannose glycan was recognized by bNAb PGT128 and PGT126 but not by 10-1074. Rabbit immunization with the synthetic three-component A244 glycopeptide immunogen elicited substantial glycan-dependent antibodies with broad reactivity to various HIV-1 gp120/gp140 carrying N332 or N334 glycosylation sites. PGT121 was unable to bind to the A244 glycopeptides bearing a high-mannose N-glycan but could bind to the glycopeptide with a sialylated complex- type N-glycan placed at the N301 site (Fig: S1).
Cai2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT121: Lipid-based nanoparticles for the multivalent display of trimers have been shown to enhance humoral responses to trimer immunogens in the context of HIV vaccine development. After immunization with soluble MD39 SOSIP trimers (a stabilized version of BG505), trimer-conjugated liposomes improved both germinal center B cell and trimer-specific T follicular helper cell responses. In particular, MD39-liposomes showed high levels of binding by bNAbs such as V3 glycan specific PGT121, V1/V2 glycan specific PGT145, gp120/gp41 interface specific PGT151, CD4 binding site specific VRC01, and showed minimal binding by non-NAbs like CD4 binding site specific B6, and V3 specific 4025 or 39F.
Tokatlian2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the N332 supersite recognized by PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. PGT121, PG9, PG16, and CH01 bound better to the E153C/R178C/G152E mutant than to SOSIP.664. The I184C/E190C mutant bound all the V2 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, and CH01) better than SOSIP.664.
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. PGT121 was used for machine learning regression prediction and to analyze statistical details (Table S4).
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: The authors describe single-component molecules they designed that incorporate two (bispecific) or three (trispecific) bNAbs that recognize HIV Env exclusively, a bispecific CrossmAb targeting two epitopes on the major HIV coreceptor, CCR5, and bi- and trispecifics that cross-target both Env and CCR5. These newly designed molecules displayed exceptional breadth, neutralizing 98 to 100% of a 109-virus panel, as well as additivity and potency compared to those of the individual parental control IgGs. They constructed 8 different versions of tri-specific 10E8Fab-PGT121fv-PGDM1400fv, 3 different versions of tri-specific 10E8Fab-PGT121fv-PGDM1400fv.V8, and a tri-specific PRO-140Fab-PGDM1400fv-PGT121fv. A trispecific containing 10E8-PGT121-PGDM1400 Env-specific binding sites was equally potent (median IC50 of 0.0135 µg/ml), while a trispecific molecule targeting Env and CCR5 simultaneously, (10E8Fab-PGDM1400fv-PRO 140fv) demonstrated even greater potency, with a median IC50 of 0.007 µg/ml. Other trispecifics, using RoAb13Fab in combination with a bi-specific PGT121fv-PRO 140fv, neutralized most of the viruses in the smaller global panel but were not exceptionally potent.
Khan2018
(neutralization, bispecific/trispecific)
-
PGT121: In vitro neutralization data against 25 subtype A, 100 C, and 20 D pseudoviruses of 8 bNAbs (3BNC117, N6, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, CAP256-VRC26.25, PGDM1400, 10–1074, PGT121) and 2 bispecific Abs under clinical development (10E8-iMAb, 3BNC117-PGT135) was studied to assess the antibodies’ potential to prevent infection by dominant HIV-1 subtypes in sub-Saharan Africa. In vivo protection of these Abs and their 2-Ab combination was predicted using a function of in vitro neutralization based on data from a macaque simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge study. Conclusions were that 1. bNAb combinations outperform individual bNAbs 2. Different bNAb combinations were optimal against different HIV subtypes 3. Bispecific 10E8-iMAb outperformed all combinations, and 4. 10E8-iMAb in combination with other conventional Abs was predicted to be the best combination against HIV-infection.
Wagh2018
(neutralization, computational prediction, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) and adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) vectors were used to deliver bNAb PGT121 in WT and immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice and in HIV-1-infected bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) humanized mice. Ad5.PGT121 and AAV1.PGT121 produced functional Ab in vivo. Ad5.PGT121 produced PGT121 rapidly within 6 h, whereas AAV1.PGT121 produced detectable PGT121 in serum by 72 h. Serum PGT121 levels were rapidly reduced by the generation of anti-PGT121 antibodies in immunocompetent mice but were durably maintained in immunocompromised mice. In HIV-1-infected BLT humanized mice, Ad5.PGT121 resulted in a greater reduction of viral loads than did AAV1.PGT121. Ad5.PGT121 also led to more-sustained virologic control than purified PGT121 IgG. Ad5.PGT121 afforded more rapid, robust, and durable antiviral efficacy than AAV1.PGT121 and purified PGT121 IgG in HIV-1-infected humanized mice.
Badamchi-Zadeh2018
(immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: This review summarizes current advances in antibody lineage-based design and epitope-based vaccine design. Antibody lineage-based design is described for VRC01, PGT121 and PG9 antibody classes, and epitope-based vaccine design is described for the CD4-binding site, as well as fusion peptide and glycan-V3 cites of vulnerability.
Kwong2018
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer, junction or fusion peptide)
-
PGT121: This review discusses how the identification of super-antibodies, where and how such antibodies may be best applied and future directions for the field. PGT121, a prototype super-Ab, was isolated from human B cell clones and is in Phase I clinical development. Antigenic region V3 glycan (Table:1).
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
PGT121: A systems glycobiology approach was applied to reverse engineer the relationship between bNAb binding and glycan effects on Env proteins. Glycan occupancy was interrogated across every potential N-glycan site in 94 recombinant gp120 antigens. Using a Bayesian machine learning algorithm, bNAb-specific glycan footprints were identified and used to design antigens that selectively alter bNAb antigenicity. The novel synthesized antigens unsuccessfully bound to target bNAbs with enhanced and selective antigenicity.
Yu2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: The effects of 16 glycoengineering (GE) methods on the sensitivities of 293T cell-produced pseudoviruses (PVs) to a large panel of bNAbs were investigated. Some bNAbs were dramatically impacted. PG9 and CAP256.09 were up to ˜30-fold more potent against PVs produced with co-transfected α-2,6 sialyltransferase. PGT151 and PGT121 were more potent against PVs with terminal SA removed. 35O22 and CH01 were more potent against PV produced in GNT1-cells. The effects of GE on bNAbs VRC38.01, VRC13 and PGT145 were inconsistent between Env strains, suggesting context-specific glycan clashes. Overexpressing β-galactosyltransferase during PV production 'thinned' glycan coverage, by replacing complex glycans with hybrid glycans. This impacted PV sensitivity to some bNAbs. Maximum percent neutralization by excess bnAb was also improved by GE. Remarkably, some otherwise resistant PVs were rendered sensitive by GE. Germline-reverted versions of some bnAbs usually differed from their mature counterparts, showing glycan indifference or avoidance, suggesting that glycan binding is not germline-encoded but rather, it is gained during affinity maturation. Overall, these GE tools provided new ways to improve bnAb-trimer recognition that may be useful for informing the design of vaccine immunogens to try to elicit similar bnAbs.
Crooks2018
(vaccine antigen design, antibody lineage)
-
PGT121: This review discusses current HIV bNAb immunogen design strategies, recent progress made in the development of animal models to evaluate potential vaccine candidates, advances in the technology to analyze antibody responses, and emerging concepts in understanding B cell developmental pathways that may facilitate HIV vaccine design strategies.
Andrabi2018
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
PGT121: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: Bispecific bNAbs containing anti-CD4bs VRC01 and anti-V3 glycan PGT121 were constructed by linking the single chain (Sc) bNAbs with flexible (G4S)n linkers at IgG Fc and were found to have greater neutralization breadth than parental bNAbs when optimal. The optimal bis-specific NAb, dVRC01-5X-PGT121, was one that crosslinked protomers within one Env spike. Combination of this bispecific with a third bNAb, anti-MPER 10E8, gave 99.5%, i.e. nearly pan-neutralization of a 208 virus panel with a geometric mean IC50 below 0.1 µg/ml.
Steinhardt2018
(neutralization, immunotherapy, bispecific/trispecific)
-
PGT121: The first cryo-EM structure of a cross-linked vaccine antigen was solved. The 4.2 Å structure of HIV-1 BG505 SOSIP soluble recombinant Env in complex with a bNAb PGV04 Fab fragment revealed how cross-linking affects key properties of the trimer. SOSIP and GLA-SOSIP trimers were compared for antigenicity by ELISA, using a large panel of mAbs previously determined to react with BG505 Env. Non-NAbs globally lost reactivity (7-fold median loss of binding), likely because of covalent stabilization of the cross-linked ‘closed’ form of the GLA-SOSIP trimer that binds non-NAbs weakly or not at all. V3-specific non-NAbs showed 2.1–3.3-fold reduced binding. Three autologous rabbit monoclonal NAbs to the N241/N289 ‘glycan-hole’ surface, showed a median ˜1.5-fold reduction in binding. V3 non-NAb 4025 showed residual binding to the GLA-SOSIP trimer. By contrast, bNAbs like PGT121 broadly retained reactivity significantly better than non-NAbs, with exception of PGT145 (3.3-5.3 fold loss of binding in ELISA and SPR).
Schiffner2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT121: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. PGT121 is neither autoreactive nor polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PGT121: Panels of C clade pseudoviruses were computationally downselected from the panel of 200 C clade viruses defined by Rademeyer et al. 2016. A 12-virus panel was defined for the purpose of screening sera from vaccinees. Panels of 50 and 100 viruses were defined as smaller sets for use in testing magnitude and breadth against C clade. Published neutralization data for 16 mAbs was taken from CATNAP for the computational selections: 10-1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128, VRC26.25, VRC26.08, PGDM1400, PG9, PGT145, VRC07-523, 10E8, VRC13, 3BNC117, VRC07, VRC01, 4E10.
Hraber2017
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PGT121: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PGT121: Nanodiscs (discoidal lipid bilayer particles of 10-17 nm surrounded by membrane scaffold protein) were used to incorporate Env complexes for the purpose of vaccine platform generation. The Env-NDs (Env-NDs) were characterized for antigenicity and stability by non-NAbs and NAbs. Most NAb epitopes in gp41 MPER and in the gp120:gp41 interface were well exposed while non-NAb cell surface epitopes were generally masked. Anti-V3 variable NAb PGT121, binds at a fraction of the binding of 2G12 to Env-ND, and this binding is sensitive to glutaraldehyde treatment .
Witt2017
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: This study showed evidence of escape of circulating HIV-1 clade C in an individual from autologous BCN antibodies by three distinct mechanisms, 1) due to a N332S mutation (2) by increasing V1 loop length and (3) incorporation of protective N-glycan residues in V1 loop. Pseudotyped viruses expressing autologous Envs were found to be resistant to autologous BCN plasma, PGT121 and PGT128 despite the majority of Envs containing an intact N332 residue. Resistance of the Envs to neutralization was found to be correlated with a N332S mutation and acquisition of protective N-glycans.
Deshpande2016
(autologous responses, glycosylation, escape)
-
PGT121: DS-SOSIP.4mut (4mut) was identified as the most immunogenic and stable of 4 engineered, soluble, closed prefusion HIV-1 Env trimers. 4mut contained 4 mutations (M154, M300, M302 and L320) designed to form hydrophobic interactions between V1V1 and V3 loops. After V3-negative selection, V3-glycan-targeted mAb PGT121 recognized 4mut, the other 3 designed trimers (DS-SOSIP.6mut containing 4mut mutations, Y177W and I420M, DS-SOSIP.I423F and DS-SOSIP.A316W), and related trimers DS-SOSIP and BG505 SOSIP.664. Each DS-SOSIP variant was able to elicit trimer-specific responses, comparable to BG505 SOSIP.664, in guinea pigs after 4 immunizations, but none elicited heterologous neutralizing activity. Crystal structures were generated for 4mut and 6mut.
Chuang2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT121: A panel of mAbs (2G12, VRC01, HJ16, 2F5, 4E10, 35O22, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074) was tested to compare their efficacy in cell-free versus cell-cell transmission. Almost all bNAbs (with the exception of anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a) blocked cell-free infection with greater potency than cell-cell infection, and showed greater potency in neutralization of cell-free viruses. The lower effectiveness on neutralization was particularly pronounced for transmitted/founder viruses, and less pronounced for chronic and lab-adapted viruses. The study highlights that the ability of an antibody to inhibit cell-cell transmission may be an important consideration in the development of Abs for prophylaxis.
Li2017
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization)
-
PGT121: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
PGT121: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
PGT121: Crystal structures of the HIV-1 Env trimer with fully processed and native glycosylation are presented, complexed with the V3-loop bNAb 10-1074 and IOMA, a new CD4bs bNAb. There were fine specificity differences between bNAb 10-1074 and PGT121-family members. PGT122 was two-fold more potent against strains including the N156 PNGS, whereas 10-1074 was four-fold more potent against strains lacking the N156 PNGS.
Gristick2016
(glycosylation)
-
PGT121: In 33 individuals (14 uninfected and 19 HIV-1-infected), intravenous infusion of 10-1074 was well tolerated. In infected individuals with sensitive strains, 10-1074 decreased viremia, but escape variants and viral rebound occurred within a few weeks. Escape variants were also resistant to V3 antibody PGT121, but remained sensitive to antibodies targeting other epitopes (3BNC117, VRC01 or PGDM1400). Loss of the PNGS at position N332 or 324G(D/N)IR327 mutation was associated with resistance to 10-1074 and PGT121.
Caskey2017
(escape, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: To understand HIV neutralization mediated by the MPER, antibodies and viruses were studied from CAP206, a patient known to produce MPER-targeted neutralizing mAbs. 41 human mAbs were isolated from CAP206 at various timepoints after infection, and 4 macaque mAbs were isolated from animals immunized with CAP206 Env proteins. Two rare, naturally-occuring single-residue changes in Env were identified in transmitted/founder viruses (W680G in CAP206 T/F and Y681D in CH505 T/F) that made the viruses less resistant to neutralization. The results point to the role of the MPER in mediating the closed trimer state, and hence the neutralization resistance of HIV. CH58 was one of several mAbs tested for neutralization of transmitted founder viruses isolated from clade C infected individuals CAP206 and CH505, compared to T/F viruses containing MPER mutations that confer enhanced neutralization sensitivity.
Bradley2016a
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: The study compared the binding characteristics of V3-glycan antibodies, specifically PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PCDN38A, and 3 newly-derived lineages of mAbs from Donor N170. The gene usage for PGT121 is given as: IGHV 4-59*01, IGHJ 6*03, IGLV L3-21*02, IGLJ L3*02.
Longo2016
(antibody binding site, antibody sequence, germline)
-
PGT121: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. PGT121 was 1 of 2 reference PGT128-like bNAbs - PGT121 and PGT128.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PGT121: New antibodies were isolated from 3 patients: Donor 14 (PDGM11, PGDM12, PGDM13, PGDM14), Donor 82 (PGDM21), and Donor 26 (PGDM31). These bnAbs bound both the GDIR peptide (Env 324-327) and the high-mannose patch glycans, enabling broad reactivity. N332 glycan was absolutely required for neutralization, while N301 glycan modestly affected neutralization. Removing N156 and N301 glycans together while retaining N332 glycan abrogated neutralization for PGDM12 and PGDM21. Neutralization by PGDM11-14 bnAbs depended on R327A and H330A substitutions and neutralization by PGDM21 depended on D325A and H330A substitutions. G324A mutation resulted in slight loss of neutralization for both antibody families. In comparison, 2G12 and PGT135 did not show any dependence on residues in the 324GDIR327 region for neutralization activity, although PGT135 did show dependence on H330.
Sok2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
PGT121: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
PGT121: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
PGT121: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
PGT121: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
PGT121: bNAbs were found to have potent activating but not inhibitory FcγR-mediated effector function that can confer protection by blocking viral entry or suppressing viremia. bNAb activity is augmented with engineered Fc domains when assessed in in vivo models of HIV-1 entry or in therapeutic models using HIV-1-infected humanized mice. Enhanced FcγR engagement is not restricted by epitope specificity or neutralization potency as chimeras composed of human anti-V3 PGT121 Fab and mouse Fc had improved or reduced in vivo activity depending on the Fc used.
Bournazos2014
(neutralization, chimeric antibody)
-
PGT121: HIV-1 bNAb eptiope networks were predicted using 4 algorithms informed by neutralization assays using 282 Env from multiclade viruses. Patch clusters of possible Ab epitope regions were tested for significant sensitivity by site-directed mutagenesis. Epitope (Ab binding site) networks of critical Env residues for 21 bNAb (b12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126, PGT127, PGT128, PGT130, PGT131, PGT135, PGT136, PGT137, PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, PGT144, PGT145 and PGV04) were delineated and found to be located mostly in variable loops of gp120, particularly in V1/V2.
Evans2014
(antibody binding site, computational prediction)
-
PGT121: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). V3 glycan bNAb, PGT121, neutralized the B41 pseudovirus and bound B41 trimer well.
Pugach2015
-
PGT121: The first generation of HIV trimer soluble immunogens, BG505 SOSIP.664 were tested in a mouse model for generation of nAb to neutralization-resistant circulating HIV strains. No such NAbs were induced, as mouse Abs targeted the bottom of soluble Env trimers, suggesting that the glycan shield of Env trimers is impenetrable to murine B cell receptors and that epitopes at the trimer base should be obscured in immunogen design in order to avoid non-nAb responses. Association and dissociation of known anti-trimer bNAbs (VRC01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT151, PGT135, PG9, 35O22, 3BC315 and PGT145) were found to be far greater than murine generated non-NAbs.
Hu2015
-
PGT121: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126 and PGT128, all N332-V3 glycan oligomannose patch-binding bNAbs, were strongly, reciprocally competitive with one another. They inhibited binding of PGT145 strongly, but in a non-reciprocal manner. Non-reciprocal enhancement of PGT121 binding to trimer was seen in the presence of NIH45-46.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT121: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes for all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. Both the Clade C trimers as well as their pseudotyped viruses reacted strongly with and were neutralized by V3-glycan-binding PGT121.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
PGT121: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Binding of the anti-N332-glycan supersite bNAb PGT121 to trimers was minimally affected by trimer cross-linking.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT121: The native-like, engineered trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 induced potent NAbs against conformational epitopes of neutralization-resistant Tier-2 viruses in rabbits and macaques, but induced cross-reactive NAbs against linear V3 epitopes of neutralization-sensitive Tier-1 viruses. A different trimer, B41 SOSIP.664 also induced strong autologous Tier-2 NAb responses in rabbits. Sera from 2/20 BG505 SOSIP.664-D7324 trimer-immunized rabbits were capable of inhibiting PGT121 binding to V3-glycan. 1/4 similarly trimer-immunized macaque sera also inhibited PGT121 binding by >50%.
Sanders2015
(antibody generation, neutralization, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-V3 glycan bNAb PGT121, neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: This review discusses the application of bNAbs for HIV treatment and eradication, focusing on bnAbs that target key epitopes, specifically: 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, VRC26.08, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, and 10-1074. PGT121 is distinct from other V3-specific mAbs because it forms a binding site with two functional surfaces. It has been administered in therapeutic trials in primates.
Stephenson2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PGT121: This review discusses an array of methods to engineer more effective bNAbs for immunotherapy. Antibody PGT121 is an example of engineering through rational mutations; it has been combined with 10-1074 as part of a strategy to combine the CDRs of bnAbs targeting similar epitopes.
Hua2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PGT121: This paper analyzed site-specific glycosylation of a soluble, recombinant trimer (BG505 SOSIP.664). This trimer mapped the extremes of simplicity and diversity of glycan processing at individual sites and revealed a mosaic of dense clusters of oligomannose glycans on the outer domain. Although individual sites usually minimally affect the global integrity of the glycan shield, they identified examples of how deleting some glycans can subtly influence neutralization by bNAbs that bind at distant sites. The network of bNAb-targeted glycans should be preserved on vaccine antigens. Neutralization profiles for mannose-patch binding Ab, PGT121, to multiple epitopes were determined. Deleting the N137 glycan made BG505.T332N more vulnerable to PGT121, but the corresponding change has no meaningful effect on oligomannose content in the SOSIP.664 trimer context.
Behrens2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
PGT121: A mathematical model was developed to predict the Ab concentration at which antibody escape variants outcompete their ancestors, and this concentration was termed the mutant selection window (MSW). The MSW was determined experimentally for 12 pairings of diverse HIV strains against 7 bnAbs (b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT128, 2F5). The neutralization of PGT121 was assayed against BG505 (resistant strain) and BG505-T332N (sensitive strain).
Magnus2016
(neutralization, escape)
-
PGT121: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. V3 glycan-binding, second-generation mAb, PGT121 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=0.02 µg/ml for 2/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 67%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
PGT121: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti-V3 bNAb PGT121 was unable to neutralize any of the 16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 10µg/ml.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PGT121: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. PGT121, a V3-glycan bnAb belonged to a group with slopes >1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. V3 glycan-binding gl-PGT121 precursor did not bind to any trimers.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
PGT121: Bispecific IgGs were produced, composed of independent antigen-binding fragments with a common Fc region. Parental antibodies of several classes were assessed (VRC07, 10E8, PGT121, PG9-16). A bispecific antibody composed of VRC07 x PG9-16 displayed the most favorable profile, neutralizing 97% of viruses with a median IC50 of 0.055 ug/ml. This bispecific IgG also demonstrated pharmacokinetic parameters comparable to those of the parental bNAbs when administered to rhesus macaques. These results suggest that IgG-based bispecific antibodies are promising candidates for HIV prevention and treatment. Against a panel of 206 resistant and sensitive viruses, PGT121 neutralizes with median IC80 of 0.094 µg/ml. Bispecific with VRC07 median neutralization is 0.355; while in physical combination with the same bNAb, median neutralization of the antibodies is 0.199 µg/ml respectively.
Asokan2015
(neutralization, immunotherapy, bispecific/trispecific)
-
PGT121: A panel of antibodies was tested for binding, stability, and ADCC activity on HIV-infected cells. The differences in killing efficiency were linked to changes in binding of the antibody and the accessibility of the Fc region when bound to infected cells. Ab PGT121 had strong ADCC.
Bruel2016
(effector function, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: This review summarized bNAb immunotherapy studies. Several bnAbs have been shown to decrease viremia in vivo, and are a prospect for preventative vaccinations. bNAbs have 3 possible immune effector functions: (1) directly neutralizing virions, (2) mediating anti-viral activity through Fc-FcR interactions, and (3) binding to viral antigen to be taken up by dendritic cells. In contrast to anti-HIV mAbs, antibodies against host cell CD4 and CCR5 receptors (iMab and PRO 140) are hindered by their short half-life in vivo. MAb PGT121 has been associated with viral suppression in a study of rhesus macaques.
Halper-Stromberg2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PGT121: This study reported that early passive immunotherapy can eliminate early viral foci and thereby prevent the establishment of viral reservoirs. HIV-1–specific human neutralizing mAbs (NmAbs) were used as a post-exposure therapy in an infant macaque model for intrapartum MTCT, inoculated orally with the SHIV SF162P3. On days 1, 4, 7 and 10 post virus exposure, animals were injected with NmAbs and quantified systemic distribution 24 h after Ab administration. Replicating virus was found in multiple tissues by day 1 in untreated animals. A cocktail of PGT121 and VRC07-523, at total doses of 10 mg/kg (5 mg/kg each Ab) and 40 mg/kg (20 mg/kg each Ab) was administered. It was found that PGT121 concentrations in the plasma were consistently higher at both doses than those of VRC07-523. The NmAb cocktail IC50 against SHIVSF162P3 in the TZM-bl assay was 0.0128 μg/ml. There was no evidence of virus rebound in the plasma immunity and all NmAb-treated macaques were free of virus in blood and tissues 6 months after exposure. Experimental data sets have been provided in supplement.
Hessell2016
(neutralization, acute/early infection, immunotherapy, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
PGT121: X-ray and EM structures of inferred precursors of the PGT121 family were generated (inferred intermediate heavy chains 3H, 9H, and 32H were paired with the intermediate light chain 3L). The N137 glycan was determined to be a major factor in affinity maturation of the PGT121 family (affinity maturation was primarily focused on avoiding, accommodating, or binding the N137 glycan). The antibody approach angle differed in the two main branches of the PGT121 lineage. A 3.0 Å crystal structure of a recombinant BG505 SOSIP.664 HIV-1 trimer with a PGT121 family member (3H+109L Ab) was determined.
Garces2015
(vaccine antigen design, structure, antibody lineage)
-
PGT121: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
PGT121: PGT121 was produced in a plant system and tested as immunotherapy in non-human primates. In African green monkeys, subcutaneously administered PGT121 exhibited a longer serum half-life than intravenous administration and was more consistent than intramuscular delivery. Subcutaneous administration resulted in sterilizing protection from SHIV challenge in 6 of 6 rhesus macaques, while 3 of 4 control animals became infected. Administration of PGT121 after intravaginal challenge did not provide statistically-significant protection.
Rosenberg2016
(vaccine antigen design, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: Double, triple or quadruple combinations of fifteen bNAbs that target 4 distinct epitope regions: the CD4 binding site (3BNC117, VRC01, VRC07, VRC07-523, VRC13), the V3-glycan supersite (10–1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128), the V1/V2-glycan site (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.25), and the gp41 MPER epitope (10E8) were studied. Their neutralization potency and breadth were assayed against a panel of 200 acute/early subtype C strains, and compared to a novel, highly accurate predictive mathematical model (no-overlap Bliss Hill model, CombiNaber tool, LANL HIV Immunology database). These data were used to predict the best combinations of bNAbs for immunotherapy.
Wagh2016
(neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: VRC07-523:BNabs were tested for their ability to suppress viremia during acute infection in rhesus macaques. Most effective by all virological parameters was dual therapy with VRC07-523 + PGT121. Therapy with VRC01 also curtailed viral replication, but less consistently. These finding support the use of MAbs for immunotherapy during early infection.
Bolton2015
(acute/early infection, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: The IGHV region is central to Ag binding and consists of 48 functional genes. IGHV repertoire of 28 HIV-infected South African women, 13 of whom developed bNAbs, was sequenced. Novel IGHV repertoires were reported, including 85 entirely novel sequences and 38 sequences that matched rearranged sequences in non-IMGT databases. There were no significant differences in germline IGHV repertoires between individuals who do and do not develop bNAbs. IGHV gene usage of multiple well known HIV-1 bNAbs was also analyzed and 14 instances were identified where the novel non-IMGT alleles identified in this study, provided the same or a better match than their currently defined IMGT allele. For PGT121 the published IMGT predicted allele was IGHV4-59*01 and alternate allele predicted from IGHV alleles in 28 South African individuals was IGHV4-59*1m2, with T94C nucleotide and Y32H amino acid change.
Scheepers2015
(antibody lineage)
-
PGT121: This study describes a new level of complexity in antibody recognition of the mixed glycan-protein epitopes of the N332 region of HIV gp120. A combination of three antibody families that target the high-mannose patch can lead to 99% neutralization coverage of a large panel of viruses containing the N332/334 glycan site and up to 66% coverage for viruses that lack the N332/334 glycan site. PGT121 was able to neutralize all the N334 glycan site variants in the panel except for the isolates JR-CSF and 92TH021. The PGT121 family of antibodies neutralized N332 glycan site viruses more effectively overall than the PGT128 family or PGT135.
Sok2014a
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
PGT121: A subset of bNAbs that inhibit both cell-free and cell-mediated infection in primary CD4+ lymphocytes have been identified. These antibodies target either the CD4-binding site or the glycan/V3 loop on HIV-1 gp120 and act at low concentrations by inhibiting multiple steps of viral cell to cell transmission. This property of blocking viral transmission to plasmacytoid DCs and interfering with type-I IFN production should be considered an important characteristic defining the potency for therapeutic or prophylactic antiviral strategies. PGT121 was not effective in blocking cell to cell transmission of virus.
Malbec2013
-
PGT121: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10).
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP), involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Robust protection against virus infection was observed in preclinical settings when animals were given VIP to express monoclonal neutralizing Abs. This review article surveyed the status of antibody gene transfer, VIP experiments against HIV and its related virus conduced in humanized mice and macaque monkeys, and discuss the pros and cons of VIP and its opportunities and challenges towards clinical applications to control HIV/AIDS endemics.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
PGT121: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: A gp140 trimer mosaic construct (MosM) was produced based on M group sequences. MosM bound to CD4 as well as multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT126, PGT145, PG9 and PG16. The immunogenicity of this construct, both alone and mixed together with a clade C Env protein vaccine, suggest a promising approach for improving NAb responses.
Nkolola2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: Structural studies were performed for bNAbs PGT121, PGT122, and PGT123. The 3 bNAbs have very similar structures, but are divergent in their variable domain sequences.
Julien2013b
(antibody sequence, structure)
-
PGT121: Computational prediction of bNAb epitopes from experimental neutralization activity data is presented. The approach relies on compressed sensing (CS) and mutual information (MI) methodologies and requires the sequences of the viral strains but does not require structural information. For PGT121, CS predicted 4 and MI predicted 3 positions, overlapping in position 332.
Ferguson2013
(computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. PGT121 showed very high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirus in a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PGT121: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. PGT121 is a V3-glycan Ab, with breadth 53%, IC50 0.08 μg per ml, and its unique feature is that it recognizes V1/V2 and V3 glycan. Similar MAbs include PGT122 and PGT123.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
PGT121: A highly conserved mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env is reported, showing that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1 infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. The mechanism might explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4v by the Vpu and Nef proteins. PGT121 was used in CD4 coexpression and competitive binding assay.
Veillette2014
(effector function)
-
PGT121: To identify bNAbs that have lower mutation frequencies of known bNAbs, but maintain high potency and moderate breadth, linage evolution of bNAbs PGT121-134 was studied with a novel phylogenetic method ImmuniTree. Selected heavy and light chain clones of PGT121 were paired and tested for neutralization breadth and potency on a cross-clade 74-virus panel. A positive correlation between the somatic hypermutation and the development of neutralization breadth and potency was reported. 3H+3L and 32H+3L were compared against PGT121 and b12 to evaluate neutralization activity of the intermediate divergence. 3H+3L showed 15fold less potency and 32H+3L showed 3 fold less potency than PGT121.
Sok2013
(antibody lineage)
-
PGT121: The newly identified and defined epitope for PGT151 family MAbs binds to a site of vulnerability that does not overlap with any other bnAb epitopes. PGT121 wwas used as an anti-gp41 mAb to compare its binding with other PGT151 family Abs.
Blattner2014
-
PGT121: 8 bNAbs (PGT151 family) were isolated from an elite neutralizer. The new bNAbs bind a previously unknown glycan-dependent epitope on the prefusion conformation of gp41. These MAbs are specific for the cleaved Env trimer and do not recognize uncleaved Env trimer. PGT121 was used for comparison.
Falkowska2014
-
PGT121: Profound therapeutic efficacy of PGT121 and PGT121-containing monoclonal antibody cocktails was demonstrated in chronically SHIV-SF162P3 infected rhesus monkeys. Cocktails included 1, 2, and 3 mAb combinations of PGT121, 3BNC117 and b12. A single monoclonal antibody infusion containing PGT121 alone or in a cocktail led to up to 3.1 log decline of plasma viral RNA in 7 days and reduced proviral DNA in peripheral blood, gastrointestinal mucosa and lymph nodes without the development of viral resistance. A subset of animals maintained long-term virological control in the absence of further monoclonal antibody infusions.
Barouch2013a
(immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: This is a review of a satellite symposium at the AIDS Vaccine 2012 conference, focusing on antibody gene transfer. David Baltimore presented results in which humanized mice given vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP) to express antibody b12 or VRC01 were challenged with the REJO.c transmitted founder strain. Substantial protection was noted in mice expressing VRC01 but not in those expressing b12, consistent with results obtained in vitro for these antibody-strain combinations. Also, all mice expressing VRC07G54W were protected against 20 consecutive weekly challenges with the REJO.c transmitted molecular founder strain.
Balazs2013
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
PGT121: Diversity of Ab recognition at the N332 site was assessed using chimeric antibodies made of heavy and light chains of N332-directed bNAbs PGT121-137. Recognition was good when heavy and light chains came from the same donor, and poor when they came from different donors, indicating multiple modes of recognition.
Pancera2013a
(chimeric antibody)
-
PGT121: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to PGT128-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: This study uncovered a potentially significant contribution of VH replacement products which are highly enriched in IgH genes for the generation of anti-HIV Abs including anti-gp41, anti-V3 loop, anti-gp120, CD4i and PGT Abs. IgH encoding PGT Abs are likely generated from multiple rounds of VH replacements. The details of PGT121 VH replacement products in IgH gene and mutations and amino acid sequence analysis are described in Table 1, Table 2 and Fig 4.
Liao2013a
(antibody sequence)
-
PGT121: Protective potency of PGT121 was evaluated in vivo in rhesus macaques. PGT121 efficiently protected against high-dose challenge of SHIV SF162P3 in macaques. Sterilizing immunity was observed in 5/5 animals administered 5 mg/kg antibody dose and in 3/5 animals administered 0.2 mg/kg, suggesting that a protective serum concentration for PG121 is in the single-digit mg/mL. PGT121was effective at serum concentration 600-fold lower than for 2G12 and 100-fold lower than for b12.
Moldt2012a
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
PGT121: Neutralization profiles of 7 bnAbs were analyzed against 45 Envs (A, C, D clades), obtained soon after infection (median 59 days). The transmitted variants have distinct characteristics compared to variants from chronic patients, such as shorter variable loops and fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS). PGT121 neutralized only 24% of these viruses. However, PGT128 and NIH45-46W did not compete for neutralization and a combination of these mAbs neutralized 96% of these viruses, with PGT121 neutralizing the only 2 viruses not neutralized by this combination. This suggests that optimal neutralization coverage of transmitted variants can be achieved by combining a potent CD4bs NAb with one or more glycan-dependent mAbs.
Goo2012
(antibody interactions, neutralization, rate of progression)
-
PGT121: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
PGT121: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 glycan-V3 site, type not yet determined, PGT121 class, PGT121 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as V3 epitope involving carbohydrates bnAb, isolated after 2009 by neutralization screening of cultured, unselected IgG+ memory B cells.
Bonsignori2012b
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
-
PGT121: Glycan Asn332-targeting broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) antibodies were studied in 2 C-clade infected women. The ASn332 glycan was absent on infecting virus, but the BCN epitope with Asn332 evolved within 6 months though immune escape from earlier antibodies. Plasma from the subject CAP177 neutralized 88% of a large multi-subtype panel of 225 heterologous viruses, whereas CAP 314 neutralized 46% of 41 heterologous viruses but failed to neutralize viruses that lack glycan at 332. PGT121 targets Asn332 to neutralize.
Moore2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
PGT121: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. The epitopes for both groups contain a potential N-linked glycosylation site (PNGS) at Asn332gp120 and the base of the V3 loop of the gp120 subunit of the HIV spike. However, the 10-1074–like Abs required an intact PNGS at Asn332gp120 for their neutralizing activity, whereas PGT121-like antibodies were able to neutralize some viral strains lacking the Asn332gp120 PNGS. PGT121 clonal members recognize V3 loop and the Asn332 gp120 associated glycan. Crystal structures of unliganded PGT121 and 10-1074 were compared and revealed differential carbohydrate recognition maps to a cleft between (CDR)H2 and CDRH3, occupied by a complex-type N-glycan. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was stronger than binding to the parent WT VLPs, uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and PGT121 neutralization, while trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. These MAbs were not polyreactive. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. PGT121 neutralized 70% of 162 isolates from major HIV clades at IC50<50 μg/ml, which was lower than 93% by VRC01, but the median antibody concentration required to inhibit HIV activity by 50% or 90% (IC50 and IC90 values) was almost 10-fold lower (that is, more potent) that of PG9, VRC01 and PGV04, and 100-fold lower than that of b12, 2G12 and 4E10. PGT MAbs 121-123, 130, 131 and 135-137 bound to monomeric gp120 and competed with glycan-specific 2G12 MAb and all MAbs except PGT 135-137 also competed with a V3-loop-specific antibody and did not bind to gp120ΔV3, suggesting that their epitopes are in proximity to or contiguous with V3. Glycan array analysis and alanine substitution analysis suggested that that PGT121 binds to a protein epitope along the gp120 polypeptide backbone that is conformationally dependent on the N332 glycan or that the glycan contributes more strongly to binding in the context of the intact protein.
Walker2011
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, variant cross-reactivity, broad neutralizer)
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Walker2011
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Barouch2013a
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Berendam2021
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Beretta2018
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Borducchi2018
Erica N. Borducchi, Jinyan Liu, Joseph P. Nkolola, Anthony M. Cadena, Wen-Han Yu, Stephanie Fischinger, Thomas Broge, Peter Abbink, Noe B. Mercado, Abishek Chandrashekar, David Jetton, Lauren Peter, Katherine McMahan, Edward T. Moseley, Elena Bekerman, Joseph Hesselgesser, Wenjun Li, Mark G. Lewis, Galit Alter, Romas Geleziunas, and Dan H. Barouch. Antibody and TLR7 Agonist Delay Viral Rebound in SHIV-Infected Monkeys. Nature, 563(7731):360-364, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30283138.
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Bournazos2014
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Bouvin-Pley2014
M. Bouvin-Pley, M. Morgand, L. Meyer, C. Goujard, A. Moreau, H. Mouquet, M. Nussenzweig, C. Pace, D. Ho, P. J. Bjorkman, D. Baty, P. Chames, M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Poignard, F. Barin, and M. Braibant. Drift of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Toward Increased Neutralization Resistance over the Course of the Epidemic: A Comprehensive Study Using the Most Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(23):13910-13917, Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25231299.
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Bradley2016a
Todd Bradley, Ashley Trama, Nancy Tumba, Elin Gray, Xiaozhi Lu, Navid Madani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, Amanda Eaton, Shi-Mao Xia, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy M. Bowman, Susan Barnett, Salim S. Abdool-Karim, Scott D. Boyd, Bruno Melillo, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., Joseph Sodroski, Thomas B. Kepler, S. Munir Alam, Feng Gao, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, M Anthony Moody, David Montefiori, Sampa Santra, Lynn Morris, and Barton F. Haynes. Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity. EBioMedicine, 12:196-207, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27612593.
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Bricault2018
Christine A. Bricault, James M. Kovacs, Alexander Badamchi-Zadeh, Krisha McKee, Jennifer L. Shields, Bronwyn M. Gunn, George H. Neubauer, Fadi Ghantous, Julia Jennings, Lindsey Gillis, James Perry, Joseph P. Nkolola, Galit Alter, Bing Chen, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, Michael S. Seaman, and Dan H. Barouch. Neutralizing Antibody Responses following Long-Term Vaccination with HIV-1 Env gp140 in Guinea Pigs. J. Virol., 92(13), 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29643249.
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Bricault2019
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Bruel2016
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Burton2016
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Cai2018
Hui Cai, Rou-Shu Zhang, Jared Orwenyo, John Giddens, Qiang Yang, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, and Lai-Xi Wang. Synthetic HIV V3 Glycopeptide Immunogen Carrying a N334 N-Glycan Induces Glycan-Dependent Antibodies with Promiscuous Site Recognition. J. Med. Chem., 61(22):10116-10125, 21 Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30384610.
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Caskey2017
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Castillo-Menendez2019
Luis R. Castillo-Menendez, Hanh T. Nguyen, and Joseph Sodroski. Conformational Differences between Functional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers and Stabilized Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 93(3), 1 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30429345.
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Chenine2018
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Chuang2017
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Marie Pancera, Kai Xu, Cheng Cheng, Priyamvada Acharya, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Timothy G. Wanninger, Yongping Yang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Sijy O'Dell, Tongqing Zhou, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure-Based Design of a Soluble Prefusion-Closed HIV-1 Env Trimer with Reduced CD4 Affinity and Improved Immunogenicity. J. Virol., 91(10), 15 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28275193.
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Chuang2020
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Chun2014
Tae-Wook Chun, Danielle Murray, Jesse S. Justement, Jana Blazkova, Claire W. Hallahan, Olivia Fankuchen, Kathleen Gittens, Erika Benko, Colin Kovacs, Susan Moir, and Anthony S. Fauci. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Suppress HIV in the Persistent Viral Reservoir. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(36):13151-13156, 9 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25157148.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Crooks2018
Ema T. Crooks, Samantha L. Grimley, Michelle Cully, Keiko Osawa, Gillian Dekkers, Kevin Saunders, Sebastian Ramisch, Sergey Menis, William R. Schief, Nicole Doria-Rose, Barton Haynes, Ben Murrell, Evan Mitchel Cale, Amarendra Pegu, John R. Mascola, Gestur Vidarsson, and James M. Binley. Glycoengineering HIV-1 Env Creates `Supercharged' and `Hybrid' Glycans to Increase Neutralizing Antibody Potency, Breadth and Saturation. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1007024, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29718999.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Davis-Gardner2020
Meredith E. Davis-Gardner, Barnett Alfant, Jesse A. Weber, Matthew R. Gardner, and Michael Farzan. A Bispecific Antibody That Simultaneously Recognizes the V2- and V3-Glycan Epitopes of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Is Broader and More Potent than Its Parental Antibodies. mBio, 11(1), 14 Jan 2020. PubMed ID: 31937648.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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Deshpande2016
Suprit Deshpande, Shilpa Patil, Rajesh Kumar, Tandile Hermanus, Kailapuri G. Murugavel, Aylur K. Srikrishnan, Suniti Solomon, Lynn Morris, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. HIV-1 Clade C Escapes Broadly Neutralizing Autologous Antibodies with N332 Glycan Specificity by Distinct Mechanisms. Retrovirology, 13(1):60, 30 Aug 2016. PubMed ID: 27576440.
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deTaeye2015
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Dingens2019
Adam S. Dingens, Dana Arenz, Haidyn Weight, Julie Overbaugh, and Jesse D. Bloom. An Antigenic Atlas of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguishes Functional and Structural Epitopes. Immunity, 50(2):520-532.e3, 19 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30709739.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Dufloo2022
Jérémy Dufloo, Cyril Planchais, Stéphane Frémont, Valérie Lorin, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Karl Stefic, Nicoletta Casartelli, Arnaud Echard, Philippe Roingeard, Hugo Mouquet, Olivier Schwartz, and Timothée Bruel. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Tether Viral Particles at the Surface of Infected Cells. Nat. Commun., 13(1):630, 2 Feb 2022. PubMed ID: 35110562.
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Escolano2016
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Escolano2019
Amelia Escolano, Harry B. Gristick, Morgan E. Abernathy, Julia Merkenschlager, Rajeev Gautam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Joy Pai, Anthony P. West, Jr., Christopher O. Barnes, Alexander A. Cohen, Haoqing Wang, Jovana Golijanin, Daniel Yost, Jennifer R. Keeffe, Zijun Wang, Peng Zhao, Kai-Hui Yao, Jens Bauer, Lilian Nogueira, Han Gao, Alisa V. Voll, David C. Montefiori, Michael S. Seaman, Anna Gazumyan, Murillo Silva, Andrew T. McGuire, Leonidas Stamatatos, Darrell J. Irvine, Lance Wells, Malcolm A. Martin, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Immunization Expands B Cells Specific to HIV-1 V3 Glycan in Mice and Macaques. Nature, 570(7762):468-473, Jun 2019. PubMed ID: 31142836.
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Evans2014
Mark C. Evans, Pham Phung, Agnes C. Paquet, Anvi Parikh, Christos J. Petropoulos, Terri Wrin, and Mojgan Haddad. Predicting HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope Networks Using Neutralization Titers and a Novel Computational Method. BMC Bioinformatics, 15:77, 19 Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24646213.
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Falkowska2014
Emilia Falkowska, Khoa M. Le, Alejandra Ramos, Katie J. Doores, Jeong Hyun Lee, Claudia Blattner, Alejandro Ramirez, Ronald Derking, Marit J. van Gils, Chi-Hui Liang, Ryan Mcbride, Benjamin von Bredow, Sachin S. Shivatare, Chung-Yi Wu, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Yan Liu, Ten Feizi, Michael B. Zwick, Wayne C. Koff, Michael S. Seaman, Kristine Swiderek, John P. Moore, David Evans, James C. Paulson, Chi-Huey Wong, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies Define a Glycan-Dependent Epitope on the Prefusion Conformation of gp41 on Cleaved Envelope Trimers. Immunity, 40(5):657-668, 15 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24768347.
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Ferguson2013
Andrew L. Ferguson, Emilia Falkowska, Laura M. Walker, Michael S. Seaman, Dennis R. Burton, and Arup K. Chakraborty. Computational Prediction of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes from Neutralization Activity Data. PLoS One, 8(12):e80562, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312481.
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Garces2015
Fernando Garces, Jeong Hyun Lee, Natalia de Val, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Leopold Kong, Cristina Puchades, Yuanzi Hua, Robyn L. Stanfield, Dennis R. Burton, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Affinity Maturation of a Potent Family of HIV Antibodies Is Primarily Focused on Accommodating or Avoiding Glycans. Immunity, 43(6):1053-1063, 15 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26682982.
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Gartner2023
Matthew J. Gartner, Carolin Tumpach, Ashanti Dantanarayana, Jared Stern, Jennifer M. Zerbato, J. Judy Chang, Thomas A. Angelovich, Jenny L. Anderson, Jori Symons, Steve G. Deeks, Jacqueline K. Flynn, Sharon R. Lewin, Melissa J. Churchill, Paul R. Gorry, and Michael Roche. Persistence of Envelopes in Different CD4+ T-Cell Subsets in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed People with HIV. AIDS, 37(2):247-257, 1 Feb 2023. PubMed ID: 36541637.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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Goo2012
Leslie Goo, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Barbra A. Richardson, and Julie Overbaugh. A Combination of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Distinct Epitopes Effectively Neutralizes Variants Found in Early Infection. J. Virol., 86(19):10857-10861, Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22837204.
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Gristick2016
Harry B. Gristick, Lotta von Boehmer, Anthony P. West, Jr., Michael Schamber, Anna Gazumyan, Jovana Golijanin, Michael S. Seaman, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Florian Klein, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Natively Glycosylated HIV-1 Env Structure Reveals New Mode for Antibody Recognition of the CD4-Binding Site. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 23(10):906-915, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27617431.
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Guenaga2015
Javier Guenaga, Natalia de Val, Karen Tran, Yu Feng, Karen Satchwell, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Well-Ordered Trimeric HIV-1 Subtype B and C Soluble Spike Mimetics Generated by Negative Selection Display Native-Like Properties. PLoS Pathog., 11(1):e1004570, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25569572.
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Guenaga2015a
Javier Guenaga, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Natalia de Val, Shailendra K. Sharma, Barbara Carrette, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Structure-Guided Redesign Increases the Propensity of HIV Env To Generate Highly Stable Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 90(6):2806-2817, 30 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26719252.
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Guzzo2018
Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Halper-Stromberg2016
Ariel Halper-Stromberg and Michel C Nussenzweig. Towards HIV-1 Remission: Potential Roles for Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Clin. Invest., 126(2):415-423, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26752643.
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He2018
Linling He, Sonu Kumar, Joel D. Allen, Deli Huang, Xiaohe Lin, Colin J. Mann, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jeffrey Copps, Anita Sarkar, Gabrielle S. Blizard, Gabriel Ozorowski, Devin Sok, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, David Nemazee, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jiang Zhu. HIV-1 Vaccine Design through Minimizing Envelope Metastability. Sci. Adv., 4(11):eaau6769, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30474059.
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Hessell2016
Ann J. Hessell, J. Pablo Jaworski, Erin Epson, Kenta Matsuda, Shilpi Pandey, Christoph Kahl, Jason Reed, William F. Sutton, Katherine B. Hammond, Tracy A. Cheever, Philip T. Barnette, Alfred W. Legasse, Shannon Planer, Jeffrey J. Stanton, Amarendra Pegu, Xuejun Chen, Keyun Wang, Don Siess, David Burke, Byung S. Park, Michael K. Axthelm, Anne Lewis, Vanessa M. Hirsch, Barney S. Graham, John R. Mascola, Jonah B. Sacha, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Early Short-Term Treatment with Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies Halts SHIV Infection in Infant Macaques. Nat. Med., 22(4):362-368, Apr 2016. PubMed ID: 26998834.
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Hoffenberg2013
Simon Hoffenberg, Rebecca Powell, Alexei Carpov, Denise Wagner, Aaron Wilson, Sergei Kosakovsky Pond, Ross Lindsay, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Sanjay Phogat, Pascal Poignard, Steven P. Fling, Melissa Simek, Celia LaBranche, David Montefiori, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, Dennis Burton, Wayne Koff, C. Richter King, Christopher L. Parks, and Michael J. Caulfield. Identification of an HIV-1 Clade A Envelope That Exhibits Broad Antigenicity and Neutralization Sensitivity and Elicits Antibodies Targeting Three Distinct Epitopes. J. Virol., 87(10):5372-5383, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23468492.
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Hraber2017
Peter Hraber, Cecilia Rademeyer, Carolyn Williamson, Michael S. Seaman, Raphael Gottardo, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Celia LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Panels of HIV-1 Subtype C Env Reference Strains for Standardized Neutralization Assessments. J. Virol., 91(19), 1 Oct 2017. PubMed ID: 28747500.
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Hsu2021
Denise C. Hsu, John W. Mellors, and Sandhya Vasan. Can Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Help Achieve an ART-Free Remission? Front. Immunol., 12:710044, 2021. PubMed ID: 34322136.
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Hu2015
Joyce K. Hu, Jordan C. Crampton, Albert Cupo, Thomas Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, Kwinten Sliepen, Steven W. de Taeye, Devin Sok, Gabriel Ozorowski, Isaiah Deresa, Robyn Stanfield, Andrew B. Ward, Dennis R. Burton, Per Johan Klasse, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, and Shane Crotty. Murine Antibody Responses to Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimers Are Highly Restricted in Specificity. J. Virol., 89(20):10383-10398, Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26246566.
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Hu2021
Yuanyuan Hu, Sen Zou, Zheng Wang, Ying Liu, Li Ren, Yanling Hao, Shasha Sun, Xintao Hu, Yuhua Ruan, Liying Ma, Yiming Shao, and Kunxue Hong. Virus Evolution and Neutralization Sensitivity in an HIV-1 Subtype B' Infected Plasma Donor with Broadly Neutralizing Activity. Vaccines (Basel), 9(4), 25 Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33805985.
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Hua2016
Casey K. Hua and Margaret E. Ackerman. Engineering Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention and Therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 103:157-173, 1 Aug 2016. PubMed ID: 26827912.
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Hutchinson2019
Jennie M. Hutchinson, Kathryn A. Mesa, David L. Alexander, Bin Yu, Sara M. O'Rourke, Kay L. Limoli, Terri Wrin, Steven G. Deeks, and Phillip W. Berman. Unusual Cysteine Content in V1 Region of gp120 from an Elite Suppressor That Produces Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Front. Immunol., 10:1021, 2019. PubMed ID: 31156622.
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Janda2016
Alena Janda, Anthony Bowen, Neil S. Greenspan, and Arturo Casadevall. Ig Constant Region Effects on Variable Region Structure and Function. Front. Microbiol., 7:22, 4 Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26870003.
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Julg2022
Boris Julg, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Kshitij Wagh, Sabrina C. Tan, Rebecca Zash, Stephen Walsh, Jessica Ansel, Diane Kanjilal, Joseph Nkolola, Victoria E. K. Walker-Sperling, Jasper Ophel, Katherine Yanosick, Erica N. Borducchi, Lori Maxfield, Peter Abbink, Lauren Peter, Nicole L. Yates, Martina S. Wesley, Tom Hassell, Huub C. Gelderblom, Allen deCamp, Bryan T Mayer, Alicia Sato, Monica W. Gerber, Elena E. Giorgi, Lucio Gama, Richard A. Koup, John R. Mascola, Ana Monczor, Sofia Lupo, Charlotte-Paige Rolle, Roberto Arduino, Edwin DeJesus, Georgia D. Tomaras, Michael S. Seaman, Bette Korber, and Dan H. Barouch. Safety and Antiviral Activity of Triple Combination Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Therapy against HIV-1: A Phase 1 Clinical Trial. Nat. Med., 28(6):1288-1296, Jun 2022. PubMed ID: 35551291.
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Julien2013b
Jean-Philippe Julien, Devin Sok, Reza Khayat, Jeong Hyun Lee, Katie J. Doores, Laura M. Walker, Alejandra Ramos, Devan C. Diwanji, Robert Pejchal, Albert Cupo, Umesh Katpally, Rafael S. Depetris, Robyn L. Stanfield, Ryan McBride, Andre J. Marozsan, James C. Paulson, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Dennis R. Burton, Pascal Poignard, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PGT121 Allosterically Modulates CD4 Binding via Recognition of the HIV-1 gp120 V3 Base and Multiple Surrounding Glycans. PLoS Pathog., 9(5):e1003342, 2013. PubMed ID: 23658524.
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Julien2015
Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Gabriel Ozorowski, Yuanzi Hua, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Steven W. de Taeye, Travis Nieusma, Albert Cupo, Anila Yasmeen, Michael Golabek, Pavel Pugach, P. J. Klasse, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Design and Structure of Two HIV-1 Clade C SOSIP.664 Trimers That Increase the Arsenal of Native-Like Env Immunogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(38):11947-11952, 22 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26372963.
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Khan2018
Salar N. Khan, Devin Sok, Karen Tran, Arlette Movsesyan, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Dennis R. Burton, and Richard T. Wyatt. Targeting the HIV-1 Spike and Coreceptor with Bi- and Trispecific Antibodies for Single-Component Broad Inhibition of Entry. J. Virol., 92(18), 15 Sep 2018. PubMed ID: 29976677.
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Kulp2017
Daniel W. Kulp, Jon M. Steichen, Matthias Pauthner, Xiaozhen Hu, Torben Schiffner, Alessia Liguori, Christopher A. Cottrell, Colin Havenar-Daughton, Gabriel Ozorowski, Erik Georgeson, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Jordan R. Willis, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Samantha M. Reiss, Mia Shin, Natalia de Val, Andrew B. Ward, Shane Crotty, Dennis R. Burton, and William R. Schief. Structure-Based Design of Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Trimers to Silence Non-Neutralizing Epitopes and Eliminate CD4 Binding. Nat. Commun., 8(1):1655, 21 Nov 2017. PubMed ID: 29162799.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Kwong2018
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity, 48(5):855-871, 15 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29768174.
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Li2017
Hongru Li, Chati Zony, Ping Chen, and Benjamin K. Chen. Reduced Potency and Incomplete Neutralization of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 with Transmitted Founder Envs. J. Virol., 91(9), 1 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28148796.
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Liang2016
Yu Liang, Miklos Guttman, James A. Williams, Hans Verkerke, Daniel Alvarado, Shiu-Lok Hu, and Kelly K. Lee. Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J. Virol., 90(20):9224-9236, 15 Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27489265.
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Liao2013a
Hongyan Liao, Jun-tao Guo, Miles D. Lange, Run Fan, Michael Zemlin, Kaihong Su, Yongjun Guan, and Zhixin Zhang. Contribution of V(H) Replacement Products to the Generation of Anti-HIV Antibodies. Clin. Immunol., 146(1):46-55, Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23220404.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Longo2016
Nancy S. Longo, Matthew S. Sutton, Andrea R. Shiakolas, Javier Guenaga, Marissa C. Jarosinski, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Krisha McKee, Robert T. Bailer, Mark K. Louder, Sijy O'Dell, Mark Connors, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, and Nicole A. Doria-Rose. Multiple Antibody Lineages in One Donor Target the Glycan-V3 Supersite of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein and Display a Preference for Quaternary Binding. J. Virol., 90(23):10574-10586, 1 Dec 2016. PubMed ID: 27654288.
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Lorin2022
Valérie Lorin, Ignacio Fernández, Guillemette Masse-Ranson, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Cyril Planchais, Thierry Hieu, Gérard Péhau-Arnaudet, Dominik Hrebik, Giulia Girelli-Zubani, Oriane Fiquet, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Rogier W. Sanders, Bruce D. Walker, Olivier Schwartz, Johannes F. Scheid, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Pavel Plevka, Martine Braibant, Michael S. Seaman, François Bontems, James P. Di Santo, Félix A. Rey, and Hugo Mouquet. Epitope Convergence of Broadly HIV-1 Neutralizing IgA and IgG Antibody Lineages in a Viremic Controller. J. Exp. Med., 219(3), 7 Mar 2022. PubMed ID: 35230385.
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Magnus2016
Carsten Magnus, Lucia Reh, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV-1 Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies: Determination of Antibody Concentrations Leading to Escape Mutant Evolution. Virus Res., 218:57-70, 15 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26494166.
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Mahomed2020
Sharana Mahomed, Nigel Garrett, Quarraisha A. Karim, Nonhlanhla Y. Zuma, Edmund Capparelli, Cheryl Baxter, Tanuja Gengiah, Derseree Archary, Natasha Samsunder, Nicole D. Rose, Penny Moore, Carolyn Williamson, Dan H. Barouch, Patricia E. Fast, Bruno Pozzetto, Catherine Hankins, Kevin Carlton, Julie Ledgerwood, Lynn Morris, John Mascola, and Salim Abdool Karim. Assessing the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of the Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibody CAP256V2LS Alone and in Combination with VRC07-523LS and PGT121 in South African Women: Study Protocol for the First-in-Human CAPRISA 012B Phase I Clinical Trial. BMJ Open, 10(11):e042247, 26 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 33243815.
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Malbec2013
Marine Malbec, Françoise Porrot, Rejane Rua, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Ari Halper-Stromberg, Johannes F. Scheid, Caroline Eden, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Olivier Schwartz. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies That Inhibit HIV-1 Cell to Cell Transmission. J. Exp. Med., 210(13):2813-2821, 16 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24277152.
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Malherbe2014
Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, D. Noah Sather, Biwei Guo, Shilpi Pandey, William F. Sutton, Andrew B. Stuart, Harlan Robins, Byung Park, Shelly J. Krebs, Jason T. Schuman, Spyros Kalams, Ann J. Hessell, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Envelope variants circulating as initial neutralization breadth developed in two HIV-infected subjects stimulate multiclade neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. J Virol, 88(22):12949-67 doi, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25210191
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Mandizvo2022
Tawanda Mandizvo, Nombali Gumede, Bongiwe Ndlovu, Siphiwe Ndlovu, Jaclyn K. Mann, Denis R. Chopera, Lanish Singh, Krista L. Dong, Bruce D. Walker, Zaza M. Ndhlovu, Christy L. Lavine, Michael S. Seaman, Kamini Gounder, and Thumbi Ndung'u. Subtle Longitudinal Alterations in Env Sequence Potentiate Differences in Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute HIV-1 Subtype C Infection. J. Virol., 96(24):e0127022, 21 Dec 2022. PubMed ID: 36453881.
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Mannar2021
Dhiraj Mannar, Karoline Leopold, and Sriram Subramaniam. Glycan Reactive Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein But Do Not Block Viral Entry. Sci. Rep., 11(1):12448, 14 Jun 2021. PubMed ID: 34127709.
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McCoy2015
Laura E. McCoy, Emilia Falkowska, Katie J. Doores, Khoa Le, Devin Sok, Marit J. van Gils, Zelda Euler, Judith A. Burger, Michael S. Seaman, Rogier W. Sanders, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, and Dennis R. Burton. Incomplete Neutralization and Deviation from Sigmoidal Neutralization Curves for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 11(8):e1005110, Aug 2015. PubMed ID: 26267277.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Mkhize2023
Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize, Anna E. J. Yssel, Haajira Kaldine, Rebecca T. van Dorsten, Amanda S. Woodward Davis, Nicolas Beaume, David Matten, Bronwen Lambson, Tandile Modise, Prudence Kgagudi, Talita York, Dylan H. Westfall, Elena E. Giorgi, Bette Korber, Colin Anthony, Rutendo E. Mapengo, Valerie Bekker, Elizabeth Domin, Amanda Eaton, Wenjie Deng, Allan DeCamp, Yunda Huang, Peter B . Gilbert, Asanda Gwashu-Nyangiwe, Ruwayhida Thebus, Nonkululeko Ndabambi, Dieter Mielke, Nyaradzo Mgodi, Shelly Karuna, Srilatha Edupuganti, Michael S. Seaman, Lawrence Corey, Myron S. Cohen, John Hural, M. Juliana McElrath, James I. Mullins, David Montefiori, Penny L. Moore, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Neutralization Profiles of HIV-1 Viruses from the VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) Trials. PLoS Pathog., 19(6):e1011469, Jun 2023. PubMed ID: 37384759.
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Moldt2012a
Brian Moldt, Eva G. Rakasz, Niccole Schultz, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Kristine Swiderek, Kimberly L. Weisgrau, Shari M. Piaskowski, Zachary Bergman, David I. Watkins, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Highly Potent HIV-Specific Antibody Neutralization In Vitro Translates into Effective Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge In Vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(46):18921-18925, 13 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23100539.
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Molinos-Albert2023
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Moore2012
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, C. Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Molati Nonyane, Daniel J. Sheward, Tandile Hermanus, Shringkhala Bajimaya, Nancy L. Tumba, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Bronwen E. Lambson, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Lihua Ping, Nobubelo Ngandu, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Ronald I. Swanstrom, Michael S. Seaman, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Evolution of an HIV Glycan-Dependent Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope through Immune Escape. Nat. Med., 18(11):1688-1692, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23086475.
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Morgand2015
Marion Morgand, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Alain Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, Craig S. Pace, Marie Pancera, David D. Ho, Pascal Poignard, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Peter D. Kwong, Daniel Baty, Patrick Chames, Martine Braibant, and Francis Barin. A V1V2 Neutralizing Epitope Is Conserved in Divergent Non-M Groups of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26413851.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Mullick2021
Ranajoy Mullick, Jyoti Sutar, Nitin Hingankar, Suprit Deshpande, Madhuri Thakar, Seema Sahay, Rajesh P. Ringe, Sampurna Mukhopadhyay, Ajit Patil, Shubhangi Bichare, Kailapuri G. Murugavel, Aylur K. Srikrishnan, Rajat Goyal, Devin Sok, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Neutralization Diversity of HIV-1 Indian Subtype C Envelopes Obtained from Cross Sectional and Followed up Individuals against Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Having Distinct gp120 Specificities. Retrovirology, 18(1):12, 14 May 2021. PubMed ID: 33990195.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Nkolola2014
Joseph P. Nkolola, Christine A. Bricault, Ann Cheung, Jennifer Shields, James Perry, James M. Kovacs, Elena Giorgi, Margot van Winsen, Adrian Apetri, Els C. M. Brinkman-van der Linden, Bing Chen, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, and Dan H. Barouch. Characterization and Immunogenicity of a Novel Mosaic M HIV-1 gp140 Trimer. J. Virol., 88(17):9538-9552, 1 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 24965452.
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Nogal2020
Bartek Nogal, Laura E. McCoy, Marit J. van Gils, Christopher A. Cottrell, James E. Voss, Raiees Andrabi, Matthias Pauthner, Chi-Hui Liang, Terrence Messmer, Rebecca Nedellec, Mia Shin, Hannah L. Turner, Gabriel Ozorowski, Rogier W. Sanders, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. HIV Envelope Trimer-Elicited Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies Bind a Region Overlapping the N332 Glycan Supersite. Sci. Adv., 6(23):eaba0512, Jun 2020. PubMed ID: 32548265.
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Pancera2013a
Marie Pancera, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Jason Gorman, Gabriel Lu, Jason S. McLellan, Jonathan Stuckey, Jiang Zhu, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. N332-Directed Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Use Diverse Modes of HIV-1 Recognition: Inferences from Heavy-Light Chain Complementation of Function. PLoS One, 8(2):e55701, 2013. PubMed ID: 23431362.
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Patel2018
Ashaben Patel, Vineet Gupta, John Hickey, Nancy S. Nightlinger, Richard S. Rogers, Christine Siska, Sangeeta B. Joshi, Michael S. Seaman, David B. Volkin, and Bruce A. Kerwin. Coformulation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 3BNC117 and PGT121: Analytical Challenges During Preformulation Characterization and Storage Stability Studies. J. Pharm. Sci., 107(12):3032-3046, Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30176252.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Pugach2015
Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Reiss2022
E. I. M. M. Reiss, M. M. van Haaren, J. van Schooten, M. A. F. Claireaux, P. Maisonnasse, A. Antanasijevic, J. D. Allen, I. Bontjer, J. L. Torres, W.-H. Lee, G. Ozorowski, N. Vázquez Bernat, M. Kaduk, Y. Aldon, J. A. Burger, H. Chawla, A. Aartse, M. Tolazzi, H. Gao, P. Mundsperger, M. Crispin, D. C. Montefiori, G. B. Karlsson Hedestam, G. Scarlatti, A. B. Ward, R. Le Grand, R. Shattock, N. Dereuddre-Bosquet, R. W. Sanders, and M. J. van Gils. Fine-Mapping the Immunodominant Antibody Epitopes on Consensus Sequence-Based HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Vaccine Candidates. NPJ Vaccines, 7(1):152, 25 Nov 2022. PubMed ID: 36433972.
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Ren2018
Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Rosenberg2015
Yvonne Rosenberg, Markus Sack, David Montefiori, Celia Labranche, Mark Lewis, Lori Urban, Lingjun Mao, Rainer Fischer, and Xiaoming Jiang. Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Monoclonal Antibodies in Macaques. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120451, 25 Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807114.
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Rosenberg2016
Yvonne J. Rosenberg, David C. Montefiori, Celia C. LaBranche, Mark G. Lewis, Markus Sack, Jonathan P. Lees, and Xiaoming Jiang. Protection against SHIV Challenge by Subcutaneous Administration of the Plant-Derived PGT121 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody in Macaques. PLoS One, 11(3):e0152760, 2016. PubMed ID: 27031108.
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Sanders2015
Rogier W. Sanders, Marit J. van Gils, Ronald Derking, Devin Sok, Thomas J. Ketas, Judith A. Burger, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Cassandra Simonich, Leslie Goo, Heather Arendt, Helen J. Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee, Pavel Pugach, Melissa Williams, Gargi Debnath, Brian Moldt, Mariëlle J. van Breemen, Gözde Isik, Max Medina-Ramírez, Jaap Willem Back, Wayne C. Koff, Jean-Philippe Julien, Eva G. Rakasz, Michael S. Seaman, Miklos Guttman, Kelly K. Lee, Per Johan Klasse, Celia LaBranche, William R. Schief, Ian A. Wilson, Julie Overbaugh, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, David C. Montefiori, Hansi Dean, and John P. Moore. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Science, 349(6244):aac4223, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26089353.
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Scheepers2015
Cathrine Scheepers, Ram K. Shrestha, Bronwen E. Lambson, Katherine J. L. Jackson, Imogen A. Wright, Dshanta Naicker, Mark Goosen, Leigh Berrie, Arshad Ismail, Nigel Garrett, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Penny L. Moore, Simon A. Travers, and Lynn Morris. Ability to Develop Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Is Not Restricted by the Germline Ig Gene Repertoire. J. Immunol., 194(9):4371-4378, 1 May 2015. PubMed ID: 25825450.
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Schiffner2016
Torben Schiffner, Natalia de Val, Rebecca A. Russell, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Gabriel Ozorowski, Helen J. Kim, Travis Nieusma, Florian Brod, Albert Cupo, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Chemical Cross-Linking Stabilizes Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Antigens. J. Virol., 90(2):813-828, 28 Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26512083.
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Schiffner2018
Torben Schiffner, Jesper Pallesen, Rebecca A. Russell, Jonathan Dodd, Natalia de Val, Celia C. LaBranche, David Montefiori, Georgia D. Tomaras, Xiaoying Shen, Scarlett L. Harris, Amin E. Moghaddam, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Rogier W. Sanders, Laura E. McCoy, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Structural and Immunologic Correlates of Chemically Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1006986, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29746590.
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Schommers2020
Philipp Schommers, Henning Gruell, Morgan E. Abernathy, My-Kim Tran, Adam S. Dingens, Harry B. Gristick, Christopher O. Barnes, Till Schoofs, Maike Schlotz, Kanika Vanshylla, Christoph Kreer, Daniela Weiland, Udo Holtick, Christof Scheid, Markus M. Valter, Marit J. van Gils, Rogier W. Sanders, Jörg J. Vehreschild, Oliver A. Cornely, Clara Lehmann, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Jesse D. Bloom, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Florian Klein. Restriction of HIV-1 Escape by a Highly Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody. Cell, 180(3):471-489.e22, 6 Feb 2020. PubMed ID: 32004464.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Silver2019
Zachary A. Silver, Gordon M. Dickinson, Michael S. Seaman, and Ronald C. Desrosiers. A Highly Unusual V1 Region of Env in an Elite Controller of HIV Infection. J. Virol., 93(10), 15 May 2019. PubMed ID: 30842322.
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Simonich2016
Cassandra A. Simonich, Katherine L. Williams, Hans P. Verkerke, James A. Williams, Ruth Nduati, Kelly K. Lee, and Julie Overbaugh. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell, 166(1):77-87, 30 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27345369.
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Sliepen2015
Kwinten Sliepen, Max Medina-Ramirez, Anila Yasmeen, John P. Moore, Per Johan Klasse, and Rogier W. Sanders. Binding of Inferred Germline Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies to Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Virology, 486:116-120, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26433050.
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Sok2013
Devin Sok, Uri Laserson, Jonathan Laserson, Yi Liu, Francois Vigneault, Jean-Philippe Julien, Bryan Briney, Alejandra Ramos, Karen F. Saye, Khoa Le, Alison Mahan, Shenshen Wang, Mehran Kardar, Gur Yaari, Laura M. Walker, Birgitte B. Simen, Elizabeth P. St. John, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Kristine Swiderek, Steven H. Kleinstein, Galit Alter, Michael S. Seaman, Arup K. Chakraborty, Daphne Koller, Ian A. Wilson, George M. Church, Dennis R. Burton, and Pascal Poignard. The Effects of Somatic Hypermutation on Neutralization and Binding in the PGT121 Family of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. PLoS Pathog, 9(11):e1003754, 2013. PubMed ID: 24278016.
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Sok2014a
Devin Sok, Katie J. Doores, Bryan Briney, Khoa M. Le, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Alejandra Ramos, Daniel W. Kulp, Jean-Philippe Julien, Sergey Menis, Lalinda Wickramasinghe, Michael S. Seaman, William R. Schief, Ian A. Wilson, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Promiscuous Glycan Site Recognition by Antibodies to the High-Mannose Patch of gp120 Broadens Neutralization of HIV. Sci. Transl. Med., 6(236):236ra63, 14 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24828077.
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Sok2016
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Stefic2019
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Tokatlian2018
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Tong2012
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vandenKerkhof2013
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Wagh2016
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Wagh2018
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Walker2018
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Displaying record number 2651
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
PGT145 (PGT-145) |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp160(126-196) |
Epitope |
|
Subtype |
AD |
Ab Type |
gp120 V2 // V2 glycan(V2g) // V2 apex |
Neutralizing |
P View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG) |
Patient |
Donor 84 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, complement, computational prediction, contact residues, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, escape, glycosylation, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, therapeutic vaccine, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 100 of
100 notes.
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PGT145: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT145: Membrane-bound mRNA-encoded BG505-based Apex GT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. Soluble ApexGT2, ApexGT5 and BG505 SOSIP.MD39 (MD39, background for Apex constructs) all had generally similar antigenic profiles and bound mAb PGT145 at high levels. Of the 3, MD39 had slightly higher binding while ApexGT2 had slightly lower binding. Membrane-bound DNA-expressed MD39 had moderate binding to PGT145, while analogous ApexGT5, ApexGT5.Congly and ApexGT5.Gmax, as well as membrane-bound mRNA-encoded MD39, ApexGT5 and ApexGT5Congly all had minimal-low binding to PGT145.
Willis2022
(antibody binding site)
-
PGT145: Following the VRC018 clinical trial of the BG505 DS-SOSIP immunogen, donor N751 showed the highest BG505-reactive ELISA responses. B cells from this donor were sorted for binding to a novel BG505 trimer construct (BG505 glycan base); 8 clones were identified that bound to glycan-base BG505, and 2 were selected for characterization (2C06 and 2C09). The epitopes of 2C06.01 and 2C09.01 were similar to each other, and have substantial overlap with the epitope of VRC34.01, and lower overlap with two other FP-targeting mAbs, PGT151 and ACS202. Binding of mAbs to BG505 DS-SOSIP was compared with binding to the glycan base construct; some mAbs bound to both BG505 DS-SOSIP and glycan base (PGT145, VRC26.25, VRC01, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 2G12), some bound to neither (PG05, 447-52D, and 2557), and 4 base-binding mAbs bound to BG505 DS-SOSIP, but not to BG505 glycan base (1E6, 5H3, 3H2, and 9B9).
Wang2023
(binding affinity)
-
PGT145: A SHIV carrying a highly neutralization-sensitive Env (SHIVCNE40) was passaged in macaques. SHIVCNE40 developed enhanced replication kinetics associated with neutralization resistance against autologous serum, CD4-Ig, and several nAbs (17b, 3BNC117, N6, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, 35O22, 2F5, 10E8). A gp41 substitution, E658K, was the major determinant for this resistance. Structural modeling and functional verification indicate that the substitution disrupts an intermolecular salt bridge with the neighboring protomer, thereby promoting fusion and facilitating immune evasion. This effect is applicable across many HIV-1 viruses of diverse subtypes. These results highlight the critical role of gp41 in shaping the neutralization profile and conformation of Env during viral adaptation. The unique intermolecular salt bridge could potentially be utilized for rational vaccine design involving more stable HIV-1 Env trimers.
Wang2019
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, structure)
-
PGT145: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
PGT145:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. PGT145 was used as a reference antibody for epitope mapping and binding profile of EPTC112.
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
PGT145: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT145: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
PGT145: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: PGT145 was positive for neutralization, ADCC, and binding to infected cells.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT145: Reduction in exposure of non-neutralizing Ab (nnAb) epitopes on native-like Env trimer immunogens results in bnAbs being elicited that have autologous tier 2 neutralization instead of tier 1. The design of trimer modifications to silence nnAb reactivity were directed towards (1) the V3 loop (2) epitopes exposed through CD4-induced conformational changes (CD4i epitopes) and (3) the exposed SOSIP trimer base that is usually buried within virus membrane. (1) In Steichen2016 2 Env variants of BG505 SOSIP.664 with reduced V3 nnAb-generating activity were created, one using mammalian display screens, BG505 MD39, and the other with an engineered disulfide bond, BG505 SOSIP.DS21. MD39's trimer design was improved by using the Rosetta Design platform and inserting 6 buried mutations to form BG505 Olio6, and both this trimer as well as the DS21 were shown to have reduced antigenicity for nnAb generation in a rabbit vaccine model. (2) To reduce CD4i epitope elicitation of nnAbs, saturation mutagenesis of Olio6 was performed, in search of the trimer that binds VRC01-class bnAbs but not CD4. BG505 Olio6.CD4KO containing the G473T mutation was identified. In addition, for the purposes of nucleic acid-based vaccine platform designs, the natural furin cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 was removed to abolish protease cleavage, by swapping the order of gp14 and gp120 in the gp160 gene, giving the trimer BG505 MD39.CP (circular permutation). (3) The exposed trimer base was masked with glycan in 3 under-glycosylated regions in order to direct bnAb responses to the distal regions (CD4bs, V2 apex, N332 superset) of the trimer instead, generating the GRSF (glycan resurfaced) MD39 and GRSF MD39.CP variants. Furthermore, variants with improved thermostability over MD39 were created, MD37 and MD64. All of these stabilizing mutations were transferred to diverse HIV isolates from different subtypes. Finally 3 subtype C (isolate 327c) trimers were assessed for binding to bnAbs, VRC01, PGT121, PGT151, PGT145, PG9 and to nnAbs, F105 and 17b - PGT145 binds all three as well as AD8 SOSIP, AD8 MD64, and BG505s foldon, Olio6, SOSIP.664 and Olio6 CD4KO.
Kulp2017
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, assay or method development, autologous responses, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT145: Using subtype A BG505 Env structural information, improved variants of subtype B JRFL and subtype C 16055 Env native flexibly linked (NFL) trimers were generated. The trimer-derived (TD) residues that increased well-ordered, homogeneous, stable, and soluble trimers did not require positive or negative selection as previously needed [Guenaga2015, PLoS Pathos. 11(1):e1004570]. PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 which are "trimer-preferring" bnAbs are known to target one site on the variable cap per spike and while PGT145 preferentially recognized 16055 NFL TD8 over JRFL NFL TD15, it also bound subtype B JRFL with a very high (nM) affinity.
Guenaga2015a
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT145: Most published structures of bnAbs, yet none of non- or poorly-neutralizing mAbs, were structurally compatible with a newly generated crystal structure of a mature ligand-free endoglycosidase H-treated BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimer. Robust binding of the structurally incompatible V3- and CD4-bs targeting nAbs could be induced with CD4. A “DS” variant of BG505 SOSIP.664, containing a stabilizing disulfide bond between 201C and 433C mutations, was developed and appeared to represent an obligate intermediate in that it only bound a single CD4 and remained in a prefusion closed conformation. BnAb PGT145 had KD values of 4.38 and 7.22 nM, respectively, when binding to BG505 SOSIP.664 wildtype and DS variant.
Kwon2015
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT145: Native, well-ordered, soluble mimetics of the Env trimer from subtypes B (JRFL) and C (16055) were obtained from genetically identical samples of heterogeneous mixture of disordered Env SOSIPs. Negative selection by non-nAbs was used to remove disordered oligomers, leaving well-ordered trimers that were able to bind sCD4, a panel of bnAbs that bind CD4bs, and PGT15 which is a bnAb that binds only cleavage-dependent, well-ordered, Env trimer. Several biophysical techniques were used to interrogate the structure of the purified subtype B and C trimers. Trimer antigenicity was assessed by bio-layer interferometry against F105-like non-neutralizing Abs, and some bnAbs in solution. Quaternary epitope-preferring and glycan-specific PGT145 does not bind open/disordered trimers well or recognize monomers, but recognizes these non-nAb negatively selected trimers.
Guenaga2015
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
PGT145: This paper comprehensively defined the effect of every viable single aa mutation in the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of BG505.T332N Env on binding by 9 individual bnAbs targeting 5 epitope classes (VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PG9, PGT145, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 10E8), as well as by a mixture of 3BNC117 and 10-1074. Escape mutations mostly occurred in a small subset of structurally-defined contacts within <4 Å and at sites within 5-10 Å of the Ab. Escape from both V2-apex-targeting bnAbs, PG9 and PGT145, occurred through the elimination of the N160 glycan and/or positive charges from the epitope as well as mutations in trimer apex contact sites. For PGT145, escape was also facilitated through the introduction of charges and mutations at the trimer interface. Env sites with the largest cumulative mutational impact on PGT145 binding were R166, N160, K121, K169, and T162. See LANL Features and Contacts database for more details.
Dingens2019
(antibody binding site, escape, contact residues)
-
PGT145: Primary HIV-1 Envs were expressed as SHIVs, and responses from infected rhesus macaques showed patterns of Env-antibody coevolution similar to those in humans. This included conserved immunogenetic, structural, and chemical solutions to epitope recognition and precise Env-amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions leading to virus persistence. A total of 22 macaques were infected with one of the following: SHIV.CH505, SHIV.CH848, or SHIV.CAP256SU. Seven of the animals’ sera showed heterologous neutralization against tier 1A pseudoviruses: 2 were infected by SHIV.CH505 (RM5695 and RM6070), 2 by SHIV.CH848 (RM6163 and RM6167), and 3 by SHIV.CAP256SU (RM40591, RM42056 and RM6727). The remaining 15 animals showed either no or very limited, low titer neutralization of heterologous tier 2 viruses. Escape mutations from the macaque sera and mAbs closely resembled those of human mAb of the same binding type. Virus-antibody coevolution in macaques can thus recapitulate developmental features of human bNAbs, thereby guiding HIV-1 immunogen design. Four mAbs were isolated from RM5695 (infected with SHIV.CH505): RHA1.V2.01 - RHA1.V2.04. One (RHA1.V2.01), neutralized 49% of a 208-strain panel, and structural analysis revealed a V2-apex mode of recognition that resembles human bnAbs PGT145 or PCT64-35S. The structure of mAb RHA1.V2.01 in complex with the BG505 DS-SOSIP Env trimer, determined by cryo-EM, showed striking similarity to human V2 apex bnAbs PGT145 and PCT64-35S. In a hierarchical clustering analysis of the neutralization profiles of RHA1.V2.01 and other prototypic human V2 apex bNAbs measured against a 208-virus panel, RHA1.V2.01 grouped most closely with PCT64-35M.
Roark2021
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, escape, structure)
-
PGT145: This study reports on bispecific antibodies in which one arm is a single-chain (scFv) form of a V2-glycan antibody (VRC26.25 or PGT145), and the other arm is a V3-glycan Fab (10-1074, PGT121, or PGT128). A linker was used consisting of 10 repeats of tetraglycine-serine (10GS); additionally, KIH (knob in hole) mutations were introduced for stabilization. Some of these bispecific antibodies are markedly more potent than their parental bNAbs, likely because they simultaneously engage both the V2-apex and V3-glycan epitopes of Env.
Davis-Gardner2020
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT145: This study aimed to define properties shared by transmitted viruses by comparing antigenic and functional properties of envelope glycoproteins of viral variants isolated during primary infection in 27 patients belonging to 8 transmission clusters. The neutralization of the 27 pseudotyped viruses was assayed with 8 human bnAbs targeting various regions of the virus. The infectious properties of the viruses was assessed by measuring their infectivity and sensitivity to entry inhibitors. Transmitted viruses from the same transmission chain shared many properties, including similar neutralization profiles, sensitivity to inhibitors, and infectivity. All transmitted viruses were CCR5-tropic, sensitive to maraviroc, and resistant to soluble forms of CD4, irrespective of cluster. They were also generally sensitive to bnAbs that target V3 (10-1074, PGT121), CD4bs (3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W), and MPER region (10E8), suggesting that the loss of these epitopes may affect a virus’s capacity to be transmitted. The viruses were somewhat less sensitive to bnAbs targeting the V1V2 region (PG9, PGT145) and gp120/gp41 interface (8ANC195). These data suggest that the transmission bottleneck is governed by selective forces.
Beretta2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
PGT145: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
-
PGT145: HIV-1 and its SIV precursors share a bnAb epitope in Env V2 at the trimer apex. This study tested the immunogenicity of a chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) Env trimer. In mice expressing a human V2-apex bnAb heavy-chain precursor, trimer immunization induced V2-directed nAbs. Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-chimpanzee immunodeficiency viruses (SCIVs) elicited high-titer viremia, potent autologous neutralizing antibodies, rapid sequence escape in the canonical V2-apex epitope, and in some cases, low-titer heterologous plasma breadth mapping to the V2-apex. Antibody cloning from 2 macaques (T925 and T927) identified 7 lineages (53 mAbs) with long CDRH3 regions that cross-neutralize some primary HIV-1 strains with low potency. Electron microscopy of members of the two most cross-reactive lineages confirmed V2 targeting with an angle of approach distinct from prototypical V2-apex bNAbs; antibody binding either required or induced an occluded-open trimer. Probing with conformation-sensitive, nonneutralizing antibodies revealed that SCIV-expressed, but not wild-type SIVcpz Envs, as well as a subset of primary HIV-1 Envs, preferentially adopted a more open trimeric state. These results reveal the existence of a cryptic V2 epitope that is exposed in occluded-open SIVcpz and HIV-1 Env trimers and elicits cross-neutralizing responses of limited breadth and potency. This cryptic epitope, which in some Env backgrounds is immunodominant, needs to be considered in immunogen design. As part of the study, binding and neutralization assays used panels of nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, CH01, BG1, VRC38.01), non-nAbs (697-D, 1393A, CH58, CAP228-3D, 3074, 447-52D, 17b, A32), and unmutated ancestors (PG9-RUA, PG16-RUA, VRC26-UCA, CH01-RUA).
Bibollet-Ruche2023
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT145: Structural characterization of macaque vaccine-induced mAbs Ab1303 and Ab1573 revealed a CD4bs binding mechanism that requires an occluded-open Env trimer conformation, similar to what has been observed for mAb b12. BnAb PGT145 was used to capture and lock BG505 Env trimers into a closed, pre-fusion conformation which only bnAb IOMA, and not b12, Ab1303 or Ab1573, could bind.
Yang2022
(antibody binding site)
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PGT145: A macaque sequential immunization protocol with increasingly native-like V3-glycan-targeting Env trimers multimerized onto virus-like particles elicited multiple on-target mAbs with heterologous, yet generally weak, neutralization activity and minimal protection in a subsequent intrarectal heterologous challenge with SHIVDH12-V3AD8. The priming immunogen was RC1-4fill (clade A/E, RC1 with 4 additional glycans), a low affinity Env trimer with additional glycans to facilitate V3-glycan targeting and mask BG505 glycan hole, while the boosting immunogens were 11MUTB-4fill (clade A/E), B41-5MUT or B41 wildtype (clade B), AMC011/Du422 (clade B/C), and consensus group M/consensus clade C Env trimers. In a RC1 binding assay, PGT145 Fab competed moderately with itself and bnAb PG16. PGT145 IgG binding to RC1 was also competed by 10-1074 Fab. Serum from the 8 immunized macaques collected after each immunization did not display RC1-binding competition with 3BC315.
Escolano2021
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design)
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PGT145: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); PGT145 had 12 improbable mutations out of 52 total AA mutations, and 0 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
-
PGT145: A panel of 33 CRF02_AG pseudoviruses was generated from HIV-1-infected individuals during early stages of infection. Samples represented a 15-year period 1997-2012. These viruses were best neutralized by the CD4bs-directed bnAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, and N6) and the MPER-directed bnAb 10E8 in terms of both potency and breadth. There was a higher resistance to bnAbs targeting the V1V2-glycan region (PG9 and PGT145) and the V3-glycan region (PGT121 and 10-1074). Neutralization by 8ANC195 was also assayed. Combinations of antibodies were predicted by the CombiNaber tool to achieve full coverage across this subtype. There was increased resistance to bnAbs targeting the CD4bs linked to the diversification of CRF02_AG Env over the course of the timespan sampled.
Stefic2019
(neutralization, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
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PGT145: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PGT145: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT145: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT145: A plant-based expression system was used to produce different glycoforms of the bnAbs PG9, PG16, 10–1074, NIH45–46G54W, 10E8, PGT121, PGT128, PGT145, PGT135, and b12. Also produced were mutated forms (N92T) of VRC01 (mVRC01) and NIH45–46G54W (mNIH45–46G54W). The in vivo properties of these mAbs were assessed in macaques to distinguish those most likely to comprise or become a component of an affordable and efficacious immunotherapeutic cocktails. N-glycans within the VL domain impaired the plasma stability of plant-derived bnAbs. While PGT121 and b12 exhibited no immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, VRC01, 10-1074 and NIH45-46G54W elicited high titer anti-idiotypic antibodies. The results indicated that that specific mutations in certain bnAbs caused immunogenicity in macaques. Such immunogenicity in humans would potentially compromise their value for immunotherapy. CHO1-31 was used as a positive control in a neutralization assay.
Rosenberg2015
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, immunotherapy)
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PGT145: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128, as well as 2G12, were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
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PGT145: The crystal structure of Fab NC-Cow1 was determined. The NC-Cow1 structure was then determined in a quaternary complex with BG505 SOSIP.664, in which human Fabs PGT128 and 35022 were added to facilitate formation of diffraction-quality crystals. The exceptionally long (60 residues) CDR H3 of the heavy chain of NC-Cow1 forms a mini domain (knob) on an extended stalk that navigates through the dense glycan shield on Env to target a small footprint on the gp120 CD4bs with no contact of the other CDRs to the rest of the Env trimer. The 3D structure of NC-Cow1 was closely compared with that of PGT145.
Stanfield2020
(structure)
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PGT145: In an effort to identify new Env immunogens able to elicit bNAbs, this study looked at Envs derived from rare individuals who possess bNAbs and are elite viral suppressors, hypothesizing that in at least some people the antibodies may mediate durable virus control. The Env proteins recovered from these individuals may more closely resemble the Envs that gave rise to bNAbs compared to the highly diverse viruses isolated from normal progressors. This study identified a treatment-naive elite suppressor, EN3 (patient record #4929), whose serum had broad neutralization. The Env sequences of EN3 had much fewer polymorphisms, compared to those of a normal progressor, EN1 (patient record #4928), who also had broad serum neutralization. This result confirmed other reports of slower virus evolution in elite suppressors. EN3 Envelope proteins were unusual in that most possessed two extra cysteines within an elongated V1 region. The impact of the extra cysteines on the binding to bNAbs, virus infectivity, and sensitivity to neutralization suggested that structural motifs in V1 can affect infectivity, and that rare viruses may be prevented from developing escape. As part of this study, the neutralization of pseudotype viruses for EN3 Env clones was assayed for several bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, VRC01, 4E10, and 35O22).
Hutchinson2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT145: Extensive structural and biochemical analyses demonstrated that PGT145 achieves recognition and neutralization by targeting quaternary structure of the cationic trimer apex required for CCR5/CSCR4 binding through long and unusually stabilized anionic β-hairpin HCDR3 loops. Analysis of generated cryoEM and X-ray Fab structures, BG505.Env.C2 alanine-scanning neutralization assays and glycan knockouts revealed that PGT145 represents a distinct class of apex bNAb that is dependent on N160, indirectly affected by N156 glycan and requires simultaneous recognition of peptide contacts from apex central residues of all 3 gp120 V1V2 loops. Logistic regression sequence analysis revealed that BG505 V2 amino acids important for neutralization included K121, R166, & T162 that directly contact PGT145; K171 that indirectly affect PGT145 via N160 & N156; and L125, I309, L175 & I326 that affect trimer stabilization via hydrophobic packing. Electrostatic pairwise interactions in HCDR3 were also required for neutralizing activity while mutations affecting other extensive electrostatic interactions reduced neutralization potency. Authors predict that PGT145 IgG binding in vivo would prevent CD4 binding through steric interference. 3BNC117-binding induced allosteric effects resulting in greater access to the apical binding site for PGT145.
Lee2017
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT145: Analyses of all PDB HIV1-Env trimer (prefusion, closed) structures fulfilling certain parameters of resolution were performed to classify them on the basis of (a) antibody class which was informed by parental B cells as well as structural recognition, and (b) Env residues defining recognized HIV epitopes. Structural features of the 206 HIV epitope and bNAb paratopes were correlated with functional properties of the breadth and potency of neutralization against a 208-strain panel. Broadly nAbs with >25% breadth of neutralization belonged to 20 classes of antibodies with a large number of protruding loops and high degree of somatic hypermutation (SHM). Analysis of recognized HIV epitopes placed the bNAbs into 6 categories (viz. V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide and subunit interface). The epitopes contained high numbers of independent sequence segments and glycosylated surface area. PGT145-Env formed a distinct group within the V1V2 category, Class PGT145, as the recognition site was an Ab loop insertion into a trimeric hole at the spike apex of Env. Data for PGT145 complexed to BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer was found in PDB ID: 5V8L.
Chuang2019
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT145: Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664 has been reported. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 HR1 region which can guide the improvement of Env glycoprotein preparations and potentially increase their effectiveness as a vaccine. PGT145 broadly neutralized HIV-1AD8 full-length and cytoplasmic tail-deleted Envs.
Castillo-Menendez2019
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT145: Lipid-based nanoparticles for the multivalent display of trimers have been shown to enhance humoral responses to trimer immunogens in the context of HIV vaccine development. After immunization with soluble MD39 SOSIP trimers (a stabilized version of BG505), trimer-conjugated liposomes improved both germinal center B cell and trimer-specific T follicular helper cell responses. In particular, MD39-liposomes showed high levels of binding by bNAbs such as V3 glycan specific PGT121, V1/V2 glycan specific PGT145, gp120/gp41 interface specific PGT151, CD4 binding site specific VRC01, and showed minimal binding by non-NAbs like CD4 binding site specific B6, and V3 specific 4025 or 39F.
Tokatlian2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT145: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the V2 apex recognized by PGDM1400, PGT145, and PG16, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT145: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. The I184C/E190C mutant bound all the V2 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, and CH01) better than SOSIP.664.
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT145: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. PGT145 was used for analyzing clade sensitivity and the V2Ab signature summaries (Table S1).
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT145: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied and future directions for the field. PGT145, a prototype super-Ab, was isolated from direct functional screening of B cell clones. Antigenic region V2 apex (Table:1)
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT145: The effects of 16 glycoengineering (GE) methods on the sensitivities of 293T cell-produced pseudoviruses (PVs) to a large panel of bNAbs were investigated. Some bNAbs were dramatically impacted. PG9 and CAP256.09 were up to ˜30-fold more potent against PVs produced with co-transfected α-2,6 sialyltransferase. PGT151 and PGT121 were more potent against PVs with terminal SA removed. 35O22 and CH01 were more potent against PV produced in GNT1-cells. The effects of GE on bNAbs VRC38.01, VRC13 and PGT145 were inconsistent between Env strains, suggesting context-specific glycan clashes. Overexpressing β-galactosyltransferase during PV production 'thinned' glycan coverage, by replacing complex glycans with hybrid glycans. This impacted PV sensitivity to some bNAbs. Maximum percent neutralization by excess bnAb was also improved by GE. Remarkably, some otherwise resistant PVs were rendered sensitive by GE. Germline-reverted versions of some bnAbs usually differed from their mature counterparts, showing glycan indifference or avoidance, suggesting that glycan binding is not germline-encoded but rather, it is gained during affinity maturation. Overall, these GE tools provided new ways to improve bnAb-trimer recognition that may be useful for informing the design of vaccine immunogens to try to elicit similar bnAbs.
Crooks2018
(vaccine antigen design, antibody lineage)
-
PGT145: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
PGT145: A rare glycan hole at the V2 apex is enriched in HIV isolates neutralized by inferred precursors of prototype V2-apex bNAbs. To investigate whether this feature could focus neutralizing responses onto the apex bnAb region, rabbits were immunized with soluble trimers adapted from these Envs. Potent autologous tier 2 neutralizing responses targeting basic residues in strand C of the V2 region, which forms the core epitope for V2-apex bnAbs, were observed. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from these animals display features promising for subsequent broadening of the response. Four human anti-V2 bnAbs (PG9, CH01, PGT145, and CAP256.09) were used as a basis of comparison.
Voss2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT145: This study describes the generation of CHO cell lines stably expressing the following vaccine Env Ags: CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B). The antigenic profiles of the molecules were assessed with a panel of well-characterized mAbs recognizing critical epitopes and glycosylation analysis confirming previously identified sites and revealing unknown sites at non-consensus motifs. A244.AE gp120 showed no measurable binding to PGT145 in ELISA EC50 and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays.
Wen2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT145: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. PGT145 is neither autoreactive nor polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PGT145: Panels of C clade pseudoviruses were computationally downselected from the panel of 200 C clade viruses defined by Rademeyer et al. 2016. A 12-virus panel was defined for the purpose of screening sera from vaccinees. Panels of 50 and 100 viruses were defined as smaller sets for use in testing magnitude and breadth against C clade. Published neutralization data for 16 mAbs was taken from CATNAP for the computational selections: 10-1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128, VRC26.25, VRC26.08, PGDM1400, PG9, PGT145, VRC07-523, 10E8, VRC13, 3BNC117, VRC07, VRC01, 4E10.
Hraber2017
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PGT145: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers. quaternary epitopes in the V1/V2 domain could not be probed using PGT145, as it doesn't bind to WT 89.6 or JRFL.
Hogan2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT145: SOSIP.664 trimer was modified at V3 positions 306 and 308 by Leucine substitution to create hydrophobic interactions with the tryptophan residue at position 316 and the V1V2 domain. These modifications stabilized the resulting SOSIP.v5.2 S306L R308L trimers. In vivo, the induction of V3 non-NAbs was significantly reduced compared with the SOSIP.v5.2 trimers. S306L plus R308L paired substitutions had no effect on the trimer reactivity of PGT145.
deTaeye2018
(broad neutralizer)
-
PGT145: DS-SOSIP.4mut (4mut) was identified as the most immunogenic and stable of 4 engineered, soluble, closed prefusion HIV-1 Env trimers. 4mut contained 4 mutations (M154, M300, M302 and L320) designed to form hydrophobic interactions between V1V1 and V3 loops. Both pre- and post-V3 negative selection, V2-apex-targeted bnAb PGT145 recognized 4mut, the other 3 designed trimers (DS-SOSIP.6mut containing 4mut mutations, Y177W and I420M, DS-SOSIP.I423F and DS-SOSIP.A316W), and related trimers DS-SOSIP and BG505 SOSIP.664. Each DS-SOSIP variant was able to elicit trimer-specific responses, comparable to BG505 SOSIP.664, in guinea pigs after 4 immunizations, but none elicited heterologous neutralizing activity. Crystal structures were generated for 4mut and 6mut.
Chuang2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT145: Three strategies were applied to perturb the structure of Env in order to make the protein more susceptible to neutralization: exposure to cold, Env-activating ligands, and a chaotropic agent. A panel of mAbs (E51, 48d, 17b, 3BNC176, 19b, 447-52D, 39F, b12, b6, PG16, PGT145, PGT126, 35O22, F240, 10E8, 7b2, 2G12) was used to test the neutralization resistance of a panel of subtype B and C pseudoviruses with and without these agents. Both cold and CD4 mimicking agents (CD4Ms) increased the sensitivity of some viruses. The chaotropic agent urea had little effect by itself, but could enhance the effects of cold or CD4Ms. Thus Env destabilizing agents can make Env more susceptible to neutralization and may hold promise as priming vaccine antigens.
Johnson2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT145: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs, regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
PGT145: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
PGT145: The isolation of trimers that mimic native Env by epitope-independent, biochemical methods is reported. Chromatography based approaches were used to isolate NL trimers from nonnative Env species, and the method was validated with SOSIP trimers from HIV-1 clades A and B. The resulting material was homogeneous (>95% pure), fully cleaved, and of the appropriate mol weight and size for SOSIP trimers. Since some isolated Envs, like BS208.b1 and KNH1144 T162A, did not present the glycan/quaternary structure-dependent epitope for PGT145 binding, it suggests that this method of isolation circumvents the limitations of mAb-dependdent affinity methods.
Verkerke2016
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT145: This study performed cyclical permutation of the V1 loop of JRFL in order to develop better gp120 trimers to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Some mutated trimers showed improved binding to several mAbs, including VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, PGT128, PGT145, PGDM1400, b6, and F105. Guinea pigs immunized with prospective trimers showed improved neutralization of a panel of HIV-1 pseudoviruses.
Kesavardhana2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT145: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. PGT145 was 1 of 2 reference PG9-like bNAbs - PG9 and PGT145.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PGT145: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT145: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
PGT145: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
PGT145: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
PGT145: HIV-1 bNAb eptiope networks were predicted using 4 algorithms informed by neutralization assays using 282 Env from multiclade viruses. Patch clusters of possible Ab epitope regions were tested for significant sensitivity by site-directed mutagenesis. Epitope (Ab binding site) networks of critical Env residues for 21 bNAb (b12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126, PGT127, PGT128, PGT130, PGT131, PGT135, PGT136, PGT137, PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, PGT144, PGT145 and PGV04) were delineated and found to be located mostly in variable loops of gp120, particularly in V1/V2.
Evans2014
(antibody binding site, computational prediction)
-
PGT145: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. V1/V2 glycan bNAbs PGT145 bound cell surface tightly whether the trimer contained its C-terminal or not, and was competed out by sCD4. It was able to neutralize the 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PGT145: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT145: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). V1/V2 glycan bNAb, PGT145, neutralized B41 psuedovirus and bound B41 trimer strongly.
Pugach2015
-
PGT145: The first generation of HIV trimer soluble immunogens, BG505 SOSIP.664 were tested in a mouse model for generation of nAb to neutralization-resistant circulating HIV strains. No such NAbs were induced, as mouse Abs targeted the bottom of soluble Env trimers, suggesting that the glycan shield of Env trimers is impenetrable to murine B cell receptors and that epitopes at the trimer base should be obscured in immunogen design in order to avoid non-nAb responses. Association and dissociation of known anti-trimer bNAbs (VRC01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT151, PGT135, PG9, 35O22, 3BC315 and PGT145) were found to be far greater than murine generated non-NAbs.
Hu2015
-
PGT145: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. PGT145, PG16 and PG9, all V1/V2 glycan trimer apex bNAbs, were strongly, reciprocally competitive with one another. V3 glycan bNAbs PGT121, PGT122, PGT123 inhibited binding of PGT145 strongly, but in a non-reciprocal manner. Unexpectedly, PGT145 strongly and non-reciprocally competed 1NC9, 8ANC195 and to a lesser extent PGT151 and 35O22, most of them gp120-gp41 binding bNAbs.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT145: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes for all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. The Clade C trimer ZM197M is strongly reactive to the quaternary-dependent, V1/V2 glycan trimer-apex bNAb, PGT145 but trimer DU442 and its pseudotyped virus are weakly reactive with PGT145.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
PGT145: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Binding of V1/V2 apex-binding bNAb PGT145 to trimers was 3.7-fold reduced by trimer cross-linking.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT145: HIV-1 escape from the N332-glycan dependent bNAb, PGT135, developed in an elite controller but without change to the PGT135-binding Env epitope itself. Instead an insertion increasing V1 length by up to 21 residues concomitant with an additional 1-3 glycans and 2-4 cysteines shields the epitope from PGT135. The majority of viruses tested developed a 14-fold resistance to PGT135 from month 7 to 11. In comparison, HIV-1 developed a 36 fold sensitivity to PGT145.
vandenKerkhof2016
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, escape)
-
PGT145: The native-like, engineered trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 induced potent NAbs against conformational epitopes of neutralization-resistant Tier-2 viruses in rabbits and macaques, but induced cross-reactive NAbs against linear V3 epitopes of neutralization-sensitive Tier-1 viruses. A different trimer, B41 SOSIP.664 also induced strong autologous Tier-2 NAb responses in rabbits. Sera from 20 BG505 SOSIP.664-D7324 trimer-immunized rabbits were incapable of inhibiting PGT145 binding to V1/V2-glycan. 2/4 similarly trimer-immunized macaque sera however inhibited PGT145 binding by >50%.
Sanders2015
(antibody generation, neutralization, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT145: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-V1/V2 glycan bNAb PGT145, neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PGT145: This paper analyzed site-specific glycosylation of a soluble, recombinant trimer (BG505 SOSIP.664). This trimer mapped the extremes of simplicity and diversity of glycan processing at individual sites and revealed a mosaic of dense clusters of oligomannose glycans on the outer domain. Although individual sites usually minimally affect the global integrity of the glycan shield, they identified examples of how deleting some glycans can subtly influence neutralization by bNAbs that bind at distant sites. The network of bNAb-targeted glycans should be preserved on vaccine antigens. Neutralization profiles for V1V2 Ab, PG145, to multiple epitopes were determined. Removing the N156 or N160 or N197 glycans from either of the BG505 test viruses reduced the neutralization activities of PG145.
Behrens2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
PGT145: The study detailed binding kinetics of the interaction between BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer or its variants (gp120 monomer; first study of disulfide-stabilized variant gp120-gp41ECTO protomer) and several mAbs, both neutralizing (VRC01, PGV04, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT145, PGT151, 2G12) and non-neutralizing (b6, b12, 14e, 19b, F240). V1V2 quarternary-dependent epitope-binding bNAb, PGT145, bound trimer best, did not bind protomer and BG505 gp120's monomer.
Yasmeen2014
(antibody binding site, assay or method development)
-
PGT145: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. V1/V2 glycan-binding, second-generation mAb, PGT145 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=0.23 µg/ml for 8/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 67%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
PGT145: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti V1/V2 bNAb PGT145 was able to neutralize 1/16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 1 µg/ml, RBF168,P at 0.13 µg/ml.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PGT145: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. V1/V2 apex-binding gl-PGT145 did not bind any trimers.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
PGT145: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
PGT145: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. PGT145 neutralized 76% of the 199 viruses tested.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
PGT145: The study compared binding and neutralization of 4 V2 apex bnAbs (PG9, CH01, PGT145, and CAP256.VRC26.09). All recognized a core epitope on V1/V2 (the N-linked glycan at N160 and cysteine-linked lysine rich, HXB2:126-196), which includes residue N160 as well as N173. The lysine rich region on strand C of HIV-1 V2 that is key for binding to the nAb contains the sequence (168)KKQK(171). Inferred germline versions of three of the prototype bnAbs were able to neutralize specific Env isolates. Soluble Env derived from one of these isolates was shown to form a well-ordered Env trimer that could serve as an immunogen to initiate a V2-apex bnAb response. Escape from bnAb PGT145 was seen in patient Donor_584 by mutations K169S, Q170K and K171I.
Andrabi2015
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, escape, antibody lineage)
-
PGT145: Double, triple or quadruple combinations of fifteen bNAbs that target 4 distinct epitope regions: the CD4 binding site (3BNC117, VRC01, VRC07, VRC07-523, VRC13), the V3-glycan supersite (10–1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128), the V1/V2-glycan site (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.25), and the gp41 MPER epitope (10E8) were studied. Their neutralization potency and breadth were assayed against a panel of 200 acute/early subtype C strains, and compared to a novel, highly accurate predictive mathematical model (no-overlap Bliss Hill model, CombiNaber tool, LANL HIV Immunology database). These data were used to predict the best combinations of bNAbs for immunotherapy.
Wagh2016
(neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT145: Guinea pigs were immunized with either BG505 Env trimer or a complex of BG505 together with the PGT145 FAb fragment. The hypothesis was that the antibody would stabilize BG505 in its prefusion closed conformation and limit the development of antibodies against V3. Both immunogens elicited similar levels of autologous NAbs, but the BG505-PGT145 complex elicited 100-fold lower responses to V3. This finding may represent an avenue toward reducing off-target immunogenicity while generating autologous NAbs.
Cheng2015
(therapeutic vaccine, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT145: An atomic-level understanding of V1V2-directed bNAb recognition in a donor was used in the design of V1V2 scaffolds capable of interacting with quaternary-specific V1V2-directed bNAbs. The cocrystal structure of V1V2 with antibody CH03 from a second donor is reported and Env interactions of antibody CAP256-VRC26 from a third donor are modeled. V1V2-directed bNAbs used strand-strand interactions between a protruding Ab loop and a V1V2 strand but differed in their N-glycan recognition. Ontogeny analysis indicated that protruding loops develop early, and glycan interactions mature over time.PGT145 did not bind to the monomeric V1V2 scaffolds. The quaternary dependence might be one possible explanation for this lack of recognition.
Gorman2016
(glycosylation, structure, antibody lineage)
-
PGT145: The sequential development of three distinct bnAb responses within a single host, CAP257, over 4.5 years of infection has been described. It showed how escape from the first wave of Abs targeting V2 exposed a second site that was the stimulus for a new wave of glycan dependent bnAbs against the CD4 binding site. These data highlighted how Ab evolution in response to viral escape mutations served to broaden the host immune response to two epitopes. A third wave of neutralization targeting an undefined epitope that did not appear to overlap with the four known sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope has been reported. These data supported the design of templates for sequential immunization strategies.
Wibmer2013
(escape)
-
PGT145: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10).
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
PGT145: This study investigated the immunogenicity of three ΔV1V2 deleted variants of the HIV-1 Env protein. The mutant ΔV1V2.9.VK induced a prominent response directed to epitopes effectively bound and neutralized the ΔV1V2 Env virus. This Env variant efficiently neutralized tier 1 virus SF162.This did not result in broad neutralization of neutralization-resistant virus isolates. This Env variant efficiently neutralized tier 1 virus SF162.This did not result in broad neutralization of neutralization-resistant virus isolates. BG505 SOSIP.664 trimers bind very efficiently to quaternary structure dependent, broadly neutralizing PG9 against the V1V2 domain.
Bontjer2013
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT145: Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP), involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Robust protection against virus infection was observed in preclinical settings when animals were given VIP to express monoclonal neutralizing Abs. This review article surveyed the status of antibody gene transfer, VIP experiments against HIV and its related virus conduced in humanized mice and macaque monkeys, and discuss the pros and cons of VIP and its opportunities and challenges towards clinical applications to control HIV/AIDS endemics.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
PGT145: A gp140 trimer mosaic construct (MosM) was produced based on M group sequences. MosM bound to CD4 as well as multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT126, PGT145, PG9 and PG16. The immunogenicity of this construct, both alone and mixed together with a clade C Env protein vaccine, suggest a promising approach for improving NAb responses.
Nkolola2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT145: Computational prediction of bNAb epitopes from experimental neutralization activity data is presented. The approach relies on compressed sensing (CS) and mutual information (MI) methodologies and requires the sequences of the viral strains but does not require structural information. For PGT130, CS predicted 6 and MI predicted 3 positions, overlapping in positions 160, 166. Experimentally, PGT-145 binding was abolished by an alanine substitution at position 160, causing a >32,000 fold increase in the IC50 relative to wild type. 166 substitution resulted in 6.4 increases in IC50.
Ferguson2013
(computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT145: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. PGT145 showed very high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirus in a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PGT145: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. PGT145 is a V1/V2-directed Ab, with breadth 60%, IC50 0.31 μg per ml, and its unique feature is its discontinuous conformational epitope. Similar MAbs include PGT141 and PGT144.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
PGT145: The conserved central region of gp120 V2 contains sulfated tyrosines (Tys173 and Tys177) that in the CD4-unbound prefusion state mediate intramolecular interaction between V2 and the conserved base of the third variable loop (V3), functionally mimicking sulfated tyrosines in CCR5 and anti-coreceptor-binding-site antibodies such as 412d. Enhancement of tyrosine sulfation decreased binding and neutralization of HIV-1 BaL by monomeric sCD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and increased recognition by the trimer-preferring antibodies PG9, PG16, CH01, and PGT145. Conversely, inhibition of tyrosine sulfation increased sensitivity to soluble CD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and diminished recognition by trimer-preferring antibodies. These results identify the sulfotyrosine-mediated V2-V3 interaction as a critical constraint that stabilizes the native HIV-1 envelope trimer and modulates its sensitivity to neutralization.
Cimbro2014
-
PGT145: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to PG9-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
PGT145: Although next-generation parallel sequencing techniques identify thousands of antibody somatic variants, the natural pairing between heavy and light chains is lost. This work suggests that it is possible to approximate them by comparing antibody heavy- and light-chain phylogenetic trees. Somatic variants of 10E8 from donor N152 and of antibodies PGT141-145 from donor 84 were studied. The heavy- and light-chain phylogenetic trees were remarkably similar in both cases.
Zhu2013
(antibody sequence)
-
PGT145: This study uncovered a potentially significant contribution of VH replacement products which are highly enriched in IgH genes for the generation of anti-HIV Abs including anti-gp41, anti-V3 loop, anti-gp120, CD4i and PGT Abs. IgH encoding PGT Abs are likely generated from multiple rounds of VH replacements. The details of PGT145 VH replacement products in IgH gene and mutations and amino acid sequence analysis are described in Table 1, Table 2 and Fig 4.
Liao2013a
(antibody sequence)
-
PGT145: Neutralization profiles of 7 bnAbs were analyzed against 45 Envs (A, C, D clades), obtained soon after infection (median 59 days). The transmitted variants have distinct characteristics compared to variants from chronic patients, such as shorter variable loops and fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS). PGT145 neutralized only 16% of these viruses.
Goo2012
(neutralization, rate of progression)
-
PGT145: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 V1V2 site, type not yet determined, PGt145 class, PGT145 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT145: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as V1/V2 conformational epitope bnAb, isolated after 2009 by neutralization screening of cultured, unselected IgG+ memory B cells.
Bonsignori2012b
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
-
PGT145: PG9 and PG9-like V1V2-directed MAbs, that require an N-linked glycan at Env 160, were analyzed for gain-of-function mutations. 21 PG9-resistant HIV-1 isolates were analyzed by mutagenesis and neutralization assays. E to K mutations at positions 168, 169, 171 led to the most dramatic improvements on sensitivity to these MAbs (PG9, PG16, CH01, CH04, PGT141, PGT145).
Doria-RoseNA2012
(escape)
-
PGT145: Glycan Asn332-targeting broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) antibodies were studied in 2 C-clade infected women. The ASn332 glycan was absent on infecting virus, but the BCN epitope with Asn332 evolved within 6 months though immune escape from earlier antibodies. Plasma from the subject CAP177 neutralized 88% of a large multi-subtype panel of 225 heterologous viruses, whereas CAP 314 neutralized 46% of 41 heterologous viruses but failed to neutralize viruses that lack glycan at 332. PGT145 was referred to have second BCN Ab epitopes at AA 156 and 160 in addition to 332.
Moore2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
PGT145: Vaccination efficacy of RV144 is described. The authors proposed that RV144 induced antibodies against Env V1/V2. The relationship between vaccine status and V1/V2 sequence have been characterized. The estimated cumulative HIV-1 incidence curve in the vaccine and placebo groups showed immunogenicity for K169 and 1181X genotypes and no immunogenicity for the opposite residues. PGT145 was discussed as the quaternary-structure-preferring (QSP) antibody and mutations at positions 169 and 181 were associated with significant alteration in neutralization.
Rolland2012
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT145: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. PGT145 was used as a control in virus neutralization assay. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PGT145: MAbs PG9, PG16, CH04, PGT145 and 2909 showed anionic protruding CDR H3s, most of which were tyrosine sulphated. All also displayed β-hairpins and, although these varied substantially in orientation relative to the rest of the combining site, all appeared capable of penetrating an N-linked glycan shield to reach a cationic protein surface.
McLellan2011
(structure)
-
PGT145: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. These MAbs were not polyreactive. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. PGT145 neutralized 78% of 162 isolates from major HIV clades at IC50<50 μg/ml. PGT 141–145 MAbs exhibited a strong preference for membrane-bound, trimeric HIV Env, suggesting that these MAbs broadly bound to quaternary epitopes similar to those of PG9 and PG16. This hypothesis was confirmed by competition studies, N160K sensitivity and an inability to neutralize JR-CSF pseudoviruses expressing homogenous Man9GlcNAc2 glycans.
Walker2011
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, variant cross-reactivity, broad neutralizer)
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Stella J. Berendam, Tiffany M. Styles, Papa K.. Morgan-Asiedu, DeAnna Tenney, Amit Kumar, Veronica Obregon-Perko, Katharine J. Bar, Kevin O. Saunders, Sampa Santra, Kristina De Paris, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ann Chahroudi, Sallie R. Permar, Rama R. Amara, and Genevieve G. Fouda. Systematic Assessment of Antiviral Potency, Breadth, and Synergy of Triple Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Combinations against Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. J. Virol., 95(3), 13 Jan 2021. PubMed ID: 33177194.
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Beretta2018
Maxime Beretta, Alain Moreau, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Asma Essat, Cécile Goujard, Marie-Laure Chaix, Stéphane Hue, Laurence Meyer, Francis Barin, Martine Braibant, and ANRS 06 Primo Cohort. Phenotypic Properties of Envelope Glycoproteins of Transmitted HIV-1 Variants from Patients Belonging to Transmission Chains. AIDS, 32(14):1917-1926, 10 Sep 2018. PubMed ID: 29927786.
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Bibollet-Ruche2023
Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Ronnie M. Russell, Wenge Ding, Weimin Liu, Yingying Li, Kshitij Wagh, Daniel Wrapp, Rumi Habib, Ashwin N. Skelly, Ryan S. Roark, Scott Sherrill-Mix, Shuyi Wang, Juliette Rando, Emily Lindemuth, Kendra Cruickshank, Younghoon Park, Rachel Baum, John W. Carey, Andrew Jesse Connell, Hui Li, Elena E. Giorgi, Ge S. Song, Shilei Ding, Andrés Finzi, Amanda Newman, Giovanna E. Hernandez, Emily Machiele, Derek W. Cain, Katayoun Mansouri, Mark G. Lewis, David C. Montefiori, Kevin J. Wiehe, S. Munir Alam, I-Ting Teng, Peter D. Kwong, Raiees Andrabi, Laurent Verkoczy, Dennis R. Burton, Bette T. Korber, Kevin O. Saunders, Barton F. Haynes, Robert J. Edwards, George M. Shaw, and Beatrice H. Hahn. A Germline-Targeting Chimpanzee SIV Envelope Glycoprotein Elicits a New Class of V2-Apex Directed Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies.. mBio, 14(1):e0337022, 28 Feb 2023. PubMed ID: 36629414.
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Bonsignori2012b
Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, Laurent Verkoczy, Georgia D. Tomaras, Barton F. Haynes, and M. Anthony Moody. HIV-1 Antibodies from Infection and Vaccination: Insights for Guiding Vaccine Design. Trends Microbiol., 20(11):532-539, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22981828.
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Bontjer2013
Ilja Bontjer, Mark Melchers, Tommy Tong, Thijs van Montfort, Dirk Eggink, David Montefiori, William C. Olson, John P. Moore, James M. Binley, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comparative Immunogenicity of Evolved V1V2-Deleted HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. PLoS One, 8(6):e67484, 26 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23840716.
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Bouvin-Pley2014
M. Bouvin-Pley, M. Morgand, L. Meyer, C. Goujard, A. Moreau, H. Mouquet, M. Nussenzweig, C. Pace, D. Ho, P. J. Bjorkman, D. Baty, P. Chames, M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Poignard, F. Barin, and M. Braibant. Drift of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Toward Increased Neutralization Resistance over the Course of the Epidemic: A Comprehensive Study Using the Most Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(23):13910-13917, Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25231299.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Cai2017
Yongfei Cai, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Jia Chen, Sai Tian, Nicholas Fredette, Christine E. Linton, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Kshitij Wagh, James Theiler, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Stephen C. Harrison, Andrea Carfi, and Bing Chen. Antigenicity-Defined Conformations of an Extremely Neutralization-Resistant HIV-1 Envelope Spike. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114(17):4477-4482, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28396421.
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Jia Chen, James M. Kovacs, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Donghyun Park, Elise Zablowsky, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Effect of the Cytoplasmic Domain on Antigenic Characteristics of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Science, 349(6244):191-195, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26113642.
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Cheng2015
Cheng Cheng, Marie Pancera, Adam Bossert, Stephen D. Schmidt, Rita. Chen, Xuejun Chen, Aliaksandr Druz, Sandeep Narpala, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Adrian B. McDermott, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. Immunogenicity of a Prefusion HIV-1 Envelope Trimer in Complex with a Quaternary-Structure-Specific Antibody. J. Virol., 90(6):2740-2755, 30 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26719262.
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Chuang2017
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Marie Pancera, Kai Xu, Cheng Cheng, Priyamvada Acharya, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Timothy G. Wanninger, Yongping Yang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Sijy O'Dell, Tongqing Zhou, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure-Based Design of a Soluble Prefusion-Closed HIV-1 Env Trimer with Reduced CD4 Affinity and Improved Immunogenicity. J. Virol., 91(10), 15 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28275193.
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Chuang2019
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Jing Zhou, Priyamvada Acharya, Reda Rawi, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Robert T. Bailer, Venkata P. Dandey, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Survey of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Env Trimer Delineates Epitope Categories and Characteristics of Recognition. Structure, 27(1):196-206.e6, 2 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30471922.
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Cimbro2014
Raffaello Cimbro, Thomas R. Gallant, Michael A. Dolan, Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Yin Lin, Huiyi Miao, Donald Van Ryk, James Arthos, Inna Gorshkova, Patrick H. Brown, Darrell E. Hurt, and Paolo Lusso. Tyrosine Sulfation in the Second Variable Loop (V2) of HIV-1 gp120 Stabilizes V2-V3 Interaction and Modulates Neutralization Sensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(8):3152-3157, 25 Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24569807.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Crooks2018
Ema T. Crooks, Samantha L. Grimley, Michelle Cully, Keiko Osawa, Gillian Dekkers, Kevin Saunders, Sebastian Ramisch, Sergey Menis, William R. Schief, Nicole Doria-Rose, Barton Haynes, Ben Murrell, Evan Mitchel Cale, Amarendra Pegu, John R. Mascola, Gestur Vidarsson, and James M. Binley. Glycoengineering HIV-1 Env Creates `Supercharged' and `Hybrid' Glycans to Increase Neutralizing Antibody Potency, Breadth and Saturation. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1007024, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29718999.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Davis-Gardner2020
Meredith E. Davis-Gardner, Barnett Alfant, Jesse A. Weber, Matthew R. Gardner, and Michael Farzan. A Bispecific Antibody That Simultaneously Recognizes the V2- and V3-Glycan Epitopes of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Is Broader and More Potent than Its Parental Antibodies. mBio, 11(1), 14 Jan 2020. PubMed ID: 31937648.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2018
Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Andrea Vecchione, Enzo Scutigliani, Kwinten Sliepen, Judith A. Burger, Patricia van der Woude, Anna Schorcht, Edith E. Schermer, Marit J. van Gils, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the gp120 V3 Loop through Hydrophobic Interactions Reduces the Immunodominant V3-Directed Non-Neutralizing Response to HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 293(5):1688-1701, 2 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29222332.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Dingens2019
Adam S. Dingens, Dana Arenz, Haidyn Weight, Julie Overbaugh, and Jesse D. Bloom. An Antigenic Atlas of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguishes Functional and Structural Epitopes. Immunity, 50(2):520-532.e3, 19 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30709739.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Doria-RoseNA2012
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin Georgiev, Sijy O'Dell, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Ryan P. Staupe, Jason S. McLellan, Jason Gorman, Marie Pancera, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. A Short Segment of the HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 Region Is a Major Determinant of Resistance to V1/V2 Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., Aug 2012. PubMed ID: 22623764.
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Escolano2021
Amelia Escolano, Harry .B Gristick, Rajeev Gautam, Andrew T. DeLaitsch, Morgan E. Abernathy, Zhi Yang, Haoqing Wang, Magnus A. G. Hoffmann, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Zijun Wang, Nicholas Koranda, Leesa M. Kakutani, Han Gao, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Henna Raina, Ana Gazumyan, Melissa Cipolla, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Victor Ramos, Darrell J. Irvine, Murillo Silva, Anthony P. West, Jr., Jennifer R. Keeffe, Christopher O. Barnes, Michael S. Seaman, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Malcolm A. Martin, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Sequential Immunization of Macaques Elicits Heterologous Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the V3-Glycan Patch of HIV-1 Env. Sci. Transl. Med., 13(621):eabk1533, 24 Nov 2021. PubMed ID: 34818054.
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Evans2014
Mark C. Evans, Pham Phung, Agnes C. Paquet, Anvi Parikh, Christos J. Petropoulos, Terri Wrin, and Mojgan Haddad. Predicting HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope Networks Using Neutralization Titers and a Novel Computational Method. BMC Bioinformatics, 15:77, 19 Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24646213.
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Ferguson2013
Andrew L. Ferguson, Emilia Falkowska, Laura M. Walker, Michael S. Seaman, Dennis R. Burton, and Arup K. Chakraborty. Computational Prediction of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes from Neutralization Activity Data. PLoS One, 8(12):e80562, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312481.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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Goo2012
Leslie Goo, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Barbra A. Richardson, and Julie Overbaugh. A Combination of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Distinct Epitopes Effectively Neutralizes Variants Found in Early Infection. J. Virol., 86(19):10857-10861, Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22837204.
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Gorman2016
Jason Gorman, Cinque Soto, Max M. Yang, Thaddeus M. Davenport, Miklos Guttman, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Brandon J. DeKosky, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Michael J. Ernandes, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marissa C. Jarosinski, M. Gordon Joyce, Thomas M. Lemmin, Sherman Leung, Mark K. Louder, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Sandeep Narpala, Marie Pancera, Jonathan Stuckey, Xueling Wu, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Ulrich Baxa, George Georgiou, Adrian B. McDermott, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Penny L. Moore, Lynn Morris, Kelly K. Lee, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structures of HIV-1 Env V1V2 with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Reveal Commonalities That Enable Vaccine Design. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 23(1):81-90, Jan 2016. PubMed ID: 26689967.
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Guenaga2015
Javier Guenaga, Natalia de Val, Karen Tran, Yu Feng, Karen Satchwell, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Well-Ordered Trimeric HIV-1 Subtype B and C Soluble Spike Mimetics Generated by Negative Selection Display Native-Like Properties. PLoS Pathog., 11(1):e1004570, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25569572.
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Guenaga2015a
Javier Guenaga, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Natalia de Val, Shailendra K. Sharma, Barbara Carrette, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Structure-Guided Redesign Increases the Propensity of HIV Env To Generate Highly Stable Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 90(6):2806-2817, 30 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26719252.
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He2018
Linling He, Sonu Kumar, Joel D. Allen, Deli Huang, Xiaohe Lin, Colin J. Mann, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jeffrey Copps, Anita Sarkar, Gabrielle S. Blizard, Gabriel Ozorowski, Devin Sok, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, David Nemazee, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jiang Zhu. HIV-1 Vaccine Design through Minimizing Envelope Metastability. Sci. Adv., 4(11):eaau6769, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30474059.
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Hoffenberg2013
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Hogan2018
Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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Hraber2017
Peter Hraber, Cecilia Rademeyer, Carolyn Williamson, Michael S. Seaman, Raphael Gottardo, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Celia LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Panels of HIV-1 Subtype C Env Reference Strains for Standardized Neutralization Assessments. J. Virol., 91(19), 1 Oct 2017. PubMed ID: 28747500.
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Joyce K. Hu, Jordan C. Crampton, Albert Cupo, Thomas Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, Kwinten Sliepen, Steven W. de Taeye, Devin Sok, Gabriel Ozorowski, Isaiah Deresa, Robyn Stanfield, Andrew B. Ward, Dennis R. Burton, Per Johan Klasse, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, and Shane Crotty. Murine Antibody Responses to Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimers Are Highly Restricted in Specificity. J. Virol., 89(20):10383-10398, Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26246566.
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Hutchinson2019
Jennie M. Hutchinson, Kathryn A. Mesa, David L. Alexander, Bin Yu, Sara M. O'Rourke, Kay L. Limoli, Terri Wrin, Steven G. Deeks, and Phillip W. Berman. Unusual Cysteine Content in V1 Region of gp120 from an Elite Suppressor That Produces Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Front. Immunol., 10:1021, 2019. PubMed ID: 31156622.
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Kulp2017
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Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Stefic2019
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Sliepen2019
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Displaying record number 2655
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
CH01 |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp160(126-196) |
Epitope |
|
Subtype |
A |
Ab Type |
gp120 V2 // V2 glycan(V2g) // V2 apex, quaternary structure |
Neutralizing |
P View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG1) |
Patient |
CH0219 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, computational prediction, escape, glycosylation, junction or fusion peptide, memory cells, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, review, structure, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses |
Notes
Showing 45 of
45 notes.
-
CH01: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
CH01: Membrane-bound BG505-based ApexGT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. The antigenicity of the most promising immunogen, ApexGT5, was also assessed in variants designed for mRNA delivery. PCT64 and PG9/PG16 lineages were identified to have the highest and most consistent frequencies of precursors in 14 HIV-unexposed donors among 5 V2-apex-targeting bnAb classes which also included PGT141-145/PGDM1400-1414, CH01-CH04 and CAP256-VRC26 lineages. CH01-CH04 heavy chain (HC) precursors were found in only 2/14 donors with frequencies of 0.005 and 0.033 precursors per million BCRs.
Willis2022
(antibody lineage)
-
CH01: Primary HIV-1 Envs were expressed as SHIVs, and responses from infected rhesus macaques showed patterns of Env-antibody coevolution similar to those in humans. This included conserved immunogenetic, structural, and chemical solutions to epitope recognition and precise Env-amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions leading to virus persistence. One macaque mAb (RHA1.V2.01), neutralized 49% of a 208-strain panel, and structural analysis revealed a V2-apex mode of recognition that resembles human bnAbs PGT145 or PCT64-35S. Signature sites were analyzed for RHA1.V2.01 and 7 V2 bnAbs (PCT64-34M, PGDM1400, PG9, CH01, PGT145, VRC26.08, VRC26.25).
Roark2021
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, escape)
-
CH01: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
CH01: HIV-1 and its SIV precursors share a bnAb epitope in Env V2 at the trimer apex. This study tested the immunogenicity of a chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) Env trimer. In mice expressing a human V2-apex bnAb heavy-chain precursor, trimer immunization induced V2-directed nAbs. Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-chimpanzee immunodeficiency viruses (SCIVs) elicited high-titer viremia, potent autologous neutralizing antibodies, rapid sequence escape in the canonical V2-apex epitope, and in some cases, low-titer heterologous plasma breadth mapping to the V2-apex. Antibody cloning from 2 macaques (T925 and T927) identified 7 lineages (53 mAbs) with long CDRH3 regions that cross-neutralize some primary HIV-1 strains with low potency. Electron microscopy of members of the two most cross-reactive lineages confirmed V2 targeting with an angle of approach distinct from prototypical V2-apex bNAbs; antibody binding either required or induced an occluded-open trimer. Probing with conformation-sensitive, nonneutralizing antibodies revealed that SCIV-expressed, but not wild-type SIVcpz Envs, as well as a subset of primary HIV-1 Envs, preferentially adopted a more open trimeric state. These results reveal the existence of a cryptic V2 epitope that is exposed in occluded-open SIVcpz and HIV-1 Env trimers and elicits cross-neutralizing responses of limited breadth and potency. This cryptic epitope, which in some Env backgrounds is immunodominant, needs to be considered in immunogen design. As part of the study, binding and neutralization assays used panels of nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, CH01, BG1, VRC38.01), non-nAbs (697-D, 1393A, CH58, CAP228-3D, 3074, 447-52D, 17b, A32), and unmutated ancestors (PG9-RUA, PG16-RUA, VRC26-UCA, CH01-RUA).
Bibollet-Ruche2023
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
CH01: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); CH01 had 16 improbable mutations out of 44 total AA mutations, and 0 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
-
CH01: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
CH01: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
CH01: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
CH01: Extensive structural and biochemical analyses demonstrated that PGT145 achieves recognition and neutralization by targeting quaternary structure of the cationic trimer apex with long and unusually stabilized anionic β-hairpin HCDR3 loops. In BG505.Env.C2 alanine-scanning neutralization assays, CH01 had similar results as PG9, consistent with both CH01 and PG9 being members of hammerhead-class, and very dissimilar results to PGT145-like antibodies.
Lee2017
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
CH01: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. PGT121, PG9, PG16, and CH01 bound better to the E153C/R178C/G152E mutant than to SOSIP.664. The I184C/E190C mutant bound all the V2 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, and CH01) better than SOSIP.664. I184C/E190C was more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs compared with BG505 (by 5-fold for PG9, 3-fold for PG16, 6-fold for CH01, and 3-fold for PGDM1400).
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
CH01: This study looks at the role of somatic mutations within antibody variable and framework regions (FWR) in bNAbs and how these mutations alter thermostability and neutralization as the Ab lineage reaches maturation. The emergence and selection of different mutations in the complementarity-determining and framework regions are necessary to maintain a balance between antibody function and stability. The study shows that all major classes of bNAbs (DH270, CH103, CH235, VRC01, PGT lineage etc.) have lower thermostability than their corresponding inferred UCA antibodies. Fab interdomain flexibility mutations are selected early in Ab development.
Henderson2019
(neutralization, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
CH01: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. CH01 was used for analyzing clade sensitivity, structural mapping and analyses of Ab signatures.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
CH01: This review summarizes current advances in antibody lineage-based design and epitope-based vaccine design. Antibody lineage-based design is described for VRC01, PGT121 and PG9 antibody classes, and epitope-based vaccine design is described for the CD4-binding site, as well as fusion peptide and glycan-V3 cites of vulnerability.
Kwong2018
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer, junction or fusion peptide)
-
CH01: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied and future directions for the field. Recombinant native-like HIV Env trimers have enabled the identification of CH01, a potent ‘PG9-class’ bNAb. Antigenic region V2 apex (Table:1).
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
CH01: The authors selected an optimal panel of diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to represent the antigenic diversity of HIV globally in order to be used as antigen candidates. The selection was based on genetic and geographic diversity, and experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses. The eligibility of the envelopes as vaccine candidates was evaluated against a panel of antibodies for breadth, affinity, binding and durability of vaccine-elicited responses. The antigen panel was capable of detecting the spectrum of V2-specific antibodies that target epitopes from the V2 strand C (V2p), the integrin binding motif in V2 (V2i), and the quaternary epitope at the apex of the trimer (V2q).
Yates2018
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity)
-
CH01: The effects of 16 glycoengineering (GE) methods on the sensitivities of 293T cell-produced pseudoviruses (PVs) to a large panel of bNAbs were investigated. Some bNAbs were dramatically impacted. PG9 and CAP256.09 were up to ˜30-fold more potent against PVs produced with co-transfected α-2,6 sialyltransferase. PGT151 and PGT121 were more potent against PVs with terminal SA removed. 35O22 and CH01 were more potent against PV produced in GNT1-cells. The effects of GE on bNAbs VRC38.01, VRC13 and PGT145 were inconsistent between Env strains, suggesting context-specific glycan clashes. Overexpressing β-galactosyltransferase during PV production 'thinned' glycan coverage, by replacing complex glycans with hybrid glycans. This impacted PV sensitivity to some bNAbs. Maximum percent neutralization by excess bnAb was also improved by GE. Remarkably, some otherwise resistant PVs were rendered sensitive by GE. Germline-reverted versions of some bnAbs usually differed from their mature counterparts, showing glycan indifference or avoidance, suggesting that glycan binding is not germline-encoded but rather, it is gained during affinity maturation. Overall, these GE tools provided new ways to improve bnAb-trimer recognition that may be useful for informing the design of vaccine immunogens to try to elicit similar bnAbs.
Crooks2018
(vaccine antigen design, antibody lineage)
-
CH01: A rare glycan hole at the V2 apex is enriched in HIV isolates neutralized by inferred precursors of prototype V2-apex bNAbs. To investigate whether this feature could focus neutralizing responses onto the apex bnAb region, rabbits were immunized with soluble trimers adapted from these Envs. Potent autologous tier 2 neutralizing responses targeting basic residues in strand C of the V2 region, which forms the core epitope for V2-apex bnAbs, were observed. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from these animals display features promising for subsequent broadening of the response. Four human anti-V2 bnAbs (PG9, CH01, PGT145, and CAP256.09) were used as a basis of comparison.
Voss2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
CH01: The first cryo-EM structure of a cross-linked vaccine antigen was solved. The 4.2 Å structure of HIV-1 BG505 SOSIP soluble recombinant Env in complex with a bNAb PGV04 Fab fragment revealed how cross-linking affects key properties of the trimer. SOSIP and GLA-SOSIP trimers were compared for antigenicity by ELISA, using a large panel of mAbs previously determined to react with BG505 Env. Non-NAbs globally lost reactivity (7-fold median loss of binding), likely because of covalent stabilization of the cross-linked ‘closed’ form of the GLA-SOSIP trimer that binds non-NAbs weakly or not at all. V3-specific non-NAbs showed 2.1–3.3-fold reduced binding. Three autologous rabbit monoclonal NAbs to the N241/N289 ‘glycan-hole’ surface, showed a median ˜1.5-fold reduction in binding. V3 non-NAb 4025 showed residual binding to the GLA-SOSIP trimer. By contrast, bNAbs like CH01 broadly retained reactivity significantly better than non-NAbs, with exception of PGT145 (3.3-5.3 fold loss of binding in ELISA and SPR).
Schiffner2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
CH01: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. CH01 is neither autoreactive nor polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
CH01: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
CH01: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
CH01: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Binding of bNAb CH01 to trimers was minimally affected by trimer cross-linking.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-V1/V2 glycan bNAb CH01, neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
CH01: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. CH01, a V2-glycan bnAb belonged to a group with slopes <1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
CH01: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some germline precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. V1/V2 apex-binding gl-CH01 precursor bound to 2/3 trimers, BG505 and B41.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
CH01: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. CH01 neutralized 50% of the 199 viruses tested.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
CH01: The study compared binding and neutralization of 4 V2 apex bnAbs (PG9, CH01, PGT145, and CAP256.VRC26.09). All recognized a core epitope on V1/V2 (the N-linked glycan at N160 and cysteine-linked lysine rich, HXB2:126-196), which includes residue N160 as well as N173. The lysine rich region on strand C of HIV-1 V2 that is key for binding to the nAb contains the sequence (168)KKQK(171). Inferred germline versions of three of the prototype bnAbs were able to neutralize specific Env isolates. Soluble Env derived from one of these isolates was shown to form a well-ordered Env trimer that could serve as an immunogen to initiate a V2-apex bnAb response.
Andrabi2015
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, antibody lineage)
-
CH01: An atomic-level understanding of V1V2-directed bNAb recognition in a donor was used in the design of V1V2 scaffolds capable of interacting with quaternary-specific V1V2-directed bNAbs. The cocrystal structure of V1V2 with antibody CH03 from a second donor is reported and Env interactions of antibody CAP256-VRC26 from a third donor are modeled. V1V2-directed bNAbs used strand-strand interactions between a protruding Ab loop and a V1V2 strand but differed in their N-glycan recognition. Ontogeny analysis indicated that protruding loops develop early, and glycan interactions mature over time. CH01 did not bind to the monomeric V1V2 scaffolds. The quaternary dependence might be one possible explanation for this lack of recognition.
Gorman2016
(glycosylation, structure, antibody lineage)
-
CH01: The sequential development of three distinct bnAb responses within a single host, CAP257, over 4.5 years of infection has been described. It showed how escape from the first wave of Abs targeting V2 exposed a second site that was the stimulus for a new wave of glycan dependent bnAbs against the CD4 binding site. These data highlighted how Ab evolution in response to viral escape mutations served to broaden the host immune response to two epitopes. A third wave of neutralization targeting an undefined epitope that did not appear to overlap with the four known sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope has been reported. These data supported the design of templates for sequential immunization strategies.
Wibmer2013
(escape)
-
CH01: The V2 region where CH01, an anti-V1V2 bNAb binds exists as a beta-strand.
Haynes2013
(review)
-
CH01: The infectious virion (iVirions) capture index (IVCI) of different Abs have been determined. bnAbs captured higher proportions of iVirions compared to total virus particles (rVirions) indicating the capacity, breadth and selectively of bnAbs to capture iVirions. IVCI was additive with a mixture of Abs, providing proof of concept for vaccine-induced effect of improved capacity. CH01 showed IVCI of 2.4 and captured 3 out of the 4 strains tested.
Liu2014
(binding affinity)
-
CH01: Binding properties of a synthesized V1V2 glycopeptide immunogen that selectively targets bnAbs' naive B cells is reported. The unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of CH01 showed nanomolar affinity to V1V2 bearing Man5GlcNAc2 glycan units. Binding of CH01 was undetectable however in the absence of the V2 backbone peptide suggesting a very weak binding affinity to oligomannose glycan alone. Disulfide-linked dimer formation was also required for CH01 binding to V1V2.
Alam2013
(glycosylation)
-
CH01: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. This small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including this one. The small panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
CH01: The conserved central region of gp120 V2 contains sulfated tyrosines (Tys173 and Tys177) that in the CD4-unbound prefusion state mediate intramolecular interaction between V2 and the conserved base of the third variable loop (V3), functionally mimicking sulfated tyrosines in CCR5 and anti-coreceptor-binding-site antibodies such as 412d. Enhancement of tyrosine sulfation decreased binding and neutralization of HIV-1 BaL by monomeric sCD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and increased recognition by the trimer-preferring antibodies PG9, PG16, CH01, and PGT145. Conversely, inhibition of tyrosine sulfation increased sensitivity to soluble CD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and diminished recognition by trimer-preferring antibodies. These results identify the sulfotyrosine-mediated V2-V3 interaction as a critical constraint that stabilizes the native HIV-1 envelope trimer and modulates its sensitivity to neutralization.
Cimbro2014
-
CH01: Four V2 MAbs CH58, CH59, HG107 and HG120 were isolated from RV144 Thai HIV-1 vaccinees. These MAbs recognized residue 169, neutralized laboratory HIV-1 (tier 1 strains) and mediated ADCC. CH01 was used in the study as a V1-V2 bnAb control to study the binding of the new mAb isolates. While PG9, PG16 and CH01 binding was abrogated by N160K and N156Q mutations and also by native glycosylation, the binding of CH58 and CH59 was not affected.
Liao2013b
(antibody binding site)
-
CH01: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to PG9-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
CH01: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 V1V2 site, penetrating CDR H3 binds two glycans and strand, PG9 class, CH01 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
CH01: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as V1/V2 conformational epitope bnAb, isolated after 2009 by neutralization screening of cultured, unselected IgG+ memory B cells.
Bonsignori2012b
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
-
CH01: PG9 and PG9-like V1V2-directed MAbs, that require an N-linked glycan at Env 160, were analyzed for gain-of-function mutations. 21 PG9-resistant HIV-1 isolates were analyzed by mutagenesis and neutralization assays. E to K mutations at positions 168, 169, 171 led to the most dramatic improvements on sensitivity to these MAbs (PG9, PG16, CH01, CH04, PGT141, PGT145).
Doria-RoseNA2012
(escape)
-
CH01: Vaccination efficacy of RV144 is described. The authors proposed that RV144 induced antibodies against Env V1/V2. The relationship between vaccine status and V1/V2 sequence have been characterized. The estimated cumulative HIV-1 incidence curve in the vaccine and placebo groups showed immunogenicity for K169 and 1181X genotypes and no immunogenicity for the opposite residues. CH01 was discussed as the quaternary-structure-preferring (QSP) antibody and mutations at positions 169 and 181 were associated with significant alteration in neutralization.
Rolland2012
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
CH01: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. CH01 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
CH01: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was merely a trend of better antibody binding compared to the parent WT VLPs, uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and CH01 neutralization.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
CH01: This is the first isolation of two clonal lineages of bnAbs with distinct specificities from memory B-cells of a single individual CH0219, whose plasma displays broad and potent neutralization. bnAbs CH01 and VRC-CH31 largely recapitulate the breadth of the donor’s serum neutralization and together achieve near pan-HIV-1 neutralization (95% of 91 strains neutralized by this donor's serum). This suggests that a vaccine capable of inducing bnAbs against both the CD4bs and the V1V2 conformational epitope could achieve broader HIV-1 neutralization than a vaccine inducing only one of the two specificities, and provides proof-of-concept supporting the design of polyvalent vaccines.
Bonsignori2012
(neutralization)
-
CH01: Clonal lineage of four V2/V3 conformational epitope broadly neutralizing antibodies (CH01 to CH04) from an African HIV-1-infected broad neutralizer was identified. Common reverted unmutated ancestor (RUA) antibodies were inferred. CH01 neutralized 46% of 91 isolates from major clades, while the RUAs neutralized only 16% of HIV-1 isolates. The RUAa however retained the ability to bind to the E.A244 gp120 HIV-1 envelope with an affinity predicted to trigger B cell development. MAbs CH01 to CH04 recognized a PG9/PG16-like conformational epitope. Despite notable similarities, differences in breadths of neutralization and sensitivities to amino acids at positions 127, 159, 171, and 181 indicated either that MAbs CH01 to CH04 bind to a discretely different epitope or that they approach the same epitopes of PG9 and PG16 but in a different orientation. MAb CH03 was autoreactive for ribonucleoprotein, centromere B, and histone antigens, and MAbsCH01 to CH03 were polyreactive with the hepatitis C virus E2 protein and gut flora antigens, raising the possibility that MAbs CH01 to CH04 may be subjected to tolerance mechanisms.
Bonsignori2011
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, neutralization, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
References
Showing 45 of
45 references.
Isolation Paper
Bonsignori2011
Mattia Bonsignori, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Xi Chen, Chun-Yen Tsao, Lynn Morris, Elin Gray, Dawn J. Marshall, John A. Crump, Saidi H. Kapiga, Noel E. Sam, Faruk Sinangil, Marie Pancera, Yang Yongping, Baoshan Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Peter D. Kwong, Sijy O'Dell, John R. Mascola, Lan Wu, Gary J. Nabel, Sanjay Phogat, Michael S. Seaman, John F. Whitesides, M. Anthony Moody, Garnett Kelsoe, Xinzhen Yang, Joseph Sodroski, George M. Shaw, David C. Montefiori, Thomas B. Kepler, Georgia D. Tomaras, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Analysis of a Clonal Lineage of HIV-1 Envelope V2/V3 Conformational Epitope-Specific Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Inferred Unmutated Common Ancestors. J. Virol., 85(19):9998-10009, Oct 2011. PubMed ID: 21795340.
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Alam2013
S. Munir Alam, S. Moses Dennison, Baptiste Aussedat, Yusuf Vohra, Peter K. Park, Alberto Fernández-Tejada, Shelley Stewart, Frederick H. Jaeger, Kara Anasti, Julie H. Blinn, Thomas B. Kepler, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, Joseph G. Sodroski, Samuel J. Danishefsky, and Barton F. Haynes. Recognition of Synthetic Glycopeptides by HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Unmutated Ancestors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(45):18214-18219, 5 Nov 2013. PubMed ID: 24145434.
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Andrabi2015
Raiees Andrabi, James E. Voss, Chi-Hui Liang, Bryan Briney, Laura E. McCoy, Chung-Yi Wu, Chi-Huey Wong, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Identification of Common Features in Prototype Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV Envelope V2 Apex to Facilitate Vaccine Design. Immunity, 43(5):959-973, 17 Nov 2015. PubMed ID: 26588781.
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Bibollet-Ruche2023
Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Ronnie M. Russell, Wenge Ding, Weimin Liu, Yingying Li, Kshitij Wagh, Daniel Wrapp, Rumi Habib, Ashwin N. Skelly, Ryan S. Roark, Scott Sherrill-Mix, Shuyi Wang, Juliette Rando, Emily Lindemuth, Kendra Cruickshank, Younghoon Park, Rachel Baum, John W. Carey, Andrew Jesse Connell, Hui Li, Elena E. Giorgi, Ge S. Song, Shilei Ding, Andrés Finzi, Amanda Newman, Giovanna E. Hernandez, Emily Machiele, Derek W. Cain, Katayoun Mansouri, Mark G. Lewis, David C. Montefiori, Kevin J. Wiehe, S. Munir Alam, I-Ting Teng, Peter D. Kwong, Raiees Andrabi, Laurent Verkoczy, Dennis R. Burton, Bette T. Korber, Kevin O. Saunders, Barton F. Haynes, Robert J. Edwards, George M. Shaw, and Beatrice H. Hahn. A Germline-Targeting Chimpanzee SIV Envelope Glycoprotein Elicits a New Class of V2-Apex Directed Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies.. mBio, 14(1):e0337022, 28 Feb 2023. PubMed ID: 36629414.
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Bonsignori2012
Mattia Bonsignori, David C. Montefiori, Xueling Wu, Xi Chen, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Chun-Yen Tsao, Daniel M. Kozink, Robert J. Parks, Georgia D. Tomaras, John A. Crump, Saidi H. Kapiga, Noel E. Sam, Peter D. Kwong, Thomas B. Kepler, Hua-Xin Liao, John R. Mascola, and Barton F. Haynes. Two Distinct Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Specificities of Different Clonal Lineages in a Single HIV-1-Infected Donor: Implications for Vaccine Design. J. Virol., 86(8):4688-4692, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301150.
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Bonsignori2012b
Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, Laurent Verkoczy, Georgia D. Tomaras, Barton F. Haynes, and M. Anthony Moody. HIV-1 Antibodies from Infection and Vaccination: Insights for Guiding Vaccine Design. Trends Microbiol., 20(11):532-539, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22981828.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Cimbro2014
Raffaello Cimbro, Thomas R. Gallant, Michael A. Dolan, Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Yin Lin, Huiyi Miao, Donald Van Ryk, James Arthos, Inna Gorshkova, Patrick H. Brown, Darrell E. Hurt, and Paolo Lusso. Tyrosine Sulfation in the Second Variable Loop (V2) of HIV-1 gp120 Stabilizes V2-V3 Interaction and Modulates Neutralization Sensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(8):3152-3157, 25 Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24569807.
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Crooks2018
Ema T. Crooks, Samantha L. Grimley, Michelle Cully, Keiko Osawa, Gillian Dekkers, Kevin Saunders, Sebastian Ramisch, Sergey Menis, William R. Schief, Nicole Doria-Rose, Barton Haynes, Ben Murrell, Evan Mitchel Cale, Amarendra Pegu, John R. Mascola, Gestur Vidarsson, and James M. Binley. Glycoengineering HIV-1 Env Creates `Supercharged' and `Hybrid' Glycans to Increase Neutralizing Antibody Potency, Breadth and Saturation. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1007024, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29718999.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Doria-RoseNA2012
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin Georgiev, Sijy O'Dell, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Ryan P. Staupe, Jason S. McLellan, Jason Gorman, Marie Pancera, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. A Short Segment of the HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 Region Is a Major Determinant of Resistance to V1/V2 Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., Aug 2012. PubMed ID: 22623764.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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Gorman2016
Jason Gorman, Cinque Soto, Max M. Yang, Thaddeus M. Davenport, Miklos Guttman, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Brandon J. DeKosky, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Michael J. Ernandes, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marissa C. Jarosinski, M. Gordon Joyce, Thomas M. Lemmin, Sherman Leung, Mark K. Louder, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Sandeep Narpala, Marie Pancera, Jonathan Stuckey, Xueling Wu, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Ulrich Baxa, George Georgiou, Adrian B. McDermott, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Penny L. Moore, Lynn Morris, Kelly K. Lee, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structures of HIV-1 Env V1V2 with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Reveal Commonalities That Enable Vaccine Design. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 23(1):81-90, Jan 2016. PubMed ID: 26689967.
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Haynes2012
Barton F. Haynes, Garnett Kelsoe, Stephen C. Harrison, and Thomas B. Kepler. B-Cell-Lineage Immunogen Design in Vaccine Development with HIV-1 as a Case Study. Nat. Biotechnol., 30(5):423-433, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22565972.
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Haynes2013
Barton F. Haynes and M. Juliana McElrath. Progress in HIV-1 Vaccine Development. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 8(4):326-332, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23743722.
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Henderson2019
Rory Henderson, Brian E. Watts, Hieu N. Ergin, Kara Anasti, Robert Parks, Shi-Mao Xia, Ashley Trama, Hua-Xin Liao, Kevin O. Saunders, Mattia Bonsignori, Kevin Wiehe, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Selection of Immunoglobulin Elbow Region Mutations Impacts Interdomain Conformational Flexibility in HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 10(1):654, 8 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30737386.
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Hraber2014
Peter Hraber, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, and Bette T. Korber. Prevalence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic HIV-1 Infection. AIDS, 28(2):163-169, 14 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24361678.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2018
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity, 48(5):855-871, 15 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29768174.
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Lee2017
Jeong Hyun Lee, Raiees Andrabi, Ching-Yao Su, Anila Yasmeen, Jean-Philippe Julien, Leopold Kong, Nicholas C. Wu, Ryan McBride, Devin Sok, Matthias Pauthner, Christopher A. Cottrell, Travis Nieusma, Claudia Blattner, James C. Paulson, Per Johan Klasse, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. A Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Targets the Dynamic HIV Envelope Trimer Apex via a Long, Rigidified, and Anionic beta-Hairpin Structure. Immunity, 46(4):690-702, 18 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28423342.
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Liao2013b
Hua-Xin Liao, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jason S. McLellan, Georgia D. Tomaras, M. Anthony Moody, Daniel M. Kozink, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Xi Chen, Chun-Yen Tsao, Pinghuang Liu, Xiaozhi Lu, Robert J. Parks, David C. Montefiori, Guido Ferrari, Justin Pollara, Mangala Rao, Kristina K. Peachman, Sampa Santra, Norman L. Letvin, Nicos Karasavvas, Zhi-Yong Yang, Kaifan Dai, Marie Pancera, Jason Gorman, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Punnee Pitisuttithum, James Tartaglia, Faruk Sinangil, Jerome H. Kim, Nelson L. Michael, Thomas B. Kepler, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Gary J. Nabel, Abraham Pinter, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Barton F. Haynes. Vaccine Induction of Antibodies Against a Structurally Heterogeneous Site of Immune Pressure within HIV-1 Envelope Protein Variable Regions 1 and 2. Immunity, 38(1):176-186, 24 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23313589.
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Liu2014
Pinghuang Liu, Latonya D. Williams, Xiaoying Shen, Mattia Bonsignori, Nathan A. Vandergrift, R. Glenn Overman, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, Daniel J. Stieh, Kerrie L. McCotter, Audrey L. French, Thomas J. Hope, Robin Shattock, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Capacity for Infectious HIV-1 Virion Capture Differs by Envelope Antibody Specificity. J. Virol., 88(9):5165-5170, May 2014. PubMed ID: 24554654.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Roark2021
Ryan S. Roark, Hui Li, Wilton B. Williams, Hema Chug, Rosemarie D. Mason, Jason Gorman, Shuyi Wang, Fang-Hua Lee, Juliette Rando, Mattia Bonsignori, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Kevin O. Saunders, Kevin Wiehe, M. Anthony Moody, Peter T. Hraber, Kshitij Wagh, Elena E. Giorgi, Ronnie M. Russell, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Weimin Liu, Jesse Connell, Andrew G. Smith, Julia DeVoto, Alexander I. Murphy, Jessica Smith, Wenge Ding, Chengyan Zhao, Neha Chohan, Maho Okumura, Christina Rosario, Yu Ding, Emily Lindemuth, Anya M. Bauer, Katharine J. Bar, David Ambrozak, Cara W. Chao, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Bob C. Lin, Mark K. Louder, Richard Nguyen, Baoshan Zhang, Mark G. Lewis, Donald D. Raymond, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Chaim A. Schramm, Daniel C. Douek, Mario Roederer, Thomas B. Kepler, Garnett Kelsoe, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, Bette T. Korber, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, Beatrice H. Hahn, and George M. Shaw. Recapitulation of HIV-1 Env-Antibody Coevolution in Macaques Leading to Neutralization Breadth. Science, 371(6525), 8 Jan 2021. PubMed ID: 33214287.
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Rolland2012
Morgane Rolland, Paul T. Edlefsen, Brendan B. Larsen, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Eric Sanders-Buell, Tomer Hertz, Allan C. deCamp, Chris Carrico, Sergey Menis, Craig A. Magaret, Hasan Ahmed, Michal Juraska, Lennie Chen, Philip Konopa, Snehal Nariya, Julia N. Stoddard, Kim Wong, Hong Zhao, Wenjie Deng, Brandon S. Maust, Meera Bose, Shana Howell, Adam Bates, Michelle Lazzaro, Annemarie O'Sullivan, Esther Lei, Andrea Bradfield, Grace Ibitamuno, Vatcharain Assawadarachai, Robert J. O'Connell, Mark S. deSouza, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Merlin L. Robb, Jason S. McLellan, Ivelin Georgiev, Peter D. Kwong, Jonathan M. Carlson, Nelson L. Michael, William R. Schief, Peter B. Gilbert, James I. Mullins, and Jerome H. Kim. Increased HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy against Viruses with Genetic Signatures in Env V2. Nature, 490(7420):417-420, 18 Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22960785.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Schiffner2016
Torben Schiffner, Natalia de Val, Rebecca A. Russell, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Gabriel Ozorowski, Helen J. Kim, Travis Nieusma, Florian Brod, Albert Cupo, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Chemical Cross-Linking Stabilizes Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Antigens. J. Virol., 90(2):813-828, 28 Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26512083.
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Schiffner2018
Torben Schiffner, Jesper Pallesen, Rebecca A. Russell, Jonathan Dodd, Natalia de Val, Celia C. LaBranche, David Montefiori, Georgia D. Tomaras, Xiaoying Shen, Scarlett L. Harris, Amin E. Moghaddam, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Rogier W. Sanders, Laura E. McCoy, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Structural and Immunologic Correlates of Chemically Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1006986, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29746590.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Sliepen2015
Kwinten Sliepen, Max Medina-Ramirez, Anila Yasmeen, John P. Moore, Per Johan Klasse, and Rogier W. Sanders. Binding of Inferred Germline Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies to Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Virology, 486:116-120, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26433050.
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Tong2012
Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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Voss2017
James E. Voss, Raiees Andrabi, Laura E. McCoy, Natalia de Val, Roberta P. Fuller, Terrence Messmer, Ching-Yao Su, Devin Sok, Salar N. Khan, Fernando Garces, Laura K. Pritchard, Richard T. Wyatt, Andrew B. Ward, Max Crispin, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Elicitation of Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the V2 Apex of the HIV Envelope Trimer in a Wild-Type Animal Model. Cell Rep., 21(1):222-235, 3 Oct 2017. PubMed ID: 28978475.
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Walker2018
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211.
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Webb2015
Nicholas E. Webb, David C. Montefiori, and Benhur Lee. Dose-Response Curve Slope Helps Predict Therapeutic Potency and Breadth of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 6:8443, 29 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26416571.
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Wibmer2013
Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Elin S Gray, Nancy Tumba, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Carolyn Williamson, Lynn Morris, and Penny L. Moore. Viral Escape from HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Drives Increased Plasma Neutralization Breadth through Sequential Recognition of Multiple Epitopes and Immunotypes. PLoS Pathog, 9(10):e1003738, Oct 2013. PubMed ID: 24204277.
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Wiehe2018
Kevin Wiehe, Todd Bradley, R. Ryan Meyerhoff, Connor Hart, Wilton B. Williams, David Easterhoff, William J. Faison, Thomas B. Kepler, Kevin O. Saunders, S. Munir Alam, Mattia Bonsignori, and Barton F. Haynes. Functional Relevance of Improbable Antibody Mutations for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Development. Cell Host Microbe, 23(6):759-765.e6, 13 Jun 2018. PubMed ID: 29861171.
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Wu2016
Xueling Wu and Xiang-Peng Kong. Antigenic Landscape of the HIV-1 Envelope and New Immunological Concepts Defined by HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 42:56-64, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27289425.
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Yates2018
Nicole L. Yates, Allan C. deCamp, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, Carmela Irene, Abraham Pinter, James Peacock, Linda J. Harris, Sheetal Sawant, Peter Hraber, Xiaoying Shen, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Sorachai Nitayapan, Phillip W. Berman, Merlin L. Robb, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Barton F. Haynes, S. Munir Alam, David C. Montefiori, and Georgia D. Tomaras. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins from Diverse Clades Differentiate Antibody Responses and Durability among Vaccinees. J. Virol., 92(8), 15 Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29386288.
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Willis2022
Jordan R. Willis, Zachary T. Berndsen, Krystal M. Ma, Jon M. Steichen, Torben Schiffner, Elise Landais, Alessia Liguori, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Joel D. Allen, Sabyasachi Baboo, Oluwarotimi Omorodion, Jolene K. Diedrich, Xiaozhen Hu, Erik Georgeson, Nicole Phelps, Saman Eskandarzadeh, Bettina Groschel, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Tina-Marie Mullin, Nushin B. Alavi, Samantha Falcone, Sunny Himansu, Andrea Carfi, Ian A. Wilson, John R. Yates III, James C. Paulson, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, and William R. Schief. Human immunoglobulin repertoire analysis guides design of vaccine priming immunogens targeting HIV V2-apex broadly neutralizing antibody precursors. Immunity, 55(11):2149-2167e9 doi, Nov 2022. PubMed ID: 36179689
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Displaying record number 2861
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
CH103 |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
Env |
Epitope |
|
Subtype |
C |
Ab Type |
gp120 CD4bs |
Neutralizing |
P View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG1) |
Patient |
Donor CH505 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody, computational prediction, escape, glycosylation, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, review, structure, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses |
Notes
Showing 43 of
43 notes.
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VRC16: Eighty clusters of overlapping epitopes that could bind to MHC Class II HLA-DR1*01:01 (DR1) allele were identified by LC-MS/MS using a cell-free processing system that incorporated soluble DR1, HLA-DM (DM), cathepsins, and full-length protein antigens (Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Tat, Rev, and Nef). Sixteen of Env CD4+ T cell epitopes identified in this study, which were primarily located in the vicinity of the gp120/gp41 interface or the CD4bs, were assessed for overlap with bnAb binding footprints. 4/16 overlapped with the binding footprint of CD4bs-targeting bnAb CH103: EEE267-283 (EEEVMIRSENITNNAKN), SDN274-287 (SDNFTNNAKTIIVQ), EQF351-371 (EQFGNNKTIIFKQSSGGDPEIV), and ETF466-476 (ETFRPGGGDMR). The first 3 were identified as glycosylated forms, while SDN274-287 and ETF466-476 were, respectively, also and only, identified as unglycosylated forms.
Sengupta2023
(antibody binding site)
-
CH103:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. CH103 was used as a reference anti-CD4 Ab.
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
CH103: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
CH103: Most published structures of bnAbs, yet none of non- or poorly-neutralizing mAbs, were structurally compatible with a newly generated crystal structure of a mature ligand-free endoglycosidase H-treated BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimer. Robust binding of the structurally incompatible V3- and CD4-bs targeting nAbs could be induced with CD4. A “DS” variant of BG505 SOSIP.664, containing a stabilizing disulfide bond between 201C and 433C mutations, was developed and appeared to represent an obligate intermediate in that it bound only a single CD4 and remained in a prefusion closed conformation. CD4bs-targeting bnAb CH103 had a breadth of 56% (IC50 < 50 μg/ml) in a panel of 170 diverse HIV-1 pseudoviruses. Structural modeling suggested that CH103 was incompatible with BG505 SOSIP.664 when considering epitope r.m.s deviation but compatible when considering antibody-antigen-volume overlap.
Kwon2015
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
CH103: Cryo-electron microscopy (EM) of the cleaved, soluble SOSIP gp140 trimer complexed with CD4bs-binding bnAb PGV04 was studied at 5.8Å, facilitating study of Env V1/V2, V3, HR1 and HR2 domains and some shielding glycans. This provides further information on trimer assembly, gp120-gp41 interactions and the three-dimensional CD4bs epitope cluster. For instance, affinity maturation by somatic hypermutation (SHM) is essential for the interaction of acidic residues in framework region 3 in the heavy chain (HFR3) of CD4bs bnAb CH103 in order to interact with basic residues on an adjacent protomer in the quaternary trimeric form of Env and therefore it does not bind the monomeric form.
Lyumkis2013
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
CH103: The study used an immunization regimen incorporating targeted N-glycan removal and heterologous prime:boosting in rabbits to elicit neutralizing responses to epitopes conserved across strains. This multi-faceted approach elicited cross-neutralizing IgG mAbs in a subset of rabbits, with much of the response directed to the CD4bs. From rabbit C3, a mixture of 3 mAbs (A10, E70 and 1C2) reconstituted most of the neutralizing ability of C3 serum or purified IgG. The binding site of mAb E70 was determined by cross-competition ELISA and cryoEM, and it was directed to the CD4bs. E70 contacts with Env were compared with those of VRC01 and VRC-PG19; a set of 8 Env positions were contacted by all three mAbs. E70 structure was compared with that of VRC01, CH103, and CH235. E70 was able to neutralize 25% of a 40-virus tier 2 panel. Deletion of the N-glycan at N234 rendered viruses resistant to E70. MAb 1C2 was directed to the gp120:gp41 interface and resembled the human bnAb 3BC315, both in its binding site and its neutralization specificity. CryoEM and crystal structure revealed a complex interface recognition.
Dubrovskaya2019
(structure)
-
CH103: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); CH103 had 9 improbable mutations out of 49 total AA mutations, and 3 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
-
CH103: This report characterizes an additional antiviral activity of some bnAbs to block HIV-1 release by tethering viral particles at the surface of infected cells in vitro in a bivalency-dependent manner. After cultivation of infected primary CD4+ T cells with individual bnAbs, supernatant p24 levels were negatively correlated with cell-associated Gag levels, Env binding and neutralization potency while cell-associated Gag levels and Env binding positively correlated with each other and individually with neutralization potency. The capacity to mediate this tethering activity varied among different classes of mAbs: 0/3 non-neutralizing mAbs, 1/5 bnAbs targeting the MPER or gp120/gp41 interface and 9/9 of the bnAbs targeting the V3 and V1/V1 loops or the CD4bs demonstrated this activity against at least 1/3 diverse viral strains (AD8, CH058 and vKB18). Five of these latter 9 bnAbs displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains. Surface aggregation of mature virions and bnAb 10-1074 was observed in CH058-infected primary CD4+ T cells and CHME macrophage-like cells. Unique among the 4 CD4bs-targeting bnAbs, CH103 did not display tethering activity against any of the 3 HIV-1 strains.
Dufloo2022
(binding affinity)
-
CH103: Analyses of all PDB HIV1-Env trimer (prefusion, closed) structures fulfilling certain parameters of resolution were performed to classify them on the basis of (a) antibody class which was informed by parental B cells as well as structural recognition, and (b) Env residues defining recognized HIV epitopes. Structural features of the 206 HIV epitope and bNAb paratopes were correlated with functional properties of the breadth and potency of neutralization against a 208-strain panel. Broadly nAbs with >25% breadth of neutralization belonged to 20 classes of antibodies with a large number of protruding loops and high degree of somatic hypermutation (SHM). Analysis of recognized HIV epitopes placed the bNAbs into 6 categories (viz. V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide and subunit interface). The epitopes contained high numbers of independent sequence segments and glycosylated surface area. CH103-Env formed a distinct group within the CD4bs category, Class CH103. Crystal structure data for bNAb CH103 complexed to HIV-1 gp120 was found in PDB ID: 4JAN.
Chuang2019
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
CH103: In an attempt to engage appropriate germline B cells that give rise to bNAbs, a combination of Env glycan modifications that permit far greater neutralization potency by near germline forms of multiple VRC01-class bNAbs were tested. The authors assessed CD4bs bNAbs for neutralizing activity against of Env-pseudotyped viruses (EPV) that were either Man5-enrichment and/or had targeted glycan deletion and concluded that neutralization by germline-reverted forms of VRC01-class bNAbs requires a combination of both Man5-enrichment and glycan deletion. In particular, Man5-enrichment increased the sensitivity of 426c by 8–12 fold when assayed with mature VRC01, 3BNC117, VRC-CH31 and CH103, and this sensitivity increased further by targeted glycan deletion. Furthermore, Man5-enrichment increased the sensitivity of subtype C transmitted-founder 426c EPV that lacked glycan N276, and those that lacked two glycans at N460 and N463, to mature VRC01 by ˜10-fold.
LaBranche2018
(antibody interactions, antibody lineage)
-
CH103: This study looks at the role of somatic mutations within antibody variable and framework regions (FWR) in bNAbs and how these mutations alter thermostability and neutralization as the Ab lineage reaches maturation. The emergence and selection of different mutations in the complementarity-determining and framework regions are necessary to maintain a balance between antibody function and stability. The study shows that all major classes of bNAbs (DH270, CH103, CH235, VRC01, PGT lineage etc.) have lower thermostability than their corresponding inferred UCA antibodies. Fab interdomain flexibility mutations are selected early in Ab development. Mutations in the CH103 UCA show that the mutants have lower thermostability and stronger neutralization.
Henderson2019
(neutralization, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
CH103: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. CH103 which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
CH103: This review discusses current HIV bNAb immunogen design strategies, recent progress made in the development of animal models to evaluate potential vaccine candidates, advances in the technology to analyze antibody responses, and emerging concepts in understanding B cell developmental pathways that may facilitate HIV vaccine design strategies.
Andrabi2018
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
CH103: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. CH103 is polyreactive, but not autoreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
CH103: This study reports host tolerance mechanisms that limit the development of CD4bs and HCDR3-binder bNAbs via sequential HIV-1 Env vaccination. Vaccine-induced macaque CD4bs bnAbs recognize open Env trimers, and accumulate relatively modest somatic mutations. In naive CD4bs, unmutated common ancestor knock-in mice Env+ B cell clones develop anergy and partial deletion at the transitional to mature B cell stage, but become Env- upon receptor editing. Stepwise immunization initiates CD4bs-bnAb responses, but immune tolerance mechanisms restrict their development. The crystal structure revealed that CH103 footprint rests heavily on the CD4-binding loop and V5. Immune tolerance in CH103 germ line knock-in mice showed reduced total B cell numbers and frequencies of follicular mature B cells. In CH103 KI mice, a large proportion of Abs used a similar VH , but different VL than did the CH103 UCA, showing that receptor editing 36 was one host tolerance mechanism limiting development of CD4-binding site HCDR3-binder bnAbs.
Williams2017a
(glycosylation, structure, antibody lineage, chimeric antibody)
-
CH103: Env trimers were engineered with selective deglycosylation around the CD4 binding site to see if they could be useful vaccine antigens. The neutralization of glycan-deleted trimers was tested for a set of bnAbs (PG9, PGT122, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13, PGT151, 8ANC195, 35O22), and the antigens elicited potent neutralization based on the CD4 supersite. A crystal structure was made of one of these Env trimers bound to Fabs 35O22 and 3H+109L. Guinea pigs vaccinated with these antigens achieved neutralization of deglycosylated Envs. Glycan-deleted Env trimers may be useful as priming antigens to increase the frequency of CD4 site-directed antibodies.
Zhou2017
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
CH103: This review discussed antibody-virus coevolution and lineage development as a path to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs. CD4bs mAbs from donor CH505 (lineages CH103 and CH235) were used as main examples.
Bonsignori2017a
(review, antibody lineage)
-
CH103: This review summarizes vaccine approaches to counter HIV diversity. A structural map illustrated the contact regions of several bNAbs: VRC26.09, PGT128, CH235.12, and 10E8. Structures illustrating the bNAbs' tolerance for sequence variation were illustrated for CH235.12, PGT128, VRC26.09, and 10E8. CD4BS bNAbs such as VRC01 and CH235.12 illustrate that bNAbs bind to both conserved and hypervariable regions of Env. Donor CH505 initially developed mAb lineage CH103; its maturation was facilitated by escape mutants, which were selected by early antibodies in the CH235 lineage, illustrating lineage cooperation.
Korber2017
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
CH103: To understand HIV neutralization mediated by the MPER, antibodies and viruses were studied from CAP206, a patient known to produce MPER-targeted neutralizing mAbs. 41 human mAbs were isolated from CAP206 at various timepoints after infection, and 4 macaque mAbs were isolated from animals immunized with CAP206 Env proteins. Two rare, naturally-occuring single-residue changes in Env were identified in transmitted/founder viruses (W680G in CAP206 T/F and Y681D in CH505 T/F) that made the viruses less resistant to neutralization. The results point to the role of the MPER in mediating the closed trimer state, and hence the neutralization resistance of HIV. CH58 was one of several mAbs tested for neutralization of transmitted founder viruses isolated from clade C infected individuals CAP206 and CH505, compared to T/F viruses containing MPER mutations that confer enhanced neutralization sensitivity.
Bradley2016a
(neutralization)
-
CH103: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. VRC01 was 1 of 4 reference VRC01-like bNAbs - VRC01, 3BNC117, 8ANC131, CH103.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
CH103: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
CH103: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
CH103: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
CH103: This study estimated intra-lineage longitudinal evolutionary rate changes for the VRC26 and CH103 lineages and compared these to the reported rate changes of the VRC01 lineage. Results confirmed that a decreasing evolutionary rate is common to all three lineages.
Sheng2016
(antibody lineage)
-
CH103: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. Among CD4bs binding bNAbs, CH103 recognizes trimer similarly to 1NC9, CH106, 3BNC117 and VRC01, and is inhibited by sCD4. CH103 enhanced binding of several V1/V2-glycan, V3-glycan or outer domain (OD)-glycan bNAbs.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
CH103: The native-like, engineered trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 induced potent NAbs against conformational epitopes of neutralization-resistant Tier-2 viruses in rabbits and macaques, but induced cross-reactive NAbs against linear V3 epitopes of neutralization-sensitive Tier-1 viruses. A different trimer, B41 SOSIP.664 also induced strong autologous Tier-2 NAb responses in rabbits. Sera from 13/20 BG505 SOSIP.664-D7324 trimer-immunized rabbits were capable of inhibiting CH103 binding to CD4bs, but gp140-immunized sera could not. 4/4 similarly trimer-immunized macaque sera also inhibited CH103 binding. Serum inhibition of CH103-trimer binding significantly correlated with rabbit autologous neutralization of the trimer-equivalent psuedovirus, BG505.T332N.
Sanders2015
(antibody generation, neutralization, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
CH103: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-CD4bs bNAb CH103 neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
CH103: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. CD4bs-binding gl-CH103 precursor bound to 1/3 trimers, ZM197M.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
CH103: Donor EB179 was a long-term non-progressor with high serum neutralization breadth and potency. 8 B-cell clones produced antibodies of which 179NC75 had the highest neutralization, especially to Clade B virus, neutralizing 70% of a clade-B pseudovirus panel and 6 out of 9 cross-clade Env pseudoviruses. When compared to other CD4bs bNAbs against a panel of 22 Tier-2 clade B viruses, 179NC75 was more potent than CH103 against 6 viruses.
Freund2015
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
CH103: In 5 years additional members of the CH235 clonal lineage were isolated based on deep sequencing of donor CH505's VL and VH chains at 17 timepoints in the donor's infection. Two of these had greater neutralization potency, CH235.9 and CH235.12. Study of crystal structures indicated a site of vulnerability near the Env CD4 binding site. The lineages of CH103 and CH235, both derived from Donor CH505 were compared - CH103 lineage Kd increased an order of magnitude each step of maturation but maintained a fast association rate; CH235 lineage however, had slower Kds and Kas over maturation. CH103, a CDR H3-dependent CD4bs bnAb, neutralized 100% of an 113-patient CH505-derived autologous pseudoviral panel as part of CH103 lineages, at a potency of <50 µg/ml. It binds BG505 of Env with a stoichiometry of 3.
Bonsignori2016
(neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence, antibody lineage)
-
CH103: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
CH103: This study isolated 4 novel antibodies that bind the CD4 binding site of Env. Population-level analysis classified a diverse group of CD4bs antibodies into two types: CDR H3-dominated or VH-gene-restricted, each with distinct ontogenies. Structural data revealed that neutralization breadth was correlated with angle of approach of the antibodies to the CD4 binding region. CH103 was one of the antibodies in the CDR H3-dominated class.
Zhou2015
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
CH103: CD4-binding site Abs are reviewed. New insights from donor-serum responses, atomic-level structures of antibody-Env complexes, and next-generation sequencing of B-cell transcripts are invigorating vaccine-design efforts to elicit effective CD4-binding site Abs. Analysis of the epitopes recognized by CD4-binding Abs reveals substantial similarity in the recognized region of gp120. CH103 have been shown to utilize a different mode of recognition, with next-generation sequencing of both virus and antibody suggesting co-evolution to drive the development of antibody-neutralization breadth.
Georgiev2013a
(review)
-
CH103: A computational method, LASSIE (Longitudinal Antigenic Sequences and Sites from Intrahost Evolution), uses transmitted founder loss to identify virus hot-spots under putative immune selection and chooses sequences that represent recurrent mutations in selected sites. Sequences and antibodies from patient CH505 were used to demonstrate the methodology. The neutralization of CH103, members of its clonal lineage (CH104, CH105, CH106), and its ancestral antibodies (IA1 - IA8 and UCA) were assayed against longitudinal Env sequences from patient CH505. Neutralization and binding assay results confirmed that selected viruses exhibited diverse antibody sensitivities, which increased with maturation of the bnAb lineage and generally followed the progression of mutations away from the TF virus. CH103 neutralized 100% of a panel of autologous env gp160s at IC50 <50 µg/ml.
Hraber2015
(neutralization, antibody lineage)
-
CH103: The IGHV region is central to Ag binding and consists of 48 functional genes. IGHV repertoire of 28 HIV-infected South African women, 13 of whom developed bNAbs, was sequenced. Novel IGHV repertoires were reported, including 85 entirely novel sequences and 38 sequences that matched rearranged sequences in non-IMGT databases. There were no significant differences in germline IGHV repertoires between individuals who do and do not develop bNAbs. IGHV gene usage of multiple well known HIV-1 bNAbs was also analyzed and 14 instances were identified where the novel non-IMGT alleles identified in this study, provided the same or a better match than their currently defined IMGT allele. For CH103 the published IMGT predicted allele was IGHV4-59*01 and alternate allele predicted from IGHV alleles in 28 South African individuals was IGHV4-59*1m2, with T94C nucleotide and Y32H amino acid change.
Scheepers2015
(antibody lineage)
-
CH103: This study examined the development and co-evolution of autologous antibodies and viruses in two patients. Antibodies with limited heterologous breadth were able to potently neutralize autologous viruses, and such antibodies could select for neutralization-resistant autologous viruses implicated in transmission. The clonal lineages were compared to the CH103 clonal lineage derived from subject CH505.
Moody2015
(neutralization)
-
CH103: Structures of progenitor and intermediate antibodies to CH103 lineage were analyzed. The critical feature of affinity maturation in the CH103 lineage was shown to be a small but significant shift in the relative orientations of VH and VL domains. The mutations leading to the conformational shift probably occurred in response to insertions into V5 in gp120 of autologous viruses, illustrating a mechanism of affinity maturation through mutation outside the Ag combining site. Structure of CH103/gp120 complex revealed a contact dominated by CDRH3.
Fera2014
(neutralization, escape, structure, antibody lineage)
-
CH103: Advances (newly discovered Env targeting antibodies, CTL-control of infection, correlates of transmission risk, co-evolution of Env with bNAb, immunogens that overcome CTL epitope diversity) and promising approaches for HIV-1 vaccines were reviewed. CH103 lineage co-evolution with HIV-1 Env was discussed.
Haynes2014
(neutralization, review)
-
CH103: This comment points out that Gao2013 et al. have uncovered an intermediate stage in the process of bnAb production. Viral escape from one B cell lineage, CH235, seen as mutations in the CD4bs D-loop, is then followed by emergence of the bnAb CH103 and its members (CH104, CH105, CH106), that not only bind those D-loop variants but also demonstrate broad cross-reactivity and neutralization potency.
McHeyzer-Williams2014
(review)
-
CH103: As compared to early mutations in V- and CD4-binding loops that result in escape from antibody CH103, mutations in patient CH505's HIV-1 Env loop D generated a virus variant that showed 4.5 fold increased binding to and neutralizaton by bnAb CH103. The Env loop D mutations were driven by an independent antibody from a separate B-lineage, CH235. Thus, co-operation between 2 different B cell lineages in early infection induced potent, cross-reactive bnAb CH103 development. D loop mutants M11, M7, M8, M9, M20 and M21 however neutralized 10 fold better by CH103 over CH235.
Gao2014
(antibody generation, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
CH103: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. CH103 is a CD4bs Ab, with breadth 34%, IC50 8 μg per ml, and its unique feature is CDR H3 mode of recognition and reasonable affinity maturation.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
CH103: A computational method to predict Ab epitopes at the residue level, based on structure and neutralization panels of diverse viral strains has been described. This method was evaluated using 19 Env-Abs, including CH103, against 181 diverse HIV-1 strains with available Ab-Ag complex structures.
Chuang2013
(computational prediction)
-
CH103: Concomitant virus evolution and antibody maturation, leading to induction of a lineage of broadly neutralizing antibodies CH103-CH106, were followed in an African patient CH505 for 34 months from the time of infection. CH103-CH106 clonal variant antibodies were isolated from single memory B cells that were obtained using a fluorescently tagged Env as a bait. The unmutated common ancestor of the CH103 lineage bound the transmitted/founder Env glycoprotein, a trait critical for candidate immunogen to induce BnAbs. Co-crystal structure of CH103 revealed a new loop-based mechanism of CD4 binding site recognition and neutralization. The mature CH103 neutralized 55% of HIV isolates. Extensive viral diversification in and near CH103 epitope contributed to the evolution of neutralization breadth.
Liao2013
(antibody generation, escape, structure, broad neutralizer)
References
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44 references.
Isolation Paper
Liao2013
Hua-Xin Liao, Rebecca Lynch, Tongqing Zhou, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Scott D. Boyd, Andrew Z. Fire, Krishna M. Roskin, Chaim A. Schramm, Zhenhai Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Lawrence Shapiro, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, S. Gnanakaran, Peter Hraber, Kevin Wiehe, Garnett Kelsoe, Guang Yang, Shi-Mao Xia, David C. Montefiori, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Richard M. Scearce, Kelly A. Soderberg, Myron Cohen, Gift Kamanga, Mark K. Louder, Lillian M. Tran, Yue Chen, Fangping Cai, Sheri Chen, Stephanie Moquin, Xiulian Du, M. Gordon Joyce, Sanjay Srivatsan, Baoshan Zhang, Anqi Zheng, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, Thomas B. Kepler, Bette T. M. Korber, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Barton F. Haynes. Co-Evolution of a Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody and Founder Virus. Nature, 496(7446):469-476, 25 Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23552890.
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Andrabi2018
Raiees Andrabi, Jinal N. Bhiman, and Dennis R. Burton. Strategies for a Multi-Stage Neutralizing Antibody-Based HIV Vaccine. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 53:143-151, 15 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29775847.
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Bonsignori2016
Mattia Bonsignori, Tongqing Zhou, Zizhang Sheng, Lei Chen, Feng Gao, M. Gordon Joyce, Gabriel Ozorowski, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Chaim A. Schramm, Kevin Wiehe, S. Munir Alam, Todd Bradley, Morgan A. Gladden, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Sheelah Iyengar, Amit Kumar, Xiaozhi Lu, Kan Luo, Michael C. Mangiapani, Robert J. Parks, Hongshuo Song, Priyamvada Acharya, Robert T. Bailer, Allen Cao, Aliaksandr Druz, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Young D. Kwon, Mark K. Louder, Baoshan Zhang, Anqi Zheng, Brenna J. Hill, Rui Kong, Cinque Soto, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Daniel C. Douek, David C. Montefiori, Michael A. Moody, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, Garnett Kelsoe, Peter T. Hraber, Bette T. Korber, Scott D. Boyd, Andrew Z. Fire, Thomas B. Kepler, Lawrence Shapiro, Andrew B. Ward, John R. Mascola, Hua-Xin Liao, Peter D. Kwong, and Barton F. Haynes. Maturation Pathway from Germline to Broad HIV-1 Neutralizer of a CD4-Mimic Antibody. Cell, 165(2):449-463, 7 Apr 2016. PubMed ID: 26949186.
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Bonsignori2017a
Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, Feng Gao, Wilton B. Williams, S. Munir Alam, David C. Montefiori, and Barton F. Haynes. Antibody-Virus Co-evolution in HIV Infection: Paths for HIV Vaccine Development. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):145-160, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133802.
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Bradley2016a
Todd Bradley, Ashley Trama, Nancy Tumba, Elin Gray, Xiaozhi Lu, Navid Madani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, Amanda Eaton, Shi-Mao Xia, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy M. Bowman, Susan Barnett, Salim S. Abdool-Karim, Scott D. Boyd, Bruno Melillo, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., Joseph Sodroski, Thomas B. Kepler, S. Munir Alam, Feng Gao, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, M Anthony Moody, David Montefiori, Sampa Santra, Lynn Morris, and Barton F. Haynes. Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity. EBioMedicine, 12:196-207, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27612593.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Chuang2013
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Priyamvada Acharya, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Robert T. Bailer, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Residue-Level Prediction of HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes Based on Neutralization of Diverse Viral Strains. J. Virol., 87(18):10047-10058, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23843642.
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Chuang2019
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Jing Zhou, Priyamvada Acharya, Reda Rawi, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Robert T. Bailer, Venkata P. Dandey, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Survey of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Env Trimer Delineates Epitope Categories and Characteristics of Recognition. Structure, 27(1):196-206.e6, 2 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30471922.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Dubrovskaya2019
Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Karen Tran, Gabriel Ozorowski, Javier Guenaga, Richard Wilson, Shridhar Bale, Christopher A. Cottrell, Hannah L. Turner, Gemma Seabright, Sijy O'Dell, Jonathan L. Torres, Lifei Yang, Yu Feng, Daniel P. Leaman, Néstor Vázquez Bernat, Tyler Liban, Mark Louder, Krisha McKee, Robert T. Bailer, Arlette Movsesyan, Nicole A . Doria-Rose, Marie Pancera, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, Michael B. Zwick, Max Crispin, John R. Mascola, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Vaccination with Glycan-Modified HIV NFL Envelope Trimer-Liposomes Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to Multiple Sites of Vulnerability. Immunity, 51(5):915-929.e7, 19 Nov 2019. PubMed ID: 31732167.
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Dufloo2022
Jérémy Dufloo, Cyril Planchais, Stéphane Frémont, Valérie Lorin, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Karl Stefic, Nicoletta Casartelli, Arnaud Echard, Philippe Roingeard, Hugo Mouquet, Olivier Schwartz, and Timothée Bruel. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Tether Viral Particles at the Surface of Infected Cells. Nat. Commun., 13(1):630, 2 Feb 2022. PubMed ID: 35110562.
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Fera2014
Daniela Fera, Aaron G. Schmidt, Barton F. Haynes, Feng Gao, Hua-Xin Liao, Thomas B. Kepler, and Stephen C. Harrison. Affinity Maturation in an HIV Broadly Neutralizing B-Cell Lineage through Reorientation of Variable Domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(28):10275-10280, 15 Jul 2014. PubMed ID: 24982157.
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Freund2015
Natalia T. Freund, Joshua A. Horwitz, Lilian Nogueira, Stuart A. Sievers, Louise Scharf, Johannes F. Scheid, Anna Gazumyan, Cassie Liu, Klara Velinzon, Ariel Goldenthal, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Michael S. Seaman, Bruce D. Walker, Florian Klein, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. A New Glycan-Dependent CD4-Binding Site Neutralizing Antibody Exerts Pressure on HIV-1 In Vivo. PLoS Pathog, 11(10):e1005238, Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26516768.
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Gao2014
Feng Gao, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, Amit Kumar, Shi-Mao Xia, Xiaozhi Lu, Fangping Cai, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Hongshuo Song, Tongqing Zhou, Rebecca M. Lynch, S. Munir Alam, M. Anthony Moody, Guido Ferrari, Mark Berrong, Garnett Kelsoe, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, David C. Montefiori, Gift Kamanga, Myron S. Cohen, Peter Hraber, Peter D. Kwong, Bette T. Korber, John R. Mascola, Thomas B. Kepler, and Barton F. Haynes. Cooperation of B Cell Lineages in Induction of HIV-1-Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Cell, 158(3):481-491, 31 Jul 2014. PubMed ID: 25065977.
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Georgiev2013a
Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Tongqing Zhou, and Peter D. Kwong. Elicitation of HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies against the CD4-Binding Site. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 8(5):382-392, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23924998.
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Guzzo2018
Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Haynes2014
Barton F. Haynes, M.Anthony Moody, Munir Alam, Mattia Bonsignori, Laurent Verkoczy, Guido Ferrari, Feng Gao, Georgia D. Tomaras, Hua-Xin Liao, and Garnett Kelsoe. Progress in HIV-1 Vaccine Development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 134(1):3-10, Jul 2014. PubMed ID: 25117798.
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Henderson2019
Rory Henderson, Brian E. Watts, Hieu N. Ergin, Kara Anasti, Robert Parks, Shi-Mao Xia, Ashley Trama, Hua-Xin Liao, Kevin O. Saunders, Mattia Bonsignori, Kevin Wiehe, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Selection of Immunoglobulin Elbow Region Mutations Impacts Interdomain Conformational Flexibility in HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 10(1):654, 8 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30737386.
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Hraber2015
Peter Hraber, Bette Korber, Kshitij Wagh, Elena E. Giorgi, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, S. Gnanakaran, Alan S. Lapedes, Gerald H. Learn, Edward F. Kreider, Yingying Li, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, David C. Montefiori, S. Munir Alam, Mattia Bonsignori, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, Feng Gao, and Barton F. Haynes. Longitudinal Antigenic Sequences and Sites from Intra-Host Evolution (LASSIE) Identifies Immune-Selected HIV Variants. Viruses, 7(10):5443-5475, 21 Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26506369.
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Korber2017
Bette Korber, Peter Hraber, Kshitij Wagh, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Polyvalent Vaccine Approaches to Combat HIV-1 Diversity. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):230-244, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133800.
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Kwon2015
Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Priyamvada Acharya, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Emma T. Crooks, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Miklos Guttman, Xiaochu Ma, Sandeep Narpala, Cinque Soto, Daniel S. Terry, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Goran Ahlsen, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Mark A. Hallen, Adam Harned, Tatsiana Kirys, Mark K. Louder, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Keiko Osawa, Madhu Prabhakaran, Mallika Sastry, Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Jonathan Stuckey, Paul V. Thomas, Tishina Tittley, Constance Williams, Baoshan Zhang, Hong Zhao, Zhou Zhou, Bruce R. Donald, Lawrence K. Lee, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Ulrich Baxa, Arne Schön, Ernesto Freire, Lawrence Shapiro, Kelly K. Lee, James Arthos, James B. Munro, Scott C. Blanchard, Walther Mothes, James M. Binley, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Crystal Structure, Conformational Fixation and Entry-Related Interactions of Mature Ligand-Free HIV-1 Env. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 22(7):522-531, Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26098315.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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LaBranche2018
Celia C. LaBranche, Andrew T. McGuire, Matthew D. Gray, Shay Behrens, Xuejun Chen, Tongqing Zhou, Quentin J. Sattentau, James Peacock, Amanda Eaton, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Haili Tang, Lautaro G. Perez, Kevin O. Saunders, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, Leonidas Stamatatos, and David C. Montefiori. HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Modifications That Permit Neutralization by Germline-Reverted VRC01-Class Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 14(11):e1007431, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30395637.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Lyumkis2013
Dmitry Lyumkis, Jean-Philippe Julien, Natalia de Val, Albert Cupo, Clinton S. Potter, Per-Johan Klasse, Dennis R. Burton, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Bridget Carragher, Ian A. Wilson, and Andrew B. Ward. Cryo-EM Structure of a Fully Glycosylated Soluble Cleaved HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. Science, 342(6165):1484-1490, 20 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24179160.
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McHeyzer-Williams2014
Michael G. McHeyzer-Williams. B Cell Liaison Confounds HIV-1 Evolution. Cell, 158(3):475-476, 31 Jul 2014. PubMed ID: 25083862.
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Molinos-Albert2023
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Moody2015
M. Anthony Moody, Feng Gao, Thaddeus C. Gurley, Joshua D. Amos, Amit Kumar, Bhavna Hora, Dawn J. Marshall, John F. Whitesides, Shi-Mao Xia, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Xiaozhi Lu, Mattia Bonsignori, Andrés Finzi, Nathan A. Vandergrift, S. Munir Alam, Guido Ferrari, Xiaoying Shen, Georgia D. Tomaras, Gift Kamanga, Myron S. Cohen, Noel E. Sam, Saidi Kapiga, Elin S. Gray, Nancy L. Tumba, Lynn Morris, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Miroslaw K. Gorny, John R. Mascola, Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Joseph G. Sodroski, Hua-Xin Liao, David C. Montefiori, Peter T. Hraber, Bette T. Korber, and Barton F. Haynes. Strain-Specific V3 and CD4 Binding Site Autologous HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Select Neutralization-Resistant Viruses. Cell Host Microbe., 18(3):354-362, 9 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26355218.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Sanders2015
Rogier W. Sanders, Marit J. van Gils, Ronald Derking, Devin Sok, Thomas J. Ketas, Judith A. Burger, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Cassandra Simonich, Leslie Goo, Heather Arendt, Helen J. Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee, Pavel Pugach, Melissa Williams, Gargi Debnath, Brian Moldt, Mariëlle J. van Breemen, Gözde Isik, Max Medina-Ramírez, Jaap Willem Back, Wayne C. Koff, Jean-Philippe Julien, Eva G. Rakasz, Michael S. Seaman, Miklos Guttman, Kelly K. Lee, Per Johan Klasse, Celia LaBranche, William R. Schief, Ian A. Wilson, Julie Overbaugh, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, David C. Montefiori, Hansi Dean, and John P. Moore. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Science, 349(6244):aac4223, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26089353.
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Scheepers2015
Cathrine Scheepers, Ram K. Shrestha, Bronwen E. Lambson, Katherine J. L. Jackson, Imogen A. Wright, Dshanta Naicker, Mark Goosen, Leigh Berrie, Arshad Ismail, Nigel Garrett, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Penny L. Moore, Simon A. Travers, and Lynn Morris. Ability to Develop Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Is Not Restricted by the Germline Ig Gene Repertoire. J. Immunol., 194(9):4371-4378, 1 May 2015. PubMed ID: 25825450.
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Sheng2016
Zizhang Sheng, Chaim A. Schramm, Mark Connors, Lynn Morris, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Lawrence Shapiro. Effects of Darwinian Selection and Mutability on Rate of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Evolution during HIV-1 Infection. PLoS Comput. Biol., 12(5):e1004940, May 2016. PubMed ID: 27191167.
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Sliepen2015
Kwinten Sliepen, Max Medina-Ramirez, Anila Yasmeen, John P. Moore, Per Johan Klasse, and Rogier W. Sanders. Binding of Inferred Germline Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies to Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Virology, 486:116-120, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26433050.
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Stewart-Jones2016
Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Cinque Soto, Thomas Lemmin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Aliaksandr Druz, Rui Kong, Paul V. Thomas, Kshitij Wagh, Tongqing Zhou, Anna-Janina Behrens, Tatsiana Bylund, Chang W. Choi, Jack R. Davison, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Justin Taft, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Vidya S. Shivatare, Chang-Chun D. Lee, Chung-Yi Wu, Carole A. Bewley, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Mark Connors, Max Crispin, Ulrich Baxa, Bette T. Korber, Chi-Huey Wong, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165(4):813-826, 5 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27114034.
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Wiehe2018
Kevin Wiehe, Todd Bradley, R. Ryan Meyerhoff, Connor Hart, Wilton B. Williams, David Easterhoff, William J. Faison, Thomas B. Kepler, Kevin O. Saunders, S. Munir Alam, Mattia Bonsignori, and Barton F. Haynes. Functional Relevance of Improbable Antibody Mutations for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Development. Cell Host Microbe, 23(6):759-765.e6, 13 Jun 2018. PubMed ID: 29861171.
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Williams2017a
Wilton B. Williams, Jinsong Zhang, Chuancang Jiang, Nathan I. Nicely, Daniela Fera, Kan Luo, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Munir Alam, Thomas B. Kepler, Akshaya Ramesh, Kevin Wiehe, James A. Holland, Todd Bradley, Nathan Vandergrift, Kevin O. Saunders, Robert Parks, Andrew Foulger, Shi-Mao Xia, Mattia Bonsignori, David C. Montefiori, Mark Louder, Amanda Eaton, Sampa Santra, Richard Scearce, Laura Sutherland, Amanda Newman, Hilary Bouton-Verville, Cindy Bowman, Howard Bomze, Feng Gao, Dawn J. Marshall, John F. Whitesides, Xiaoyan Nie, Garnett Kelsoe, Steven G. Reed, Christopher B. Fox, Kim Clary, Marguerite Koutsoukos, David Franco, John R. Mascola, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, and Laurent Verkoczy. Initiation of HIV Neutralizing B Cell Lineages with Sequential Envelope Immunizations. Nat. Commun., 8(1):1732, 23 Nov 2017. PubMed ID: 29170366.
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Wu2016
Xueling Wu and Xiang-Peng Kong. Antigenic Landscape of the HIV-1 Envelope and New Immunological Concepts Defined by HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 42:56-64, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27289425.
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Zhou2015
Tongqing Zhou, Rebecca M. Lynch, Lei Chen, Priyamvada Acharya, Xueling Wu, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, M. Gordon Joyce, Daniel Lingwood, Cinque Soto, Robert T. Bailer, Michael J. Ernandes, Rui Kong, Nancy S. Longo, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Lillian Tran, Zhongjia Yang, Aliaksandr Druz, Timothy S. Luongo, Stephanie Moquin, Sanjay Srivatsan, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Anqi Zheng, Marie Pancera, Tatsiana Kirys, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Tatyana Gindin, Hung-Pin Peng, An-Suei Yang, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Matthew D. Gray, Leonidas Stamatatos, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Myron S. Cohen, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph P. Casazza, Mark Connors, Davide Corti, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Quentin J. Sattentau, Robin A. Weiss, Anthony P. West, Jr., Pamela J. Bjorkman, Johannes F. Scheid, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Repertoire of HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the CD4 Supersite in 14 Donors. Cell, 161(6):1280-1292, 4 Jun 2015. PubMed ID: 26004070.
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Zhou2017
Tongqing Zhou, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Cheng Cheng, Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Hui Geng, Krisha McKee, Young Do Kwon, Sijy O'Dell, Mallika Sastry, Stephen D. Schmidt, Kai Xu, Lei Chen, Rita E. Chen, Mark K. Louder, Marie Pancera, Timothy G. Wanninger, Baoshan Zhang, Anqi Zheng, S. Katie Farney, Kathryn E. Foulds, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Thomas Lemmin, Sandeep Narpala, Reda Rawi, Cinque Soto, John-Paul Todd, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Yongping Yang, Peng Zhao, Barton F. Haynes, Leonidas Stamatatos, Michael Tiemeyer, Lance Wells, Diana G. Scorpio, Lawrence Shapiro, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Quantification of the Impact of the HIV-1-Glycan Shield on Antibody Elicitation. Cell Rep., 19(4):719-732, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28445724.
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Sengupta2023
Srona Sengupta, Josephine Zhang, Madison C. Reed, Jeanna Yu, Aeryon Kim, Tatiana N. Boronina, Nathan L. Board, James O. Wrabl, Kevin Shenderov, Robin A. Welsh, Weiming Yang, Andrew E. Timmons, Rebecca Hoh, Robert N. Cole, Steven G. Deeks, Janet D. Siliciano, Robert F. Siliciano, and Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri. A cell-free antigen processing system informs HIV-1 epitope selection and vaccine design. J Exp Med, 220(7):e20221654 doi, Jul 2023. PubMed ID: 37058141
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Displaying record number 3046
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
VRC26.09 (CAP256-VRC26.09,CAP256.09,CAP256-09) |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
Env(160-169) |
Epitope |
|
Subtype |
C |
Ab Type |
gp120 V2 // V2 glycan(V2g) // V2 apex, quaternary structure |
Neutralizing |
P View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human |
Patient |
CAP256 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Country |
South Africa |
Keywords |
antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody lineage, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autologous responses, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, escape, glycosylation, immunotherapy, junction or fusion peptide, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, review, structure, superinfection, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses |
Notes
Showing 24 of
24 notes.
-
VRC26.09: Membrane-bound BG505-based ApexGT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. PCT64 and PG9/PG16 lineages were identified to have the highest and most consistent frequencies of precursors in 14 HIV-unexposed donors among 5 V2-apex-targeting bnAb classes which also included PGT141-145/PGDM1400-1414, CH01-CH04 and CAP256-VRC26 lineages. CAP256-VRC26 heavy chain (HC) precursors were found in only 1/14 human HIV-naive donors with a frequency of 0.003 precursors per million BCRs.
Willis2022
(antibody lineage)
-
VRC26.09: This study followed the evolution of VRC26 lineage to investigate the phenotypic changes of the virus populations during the early phases of bnAb induction. Longitudinal viruses that evolved from the VRC26-resistant primary infecting (PI) virus, the VRC26-sensitive superinfecting (SU) virus, and ensuing PI-SU recombinants revealed substantial phenotypic changes in Env, with a switch in Env properties, coinciding with resistance to VRC26 mAbs. Twelve of the VRC26 bnAbs (VRC26.01, VRC26.05, VRC26.06, VRC26.07, VRC26.08, VRC26.09, VRC26.10, VRC26.12, VRC26.17, VRC26.21, VRC26.25, VRC26.31) were assayed for neutralization of autologous Envs; in general, they were effective in neutralizing the SU-like viruses, less effective for the PI-like viruses, and were ineffective against the PI/SU recombinant forms. Decreased sensitivity of SU-like viruses was linked with reduced infectivity, altered entry kinetics, and lower sensitivity to neutralization after CD4 attachment. The VRC26 lineage maintained neutralization activity against cell-associated CAP256 virus, indicating that cell-cell transmission is not a dominant escape pathway. Reduced fitness of the early escape variants and sustained sensitivity in cell-cell transmission are both features that limit virus replication, thereby impeding rapid escape. This supports a scenario where VRC26 lineage mAbs allowed only partial viral escape for a prolonged period, possibly increasing the time window for bnAb maturation.
Reh2018
(autologous responses, neutralization, escape, antibody lineage)
-
VRC26.09: Most published structures of bnAbs, yet none of non- or poorly-neutralizing mAbs, were structurally compatible with a newly generated crystal structure of a mature ligand-free endoglycosidase H-treated BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimer. Robust binding of the structurally incompatible V3- and CD4-bs targeting nAbs could be induced with CD4. A “DS” variant of BG505 SOSIP.664, containing a stabilizing disulfide bond between 201C and 433C mutations, was developed and appeared to represent an obligate intermediate in that it only bound a single CD4 and remained in a prefusion closed conformation. BnAb VRC26.09 had KD values of 22.9 and 11.52 nM, respectively, when binding to BG505 SOSIP.664 wildtype and DS variant.
Kwon2015
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
VRC26.09: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
VRC26.09: This review summarizes current advances in antibody lineage-based design and epitope-based vaccine design. Antibody lineage-based design is described for VRC01, PGT121 and PG9 antibody classes, and epitope-based vaccine design is described for the CD4-binding site, as well as fusion peptide and glycan-V3 cites of vulnerability.
Kwong2018
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer, junction or fusion peptide)
-
CAP256.09: Extensive structural and biochemical analyses demonstrated that PGT145 achieves recognition and neutralization by targeting quaternary structure of the cationic trimer apex with long and unusually stabilized anionic β-hairpin HCDR3 loops. In BG505.Env.C2 alanine-scanning neutralization assays, CAP256.09 had more similar results to PGT145, compared to PG9 & CH01 (members of hammerhead-class), despite having a HCDR3 structure that is more similar to the hammerhead-class.
Lee2017
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
VRC26.09: The maturation features of the HIV-neutralizing anti-V1V2 VRC26 lineage by simultaneously sequencing the exon together with the downstream intron of VRC26 members is reported. Multiple events of amino acid mutational convergence in the CDR3 of VRC26 members have been identified using the mutational landscapes of both segments and the selection-free nature of the intron and determined potential intermediates with diverse CDR3s to a late stage bNAb from 2 years prior to its isolation region. Timeline of all tested Abs from the VRC26 lineage is shown for the two major bifurcating branches (Fig 5).
Johnson2018
(mutation acquisition, antibody lineage)
-
VRC26.09: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. The I184C/E190C V2-internal disulfide bond mutant trimer bound all the V2 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, and CH01) better than SOSIP.664.
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
CAP256-VRC26.09: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied and future directions for the field. Recombinant native-like HIV Env trimers have enabled the identification of CAP256-VRC26.09, a potent ‘PG9-class’ bNAb. Antigenic region V2 apex (Table:1).
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
CAP256.09: The effects of 16 glycoengineering (GE) methods on the sensitivities of 293T cell-produced pseudoviruses (PVs) to a large panel of bNAbs were investigated. Some bNAbs were dramatically impacted. PG9 and CAP256.09 were up to ˜30-fold more potent against PVs produced with co-transfected α-2,6 sialyltransferase. PGT151 and PGT121 were more potent against PVs with terminal SA removed. 35O22 and CH01 were more potent against PV produced in GNT1-cells. The effects of GE on bNAbs VRC38.01, VRC13 and PGT145 were inconsistent between Env strains, suggesting context-specific glycan clashes. Overexpressing β-galactosyltransferase during PV production 'thinned' glycan coverage, by replacing complex glycans with hybrid glycans. This impacted PV sensitivity to some bNAbs. Maximum percent neutralization by excess bnAb was also improved by GE. Remarkably, some otherwise resistant PVs were rendered sensitive by GE. Germline-reverted versions of some bnAbs usually differed from their mature counterparts, showing glycan indifference or avoidance, suggesting that glycan binding is not germline-encoded but rather, it is gained during affinity maturation. Overall, these GE tools provided new ways to improve bnAb-trimer recognition that may be useful for informing the design of vaccine immunogens to try to elicit similar bnAbs.
Crooks2018
(vaccine antigen design, antibody lineage)
-
VRC26.09: A rare glycan hole at the V2 apex is enriched in HIV isolates neutralized by inferred precursors of prototype V2-apex bNAbs. To investigate whether this feature could focus neutralizing responses onto the apex bnAb region, rabbits were immunized with soluble trimers adapted from these Envs. Potent autologous tier 2 neutralizing responses targeting basic residues in strand C of the V2 region, which forms the core epitope for V2-apex bnAbs, were observed. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from these animals display features promising for subsequent broadening of the response. Four human anti-V2 bnAbs (PG9, CH01, PGT145, and CAP256.09) were used as a basis of comparison.
Voss2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
VRC26.09: This review summarizes vaccine approaches to counter HIV diversity. A structural map illustrated the contact regions of several bNAbs: VRC26.09, PGT128, CH235.12, and 10E8. Structures illustrating the bNAbs' tolerance for sequence variation were illustrated for CH235.12, PGT128, VRC26.09, and 10E8. CD4BS bNAbs such as VRC01 and CH235.12 illustrate that bNAbs bind to both conserved and hypervariable regions of Env.
Korber2017
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
VRC26.09: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
VRC26.09: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
VRC26.09: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
VRC26.09: This study estimated intra-lineage longitudinal evolutionary rate changes for the VRC26 and CH103 lineages and compared these to the reported rate changes of the VRC01 lineage. Results confirmed that a decreasing evolutionary rate is common to all three lineages.
Sheng2016
(antibody lineage)
-
VRC26.09: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes against all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. Both Clade C trimers were strongly reactive with V1/V2 glycan bNAb, VRC026, and neutralization of their pseudotyped viruses was robust.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
VRC26.09: This review discusses the application of bNAbs for HIV treatment and eradication, focusing on bnAbs that target key epitopes, specifically: 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, VRC26.08, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, and 10-1074. The CAP256 antibodies have remarkable potency for neutralizing subtype A and C viruses. Two of them, VRC26.08 and VRC26.09, are able to inhibit virus spread.
Stephenson2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
VRC26.09: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. V1/V2 apex-binding gl-VRC26.09 precursor did not bind any trimers.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
VRC26.09: The development of broad neutralization was studied by examining both the viral variants of superinfected donor CAP256 and the phylogeny and neutralization of the 33 CAP256-VRC26 V1/V2 lineage mAbs. Two members (VRC26.01 and VRC26.24) formed a "dead end" sublineage with restricted breadth. A larger sublineage containing the other mAbs displayed extensive evolution, suggesting adaptation in response to emerging viral escape mutations, particularly at residues 166 and 169. Early viral escape at key antibody-virus contact sites selects for Ab sublineages that can tolerate these changes and thus evolve Abs with broad neutralization breadth. CAP256-VRC26.09 neutralized superinfecting virus and all mutants K169R/Q/I/T as well as the R166K mutant at <50µg/ml; neutralization breadth >40%. It neutralized 12/20 autologous viruses at <1µg/ml.
Bhiman2015
(escape, antibody lineage)
-
VRC26.09: Twenty-one new members of the CAP256-VRC26 lineage were isolated from donor CAP256 from time points of peak serum neutralization breadth and potency; 3 of them have a broader neutralization capacity than previously isolated family members. The most potent was CAP256-VRC26.25, which displayed a 10-fold greater neutralization potency than previously described lineage members. It neutralized 57% of diverse clade viral isolates and 70% of clade C isolates. The mechanism of its outstanding potency may relate to its reduced dependence on N160 glycan or its unique, long CDRH3 conformation. The epitope recognized by the new CAP256-VRC26 antibodies is similar to that recognized by the previously described relatives, and centers on Env 166-169. With a 46-pseudo- plus 2-autologous- virus multiclade panel, VRC26.09 neutralization breadth was 46%, potency of 0.023 µg/ml median IC50.
Doria-Rose2016
(antibody generation, neutralization, antibody sequence, antibody lineage)
-
VRC26.09: The study compared binding and neutralization of 4 V2 apex bnAbs (PG9, CH01, PGT145, and CAP256.VRC26.09). All recognized a core epitope on V1/V2 (the N-linked glycan at N160 and cysteine-linked lysine rich, HXB2:126-196), which includes residue N160 as well as N173. The lysine rich region on strand C of HIV-1 V2 that is key for binding to the nAb contains the sequence (168)KKQK(171). Inferred germline versions of three of the prototype bnAbs were able to neutralize specific Env isolates. Soluble Env derived from one of these isolates was shown to form a well-ordered Env trimer that could serve as an immunogen to initiate a V2-apex bnAb response. Escape from bnAb CAP256.09 was seen in patient Donor_CAP256 by mutations K169E, Q170K and deletion of K171. 99% amino acid sequence identity between PG9 and CAP256.09 in VH-germline gene. Virus CAP256.SU is presumed to have triggered this bnAb and neutralization is at 0.003 while neutralization of virus CRF02_AG_250 is <0.003 µg/ml.
Andrabi2015
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, escape, antibody lineage)
-
VRC26.09: An atomic-level understanding of V1V2-directed bNAb recognition in a donor was used in the design of V1V2 scaffolds capable of interacting with quaternary-specific V1V2-directed bNAbs. The cocrystal structure of V1V2 with antibody CH03 from a second donor is reported and Env interactions of antibody CAP256-VRC26 from a third donor are modeled. V1V2-directed bNAbs used strand-strand interactions between a protruding Ab loop and a V1V2 strand but differed in their N-glycan recognition. Ontogeny analysis indicated that protruding loops develop early, and glycan interactions mature over time. CAP256-VRC26.09 did not bind to the monomeric V1V2 scaffolds. The quaternary dependence might be one possible explanation for this lack of recognition.
Gorman2016
(glycosylation, structure, antibody lineage)
-
CAP256-VRC26.09: 12 somatically related nAbs were isolated from donor CAP256. All nAbs of CAP256-VRC26 lineage had long CDRH3 regions necessary to penetrate the glycan shield and engage the V1V2 epitope. All 12 Abs neutralized the superinfecting virus and, with the exception of CAP256-VRC26.06, did not neutralize the primary infecting virus. In the early superinfecting virus-like sequences, K169I rare escape mutation rendered resistance against the earliest antibody CAP256-VRC26.01, followed by maturation of the lineage to tolerate K169I. Later nAbs (CAP256-VRC26.02-12) neutralized superinfecting-like viruses until escape occurred in positions 166 or 169.
Doria-Rose2014
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, glycosylation, superinfection, escape, structure)
References
Showing 24 of
24 references.
Isolation Paper
Doria-Rose2014
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Chaim A. Schramm, Jason Gorman, Penny L. Moore, Jinal N. Bhiman, Brandon J. DeKosky, Michael J. Ernandes, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Helen J. Kim, Marie Pancera, Ryan P. Staupe, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Ema T. Crooks, Albert Cupo, Aliaksandr Druz, Nigel J. Garrett, Kam H. Hoi, Rui Kong, Mark K. Louder, Nancy S. Longo, Krisha McKee, Molati Nonyane, Sijy O'Dell, Ryan S. Roark, Rebecca S. Rudicell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Daniel J. Sheward, Cinque Soto, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Yongping Yang, Zhenhai Zhang, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, James M. Binley, Rogier W. Sanders, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, George Georgiou, Carolyn Williamson, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Lynn Morris, Peter D. Kwong, Lawrence Shapiro, and John R. Mascola. Developmental Pathway for Potent V1V2-Directed HIV-Neutralizing Antibodies. Nature, 509(7498):55-62, 1 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24590074.
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Andrabi2015
Raiees Andrabi, James E. Voss, Chi-Hui Liang, Bryan Briney, Laura E. McCoy, Chung-Yi Wu, Chi-Huey Wong, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Identification of Common Features in Prototype Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV Envelope V2 Apex to Facilitate Vaccine Design. Immunity, 43(5):959-973, 17 Nov 2015. PubMed ID: 26588781.
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Bhiman2015
Jinal N. Bhiman, Colin Anthony, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Owen Karimanzira, Chaim A. Schramm, Thandeka Khoza, Dale Kitchin, Gordon Botha, Jason Gorman, Nigel J. Garrett, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Lawrence Shapiro, Carolyn Williamson, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, and Penny L. Moore. Viral Variants That Initiate and Drive Maturation of V1V2-Directed HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Med., 21(11):1332-1336, Nov 2015. PubMed ID: 26457756.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Crooks2018
Ema T. Crooks, Samantha L. Grimley, Michelle Cully, Keiko Osawa, Gillian Dekkers, Kevin Saunders, Sebastian Ramisch, Sergey Menis, William R. Schief, Nicole Doria-Rose, Barton Haynes, Ben Murrell, Evan Mitchel Cale, Amarendra Pegu, John R. Mascola, Gestur Vidarsson, and James M. Binley. Glycoengineering HIV-1 Env Creates `Supercharged' and `Hybrid' Glycans to Increase Neutralizing Antibody Potency, Breadth and Saturation. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1007024, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29718999.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Doria-Rose2016
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Jinal N. Bhiman, Ryan S. Roark, Chaim A. Schramm, Jason Gorman, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Marie Pancera, Evan M. Cale, Michael J. Ernandes, Mark K. Louder, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Robert T. Bailer, Aliaksandr Druz, Isabella R. Fraschilla, Nigel J. Garrett, Marissa Jarosinski, Rebecca M. Lynch, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Amarendra Pegu, Stephen D. Schmidt, Ryan P. Staupe, Matthew S. Sutton, Keyun Wang, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Barton F. Haynes, Salim Abdool-Karim, Lawrence Shapiro, Peter D. Kwong, Penny L. Moore, Lynn Morris, and John R. Mascola. New Member of the V1V2-Directed CAP256-VRC26 Lineage That Shows Increased Breadth and Exceptional Potency. J. Virol., 90(1):76-91, 14 Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26468542.
Show all entries for this paper.
Gorman2016
Jason Gorman, Cinque Soto, Max M. Yang, Thaddeus M. Davenport, Miklos Guttman, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Brandon J. DeKosky, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Michael J. Ernandes, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marissa C. Jarosinski, M. Gordon Joyce, Thomas M. Lemmin, Sherman Leung, Mark K. Louder, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Sandeep Narpala, Marie Pancera, Jonathan Stuckey, Xueling Wu, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Ulrich Baxa, George Georgiou, Adrian B. McDermott, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Penny L. Moore, Lynn Morris, Kelly K. Lee, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structures of HIV-1 Env V1V2 with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Reveal Commonalities That Enable Vaccine Design. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 23(1):81-90, Jan 2016. PubMed ID: 26689967.
Show all entries for this paper.
Johnson2018
Erik L. Johnson, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Jason Gorman, Jinal N. Bhiman, Chaim A. Schramm, Ashley Q. Vu, William H. Law, Baoshan Zhang, Valerie Bekker, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Gregory C. Ippolito, Lynn Morris, Penny L. Moore, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and George Georgiou. Sequencing HIV-Neutralizing Antibody Exons and Introns Reveals Detailed Aspects of Lineage Maturation. Nat. Commun., 9(1):4136, 8 Oct 2018. PubMed ID: 30297708.
Show all entries for this paper.
Julien2015
Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Gabriel Ozorowski, Yuanzi Hua, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Steven W. de Taeye, Travis Nieusma, Albert Cupo, Anila Yasmeen, Michael Golabek, Pavel Pugach, P. J. Klasse, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Design and Structure of Two HIV-1 Clade C SOSIP.664 Trimers That Increase the Arsenal of Native-Like Env Immunogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(38):11947-11952, 22 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26372963.
Show all entries for this paper.
Korber2017
Bette Korber, Peter Hraber, Kshitij Wagh, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Polyvalent Vaccine Approaches to Combat HIV-1 Diversity. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):230-244, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133800.
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Kwon2015
Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Priyamvada Acharya, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Emma T. Crooks, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Miklos Guttman, Xiaochu Ma, Sandeep Narpala, Cinque Soto, Daniel S. Terry, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Goran Ahlsen, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Mark A. Hallen, Adam Harned, Tatsiana Kirys, Mark K. Louder, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Keiko Osawa, Madhu Prabhakaran, Mallika Sastry, Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Jonathan Stuckey, Paul V. Thomas, Tishina Tittley, Constance Williams, Baoshan Zhang, Hong Zhao, Zhou Zhou, Bruce R. Donald, Lawrence K. Lee, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Ulrich Baxa, Arne Schön, Ernesto Freire, Lawrence Shapiro, Kelly K. Lee, James Arthos, James B. Munro, Scott C. Blanchard, Walther Mothes, James M. Binley, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Crystal Structure, Conformational Fixation and Entry-Related Interactions of Mature Ligand-Free HIV-1 Env. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 22(7):522-531, Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26098315.
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Kwong2018
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity, 48(5):855-871, 15 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29768174.
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Lee2017
Jeong Hyun Lee, Raiees Andrabi, Ching-Yao Su, Anila Yasmeen, Jean-Philippe Julien, Leopold Kong, Nicholas C. Wu, Ryan McBride, Devin Sok, Matthias Pauthner, Christopher A. Cottrell, Travis Nieusma, Claudia Blattner, James C. Paulson, Per Johan Klasse, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. A Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Targets the Dynamic HIV Envelope Trimer Apex via a Long, Rigidified, and Anionic beta-Hairpin Structure. Immunity, 46(4):690-702, 18 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28423342.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Reh2018
Lucia Reh, Carsten Magnus, Claus Kadelka, Denise Kühnert, Therese Uhr, Jacqueline Weber, Lynn Morris, Penny L. Moore, and Alexandra Trkola. Phenotypic Deficits in the HIV-1 Envelope Are Associated with the maturation of a V2-directed broadly neutralizing antibody lineage. PLoS Pathog., 14(1):e1006825, Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29370298.
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Sheng2016
Zizhang Sheng, Chaim A. Schramm, Mark Connors, Lynn Morris, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Lawrence Shapiro. Effects of Darwinian Selection and Mutability on Rate of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Evolution during HIV-1 Infection. PLoS Comput. Biol., 12(5):e1004940, May 2016. PubMed ID: 27191167.
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Sliepen2015
Kwinten Sliepen, Max Medina-Ramirez, Anila Yasmeen, John P. Moore, Per Johan Klasse, and Rogier W. Sanders. Binding of Inferred Germline Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies to Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Virology, 486:116-120, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26433050.
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Stephenson2016
Kathryn E. Stephenson and Dan H. Barouch. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Eradication. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 13(1):31-37, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26841901.
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Stewart-Jones2016
Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Cinque Soto, Thomas Lemmin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Aliaksandr Druz, Rui Kong, Paul V. Thomas, Kshitij Wagh, Tongqing Zhou, Anna-Janina Behrens, Tatsiana Bylund, Chang W. Choi, Jack R. Davison, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Justin Taft, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Vidya S. Shivatare, Chang-Chun D. Lee, Chung-Yi Wu, Carole A. Bewley, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Mark Connors, Max Crispin, Ulrich Baxa, Bette T. Korber, Chi-Huey Wong, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165(4):813-826, 5 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27114034.
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Voss2017
James E. Voss, Raiees Andrabi, Laura E. McCoy, Natalia de Val, Roberta P. Fuller, Terrence Messmer, Ching-Yao Su, Devin Sok, Salar N. Khan, Fernando Garces, Laura K. Pritchard, Richard T. Wyatt, Andrew B. Ward, Max Crispin, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Elicitation of Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the V2 Apex of the HIV Envelope Trimer in a Wild-Type Animal Model. Cell Rep., 21(1):222-235, 3 Oct 2017. PubMed ID: 28978475.
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Walker2018
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211.
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Wu2016
Xueling Wu and Xiang-Peng Kong. Antigenic Landscape of the HIV-1 Envelope and New Immunological Concepts Defined by HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 42:56-64, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27289425.
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Willis2022
Jordan R. Willis, Zachary T. Berndsen, Krystal M. Ma, Jon M. Steichen, Torben Schiffner, Elise Landais, Alessia Liguori, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Joel D. Allen, Sabyasachi Baboo, Oluwarotimi Omorodion, Jolene K. Diedrich, Xiaozhen Hu, Erik Georgeson, Nicole Phelps, Saman Eskandarzadeh, Bettina Groschel, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Tina-Marie Mullin, Nushin B. Alavi, Samantha Falcone, Sunny Himansu, Andrea Carfi, Ian A. Wilson, John R. Yates III, James C. Paulson, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, and William R. Schief. Human immunoglobulin repertoire analysis guides design of vaccine priming immunogens targeting HIV V2-apex broadly neutralizing antibody precursors. Immunity, 55(11):2149-2167e9 doi, Nov 2022. PubMed ID: 36179689
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Displaying record number 3107
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
PGT151 (PGT-151) |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp120-gp41 interface |
Epitope |
(Discontinuous epitope)
|
Subtype |
C |
Ab Type |
fusion peptide // near gp41-gp120 interface |
Neutralizing |
P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG) |
Patient |
Donor 31 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Country |
United States |
Keywords |
anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autologous responses, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, computational prediction, contact residues, effector function, escape, glycosylation, immunotherapy, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses |
Notes
Showing 62 of
62 notes.
-
PGT151: Eighty clusters of overlapping epitopes that could bind to MHC Class II HLA-DR1*01:01 (DR1) allele were identified by LC-MS/MS using a cell-free processing system that incorporated soluble DR1, HLA-DM (DM), cathepsins, and full-length protein antigens (Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Tat, Rev, and Nef). Sixteen of Env CD4+ T cell epitopes identified in this study, which were primarily located in the vicinity of the gp120/gp41 interface or the CD4bs, were assessed for overlap with bnAb binding footprints. 2/16 overlapped with the binding footprint of gp120/41 interface-targeting bnAb PGT151: KDA 45-67 (KDAETTLFCASDAKAYETEKHN) and SEL481-499 (SELYKYKVVKIEPLGVAPT). The former was identified only in an unglycosylated form, while the latter was identified as both glycosylated and unglycosylated forms.
Sengupta2023
(antibody binding site)
-
PGT151: This preview summarizes the findings of Doud2017, Dingens2017, and Dingens2019 where all possible point mutation escapes from binding nAbs were mapped using a screen of single amino acid changes of soluble Env ectodomain that were then grown and exposed to bnAbs. A loss of interaction/binding to the bnAb suggested neutralization resistant Env and these were deep sequenced, giving an atlas of escape pathways the virus might take. Escape mutants were found to mostly overlap with the 5 structural epitopes (antigen binding regions) of Env even though many of them are not reported in nature. Two additional sets of mutations were found in (1) contact residues that do not affect neutralization and (2) residues outside the 5 structural epitopes. These studies will provide a third characteristic to add to successful bnAb generation besides breadth and potency - "non-susceptibility to escape". PGT151 was the first bnAb studied to map viral escape to it, Doud2017.
Ward2019
(review)
-
PGT151: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT151: Membrane-bound mRNA-encoded BG505-based Apex GT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. All assessed ApexGT constructs, as well as BG505 SOSIP.MD39 (background for Apex constructs), in soluble or membrane-bound forms (encoded by DNA or RNA), had generally similar antigenic profiles and bound mAb PGT151 at high levels.
Willis2022
(antibody binding site)
-
PGT151: Following the VRC018 clinical trial of the BG505 DS-SOSIP immunogen, donor N751 showed the highest BG505-reactive ELISA responses. B cells from this donor were sorted for binding to a novel BG505 trimer construct (BG505 glycan base); 8 clones were identified that bound to glycan-base BG505, and 2 were selected for characterization (2C06 and 2C09). The epitopes of 2C06.01 and 2C09.01 were similar to each other, and have substantial overlap with the epitope of VRC34.01, and lower overlap with two other FP-targeting mAbs, PGT151 and ACS202. Binding of mAbs to BG505 DS-SOSIP was compared with binding to the glycan base construct; some mAbs bound to both BG505 DS-SOSIP and glycan base (PGT145, VRC26.25, VRC01, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 2G12), some bound to neither (PG05, 447-52D, and 2557), and 4 base-binding mAbs bound to BG505 DS-SOSIP, but not to BG505 glycan base (1E6, 5H3, 3H2, and 9B9). Structural comparisons were made with X-ray structures of several other fusion peptide mAbs (VRC34.01, ACS202, PGT151, 0PV-a.01, 0PV-b.01, DF1W-a.01, DFPH-a.01, A12V163-a.01, A12V163-b.01, and vFP16.02).
Wang2023
(antibody binding site, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT151:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. PGT151 was used as a reference antibody for epitope mapping and binding profile of EPTC112.
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
PGT151: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
PGT151: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: PGT151 was positive for neutralization, ADCC, and binding to infected cells.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT151: To explore the ability of mice to generate neutralizing antibodies that target the HIV-1 fusion peptide (FP) with greater breadth and potency, this study tested 17 prime-boost regimens that utilized diverse FP-carrier conjugates and HIV-1 envelope trimers. Priming in mice with FP-carrier conjugates of variable peptide length elicited higher neutralizing responses, a result also confirmed in guinea pigs. From vaccinated mice, 21 mAbs, belonging to 4 distinct classes of FP-directed antibodies capable of cross-clade neutralization were isolated. Top antibodies from each class collectively neutralized over 50% of a 208-strain panel. Structural analyses revealed that each antibody class recognized a distinct conformation of FP and had a binding pocket capable of accommodating diverse FP. Murine vaccinations can thus elicit diverse neutralizing antibodies, and altering peptide length during prime can improve the elicitation of cross-clade responses targeting the FP. Previously-isolated FP-directed mAbs were used for comparison in a neutralization panel assay: VRC34.01, PGT151, ACS202, vFP1.01, vFP5.01, vFP7.04, vFP20.01, and vFP16.02.
Sastry2023
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT151: X-ray and cryo-EM structures were derived for ACS202 with a fusion peptide (FP) and with a soluble Env trimer (AMC011 SOSIP.v4.2, derived from the same patient). The ACS202 CDRH3 forms a "b strand" interaction with the exposed hydrophobic FP and recognizes a continuous region of gp120, including a conserved N-linked glycan at N88. A cryo-EM structure of another previously identified bnAb, VRC34.01, with AMC011 SOSIP.v4.2 shows that it also penetrates through glycans to target the FP. The structures show that the FP can twist and present different conformations for recognition by bnAbs, which enables approach to Env from diverse angles. The variable recognition of FP by bnAbs thus provides insights for vaccine design. The binding mechanism of ACS202 is compared with other FP antibodies (PGT151, VRC34.01, vFP16.02, and vFP20.01).
Yuan2019
(structure)
-
PGT151: Reduction in exposure of non-neutralizing Ab (nnAb) epitopes on native-like Env trimer immunogens results in bnAbs being elicited that have autologous tier 2 neutralization instead of tier 1. The design of trimer modifications to silence nnAb reactivity were directed towards (1) the V3 loop (2) epitopes exposed through CD4-induced conformational changes (CD4i epitopes) and (3) the exposed SOSIP trimer base that is usually buried within virus membrane. (1) In Steichen2016 2 Env variants of BG505 SOSIP.664 with reduced V3 nnAb-generating activity were created, one using mammalian display screens, BG505 MD39, and the other with an engineered disulfide bond, BG505 SOSIP.DS21. MD39's trimer design was improved by using the Rosetta Design platform and inserting 6 buried mutations to form BG505 Olio6, and both this trimer as well as the DS21 were shown to have reduced antigenicity for nnAb generation in a rabbit vaccine model. (2) To reduce CD4i epitope elicitation of nnAbs, saturation mutagenesis of Olio6 was performed, in search of the trimer that binds VRC01-class bnAbs but not CD4. BG505 Olio6.CD4KO containing the G473T mutation was identified. In addition, for the purposes of nucleic acid-based vaccine platform designs, the natural furin cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 was removed to abolish protease cleavage, by swapping the order of gp14 and gp120 in the gp160 gene, giving the trimer BG505 MD39.CP (circular permutation). (3) The exposed trimer base was masked with glycan in 3 under-glycosylated regions in order to direct bnAb responses to the distal regions (CD4bs, V2 apex, N332 superset) of the trimer instead, generating the GRSF MD39 and GRSF MD39.CP variants. Furthermore, variants with improved thermostability over MD39 were created, MD37 and MD64. All of these stabilizing mutations were transferred to diverse HIV isolates from different subtypes. Finally 3 subtype C (isolate 327c) trimers were assessed for binding to bnAbs, VRC01, PGT121, PGT151, PGT145, PG9 and to nnAbs, F105 and 17b - PGT151 did bind all three as well as BG505s SOSIP.664, MD39 and Olio6 and somewhat to AD8 MD64. PGT151 had reduced binding however to CP variant BG505 MD39.CP and GRSF trimer variants as well as AD8 SOSIP.
Kulp2017
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, assay or method development, autologous responses, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT151: Most published structures of bnAbs, yet none of non- or poorly-neutralizing mAbs, were structurally compatible with a newly generated crystal structure of a mature ligand-free endoglycosidase H-treated BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimer. Robust binding of the structurally incompatible V3- and CD4-bs targeting nAbs could be induced with CD4. A “DS” variant of BG505 SOSIP.664, containing a stabilizing disulfide bond between 201C and 433C mutations, was developed and appeared to represent an obligate intermediate in that it bound only a single CD4 and remained in a prefusion closed conformation. BnAb PGT151had KD values of 158 and 78.4 nM, respectively, when binding to BG505 SOSIP.664 wildtype and DS variant.
Kwon2015
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT151: Native, well-ordered, soluble mimetics of the Env trimer from subtypes B (JRFL) and C (16055) were obtained from genetically identical samples of heterogeneous mixture of disordered Env SOSIPs. Negative selection by non-nAbs was used to remove disordered oligomers, leaving well-ordered trimers that were able to bind sCD4, a panel of bnAbs that bind CD4bs, and PGT151 which is a bnAb that binds only cleavage-dependent, well-ordered, Env trimer. Several biophysical techniques were used to interrogate the structure of the purified subtype B and C trimers.
Guenaga2015
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
PGT151: The study identified and characterized 5 neutralizing Ab lineages targeting the HIV-1 fusion peptide (FP) in vaccinated macaques. Genetic and structural analyses revealed that 2 of these lineages belong to an Ab class capable of neutralizing up to 59% of 208 diverse viral strains. Comparisons were made with the neutralization of previously-isolated FP mAbs, including ACS202, PGT151, vFP16.02, vFP20.01, and VRC34.01.
Kong2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PGT151: This paper comprehensively defined the effect of every viable single aa mutation in the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of BG505.T332N Env on binding by 9 individual bnAbs targeting 5 epitope classes (VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PG9, PGT145, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 10E8), as well as by a mixture of 3BNC117 and 10-1074. Escape mutations mostly occurred in a small subset of structurally-defined contacts within <4 Å and at sites within 5-10 Å of the Ab. Within the fusion peptide epitope, escape predominantly occurs at residues 512 and 514 for PGT151 but at residues 512-516 and nearby 518 for VRC34.01. Other Env sites with large cumulative mutational impacts on PGT151 binding were at the N611 glycosylation motif (N611 and S613). See LANL Features and Contacts database for more details. Strain-specific differences were also identified through comparisons of escape maps from PGT151 for a lab-derived Env (strain LAI, generated in this study) and primary isolate BF520.W14M.C2 (from Dingens2017, PMID 28579254).
Dingens2019
(antibody binding site, escape, subtype comparisons, contact residues)
-
PGT151: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
-
PGT151: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
PGT151: The study looked at the neutralization of subtype C Env sequences from 9 South African individuals followed longitudinally. A total of 43 Env sequences were cloned and assayed for neutralization by 12 bnAbs of various binding types (VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074 and PGT121, 10E8, 3BNC117, CAP256.VRC26.25, 4E10, PGDM1400, and N123-VRC34.01). Features associated with resistance to bNAbs were higher potential glycosylation sites, relatively longer V1 and V4 domains, and known signature mutations. The study found significant variability in the breadth and potency of bnAbs against circulating HIV-1 subtype C envelopes. In particular, VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074, and PGT121 display broad activity against subtype C variants. The results suggest that these 6 bnAbs are potent antibodies that should be considered for future antibody therapy and treatment studies targeting HIV-1 subtype C.
Mandizvo2022
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT151: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); PGT151 had 17 improbable mutations out of 41 total AA mutations, and 0 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
-
PGT151: 14/17 cloned mAbs from mice, immunized with either modified native-like soluble Env trimer immunogen RC1 or RC1-4fill, and 32/38 cloned mAbs from macaques, immunized once with RC1-4fill multimerized on virus-like particles bound to the desired V3-glycan patch with diverse binding mechanisms. Germline usage and CDR sequence and length were identified for all 55 mAbs but only those with published functional characterization were included in this database. In macaques, these non-neutralizing mAbs had sequence and structural similarities to inferred germline precursors of bnAbs that target V3-glycan patch including longer light chain CDRs, CDRL3 QXXDSS & SYAG motifs, and CDRL1 NIG-like motifs. Compared to parental immunogen 11MUTB, both RC1 and RC1-4fill have N156 glycan deletion to facilitate V3-glycan patch binding while RC1-4fill also has glycans added at N230, N241, N289 and N344 to mask BG505-specific glycan hole. MAb PGT151 bound RC1, RC1-4fill and BG505 but at lower levels when compared to V3-glycan patch- or CD4bs-targeting mAbs. The inferred germline (iGL) revertant for PGT151 was not efficiently recognized by an anti-idiotypic Ab specific for the shared PGT121/10-1074 iGL revertant.
Escolano2019
(anti-idiotype)
-
PGT151: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT151: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT151: Analyses of all PDB HIV1-Env trimer (prefusion, closed) structures fulfilling certain parameters of resolution were performed to classify them on the basis of (a) antibody class which was informed by parental B cells as well as structural recognition, and (b) Env residues defining recognized HIV epitopes. Structural features of the 206 HIV epitope and bNAb paratopes were correlated with functional properties of the breadth and potency of neutralization against a 208-strain panel. Broadly nAbs with >25% breadth of neutralization belonged to 20 classes of antibodies with a large number of protruding loops and high degree of somatic hypermutation (SHM). Analysis of recognized HIV epitopes placed the bNAbs into 6 categories (viz. V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide and subunit interface). The epitopes contained high numbers of independent sequence segments and glycosylated surface area. PGT151-Env formed a distinct group within the fusion peptide category, Class PGT151. Structural data on PGT151 Fab complexed to cleaved wild type JR-FL ectodomain of the trimer was found in PDB ID: 5FUU.
Chuang2019
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT151: An ART-naive HIV-controlling patient SA003 was found to have a high level of serum bNAb activity, and broadly neutralizing mAb LN01 IgG3 was isolated from patient serum. MAb PGT151 was used as a comparison in an assay of ADCC.
Pinto2019
(effector function)
-
PGT151: A novel CD4bs bnAb, 1-18, is identified with breadth (97% against a 119-strain multiclade panel) and potency exceeding (IC50 = 0.048 µg/mL) most VH1-46 and VH1-2 class bnAbs like 3BNC117, VRC01, N6, 8ANC131, 10-1074, PGT151, PGT121, 8ANC195, PG16 and PGDM1400. 1-18 effectively restricts viral escape better than bnAbs 3BNC117 and VRC01. As with VRC01-like Abs, 1-18 targets the CD4bs but it recognizes the epitope differently. Neutralizing activity against VRC01 Ab-class escapes is maintained by 1-18. In humanized mice infected by strain HIV-1YU2, viral suppression is also maintained by 1-18. VH1-46-derived B cell clone 4.1 from patient IDC561 produced potent, broadly active mAbs. Subclone 4.1 is characterized by a 6 aa CDRH1 insertion lengthening it from 8 to 14 aa and produces bNAbs 1-18 and 1-55. Cryo-EM at 2.5A of 1-18 in complex with BG505SOSIP.664 suggests their insertion increases inter-protomer contacts by a negatively charged DDDPYTDDD motif, resulting in an enlargement of the buried surface on HIV-1 gp120. Variations in glycosylation is thought to confer higher neutralizing activity on 1-18 over 1-55.
Schommers2020
(neutralization)
-
PGT151: Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664 has been reported. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 HR1 region which can guide the improvement of Env glycoprotein preparations and potentially increase their effectiveness as a vaccine. PGT151 broadly neutralized HIV-1AD8 full-length and cytoplasmic tail-deleted Envs.
Castillo-Menendez2019
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT151: Lipid-based nanoparticles for the multivalent display of trimers have been shown to enhance humoral responses to trimer immunogens in the context of HIV vaccine development. After immunization with soluble MD39 SOSIP trimers (a stabilized version of BG505), trimer-conjugated liposomes improved both germinal center B cell and trimer-specific T follicular helper cell responses. In particular, MD39-liposomes showed high levels of binding by bNAbs such as V3 glycan specific PGT121, V1/V2 glycan specific PGT145, gp120/gp41 interface specific PGT151, CD4 binding site specific VRC01, and showed minimal binding by non-NAbs like CD4 binding site specific B6, and V3 specific 4025 or 39F.
Tokatlian2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT151: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
PGT151: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the gp120-gp41 interface recognized by PGT151 and 35O22, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT151: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. Compared with BG505 SOSIP.664, the E153C/R178C V1-V2 disulfide mutant bound the VRC01, PGT151, and 2G12 slightly less well and the G152E compensatory mutation improved VRC01, PGT151, and 2G12 binding. However, sensitivity to antibodies 2G12 and PGT151 was not affected for either mutant virus E153C/K178C/G152E or I184C/E190C.
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT151: The influence of a V2 State 2/3-stabilizing Env mutation, L193A, on ADCC responses mediated by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals was evaluated. Conformations spontaneously sampled by the Env trimer at the surface of infected cells had a significant impact on ADCC. State 1-preferring ligand PG151 recognized L193A variants of CH58 and CH77 IMCs with less efficiently compared to the WT.
Prevost2018
(effector function)
-
PGT151: The study describes a method, called mutational antigenic profiling, to comprehensively map all Env mutations that enable HIV to escape from broadly neutralizing antibody PGT151. The approach involves creating libraries of all single amino-acid Env mutants in the context of replication-competent HIV, selecting for mutations that promote antibody escape, and using deep sequencing to quantify the enrichment of each mutation. This method confirmed that mutations at previously identified sites (i.e. the disruption of glycosylation motifs at either 637 or 647) have clear effects on neutralization sensitivity but also showed strong selection at several sites where escape mutations have not previously been mapped.
Dingens2017
(neutralization, escape)
-
PGT151: This review discusses how the identification of super-antibodies, where and how such antibodies may be best applied and future directions for the field. PGT151, a prototype super-Ab, was isolated from human B cell clones. Antigenic region gp120–gp41 interface (Table:1).
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT151: The effects of 16 glycoengineering (GE) methods on the sensitivities of 293T cell-produced pseudoviruses (PVs) to a large panel of bNAbs were investigated. Some bNAbs were dramatically impacted. PG9 and CAP256.09 were up to ˜30-fold more potent against PVs produced with co-transfected α-2,6 sialyltransferase. PGT151 and PGT121 were more potent against PVs with terminal sialic acids removed. 35O22 and CH01 were more potent against PV produced in GNT1-cells. The effects of GE on bNAbs VRC38.01, VRC13 and PGT145 were inconsistent between Env strains, suggesting context-specific glycan clashes. Overexpressing β-galactosyltransferase during PV production 'thinned' glycan coverage, by replacing complex glycans with hybrid glycans. This impacted PV sensitivity to some bNAbs. Maximum percent neutralization by excess bnAb was also improved by GE. Remarkably, some otherwise resistant PVs were rendered sensitive by GE. Germline-reverted versions of some bnAbs usually differed from their mature counterparts, showing glycan indifference or avoidance, suggesting that glycan binding is not germline-encoded but rather, it is gained during affinity maturation. Overall, these GE tools provided new ways to improve bnAb-trimer recognition that may be useful for informing the design of vaccine immunogens to try to elicit similar bnAbs.
Crooks2018
(vaccine antigen design, antibody lineage)
-
PGT151: SOSIP.664 trimer was modified at V3 positions 306 and 308 by Leucine substitution to create hydrophobic interactions with the tryptophan residue at position 316 and the V1V2 domain. These modifications stabilized the resulting SOSIP.v5.2 S306L R308L trimers. In vivo, the induction of V3 non-NAbs was significantly reduced compared with the SOSIP.v5.2 trimers. S306L plus R308L paired substitutions had no effect on the trimer reactivity of PGT151.
deTaeye2018
(broad neutralizer)
-
PGT151: DS-SOSIP.4mut (4mut) was identified as the most immunogenic and stable of 4 engineered, soluble, closed prefusion HIV-1 Env trimers. 4mut contained 4 mutations (M154, M300, M302 and L320) designed to form hydrophobic interactions between V1V1 and V3 loops. After V3-negative selection, gp41-gp120 interface-targeting mAb PGT151 recognized 4mut, the other 3 designed trimers (DS-SOSIP.6mut containing 4mut mutations, Y177W and I420M, DS-SOSIP.I423F and DS-SOSIP.A316W), and related trimers DS-SOSIP and BG505 SOSIP.664. Each DS-SOSIP variant was able to elicit trimer-specific responses, comparable to BG505 SOSIP.664, in guinea pigs after 4 immunizations, but none elicited heterologous neutralizing activity. Crystal structures were generated for 4mut and 6mut.
Chuang2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT151: Env trimers were engineered with selective deglycosylation around the CD4 binding site to see if they could be useful vaccine antigens. The neutralization of glycan-deleted trimers was tested for a set of bnAbs (PG9, PGT122, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13, PGT151, 8ANC195, 35O22), and the antigens elicited potent neutralization based on the CD4 supersite. A crystal structure was made of one of these Env trimers bound to Fabs 35O22 and 3H+109L. Guinea pigs vaccinated with these antigens achieved neutralization of deglycosylated Envs. Glycan-deleted Env trimers may be useful as priming antigens to increase the frequency of CD4 site-directed antibodies.
Zhou2017
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT151: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs (including PGT151), regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
PGT151: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
PGT151: A weakly neutralizing antibody was isolated, CAP248-2B. The glycan dependence of CAP248-2B was compared to other known gp120-gp41 interface targeting bNAbs (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, 3BC315). CAP248-2B blocks the binding of 35O22, 3BC315, and PGT151 (but not 8ANC195 or 4E10) to cell surface envelope trimers.
Wibmer2017
(antibody interactions)
-
PGT151: The results confirm that Nef and Vpu protect HIV-1-infected cells from ADCC, but also show that not all classes of antibody can mediate ADCC. Anti-cluster-A antibodies are able to mediate potent ADCC responses, whereas anti-coreceptor binding site antibodies are not. Position 69 in gp120 is important for antibody-mediated cellular toxicity by anti-cluster-A antibodies. The angle of approach of a given class of antibodies could impact its capacity to mediate ADCC. PGT151 and 8ANC195 were used as Abs that recognize the gp120-gp41 interface; they did not mediate strong ADCC activity.
Ding2015
(effector function)
-
PGT151: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PGT151: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
PGT151: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
PGT151: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
PGT151: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. Otherwise NAb, anti gp120-gp41 PGT151, did not bind cell surface whether gp160 was missing C-terminal or not, and did not neutralize 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate either.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PGT151: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT151: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). gp120-gp41ECTO interface glycan bNAb, PGT151, neutralized B41 psuedovirus.
Pugach2015
-
PGT151: The first generation of HIV trimer soluble immunogens, BG505 SOSIP.664 were tested in a mouse model for generation of nAb to neutralization-resistant circulating HIV strains. No such NAbs were induced, as mouse Abs targeted the bottom of soluble Env trimers, suggesting that the glycan shield of Env trimers is impenetrable to murine B cell receptors and that epitopes at the trimer base should be obscured in immunogen design in order to avoid non-nAb responses. Association and dissociation of known anti-trimer bNAbs (VRC01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT151, PGT135, PG9, 35O22, 3BC315 and PGT145) were found to be far greater than murine generated non-NAbs.
Hu2015
-
PGT151: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. Among the gp120-gp41ECTO bNAbs, PGT151 strongly and bidirectionally competes 8ANC195 by steric hindrance since their epitopes do not overlap; but cannot compete 35O22. Surprisingly, PGT151 was competed out in a non-reciprocal manner by anti-V1/V2 glycan NAb, PGT145; while it strongly inhibited CD4-IgG2.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT151: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes for all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. The Clade C trimers and their pseudo typed virus have high affinity for the gp120-gp41 interface-binding PGT151.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
PGT151: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Binding of bNAb PGT151 to trimers was unaffected by trimer cross-linking.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT151: The native-like, engineered trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 induced potent NAbs against conformational epitopes of neutralization-resistant Tier-2 viruses in rabbits and macaques, but induced cross-reactive NAbs against linear V3 epitopes of neutralization-sensitive Tier-1 viruses. A different trimer, B41 SOSIP.664 also induced strong autologous Tier-2 NAb responses in rabbits. Sera from 4/20 BG505 SOSIP.664-D7324 trimer-immunized rabbits were capable of inhibiting PGT151 binding to gp120-gp41 interface epitopes, but gp140-immunized and gp120-immunized sera could not.
Sanders2015
(antibody generation, neutralization, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT151: This study presents (i) a cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a clade B virus Env, lacking the cytoplasmic tail and stabilized by the broadly neutralizing antibody PGT151, at a resolution of 4.2 angstroms and (ii) a reconstruction of this form of Env in complex with PGT151 and MPER-targeting antibody 10E8 at a resolution of 8.8 angstroms. The PGT151 epitope includes the fusion peptide and an extensive network of primary and secondary glycan interactions that stabilize the prefusion conformation of the Env trimer.
Lee2016
(glycosylation, structure)
-
PGT151: This paper analyzed site-specific glycosylation of a soluble, recombinant trimer (BG505 SOSIP.664). This trimer mapped the extremes of simplicity and diversity of glycan processing at individual sites and revealed a mosaic of dense clusters of oligomannose glycans on the outer domain. Although individual sites usually minimally affect the global integrity of the glycan shield, they identified examples of how deleting some glycans can subtly influence neutralization by bNAbs that bind at distant sites. The network of bNAb-targeted glycans should be preserved on vaccine antigens. Neutralization profiles for gp120/gp41interface Ab, PG151, to multiple epitopes were determined.
Behrens2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
PGT151: The study detailed binding kinetics of the interaction between BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer or its variants (gp120 monomer; first study of disulfide-stabilized variant gp120-gp41ECTO protomer) and several mAbs, both neutralizing (VRC01, PGV04, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT145, PGT151, 2G12) and non-neutralizing (b6, b12, 14e, 19b, F240). PGT151 bNAb, that binds to a novel epitope at the gp120-gp41 interface, bound the trimer, the protomer less well and the monomer not at all.
Yasmeen2014
(antibody binding site, assay or method development)
-
PGT151: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. gp120-gp41 interface-binding, first generation mAb, PGT151 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=0.17 µg/ml for 5/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 42%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
PGT151: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. PGT151, a gp120/gp41 glycan bnAb belonged to a group with slopes <1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
PGT151: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. gp41 and interface-binding gl-PGT151 precursor did not bind any trimers.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
PGT151: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
PGT151: The newly identified and defined epitope for PGT151 family MAbs binds to a site of vulnerability that does not overlap with any other bnAb epitopes. The complex PGT151 epitope requires gp160 cleavage, a properly formed quarternary gp120-gp41 interface, and fully processed gp41 glycans (complex forms). The residues that influence binding are K490, T499, R500, R503 in gp120 C5 region and K601, N607, N611, N637 in gp41.
Blattner2014
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
PGT151: 8 bNAbs (PGT151 family) were isolated from an elite neutralizer. The new bNAbs bind a previously unknown glycan-dependent epitope on the prefusion conformation of gp41. These MAbs are specific for the cleaved Env trimer and do not recognize uncleaved Env trimer. The epitope involves highly conserved N-glycosylation sites N611 and N637 and a residue E647. The relative residues' contributions are isolate-dependent. PGT151 neutralization was adversely affected by N611 substitution, and abrogated by N611+N637 or N611+E647 substitutions. PGT151 showed 1 log higher neutralization potency than PG9, neutralized 66% of 117 cross-clade isolates, was not polyreactive and mediated ADCC.
Falkowska2014
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, effector function, glycosylation, broad neutralizer)
References
Showing 62 of
62 references.
Isolation Paper
Falkowska2014
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Barbian2015
Hannah J. Barbian, Julie M. Decker, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Rachel P. Galimidi, Anthony P. West, Jr., Gerald H. Learn, Nicholas F. Parrish, Shilpa S. Iyer, Yingying Li, Craig S. Pace, Ruijiang Song, Yaoxing Huang, Thomas N. Denny, Hugo Mouquet, Loic Martin, Priyamvada Acharya, Baoshan Zhang, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, C. Theo Verrips, Nika M. Strokappe, Lucy Rutten, Laura E. McCoy, Robin A. Weiss, Corrine S. Brown, Raven Jackson, Guido Silvestri, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, George M. Shaw, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Pamela J. Bjorkman, David D. Ho, Michael Farzan, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Neutralization Properties of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses Infecting Chimpanzees and Gorillas. mBio, 6(2), 21 Apr 2015. PubMed ID: 25900654.
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Behrens2016
Anna-Janina Behrens, Snezana Vasiljevic, Laura K. Pritchard, David J. Harvey, Rajinder S. Andev, Stefanie A. Krumm, Weston B. Struwe, Albert Cupo, Abhinav Kumar, Nicole Zitzmann, Gemma E. Seabright, Holger B. Kramer, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Louise Royle, Jeong Hyun Lee, Per J. Klasse, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Katie J. Doores, and Max Crispin. Composition and Antigenic Effects of Individual Glycan Sites of a Trimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Cell Rep., 14(11):2695-2706, 22 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26972002.
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Berendam2021
Stella J. Berendam, Tiffany M. Styles, Papa K.. Morgan-Asiedu, DeAnna Tenney, Amit Kumar, Veronica Obregon-Perko, Katharine J. Bar, Kevin O. Saunders, Sampa Santra, Kristina De Paris, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ann Chahroudi, Sallie R. Permar, Rama R. Amara, and Genevieve G. Fouda. Systematic Assessment of Antiviral Potency, Breadth, and Synergy of Triple Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Combinations against Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. J. Virol., 95(3), 13 Jan 2021. PubMed ID: 33177194.
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Blattner2014
Claudia Blattner, Jeong Hyun Lee, Kwinten Sliepen, Ronald Derking, Emilia Falkowska, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Marit van Gils, Peter S. Lee, Wenjie Peng, James C. Paulson, Pascal Poignard, Dennis R. Burton, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Ian A. Wilson, and Andrew B. Ward. Structural Delineation of a Quaternary, Cleavage-Dependent Epitope at the gp41-gp120 Interface on Intact HIV-1 Env Trimers. Immunity, 40(5):669-680, 15 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24768348.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Cai2017
Yongfei Cai, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Jia Chen, Sai Tian, Nicholas Fredette, Christine E. Linton, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Kshitij Wagh, James Theiler, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Stephen C. Harrison, Andrea Carfi, and Bing Chen. Antigenicity-Defined Conformations of an Extremely Neutralization-Resistant HIV-1 Envelope Spike. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114(17):4477-4482, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28396421.
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Castillo-Menendez2019
Luis R. Castillo-Menendez, Hanh T. Nguyen, and Joseph Sodroski. Conformational Differences between Functional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers and Stabilized Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 93(3), 1 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30429345.
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Chen2015
Jia Chen, James M. Kovacs, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Donghyun Park, Elise Zablowsky, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Effect of the Cytoplasmic Domain on Antigenic Characteristics of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Science, 349(6244):191-195, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26113642.
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Chuang2017
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Marie Pancera, Kai Xu, Cheng Cheng, Priyamvada Acharya, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Timothy G. Wanninger, Yongping Yang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Sijy O'Dell, Tongqing Zhou, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure-Based Design of a Soluble Prefusion-Closed HIV-1 Env Trimer with Reduced CD4 Affinity and Improved Immunogenicity. J. Virol., 91(10), 15 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28275193.
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Chuang2019
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Jing Zhou, Priyamvada Acharya, Reda Rawi, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Robert T. Bailer, Venkata P. Dandey, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Survey of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Env Trimer Delineates Epitope Categories and Characteristics of Recognition. Structure, 27(1):196-206.e6, 2 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30471922.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Crooks2018
Ema T. Crooks, Samantha L. Grimley, Michelle Cully, Keiko Osawa, Gillian Dekkers, Kevin Saunders, Sebastian Ramisch, Sergey Menis, William R. Schief, Nicole Doria-Rose, Barton Haynes, Ben Murrell, Evan Mitchel Cale, Amarendra Pegu, John R. Mascola, Gestur Vidarsson, and James M. Binley. Glycoengineering HIV-1 Env Creates `Supercharged' and `Hybrid' Glycans to Increase Neutralizing Antibody Potency, Breadth and Saturation. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1007024, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29718999.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2018
Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Andrea Vecchione, Enzo Scutigliani, Kwinten Sliepen, Judith A. Burger, Patricia van der Woude, Anna Schorcht, Edith E. Schermer, Marit J. van Gils, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the gp120 V3 Loop through Hydrophobic Interactions Reduces the Immunodominant V3-Directed Non-Neutralizing Response to HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 293(5):1688-1701, 2 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29222332.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Ding2015
Shilei Ding, Maxime Veillette, Mathieu Coutu, Jérémie Prévost, Louise Scharf, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Guido Ferrari, James E. Robinson, Christina Stürzel, Beatrice H. Hahn, Daniel Sauter, Frank Kirchhoff, George K. Lewis, Marzena Pazgier, and Andrés Finzi. A Highly Conserved Residue of the HIV-1 gp120 Inner Domain Is Important for Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses Mediated by Anti-cluster A Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(4):2127-2134, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26637462.
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Dingens2017
Adam S. Dingens, Hugh K. Haddox, Julie Overbaugh, and Jesse D. Bloom. Comprehensive Mapping of HIV-1 Escape from a Broadly Neutralizing Antibody. Cell Host Microbe, 21(6):777-787.e4, 14 Jun 2017. PubMed ID: 28579254.
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Dingens2019
Adam S. Dingens, Dana Arenz, Haidyn Weight, Julie Overbaugh, and Jesse D. Bloom. An Antigenic Atlas of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguishes Functional and Structural Epitopes. Immunity, 50(2):520-532.e3, 19 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30709739.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Escolano2019
Amelia Escolano, Harry B. Gristick, Morgan E. Abernathy, Julia Merkenschlager, Rajeev Gautam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Joy Pai, Anthony P. West, Jr., Christopher O. Barnes, Alexander A. Cohen, Haoqing Wang, Jovana Golijanin, Daniel Yost, Jennifer R. Keeffe, Zijun Wang, Peng Zhao, Kai-Hui Yao, Jens Bauer, Lilian Nogueira, Han Gao, Alisa V. Voll, David C. Montefiori, Michael S. Seaman, Anna Gazumyan, Murillo Silva, Andrew T. McGuire, Leonidas Stamatatos, Darrell J. Irvine, Lance Wells, Malcolm A. Martin, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Immunization Expands B Cells Specific to HIV-1 V3 Glycan in Mice and Macaques. Nature, 570(7762):468-473, Jun 2019. PubMed ID: 31142836.
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Guenaga2015
Javier Guenaga, Natalia de Val, Karen Tran, Yu Feng, Karen Satchwell, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Well-Ordered Trimeric HIV-1 Subtype B and C Soluble Spike Mimetics Generated by Negative Selection Display Native-Like Properties. PLoS Pathog., 11(1):e1004570, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25569572.
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Guzzo2018
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He2018
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Hu2015
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Julien2015
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Kong2019
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Kulp2017
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Kwon2015
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Lee2016
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Mishra2020a
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Pinto2019
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Prevost2018
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Rusert2016
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Sanders2015
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Schiffner2016
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Schorcht2020
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Simonich2016
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Sliepen2019
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Stewart-Jones2016
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Walker2018
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Ward2019
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Wiehe2018
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Displaying record number 3201
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
PGDM1400 |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
|
Epitope |
|
Subtype |
C |
Ab Type |
gp120 V2 // V2 glycan(V2g) // V2 apex |
Neutralizing |
P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG) |
Patient |
Donor 84 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Country |
Rwanda |
Keywords |
antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autologous responses, binding affinity, bispecific/trispecific, broad neutralizer, computational prediction, effector function, escape, glycosylation, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, kinetics, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, review, structure, subtype comparisons, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 46 of
46 notes.
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PGDM1400: N6/PGDM1400-10E8v4, a trispecific bnAb with variable domains from 3 different Abs (CD4bs-targeting N6 on a monospecific Ab arm, and V2-glycan-targeting PGDM1400 plus MPER-targeting 10E8v4 on a bispecific arm) demonstrated potent, yet transient, in vivo anti-viral activity in 6 SHIVBG505-infected naive Indian rhesus macaques. While viral mutants without the N160 glycan critical for neutralization by mAb PGDM1400 became dominant in 3 macaques, no N6/PGDM1400-10E8v4-resistant mutants were detected. At 1 year post-treatment, SHIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were observed and CD8+ T cell depletion resulted in transient increases in plasma VL. N6/PGDM1400-10E8v4 suppressed viral outgrowth in ex vivo CD4+ T cells from 5 of 5 different viremic donors cultured with uninfected CD4+ T cells. Similar levels of viral replication suppression was also observed with N6 bnAb in cells from 3 of 5 donors, while generally only minimal or transient effects were observed with PDGM1400 and 10E8v4 bnAbs. PGDM1400 demonstrated ADCC and ADCP, but not ADCML, Fc-mediated effector functions.
Pegu2022
(effector function, bispecific/trispecific)
-
PGDM1400: This article reviews how B cell receptor sequence analyses and repertoires can be used in vaccine stratagem. Overall, multiple immunogens and their interactions driving bnAb development to generate Abs with special genetic characteristics of V gene restriction, long CDRH3 (for example, PGDM1400 has CDRH3 lengths of >34aa with is > 2x longer than the average of 15aa in naive and memory B cell receptor repertoires) and high load SHM are the current effective strategy being used.
Kreer2020
(antibody generation, neutralization, review, antibody sequence, broad neutralizer)
-
PGDM1400: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
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PGDM1400: Membrane-bound BG505-based ApexGT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. PCT64 and PG9/PG16 lineages were identified to have the highest and most consistent frequencies of precursors in 14 HIV-unexposed donors among 5 V2-apex-targeting bnAb classes which also included PGT141-145/PGDM1400-1414, CH01-CH04 and CAP256-VRC26 lineages. PGT141-145/PGDM1400-1414 heavy chain (HC) precursors were found in only 6/14 donors with a median frequency of 0.17 precursors per million BCRs.
Willis2022
(antibody lineage)
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PGDM1400: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
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PGDM1400:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. PGDM1400 was used as a reference anti-V1/V2 Ab.
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
PGDM1400: A panel of 58 mAbs was cloned from a rhesus macaque immunized with envelope glycoprotein immunogens developed from HIV-1 clade B-infected human donor VC10014. Neutralizing mAbs predominantly targeted linear epitopes in the V3 region in the cradle orientation (V3C), with others targeting the V3 ladle orientation (V3L), the CD4 binding site, C1, C4, or gp41. Nonneutralizing mAbs bound C1, C5, or undetermined gp120 conformational epitopes. Neutralization potency strongly correlated with the magnitude of binding to infected primary macaque splenocytes and to the level of ADCC, but did not correlate with ADCP. MAbs were traced to 23 of 72 functional IgHV germline alleles. Neutralizing V3C mAbs displayed minimal nucleotide SHM in the H chain V region (3.77%), indicating that relatively little affinity maturation was needed to achieve in-clade neutralization breadth. This study underscores the polyfunctional nature of vaccine-elicited tier 2-neutralizing V3 Abs and demonstrates partial reproduction of a human donor’s Ab response through nonhuman primate vaccination. Several previously-isolated mAbs were used in binding assays: b12, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, 2558, 2219, 1006-15D, 447-52D, 10-1074, 830A, 2F5, F240, PGDM1400, 2219.
Spencer2021
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
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PGDM1400: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: PGDM1400 was positive for neutralization, ADCC, and binding to infected cells.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
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PGDM1400: The human apoferritin light chain forms a spherical nanocage, and this was fused to single-chain Fab (scFab) plus Fabs from well-studied bnAbs. The resulting multispecific, multiaffinity antibodies were termed multabodies (MB). T-01 MB included Fabs of PGDM1400, 10E8v4, and N49P7, while T-02 MB was similarly engineered from PGDM1400, 10E8v4, and iMab. Following further engineering of the apoferritin to allow dimerization of the entire molecules, alternate versions (T-01 MB.v2 and T-2 MB.v2) were developed. The most potent, T-01 MB.v2, demonstrated a median IC50 value of 0.0009 μg/mL and 100% neutralization coverage (at a 4 μg/mL cutoff) when assayed on a panel of 118 HIV-1 pseudoviruses, a 32-fold enhancement in viral neutralization potency compared to a mixture of its constituent bnAbs. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the multabodies were comparable to the parental mAbs.
Rujas2022
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
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PGDM1400: The VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) vaccine trials (2016-2020) showed that passively administered bnAbs could prevent HIV-1 acquisition of bnAb-sensitive viruses. Viruses isolated from AMP participants who acquired infection during the study were used to make a panel of 218 HIV-1 pseudoviruses. The majority of viruses identified were clade B and C, with clades A, D, F, G and recombinants present at lower frequencies. BnAbs in clinical development (VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, CAP256.25, PGDM1400, PGT121, 10–1074 and 10E8v4) were tested for neutralization against all AMP placebo viruses (n = 76). Compared to older clade C viruses (1998–2010), the AMP clade C viruses showed increased resistance to VRC07-523LS and CAP256.25. At a concentration of 1μg/ml (IC80), predictive modeling identified the triple combination of V3/V2-glycan/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10-1074/PGDM1400/VRC07-523LS) as the best antibody mixture against clade C viruses, and a combination of MPER/V3/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10E8v4/10-1074/VRC07-523LS) as the best against clade B viruses, due to low coverage of V2-glycan directed bnAbs against clade B viruses. The AMP placebo virus panel represents a resource for defining the sensitivity of contemporaneous circulating viral strains to bnAbs.
Mkhize2023
(assay or method development, neutralization, immunotherapy)
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PGDM1400: Using subtype A BG505 Env structural information, improved variants of subtype B JRFL and subtype C 16055 Env native flexibly linked (NFL) trimers were generated. The trimer-derived (TD) residues that increased well-ordered, homogeneous, stable, and soluble trimers did not require positive or negative selection as previously needed [Guenaga2015, PLoS Pathos. 11(1):e1004570]. PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 which are "trimer-preferring" bnAbs are known to target one site on the variable cap per spike and while PGDM1400 preferentially recognized 16055 NFL TD8 over JRFL NFL TD15, it also bound subtype C 16055 with a very high (nM) affinity.
Guenaga2015a
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, vaccine antigen design, structure)
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PGDM1400: Primary HIV-1 Envs were expressed as SHIVs, and responses from infected rhesus macaques showed patterns of Env-antibody coevolution similar to those in humans. This included conserved immunogenetic, structural, and chemical solutions to epitope recognition and precise Env-amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions leading to virus persistence. One macaque mAb (RHA1.V2.01), neutralized 49% of a 208-strain panel, and structural analysis revealed a V2-apex mode of recognition that resembles human bnAbs PGT145 or PCT64-35S. Signature sites were analyzed for RHA1.V2.01 and 7 V2 bnAbs (PCT64-34M, PGDM1400, PG9, CH01, PGT145, VRC26.08, VRC26.25).
Roark2021
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, escape)
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PGDM1400: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
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PGDM1400: The study looked at the neutralization of subtype C Env sequences from 9 South African individuals followed longitudinally. A total of 43 Env sequences were cloned and assayed for neutralization by 12 bnAbs of various binding types (VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074 and PGT121, 10E8, 3BNC117, CAP256.VRC26.25, 4E10, PGDM1400, and N123-VRC34.01). Features associated with resistance to bNAbs were higher potential glycosylation sites, relatively longer V1 and V4 domains, and known signature mutations. The study found significant variability in the breadth and potency of bnAbs against circulating HIV-1 subtype C envelopes. In particular, VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074, and PGT121 display broad activity against subtype C variants. The results suggest that these 6 bnAbs are potent antibodies that should be considered for future antibody therapy and treatment studies targeting HIV-1 subtype C.
Mandizvo2022
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, immunotherapy)
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PGDM1400: HIV-1 and its SIV precursors share a bnAb epitope in Env V2 at the trimer apex. This study tested the immunogenicity of a chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) Env trimer. In mice expressing a human V2-apex bnAb heavy-chain precursor, trimer immunization induced V2-directed nAbs. Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-chimpanzee immunodeficiency viruses (SCIVs) elicited high-titer viremia, potent autologous neutralizing antibodies, rapid sequence escape in the canonical V2-apex epitope, and in some cases, low-titer heterologous plasma breadth mapping to the V2-apex. Antibody cloning from 2 macaques (T925 and T927) identified 7 lineages (53 mAbs) with long CDRH3 regions that cross-neutralize some primary HIV-1 strains with low potency. Electron microscopy of members of the two most cross-reactive lineages confirmed V2 targeting with an angle of approach distinct from prototypical V2-apex bNAbs; antibody binding either required or induced an occluded-open trimer. Probing with conformation-sensitive, nonneutralizing antibodies revealed that SCIV-expressed, but not wild-type SIVcpz Envs, as well as a subset of primary HIV-1 Envs, preferentially adopted a more open trimeric state. These results reveal the existence of a cryptic V2 epitope that is exposed in occluded-open SIVcpz and HIV-1 Env trimers and elicits cross-neutralizing responses of limited breadth and potency. This cryptic epitope, which in some Env backgrounds is immunodominant, needs to be considered in immunogen design. As part of the study, binding and neutralization assays used panels of nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, CH01, BG1, VRC38.01), non-nAbs (697-D, 1393A, CH58, CAP228-3D, 3074, 447-52D, 17b, A32), and unmutated ancestors (PG9-RUA, PG16-RUA, VRC26-UCA, CH01-RUA).
Bibollet-Ruche2023
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
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PGDM1400: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); PGDM1400 had 14 improbable mutations out of 67 total AA mutations, and 0 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
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PGDM1400: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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PGDM1400: The study found variations in the neutralization susceptibility of 71 Indian clade C viruses to 4 bnAbs (VRC01, VRC26.25, PGDM1400 and PGT121). Based on the neutralization data, the resistance signatures of the 4 bnAbs were determined. Using the CombiNAber tool, two possible combinations of three bnAbs (VRC01/VRC26.25/PGT121 and PGDM1400/VRC26.25/PGT121) were predicted to have 100% neutralization of the panel of Indian clade C viruses.
Mullick2021
(antibody interactions, neutralization)
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PGDM1400: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
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PGDM1400: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
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PGDM1400: This report characterizes an additional antiviral activity of some bnAbs to block HIV-1 release by tethering viral particles at the surface of infected cells in vitro in a bivalency-dependent manner. After cultivation of infected primary CD4+ T cells with individual bnAbs, supernatant p24 levels were negatively correlated with cell-associated Gag levels, Env binding and neutralization potency while cell-associated Gag levels and Env binding positively correlated with each other and individually with neutralization potency. The capacity to mediate this tethering activity varied among different classes of mAbs: 0/3 non-neutralizing mAbs, 1/5 bnAbs targeting the MPER or gp120/gp41 interface and 9/9 of the bnAbs targeting the V3 and V1/V1 loops or the CD4bs demonstrated this activity against at least 1/3 diverse viral strains (AD8, CH058 and vKB18). Five of these latter 9 bnAbs, including bnAb 10-1074 which had the most potent effect observed in study when cultivated with vKB18-infected CD4+ T cells, displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains. Surface aggregation of mature virions and bnAb 10-1074 was observed in CH058-infected primary CD4+ T cells and CHME macrophage-like cells. V2-targeting bnAb PGDM1400 displayed tethering activity against 2 of 3 HIV-1 strains (AD8 and vKB18).
Dufloo2022
(binding affinity)
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PGDM1400: This is the first report of a triple combination bnAb (PGDM1400, PGT121, and VRC07-523LS) therapeutic clinical trial in HIV-1-infected humans. Three subjects received this triple combination therapy, which was well-tolerated, and completed the trial. An additional subject, 683-7312, received double bnAb therapy (PGDM1400 and PGT121). After bnAb administration, all 4 subjects had an initial decrease from baseline viral loads and then rebounded. Subject 693-2215 showed resistance to PGDM1400 and PGT121 at baseline. The loss of a potential N-linked glycosylation site at residue 160, known to be a key Env glycan contact for V2 apex bnAbs, mediated PGDM1400 viral escape for 3 of these 4 subjects (693-1969, 693-7989, and 693-7312). The trial also established, for the first time, the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of PGDM1400 alone, or in combination with PGT121, in adults without HIV. The median PGDM1400 elimination half-life estimate for the groups without HIV was 20.77 days when given alone and 17.4 days when co-administered with PGT121, and 11 days for the groups with HIV when co-administered with PGT121 and VRC07-523LS.
Julg2022
(antibody interactions, neutralization, escape, kinetics, immunotherapy, broad neutralizer)
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PGDM1400: Analyses of all PDB HIV1-Env trimer (prefusion, closed) structures fulfilling certain parameters of resolution were performed to classify them on the basis of (a) antibody class which was informed by parental B cells as well as structural recognition, and (b) Env residues defining recognized HIV epitopes. Structural features of the 206 HIV epitope and bNAb paratopes were correlated with functional properties of the breadth and potency of neutralization against a 208-strain panel. Broadly nAbs with >25% breadth of neutralization belonged to 20 classes of antibodies with a large number of protruding loops and high degree of somatic hypermutation (SHM). Analysis of recognized HIV epitopes placed the bNAbs into 6 categories (viz. V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide and subunit interface). The epitopes contained high numbers of independent sequence segments and glycosylated surface area. PGDM1400 neutralization data was used as comparison in these studies.
Chuang2019
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
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PGDM1400: This review focuses on the potential for bNAbs to induce HIV-1 remission, either alone or in combination with latency reversing agents, therapeutic vaccines, or other novel therapeutics. Ongoing human trials aimed at HIV therapy or remission are utilizing the following antibodies, alone or in combination: VRC01, VRC01-LS, VRC07-523-LS, 3BNC117, 10-1074, 10-1074-LS, PGT121, PGDM1400, 10E8.4-iMab, and SAR441236 (trispecific VRC01/PGDM1400-10E8v4). Ongoing non-human primate studies aimed to target, control, or potentially eliminate the viral reservoir are utilizing the following antibodies, alone or in combination: 3BNC117, 10-1074, N6-LS, PGT121, and the GS9721 variant of PGT121.
Hsu2021
(antibody interactions, immunotherapy, review, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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PGDM1400: A series of mutants was produced in the CAP256-VRC26.25 heavy chain for the purpose of avoiding the previously-identified proteolytic cleavage at position K100m. Neutralization of the mutants was tested, and the cleavage-resistant variant that showed the greatest potency was K100mA. In addition to the K100mA mutation, an LS mutation was added to the Fc portion of the heavy chain, as this change has been shown to improve the half-life of antibodies used for passive administration without affecting neutralization potency. The resulting construct was named CAP256V2LS. The pharmacokinetics of CAP256V2LS were assessed in macaques and mice, and it showed a profile similar to other antibodies used for immunotherapy. The antibody lacked autoreactivity. Structural analysis of wild-type CAP256-VRC26.25 showed that the K100m residue is not involved in interaction with the Env trimer. Neutralization data for PGDM1400-LS, and previously-published neutralization data for PGDM1400, were used for comparison purposes.
Zhang2022
(neutralization, immunotherapy, broad neutralizer)
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PGDM1400: The mAb CAP256-VRC26.25 was engineered with the Fc-LS mutation to increase its half-life, and this modified mAb was named CAP256-VRC26.25-LS. Two mAbs (CAP256-VRC26.25-LS and PGDM1400) were assessed against a novel SHIV challenge stock, SHIV-325c. This SHIV was created in order to be more susceptible to neutralization than other SHIV stocks, in order better model human HIV infection in macaques. Macaques received an infusion of either CAP256-VRC26.25-LS or PGDM1400 prior to challenge with SHIV-325c. PGDM1400 was fully protective at an intermediate dose, whereas CAP256-VRC26.25-LS was fully protective even at the lowest dose given.
Julg2017a
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, broad neutralizer)
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PGDM1400: In 8 ART-treated patients, latent viruses were induced by a viral outgrowth assay and assayed for their sensitivity to neutralization by 8 broadly neutralizing antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10E8v4-V5F-100cF). The patients' inducible reservoir of autologous viruses was generally refractory to neutralization, and higher Env diversity correlated with greater resistance to neutralization.
Wilson2021
(autologous responses, neutralization, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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PGDM1400: In this clinical trial, administration of PGT121 was well tolerated in both HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected individuals. PGT121 potently and transiently inhibited HIV-1 replication in viremic individuals who had PGT121-sensitive viruses at enrollment. There were several distinct viral evolutionary patterns associated with the emergence of PGT121 resistance and viral rebound. These pathways included single point mutations, multiple point mutations, and viral recombination that led to increased resistance. Loss of D325 and the glycan at N332 were specifically associated with resistance in multiple patients. In some patients, resistance to PGT121 was accompanied by resistance to other bNAbs (10-1074, PGDM1400, or 3BNC117), as measured by neutralization assays.
Stephenson2021
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, immunotherapy)
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PGDM1400: Extensive structural and biochemical analyses demonstrated that PGT145 achieves recognition and neutralization by targeting quaternary structure of the cationic trimer apex with long and unusually stabilized anionic β-hairpin HCDR3 loops. In neutralization assays of BG505.Env.C2 alanine-scanning mutants and analysis of inter-CDR stabilizing interactions in X-ray Fab structures, PGDM1400 had similar results as PGT145 consistent with the proposed binding mechanism.
Lee2017
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
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PGDM1400: A novel CD4bs bnAb, 1-18, is identified with breadth (97% against a 119-strain multiclade panel) and potency exceeding (IC50 = 0.048 µg/mL) most VH1-46 and VH1-2 class bnAbs like 3BNC117, VRC01, N6, 8ANC131, 10-1074, PGT151, PGT121, 8ANC195, PG16 and PGDM1400. 1-18 effectively restricts viral escape better than bnAbs 3BNC117 and VRC01. As with VRC01-like Abs, 1-18 targets the CD4bs but it recognizes the epitope differently. Neutralizing activity against VRC01 Ab-class escapes is maintained by 1-18. In humanized mice infected by strain HIV-1YU2, viral suppression is also maintained by 1-18. VH1-46-derived B cell clone 4.1 from patient IDC561 produced potent, broadly active mAbs. Subclone 4.1 is characterized by a 6 aa CDRH1 insertion lengthening it from 8 to 14 aa and produces bNAbs 1-18 and 1-55. Cryo-EM at 2.5A of 1-18 in complex with BG505SOSIP.664 suggests their insertion increases inter-protomer contacts by a negatively charged DDDPYTDDD motif, resulting in an enlargement of the buried surface on HIV-1 gp120. Variations in glycosylation is thought to confer higher neutralizing activity on 1-18 over 1-55.
Schommers2020
(neutralization)
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PGDM1400: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the V2 apex recognized by PGDM1400, PGT145, and PG16, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGDM1400: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. I184C/E190C was more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs compared with BG505 (by 5-fold for PG9, 3-fold for PG16, 6-fold for CH01, and 3-fold for PGDM1400).
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGDM1400: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. PGDM1400 was used for analyzing clade sensitivity.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PGDM1400: The authors describe single-component molecules they designed that incorporate two (bispecific) or three (trispecific) bNAbs that recognize HIV Env exclusively, a bispecific CrossmAb targeting two epitopes on the major HIV coreceptor, CCR5, and bi- and trispecifics that cross-target both Env and CCR5. These newly designed molecules displayed exceptional breadth, neutralizing 98 to 100% of a 109-virus panel, as well as additivity and potency compared to those of the individual parental control IgGs. They constructed a bi-specific PGDM1400fv-PRO-140fv to simultaneously target epitopes on HIV Env and CCR5, 8 different versions of tri-specific 10E8Fab-PGT121fv-PGDM1400fv, 3 different versions of tri-specific 10E8Fab-PGT121fv-PGDM1400fv.V8, a tri-specific PRO-140Fab-PGDM1400fv-PGT121fv, and, finally, the most potent of all tri-specific, 10E8Fab-PGDM1400fv-PRO-140fv, with a median IC50 of 0.007 µg/ml.
Khan2018
(neutralization, bispecific/trispecific)
-
PGDM1400: In vitro neutralization data against 25 subtype A, 100 C, and 20 D pseudoviruses of 8 bNAbs (3BNC117, N6, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, CAP256-VRC26.25, PGDM1400, 10–1074, PGT121) and 2 bispecific Abs under clinical development (10E8-iMAb, 3BNC117-PGT135) was studied to assess the antibodies’ potential to prevent infection by dominant HIV-1 subtypes in sub-Saharan Africa. In vivo protection of these Abs and their 2-Ab combination was predicted using a function of in vitro neutralization based on data from a macaque simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge study. Conclusions were that 1. bNAb combinations outperform individual bNAbs 2. Different bNAb combinations were optimal against different HIV subtypes 3. Bispecific 10E8-iMAb outperformed all combinations, and 4. 10E8-iMAb in combination with other conventional Abs was predicted to be the best combination against HIV-infection. Ab N6 in combination with PGDM1400 was the best Ab combination against subtype A. In the case of bispecific Ab combinations - for subtype A 10E8-iMAb with VRC07-523LS or N6 or PGDM1400 were best.
Wagh2018
(neutralization, computational prediction, immunotherapy)
-
PGDM1400: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied and future directions for the field. Recombinant native-like HIV Env trimers have enabled the identification of PGDM1400, a potent ‘PG9-class’ bNAb. Antigenic region V2 apex (Table:1). This Ab is in Phase I clinical trial (Table 2).
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
PGDM1400: Panels of C clade pseudoviruses were computationally downselected from the panel of 200 C clade viruses defined by Rademeyer et al. 2016. A 12-virus panel was defined for the purpose of screening sera from vaccinees. Panels of 50 and 100 viruses were defined as smaller sets for use in testing magnitude and breadth against C clade. Published neutralization data for 16 mAbs was taken from CATNAP for the computational selections: 10-1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128, VRC26.25, VRC26.08, PGDM1400, PG9, PGT145, VRC07-523, 10E8, VRC13, 3BNC117, VRC07, VRC01, 4E10.
Hraber2017
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PGDM1400: In 33 individuals (14 uninfected and 19 HIV-1-infected), intravenous infusion of 10-1074 was well tolerated. In infected individuals with sensitive strains, 10-1074 decreased viremia, but escape variants and viral rebound occurred within a few weeks. Escape variants were also resistant to V3 antibody PGT121, but remained sensitive to antibodies targeting other epitopes (3BNC117, VRC01 or PGDM1400). Loss of the PNGS at position N332 or 324G(D/N)IR327 mutation was associated with resistance to 10-1074 and PGT121.
Caskey2017
(immunotherapy)
-
PGDM1400: This study performed cyclical permutation of the V1 loop of JRFL in order to develop better gp120 trimers to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Some mutated trimers showed improved binding to several mAbs, including VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, PGT128, PGT145, PGDM1400, b6, and F105. Guinea pigs immunized with prospective trimers showed improved neutralization of a panel of HIV-1 pseudoviruses.
Kesavardhana2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGDM1400: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
PGDM1400: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
PGDM1400: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PGDM1400: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Binding of V1/V2 apex-binding bNAb PGDM1400 to trimers was 2.8-fold reduced by trimer cross-linking.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGDM1400: This review discusses the application of bNAbs for HIV treatment and eradication, focusing on bnAbs that target key epitopes, specifically: 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, VRC26.08, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, and 10-1074. PGDM1400 was mentioned as an example of a mAb with exceptionally high breadth of neutralization across global isolates.
Stephenson2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PGDM1400: Double, triple or quadruple combinations of fifteen bNAbs that target 4 distinct epitope regions: the CD4 binding site (3BNC117, VRC01, VRC07, VRC07-523, VRC13), the V3-glycan supersite (10–1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128), the V1/V2-glycan site (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.25), and the gp41 MPER epitope (10E8) were studied. Their neutralization potency and breadth were assayed against a panel of 200 acute/early subtype C strains, and compared to a novel, highly accurate predictive mathematical model (no-overlap Bliss Hill model, CombiNaber tool, LANL HIV Immunology database). These data were used to predict the best combinations of bNAbs for immunotherapy.
Wagh2016
(neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGDM1400: A soluble recombinant BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140 HIV trimer apex was used to select for IgG+ memory B cells. Single B-cell sorted samples were from the same donor (and same timepoint) from which the trimer-specific bNAbs PGT141–145 were previously isolated. 13 highly divergent, somatic variants of PGT145 family were isolated, named PGDM1400-1412 (other germline clonal antibodies were also selected, but not chosen for study). Though of the same family, PGDM NAbs are highly (49-67%) sequence divergent from PGT bNAbs. Neutralization breadth and potency between PDGM NAbs spanned a huge range. All PGDM1400-1412 NAbs were N160 glycan-dependent for neutralization. Pathway used rather than degree of somatic hypermutation impacted neutralization breadth for PGDM family NAbs. Newly isolated bNAb, PGDM1400, had exceptionally broad (83%) and potent (median IC50 = 0.003 µg/ml) cross-clade neutralization coverage against a 77-virus cross-clade panel, higher than the most potent PGT bNAbs (PGT121, PGT128, PGT151). Combined with PGT121, PGDM1400 breadth of neutralization reaches 96% with median potency of IC50 = 0.007 µg/ml when tested against a 106-virus panel. Maximum Percent Neutralization (MPN) levels were similar to PGT121, but greater than PGT151. Tyr100F sulfation of PGDM1400 stabilizes its kinked β-hairpin and a triad of Asp residues provides an anionic tip to its CDRH3. PGDM1400 binds Env trimer with a stoichiometry of 1. BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140 is now a proven tool for isolation of quarternary-dependent NAbs.
Sok2014
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody sequence, structure, broad neutralizer)
References
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Sok2014
Devin Sok, Marit J. van Gils, Matthias Pauthner, Jean-Philippe Julien, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jessica Hsueh, Bryan Briney, Jeong Hyun Lee, Khoa M. Le, Peter S. Lee, Yuanzi Hua, Michael S. Seaman, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, and Dennis R. Burton. Recombinant HIV Envelope Trimer Selects for Quaternary-Dependent Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(49):17624-17629, 9 Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25422458.
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Berendam2021
Stella J. Berendam, Tiffany M. Styles, Papa K.. Morgan-Asiedu, DeAnna Tenney, Amit Kumar, Veronica Obregon-Perko, Katharine J. Bar, Kevin O. Saunders, Sampa Santra, Kristina De Paris, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ann Chahroudi, Sallie R. Permar, Rama R. Amara, and Genevieve G. Fouda. Systematic Assessment of Antiviral Potency, Breadth, and Synergy of Triple Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Combinations against Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. J. Virol., 95(3), 13 Jan 2021. PubMed ID: 33177194.
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Bibollet-Ruche2023
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Bricault2019
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Caskey2017
Marina Caskey, Till Schoofs, Henning Gruell, Allison Settler, Theodora Karagounis, Edward F. Kreider, Ben Murrell, Nico Pfeifer, Lilian Nogueira, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Gerald H. Learn, Yehuda Z. Cohen, Clara Lehmann, Daniel Gillor, Irina Shimeliovich, Cecilia Unson-O'Brien, Daniela Weiland, Alexander Robles, Tim Kummerle, Christoph Wyen, Rebeka Levin, Maggi Witmer-Pack, Kemal Eren, Caroline Ignacio, Szilard Kiss, Anthony P. West, Jr., Hugo Mouquet, Barry S. Zingman, Roy M. Gulick, Tibor Keler, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Michael S. Seaman, Beatrice H. Hahn, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Sarah J. Schlesinger, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Florian Klein. Antibody 10-1074 Suppresses Viremia in HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Nat. Med., 23(2):185-191, Feb 2017. PubMed ID: 28092665.
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Chuang2019
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Jing Zhou, Priyamvada Acharya, Reda Rawi, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Robert T. Bailer, Venkata P. Dandey, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Survey of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Env Trimer Delineates Epitope Categories and Characteristics of Recognition. Structure, 27(1):196-206.e6, 2 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30471922.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Dufloo2022
Jérémy Dufloo, Cyril Planchais, Stéphane Frémont, Valérie Lorin, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Karl Stefic, Nicoletta Casartelli, Arnaud Echard, Philippe Roingeard, Hugo Mouquet, Olivier Schwartz, and Timothée Bruel. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Tether Viral Particles at the Surface of Infected Cells. Nat. Commun., 13(1):630, 2 Feb 2022. PubMed ID: 35110562.
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Guenaga2015a
Javier Guenaga, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Natalia de Val, Shailendra K. Sharma, Barbara Carrette, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Structure-Guided Redesign Increases the Propensity of HIV Env To Generate Highly Stable Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 90(6):2806-2817, 30 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26719252.
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He2018
Linling He, Sonu Kumar, Joel D. Allen, Deli Huang, Xiaohe Lin, Colin J. Mann, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jeffrey Copps, Anita Sarkar, Gabrielle S. Blizard, Gabriel Ozorowski, Devin Sok, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, David Nemazee, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jiang Zhu. HIV-1 Vaccine Design through Minimizing Envelope Metastability. Sci. Adv., 4(11):eaau6769, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30474059.
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Hraber2017
Peter Hraber, Cecilia Rademeyer, Carolyn Williamson, Michael S. Seaman, Raphael Gottardo, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Celia LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Panels of HIV-1 Subtype C Env Reference Strains for Standardized Neutralization Assessments. J. Virol., 91(19), 1 Oct 2017. PubMed ID: 28747500.
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Hsu2021
Denise C. Hsu, John W. Mellors, and Sandhya Vasan. Can Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Help Achieve an ART-Free Remission? Front. Immunol., 12:710044, 2021. PubMed ID: 34322136.
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Julg2017a
Boris Julg, Lawrence J. Tartaglia, Brandon F. Keele, Kshitij Wagh, Amarendra Pegu, Devin Sok, Peter Abbink, Stephen D. Schmidt, Keyun Wang, Xuejun Chen, M. Gordon Joyce, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Misook Choe, Peter D. Kwong, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Khoa Le, Mark K. Louder, Robert T. Bailer, Penny L. Moore, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Lynn Morris, Richard A. Koup, John R. Mascola, Dennis R. Burton, and Dan H. Barouch. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Envelope V2 Apex Confer Protection against a Clade C SHIV Challenge. Sci. Transl. Med., 9(406), 6 Sep 2017. PubMed ID: 28878010.
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Julg2022
Boris Julg, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Kshitij Wagh, Sabrina C. Tan, Rebecca Zash, Stephen Walsh, Jessica Ansel, Diane Kanjilal, Joseph Nkolola, Victoria E. K. Walker-Sperling, Jasper Ophel, Katherine Yanosick, Erica N. Borducchi, Lori Maxfield, Peter Abbink, Lauren Peter, Nicole L. Yates, Martina S. Wesley, Tom Hassell, Huub C. Gelderblom, Allen deCamp, Bryan T Mayer, Alicia Sato, Monica W. Gerber, Elena E. Giorgi, Lucio Gama, Richard A. Koup, John R. Mascola, Ana Monczor, Sofia Lupo, Charlotte-Paige Rolle, Roberto Arduino, Edwin DeJesus, Georgia D. Tomaras, Michael S. Seaman, Bette Korber, and Dan H. Barouch. Safety and Antiviral Activity of Triple Combination Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Therapy against HIV-1: A Phase 1 Clinical Trial. Nat. Med., 28(6):1288-1296, Jun 2022. PubMed ID: 35551291.
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Kesavardhana2017
Sannula Kesavardhana, Raksha Das, Michael Citron, Rohini Datta, Linda Ecto, Nonavinakere Seetharam Srilatha, Daniel DiStefano, Ryan Swoyer, Joseph G. Joyce, Somnath Dutta, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Jessica A. Flynn, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Structure-Based Design of Cyclically Permuted HIV-1 gp120 Trimers That Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Biol. Chem., 292(1):278-291, 6 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27879316.
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Khan2018
Salar N. Khan, Devin Sok, Karen Tran, Arlette Movsesyan, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Dennis R. Burton, and Richard T. Wyatt. Targeting the HIV-1 Spike and Coreceptor with Bi- and Trispecific Antibodies for Single-Component Broad Inhibition of Entry. J. Virol., 92(18), 15 Sep 2018. PubMed ID: 29976677.
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Kreer2020
Christoph Kreer, Henning Gruell, Thierry Mora, Aleksandra M. Walczak, and Florian Klein. Exploiting B Cell Receptor Analyses to Inform on HIV-1 Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines (Basel), 8(1):13 doi, Jan 2020. PubMed ID: 31906351
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Lee2017
Jeong Hyun Lee, Raiees Andrabi, Ching-Yao Su, Anila Yasmeen, Jean-Philippe Julien, Leopold Kong, Nicholas C. Wu, Ryan McBride, Devin Sok, Matthias Pauthner, Christopher A. Cottrell, Travis Nieusma, Claudia Blattner, James C. Paulson, Per Johan Klasse, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. A Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Targets the Dynamic HIV Envelope Trimer Apex via a Long, Rigidified, and Anionic beta-Hairpin Structure. Immunity, 46(4):690-702, 18 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28423342.
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Mandizvo2022
Tawanda Mandizvo, Nombali Gumede, Bongiwe Ndlovu, Siphiwe Ndlovu, Jaclyn K. Mann, Denis R. Chopera, Lanish Singh, Krista L. Dong, Bruce D. Walker, Zaza M. Ndhlovu, Christy L. Lavine, Michael S. Seaman, Kamini Gounder, and Thumbi Ndung'u. Subtle Longitudinal Alterations in Env Sequence Potentiate Differences in Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute HIV-1 Subtype C Infection. J. Virol., 96(24):e0127022, 21 Dec 2022. PubMed ID: 36453881.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Mkhize2023
Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize, Anna E. J. Yssel, Haajira Kaldine, Rebecca T. van Dorsten, Amanda S. Woodward Davis, Nicolas Beaume, David Matten, Bronwen Lambson, Tandile Modise, Prudence Kgagudi, Talita York, Dylan H. Westfall, Elena E. Giorgi, Bette Korber, Colin Anthony, Rutendo E. Mapengo, Valerie Bekker, Elizabeth Domin, Amanda Eaton, Wenjie Deng, Allan DeCamp, Yunda Huang, Peter B . Gilbert, Asanda Gwashu-Nyangiwe, Ruwayhida Thebus, Nonkululeko Ndabambi, Dieter Mielke, Nyaradzo Mgodi, Shelly Karuna, Srilatha Edupuganti, Michael S. Seaman, Lawrence Corey, Myron S. Cohen, John Hural, M. Juliana McElrath, James I. Mullins, David Montefiori, Penny L. Moore, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Neutralization Profiles of HIV-1 Viruses from the VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) Trials. PLoS Pathog., 19(6):e1011469, Jun 2023. PubMed ID: 37384759.
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Molinos-Albert2023
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Mullick2021
Ranajoy Mullick, Jyoti Sutar, Nitin Hingankar, Suprit Deshpande, Madhuri Thakar, Seema Sahay, Rajesh P. Ringe, Sampurna Mukhopadhyay, Ajit Patil, Shubhangi Bichare, Kailapuri G. Murugavel, Aylur K. Srikrishnan, Rajat Goyal, Devin Sok, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Neutralization Diversity of HIV-1 Indian Subtype C Envelopes Obtained from Cross Sectional and Followed up Individuals against Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Having Distinct gp120 Specificities. Retrovirology, 18(1):12, 14 May 2021. PubMed ID: 33990195.
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Pegu2022
Amarendra Pegu, Ling Xu, Megan E. DeMouth, Giulia Fabozzi, Kylie March, Cassandra G. Almasri, Michelle D. Cully, Keyun Wang, Eun Sung Yang, Joana Dias, Christine M. Fennessey, Jason Hataye, Ronnie R. Wei, Ercole Rao, Joseph P. Casazza, Wanwisa Promsote, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Krisha McKee, Stephen D. Schmidt, Xuejun Chen, Cuiping Liu, Wei Shi, Hui Geng, Kathryn E. Foulds, Shing-Fen Kao, Amy Noe, Hui Li, George M. Shaw, Tongqing Zhou, Constantinos Petrovas, John-Paul Todd, Brandon F. Keele, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Richard A. Koup, Zhi-Yong Yang, Gary J. Nabel, and John R. Mascola. Potent Anti-Viral Activity of a Trispecific HIV Neutralizing Antibody in SHIV-Infected Monkeys. Cell Rep., 38(1):110199, 4 Jan 2022. PubMed ID: 34986348.
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Ren2018
Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Roark2021
Ryan S. Roark, Hui Li, Wilton B. Williams, Hema Chug, Rosemarie D. Mason, Jason Gorman, Shuyi Wang, Fang-Hua Lee, Juliette Rando, Mattia Bonsignori, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Kevin O. Saunders, Kevin Wiehe, M. Anthony Moody, Peter T. Hraber, Kshitij Wagh, Elena E. Giorgi, Ronnie M. Russell, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Weimin Liu, Jesse Connell, Andrew G. Smith, Julia DeVoto, Alexander I. Murphy, Jessica Smith, Wenge Ding, Chengyan Zhao, Neha Chohan, Maho Okumura, Christina Rosario, Yu Ding, Emily Lindemuth, Anya M. Bauer, Katharine J. Bar, David Ambrozak, Cara W. Chao, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Bob C. Lin, Mark K. Louder, Richard Nguyen, Baoshan Zhang, Mark G. Lewis, Donald D. Raymond, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Chaim A. Schramm, Daniel C. Douek, Mario Roederer, Thomas B. Kepler, Garnett Kelsoe, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, Bette T. Korber, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, Beatrice H. Hahn, and George M. Shaw. Recapitulation of HIV-1 Env-Antibody Coevolution in Macaques Leading to Neutralization Breadth. Science, 371(6525), 8 Jan 2021. PubMed ID: 33214287.
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Rujas2022
Edurne Rujas, Hong Cui, Jonathan Burnie, Clare Burn Aschner, Tiantian Zhao, Sara Insausti, Krithika Muthuraman, Anthony Semesi, Jasper Ophel, Jose L. Nieva, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Guzzo, Bebhinn Treanor, and Jean-Philippe Julien. Engineering Pan-HIV-1 Neutralization Potency through Multispecific Antibody Avidity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 119(4), 25 Jan 2022. PubMed ID: 35064083.
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Schiffner2016
Torben Schiffner, Natalia de Val, Rebecca A. Russell, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Gabriel Ozorowski, Helen J. Kim, Travis Nieusma, Florian Brod, Albert Cupo, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Chemical Cross-Linking Stabilizes Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Antigens. J. Virol., 90(2):813-828, 28 Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26512083.
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Schommers2020
Philipp Schommers, Henning Gruell, Morgan E. Abernathy, My-Kim Tran, Adam S. Dingens, Harry B. Gristick, Christopher O. Barnes, Till Schoofs, Maike Schlotz, Kanika Vanshylla, Christoph Kreer, Daniela Weiland, Udo Holtick, Christof Scheid, Markus M. Valter, Marit J. van Gils, Rogier W. Sanders, Jörg J. Vehreschild, Oliver A. Cornely, Clara Lehmann, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Jesse D. Bloom, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Florian Klein. Restriction of HIV-1 Escape by a Highly Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody. Cell, 180(3):471-489.e22, 6 Feb 2020. PubMed ID: 32004464.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Spencer2021
David A. Spencer, Delphine C. Malherbe, Nestor Vazquez Bernat, Monika Adori, Benjamin Goldberg, Nicholas Dambrauskas, Heidi Henderson, Shilpi Pandey, Tracy Cheever, Philip Barnette, William F. Sutton, Margaret E. Ackerman, James J. Kobie, D. Noah Sather, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Ann J. Hessell. Polyfunctional Tier 2-Neutralizing Antibodies Cloned following HIV-1 Env Macaque Immunization Mirror Native Antibodies in a Human Donor. J Immunol, 206(5):999-1012 doi, Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33472907
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Stephenson2016
Kathryn E. Stephenson and Dan H. Barouch. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Eradication. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 13(1):31-37, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26841901.
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Stephenson2021
Kathryn E. Stephenson, Boris Julg, C. Sabrina Tan, Rebecca Zash, Stephen R. Walsh, Charlotte-Paige Rolle, Ana N. Monczor, Sofia Lupo, Huub C. Gelderblom, Jessica L. Ansel, Diane G. Kanjilal, Lori F. Maxfield, Joseph Nkolola, Erica N. Borducchi, Peter Abbink, Jinyan Liu, Lauren Peter, Abishek Chandrashekar, Ramya Nityanandam, Zijin Lin, Alessandra Setaro, Joseph Sapiente, Zhilin Chen, Lisa Sunner, Tyler Cassidy, Chelsey Bennett, Alicia Sato, Bryan Mayer, Alan S. Perelson, Allan deCamp, Frances H. Priddy, Kshitij Wagh, Elena E. Giorgi, Nicole L. Yates, Roberto C. Arduino, Edwin DeJesus, Georgia D. Tomaras, Michael S. Seaman, Bette Korber, and Dan H. Barouch. Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Antiviral Activity of PGT121, a Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Against HIV-1: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Clinical Trial. Nat. Med., 27(10):1718-1724, Oct 2021. PubMed ID: 34621054.
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Stewart-Jones2016
Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Cinque Soto, Thomas Lemmin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Aliaksandr Druz, Rui Kong, Paul V. Thomas, Kshitij Wagh, Tongqing Zhou, Anna-Janina Behrens, Tatsiana Bylund, Chang W. Choi, Jack R. Davison, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Justin Taft, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Vidya S. Shivatare, Chang-Chun D. Lee, Chung-Yi Wu, Carole A. Bewley, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Mark Connors, Max Crispin, Ulrich Baxa, Bette T. Korber, Chi-Huey Wong, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165(4):813-826, 5 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27114034.
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Wagh2016
Kshitij Wagh, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Carolyn Williamson, Alex Robles, Madeleine Bayne, Jetta Garrity, Michael Rist, Cecilia Rademeyer, Hyejin Yoon, Alan Lapedes, Hongmei Gao, Kelli Greene, Mark K. Louder, Rui Kong, Salim Abdool Karim, Dennis R. Burton, Dan H. Barouch, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, Bette Korber, and Michael S. Seaman. Optimal Combinations of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Prevention and Treatment of HIV-1 Clade C Infection. PLoS Pathog., 12(3):e1005520, Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 27028935.
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Wagh2018
Kshitij Wagh, Michael S. Seaman, Marshall Zingg, Tomas Fitzsimons, Dan H. Barouch, Dennis R. Burton, Mark Connors, David D. Ho, John R. Mascola, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Jeffrey Ravetch, Rajeev Gautam, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Potential of Conventional \& Bispecific Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Prevention of HIV-1 Subtype A, C \& D Infections. PLoS Pathog., 14(3):e1006860, Mar 2018. PubMed ID: 29505593.
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Walker2018
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211.
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Wieczorek2023
Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Michelle Zemil, Eric Lewitus, Erin Kavusak, Jonah Heller, Sebastian Molnar, Mekhala Rao, Gabriel Smith, Meera Bose, Amy Nguyen, Adwitiya Dhungana, Katherine Okada, Kelly Parisi, Daniel Silas, Bonnie Slike, Anuradha Ganesan, Jason Okulicz, Tahaniyat Lalani, Brian K. Agan, Trevor A. Crowell, Janice Darden, Morgane Rolland, Sandhya Vasan, Julie Ake, Shelly J. Krebs, Sheila Peel, Sodsai Tovanabutra, and Victoria R. Polonis. Evolution of HIV-1 envelope towards reduced neutralization sensitivity, as demonstrated by contemporary HIV-1 subtype B from the United States. PLoS Pathog, 19(12):e1011780 doi, Dec 2023. PubMed ID: 38055771
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Wiehe2018
Kevin Wiehe, Todd Bradley, R. Ryan Meyerhoff, Connor Hart, Wilton B. Williams, David Easterhoff, William J. Faison, Thomas B. Kepler, Kevin O. Saunders, S. Munir Alam, Mattia Bonsignori, and Barton F. Haynes. Functional Relevance of Improbable Antibody Mutations for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Development. Cell Host Microbe, 23(6):759-765.e6, 13 Jun 2018. PubMed ID: 29861171.
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Willis2022
Jordan R. Willis, Zachary T. Berndsen, Krystal M. Ma, Jon M. Steichen, Torben Schiffner, Elise Landais, Alessia Liguori, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Joel D. Allen, Sabyasachi Baboo, Oluwarotimi Omorodion, Jolene K. Diedrich, Xiaozhen Hu, Erik Georgeson, Nicole Phelps, Saman Eskandarzadeh, Bettina Groschel, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Tina-Marie Mullin, Nushin B. Alavi, Samantha Falcone, Sunny Himansu, Andrea Carfi, Ian A. Wilson, John R. Yates III, James C. Paulson, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, and William R. Schief. Human immunoglobulin repertoire analysis guides design of vaccine priming immunogens targeting HIV V2-apex broadly neutralizing antibody precursors. Immunity, 55(11):2149-2167e9 doi, Nov 2022. PubMed ID: 36179689
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Wilson2021
Andrew Wilson, Leyn Shakhtour, Adam Ward, Yanqin Ren, Melina Recarey, Eva Stevenson, Maria Korom, Colin Kovacs, Erika Benko, R. Brad Jones, and Rebecca M. Lynch. Characterizing the Relationship between Neutralization Sensitivity and env Gene Diversity During ART Suppression. Front. Immunol., 12:710327, 15 Sep 2021. PubMed ID: 34603284.
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Zhang2022
Baoshan Zhang, Deepika Gollapudi, Jason Gorman, Sijy O'Dell, Leland F. Damron, Krisha McKee, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Eun Sung Yang, Amarendra Pegu, Bob C. Lin, Cara W. Chao, Xuejun Chen, Lucio Gama, Vera B. Ivleva, William H. Law, Cuiping Liu, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Wei Shi, Judith A. Stein, Michael S. Seaman, Adrian B. McDermott, Kevin Carlton, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, Q. Paula Lei, and Nicole A. Doria-Rose. Engineering of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody CAP256V2LS for Manufacturability and Improved Half Life. Sci. Rep., 12(1):17876, 25 Oct 2022. PubMed ID: 36284200.
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