Found 9 matching records:
Displaying record number 815
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MAb ID |
2F5 (IAM 2F5, IAM-41-2F5, IAM2F5, c2F5) |
HXB2 Location |
Env(662-667) DNA(8208..8225) |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp41(662-667) |
Research Contact |
Hermann Katinger, Institute of Applied Microbiology, Vienna, or Polymun Scientific Inc., Vienna, Austria |
Epitope |
ELDKWA
|
Epitope Alignment
|
Subtype |
B |
Ab Type |
gp41 MPER (membrane proximal external region) |
Neutralizing |
L P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG3κ) |
Patient |
|
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, adjuvant comparison, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, brain/CSF, broad neutralizer, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, contact residues, dendritic cells, drug resistance, dynamics, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, enhancing activity, escape, genital and mucosal immunity, germline, glycosylation, HAART, ART, HIV exposed persistently seronegative (HEPS), HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, immunotoxin, isotype switch, kinetics, memory cells, mimics, mimotopes, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, supervised treatment interruptions (STI), therapeutic vaccine, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 591 of
591 notes.
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2F5: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
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2F5: A SHIV carrying a highly neutralization-sensitive Env (SHIVCNE40) was passaged in macaques. SHIVCNE40 developed enhanced replication kinetics associated with neutralization resistance against autologous serum, CD4-Ig, and several nAbs (17b, 3BNC117, N6, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, 35O22, 2F5, 10E8). A gp41 substitution, E658K, was the major determinant for this resistance. Structural modeling and functional verification indicate that the substitution disrupts an intermolecular salt bridge with the neighboring protomer, thereby promoting fusion and facilitating immune evasion. This effect is applicable across many HIV-1 viruses of diverse subtypes. These results highlight the critical role of gp41 in shaping the neutralization profile and conformation of Env during viral adaptation. The unique intermolecular salt bridge could potentially be utilized for rational vaccine design involving more stable HIV-1 Env trimers.
Wang2019
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, structure)
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2F5: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
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2F5: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
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2F5:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. 2F5 was used as a reference control IgG. 2F5, 4E10 and 10E8 were used as positive controls, and mGO53 as a negative control in determining reactivity of IgG Abs and conserved neutralizing epitopes in the autologous virus isolated from PTC-005002.
Molinos-Albert2023
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
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2F5: This study reports the glycan binding specificities and atomic level details of PG16 epitope and somatic mechanisms of clonal antibody diversification. MAb 2F5 was positive in an assay of autoreactivity.
Pancera2013
(autoantibody or autoimmunity)
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2F5: A panel of 58 mAbs was cloned from a rhesus macaque immunized with envelope glycoprotein immunogens developed from HIV-1 clade B-infected human donor VC10014. Neutralizing mAbs predominantly targeted linear epitopes in the V3 region in the cradle orientation (V3C), with others targeting the V3 ladle orientation (V3L), the CD4 binding site, C1, C4, or gp41. Nonneutralizing mAbs bound C1, C5, or undetermined gp120 conformational epitopes. Neutralization potency strongly correlated with the magnitude of binding to infected primary macaque splenocytes and to the level of ADCC, but did not correlate with ADCP. MAbs were traced to 23 of 72 functional IgHV germline alleles. Neutralizing V3C mAbs displayed minimal nucleotide SHM in the H chain V region (3.77%), indicating that relatively little affinity maturation was needed to achieve in-clade neutralization breadth. This study underscores the polyfunctional nature of vaccine-elicited tier 2-neutralizing V3 Abs and demonstrates partial reproduction of a human donor’s Ab response through nonhuman primate vaccination. Several previously-isolated mAbs were used in binding assays: b12, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, 2558, 2219, 1006-15D, 447-52D, 10-1074, 830A, 2F5, F240, PGDM1400, 2219.
Spencer2021
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
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2F5: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
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2F5: The polyclonal response of human subjects VC20013 and VC10014 demonstrated increasing neutralization breadth against a panel of HIV-1 isolates over time. Full-length functional env genes were cloned longitudinally from these subjects from months after infection through 2.6 to 5.8 years of infection. Motifs associated with the development of breadth in published, cross-sectional studies were found in the viral sequences of both subjects. To test the immunogenicity of envelope vaccines derived from time points obtained during and after broadening of neutralization activity within these subjects, rabbits were coimmunized 4 times with selected multiple gp160 DNAs and gp140-trimeric envelope proteins. In an assay of rabbit polyclonal responses, the most rapid and persistent neutralization of multiclade tier 1 viruses was elicited by envelopes that were circulating in plasma at time points prior to the development of 50% neutralization breadth in both human subjects. The breadth elicited in rabbits was not improved by exposure to later envelope variants. Env immunogen sequences were tested for binding to a panel of well studied mAbs of various binding types (VRC01, HJ16, b12, b6, PG9, PGT121, 2G12, 2F5, F240); all gp140s bound to weak or non-neutralizing antibodies b6 and F240. MAb b6 also bound BG505 SOSIP, while F240 did not, suggesting that cluster I gp41 epitopes, which become exposed during gp120 shedding, are more easily accessed on these trimers than on BG505-SOSIP. These data have implications for vaccine development in describing a target time point to identify optimal env immunogens.
Malherbe2014
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
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2F5: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
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2F5: This study used directed evolution to overcome the instability and heterogeneity of a primary Env isolate (ADA) in order to design better immunogens. HIV-1 virions were subjected to iterative cycles of destabilization and replication to select for Envs with enhanced stability. Several mutations in Env were associated with increased trimer stability, primarily in the heptad repeat regions of gp41 and V1 of gp120. Mutations from the most stable Envs were combined into a variant Env, termed "comb-mut", with superior homogeneity and stability. Comb-mut had greater binding affinity for PGT128, PG9, PG16, 2G12, VRC01, b12, and CD4-IgG2, but decreased binding to 4E10, 2F5, b6, 19b, 17b, 7B2, and D50. Comb-mut was more sensitive to neutralization by PG9. One specific mutation (K574) was shown to decrease the neutralization IC50 of mAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10, b6, 2G12, 8K8 and inhibitors sCD4, T-20, and PF-68742. Several of the Env substitutions were shown to stabilize Env spikes from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. Spike stabilizing mutations may be useful in the development of Env immunogens that stably retain native, trimeric structure.
Leaman2013
(mimics, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
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2F5: Persistent (VP-1) and Non-persistent (VP-2) viruses were compared in a longitudinal study of a cross-reactive neutralizing serum-possessing patient, Patient B (H19554) over 9 years. Persisting VP-1 viral clones had more mutations in variable loops V1V2 and constant region C3 of Env, particularly in the number of PNGS (potential N-linked glycosylation sites) in V1V2. While VP-1 in vitro virus chimeras showed slower replication kinetics than VP-2, there was no neutralization sensitivity change based on whether they were R5 or X4 variants. The gp160 Env was longer in the VP-2 population; but both VP-1 and VP-2 chimeras had widely varying sensitivities to bnAb 2F5.
vanGils2011a
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, escape)
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2F5: This paper describes the development and characterization of soluble, cleaved SOSIP gp140 Env trimers using a JR-FL background. In addition to a stabilizing disulfide bond, mediated by engineered mutations A501C and T605C that are also present in SOS gp140 proteins, SOSIP gp140 proteins have an I559P mutation (aka “IP”) that increases trimer stability. Further analyses suggested that I559P destabilizes the N-terminal helix necessary for the six-helix bundle structure in the postfusion conformation. Immunoprecipitation assays with mAbs CD4-IgG2, b12 (aka IgG1b12), 17b, 2F5, 2.2B and 4D4 demonstrated that I559P did not alter expected structural epitopes when compared to SOS gp140 proteins. MAb b12 was able to bind efficiently to its epitope, located close to the C terminus of gp41, on both SOS and SOSIP gp140 proteins.
Sanders2002a
(vaccine antigen design)
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2F5: REVIEW: This review discusses isotype switching. Several anti-HIV mAbs are mentioned as having isotype switch variants: F105, F425 B4e8, F240, 2F5, and PGT121.
Janda2016
(isotype switch, review)
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2F5: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
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2F5: A chronic HIV-1 infected patient (CBJC504) had neutralizing activity against Env MPER. Fifty full-length HIV-1 env genes were isolated from the patient’s plasma at 2 time points (2006 and 2009). The neutralization sensitivity of 14 Env pseudoviruses to autologous plasma and mAbs 4E10, 2F5, and 10E8 was evaluated. Env sequencing revealed that the diversity of Env increased over time, and 4 mutation positions in MPER acquired mutations (659D, 662K, 671S, and 677N/R). The K677R mutation increased the IC50 values of pseudoviruses approximately twofold for 4E10 and 2F5, and E659D increased the IC50 up to ninefold for 4E10 and fourfold for 2F5. These 2 mutations also decreased the contact between gp41 and mAbs. Almost all mutant pseudoviruses were resistant to autologous plasma at both time points. These findings shed light on MPER evolution.
Tang2023
(autologous responses, mutation acquisition, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
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2F5: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); 2F5 had 10 improbable mutations out of 31 total AA mutations, and 0 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
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2F5: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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2F5: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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2F5: This study assessed cross-reactivity of anti-HIV-1 antibodies with SARS-CoV-2. In binding ELISA and surface binding assays, several nAbs showed significant binding with the RBD and S2P regions of SARS-CoV-2 (VRC07.523LS, N6, NIH45-46G54W, Z13e1, 4E10, 2F5). VRC07.523LS (but not VRC01 or VRC03) cross-reacted with the RBD and S2P of SARS-CoV-2. In a neutralization assay, these nAbs showed weak neutralization of a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. BnAb N6 had the highest potency, with an IC50 of approximately 1.0 μg/ml, but N6 failed to neutralize live SARS-CoV-2 virus. Polyclonal sera from 10 HIV-1-infected children were tested for binding and neutralization; all 10 showed significant binding to both RBD and S2P, and 3 children showed potent and near-complete neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses (AIIMS329, AIIMS330, AIIMS346). The study suggests that human Abs that tolerate extensive epitope variability can be leveraged to neutralize pathogens with related antigenic profiles.
Mishra2021
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
2F5: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2F5: Five novel functional HIV-1/HCV monoclonal cross-reactive antibodies (180, 692, 688, 803, and KP1-8) with diverse epitope specificities were isolated from a chronically HIV-1/HCV co-infected donor, VC10014, and characterized. MAb 2F5 was used as a positive control for binding to strain MN gp41.
Pilewski2023
-
2F5: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
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2F5: Novel Env clones of subtypes G (n=15) and F (n=7) were produced and tested for neutralization and coreceptor usage. All 15 subtype G-enveloped pseudoviruses were resistant to neutralization by MAbs b12 and 2G12, while a majority were neutralized by 2F5 and 4E10. All 7 subtype F pseudoviruses were resistant to 2F5 and b12, 6 were resistant to 2G12, and 6 were neutralized by 4E10. Coreceptor usage testing revealed that 21 of 22 envelopes were CCR5-tropic, including all 15 subtype G envelopes, 7 of which were from patients with CD4 T cell counts <200/ml. TriMab (a mixture of b12 + 2G12 + 2F5) neutralized only four (27%) viruses, and this activity correlated with that of the 2F5 component. These results confirm the broadly neutralizing activity of 4E10 on envelope clones across all tested group M clades, including subtypes G and F, reveal the resistance of most subtype F pseudoviruses to broadly neutralizing MAbs b12, 2G12, and 2F5, and suggest that, similarly to subtype C, CXCR4 tropism is uncommon in subtype G, even at advanced stages of infection.
Revilla2011
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Rabbits were immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding JR-CSF gp120. Five sera with potent autologous neutralizing activity were selected and compared with a human neutralizing plasma (Z23) and monoclonal antibodies targeting various regions of gp120 (VRC01, b12, b6, F425, 2F5, 2G12, and X5). The rabbit sera contained different neutralizing activities dependent on C3 and V5, C3 and V4, or V4 regions of the glycan-rich outer domain of gp120. All sera showed enhanced neutralizing activity toward an Env variant that lacked a glycosylation site in V4. The JR-CSF gp120 epitopes recognized by the sera were distinct from those of the mAbs. The activity of one serum required specific glycans that are also important for 2G12 neutralization, and this serum blocked the binding of 2G12 to gp120. The findings show that different fine specificities can achieve potent neutralization of HIV-1, yet this strong activity does not result in improved breadth.
Narayan2013
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2F5: The study identified a primary HIV-1 Env variant from patient 653116 (GenBank MT023027) that consistently supports >300% increased viral infectivity in the presence of autologous or heterologous HIV-positive plasma. In the absence of HIV-positive plasma, viruses with this Env exhibited reduced infectivity that was not due to decreased CD4 binding. This phenotype was mapped to a change Q563R, in the gp41 heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region. The authors provide evidence that Q563R reduces viral infection by disrupting formation of the gp41 six-helix bundle required for virus-cell membrane fusion. Anti-cluster I monoclonal antibodies (240-D, 246-D, F240, T32) targeting HR1 and the C-C loop of gp41 restored infectivity defects observed with Q563R. Viruses with the Q563R mutation were shown to have increased sensitivity to MPER mAbs (10E8, 7H6, 2F5, Z13e1, 4E10).
Joshi2020
(mutation acquisition, viral fitness and/or reversion)
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2F5: Plasma from donor PG13 was found to have MPER neutralization activity, and mAb PGZL1 was isolated. When compared to a 4E10, PGZL1 was found to share similar crystal structure, contacts, and some common germline genes, but its neutralization and polyreactivity were less strong. The germline gene usage of PGZL1 was compared with other MPER antibodies: 4E10, VRC42.01, 10E8, DH511.2, DH517, Z13, and 2F5.
Zhang2019a
(neutralization, structure, contact residues, germline)
-
2F5: An R5 virus isolated from chronic patient NAB01 (Patient Record# 4723) was adapted in culture to growth in the presence of target cells expressing reduced levels of CD4. Entry kinetics of the virus were altered, and these alterations resulted in extended exposure of CD4-induced neutralization-sensitive epitopes to CD4. Adapted and control viruses were assayed for their neutralization by a panel of neutralizing antibodies targeting several different regions of Env (PGT121, PGT128, 1-79, 447-52d, b6, b12, VRC01, 17b, 4E10, 2F5, Z13e1). Adapted viruses showed greater sensitivity to antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site and the V3 loop. This evolution of Env resulted in increased CD4 affinity but decreased viral fitness, a phenomenon seen also in the immune-privileged CNS, particularly in macrophages.
Beauparlant2017
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion, dynamics, kinetics)
-
2F5: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: Pseudoviruses were produced from 37 Env clones of BC subtypes from chronically-infected patients from several regions of China. Neutralization was tested for mAbs 4E10 and 2F5. Three signature sites were identified in association with sensitivity to neutralization: L22, S29, and N706.
Wang2011b
(neutralization)
-
2F5: This study characterized 3 lineages of MPER-targeting mAbs (VRC42, VRC43 & VRC46) isolated from subject RV217-40512 plasma 646 days after the first HIV RNA+ sample (pRNA+), but detectable by next-generation sequencing (NGS) by day 154 pRNA+ which was prior to superinfection between days 330 & 401 pRNA+. MAb VRC46.01 was most similar to known MPER-targeting bnAb 2F5 in a neutralization fingerprint analysis. In this study, 2F5 neutralized 58% of 208 diverse pseudoviruses with a median IC50 of 2.01 μg/ml against sensitive viruses. 2F5 was able to recognize the clade B, but not the clade C, full MPER epitope and the minimal epitope ALDKWA (near N-terminus MPER, 662-667).
Krebs2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
2F5: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: HIV Env glycoproteins were expressed by incorporation into live attenuated rubella viral vectors strain RA27/3. These vectors can stably express Env core derived glycoproteins ranging in size up to 363 amino acids from HIV clade C strain 426c. By themselves, the vectors elicited modest Ab titers to the Env insert. But the combination of rubella/env prime followed by a homologous protein boost gave a strong response. Env 426c antigens were immunoprecipitated and detected by western blot with monoclonal 2F5 specific for an MPER tag present on the constructs.
Virnik2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: This study looks at the role of somatic mutations within antibody variable and framework regions (FWR) in bNAbs and how these mutations alter thermostability and neutralization as the Ab lineage reaches maturation. The emergence and selection of different mutations in the complementarity-determining and framework regions are necessary to maintain a balance between antibody function and stability. The study shows that all major classes of bNAbs (DH270, CH103, CH235, VRC01, PGT lineage etc.) have lower thermostability than their corresponding inferred UCA antibodies. Fab interdomain flexibility mutations are selected early in Ab development.
Henderson2019
(neutralization, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
2F5: The authors used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to define the structure of the HIV-1 MPER when linked to the transmembrane domain (MPER-TMD) in the context of a lipid bilayer. In particular, they looked at the accessibility of the MPER-TMD to 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 and DH570. The MPER appears to be accessible up to ∼10% of the time to the 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8 Fabs but ∼40% of time to the DH570 Fab. To assess possible functional roles for the MPER in membrane fusion, they generated 17 Env mutants using the sequence of a clade A isolate, 92UG037.8, mutating each of the three structural elements: hydrophobic core, turn, and kink. Mutants W670A (hydrophobic core), F673A (turn), and W680A (kink), while still sensitive to VRC01, became much more resistant to the trimer-specific bNAbs and also gained sensitivity to b6, 3791, and 17b. All mutants with changes at W666 in the hydrophobic core and K683 at the kink lost infectivity almost completely. For the rest of the mutants, infectivity ranged from 4.3 to 50.8% of that of the wild type, showing that key residues important for stabilizing the MPER structure are also critical for Env-induced membrane fusion activity, especially in the context of viral infection.
Fu2018
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity, structure)
-
2F5: Isolation of human MPER-targeting mAb, E10, from an HIV-1-infected patient sample by single B cell sorting and single cell PCR has been reported. E10 had lower neutralization activity than mAb b12 but higher ADCC activity than mAb 2F5 at low concentrations. Positive responses to 3 overlapping consensus B clade linear 15mer peptides identified a 2F5-specific epitope core of ELDKWA immediately downstream of the E10 epitope. MAb 2F5 was also used as a positive standard for cardiolipin binding assessing autoreactivity and MPER peptide fusion protein F7-Fc binding.
Yang2018
(antibody binding site, autoantibody or autoimmunity)
-
2F5: Two HIV-1-infected individuals, VC10014 and VC20013, were monitored from early infection until well after they had developed broadly neutralizing activity. The bNAb activity developed about 1 year after infection and mapped to a single epitope in both subjects. Isolates from each subject, taken at five different time points, were tested against monoclonal bNAbs: VRC01, B12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, and 2F5. In subject VC10014, the bNAb activity developed around 1 year postinfection and targeted an epitope that overlaps the CD4-BS and is similar to (but distinct from) bNAb HJ16. In the case of VC20013, the bNAb activity targeted a novel epitope in the MPER that is critically dependent on residue 677 (mutation K677N). All of the isolates from VC20013 were sensitive to both 2F5 and 4E10.
Sather2014
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
2F5: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. The 4 MPER bNAbs studied were grouped by epitope, either 2F5 or 4E10/10E8/DH511. Clade C showed resistance to 2F5 which might be explained by absence of conserved Ala, A667.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
2F5: Improvements to the standardization of the HIV-1 pseudovirus production procedure by implementing an automated system for aliquoting of HIV-1 pseudovirus stocks up to liter-scale are described. The automated platform and the aliquoting process were validated on as accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. Lot-to-lot variations and virus stock integrity were assessed through two parallel neutralization assays run with the automatically aliquoted HIV pseudovirus and a manually aliquoted reference virus of the same type, by using five control reagents: sCD4, b12, 2F5, 4E10 and TriMab consisting of 2G12, IgG1b12 and 2F5.
Schultz2018
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
2F5: The authors selected an optimal panel of diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to represent the antigenic diversity of HIV globally in order to be used as antigen candidates. The selection was based on genetic and geographic diversity, and experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses. The eligibility of the envelopes as vaccine candidates was evaluated against a panel of antibodies for breadth, affinity, binding and durability of vaccine-elicited responses. The antigen panel was capable of detecting the spectrum of V2-specific antibodies that target epitopes from the V2 strand C (V2p), the integrin binding motif in V2 (V2i), and the quaternary epitope at the apex of the trimer (V2q).
Yates2018
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity)
-
2F5: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. 2F5 is autoreactive, but not polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2F5: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers. Envs with or without the TM1 mutations were expressed in HEK 293T cells and analyzed for the relative expression of Ab epitopes including the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) in gp41 for 2F5.
Hogan2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: A panel of mAbs (2G12, VRC01, HJ16, 2F5, 4E10, 35O22, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074) was tested to compare efficacy in cell-free versus cell-cell transmission environment. Almost all bNAbs (with the exception of anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a) blocked cell-free infection with greater potency than cell-cell infection, and showed greater potency in neutralization of cell-free viruses. The lower effectiveness on neutralization was particularly pronounced for transmitted/founder viruses, and less pronounced for chronic and lab-adapted viruses. The study highlights that the ability of an antibody to inhibit cell-cell transmission may be an important consideration in the development of Abs for prophylaxis.
Li2017
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization)
-
2F5: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
2F5: This review discusses host controls of bNAb responses and why highly antigenic vaccine Envs do not induce bNAbs when used as vaccine immunogens. 2F5 is polyreactive for human host lipids and proteins. It binds to the ELDKWA epitope present in both dp41 and an enzyme of tryptophan metabolism, kynureninase (Kynu). Kl mice expressing VDJ rearrangements of 2F5 exhibit severe defects in B-cell development with 95% of immature bone marrow B cells lost at the first tolerance checkpoint and peripheral B cells anergic similar result is seen for 2F5 unmutated common ancestor (UCA). Mice and macaques vaccination with 2F5 UCA resulted in B cells activated with minimal affinity maturation.
Kelsoe2017
(review, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2F5: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2F5: The ability of neutralizing and nonneutralizing mAbs to block infection in models of mucosal transmission was tested. Neutralization potency did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4bs-specific bNAbs, in particular VRC01, blocked HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. MPER (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bNAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while bNAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) were more variable. Non-nAbs alone and in combinations, were poorly protective against mucosal infection. The protection provided by specific bNAbs demonstrates their potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing mucosal entry. 2F5 and 4E10 were selected as representative mAbs of the MPER class.
Cheeseman2017
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
2F5: To understand HIV neutralization mediated by the MPER, antibodies and viruses were studied from CAP206, a patient known to produce MPER-targeted neutralizing mAbs. 41 human mAbs were isolated from CAP206 at various timepoints after infection, and 4 macaque mAbs were isolated from animals immunized with CAP206 Env proteins. Two rare, naturally-occuring single-residue changes in Env were identified in transmitted/founder viruses (W680G in CAP206 T/F and Y681D in CH505 T/F) that made the viruses less resistant to neutralization. The results point to the role of the MPER in mediating the closed trimer state, and hence the neutralization resistance of HIV. CH58 was one of several mAbs tested for neutralization of transmitted founder viruses isolated from clade C infected individuals CAP206 and CH505, compared to T/F viruses containing MPER mutations that confer enhanced neutralization sensitivity.
Bradley2016a
(neutralization)
-
2F5: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. 2F5 used as a reference Ab.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2F5: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
2F5: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
2F5: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. MPER Ab 2F5 did not bind cell surface whether gp160 was missing C-terminal or not, but did neutralize 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate weakly.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects, the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
2F5: This review discusses the application of bNAbs for HIV treatment and eradication, focusing on bNAbs that target key epitopes, specifically those of: 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, VRC26.08, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, and 10-1074. Antibodies 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 were among the first bNAbs available for clinical testing, and a cocktail of these 3 Abs was assessed in human trials.
Stephenson2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
2F5: This review discusses the breakthroughs in understanding of the biology of the transmitted virus, the structure and nature of its envelope trimer, vaccine-induced CD8 T cell control in primates, and host control of bnAb elicitation.
Haynes2016
(review)
-
2F5: A mathematical model was developed to predict the Ab concentration at which antibody escape variants outcompete their ancestors, and this concentration was termed the mutant selection window (MSW). The MSW was determined experimentally for 12 pairings of diverse HIV strains against 7 bnAbs (b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT128, 2F5). The neutralization of 2F5 was assayed against JRFL-D664N (resistant strain) and JRFL (sensitive strain).
Magnus2016
(neutralization, escape)
-
2F5: Neutralization breadth in 157 antiretroviral-naive individuals infected for less than 1 year post-infection was studied and compared to a cohort of 170 untreated chronic patients. A range of neutralizing activities was observed with a panel of six recombinant viruses from five different subtypes. Some sera were broadly reactive, predominantly targeting envelope epitopes within the V2 glycan-dependent region. The Env neutralization breadth was positively associated with time post infection. 2F5 has been used as a control in testing CD4 binding site neutralizing specificity of the sera.
Sanchez-Merino2016
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2F5: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. MPER-binding, first-generation mAb, 2F5 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=6.86 µg/ml for the 6/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 50%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
2F5: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti-MPER bNAb 2F5 was unable to neutralize any of the 16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 10µg/ml.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. 2F5, a gp41 MPER bnAb belonged to a group with slopes <1 (like others 10E8 and 4E10), but 10E8 had a significantly lower IC50.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
2F5: A gp41 immunogen, gp41-HR1-54Q, was developed, consisting of shortened heptad repeat regions 1 and 2 and the MPER. It was efficiently recognized by 3 MPER-binding Abs (2F5, Z13e1 and 4E10). In rabbits, the antigen was highly immunogenic but failed to develop neutralization ability.
Habte2015
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: HIV gp41 bNAbs have characteristics that predispose them to be controlled by immunological tolerance. The study explored whether the germline unmutated ancestors (UA) of MPER bNAbs are also controlled by tolerance, and, if so, whether any remaining B cells can be activated to clonally expand. Germline knock-in mice expressing precursors of bNAb 2F5 showed B cell deletion in the bone marrow prevaccination, and the anergic bnAb precursors that survived in the periphery could be partially rescued, become activated, and clonally expand by immunization with MPER peptide-liposomes. Immunized macaques made B cell clonal lineages targeted to the 2F5 bnAb epitope, but 2F5-like antibodies were either deleted or did not attain sufficient affinity for gp41-lipid complexes to achieve the neutralization potency of 2F5. Structural analysis of members of a vaccine-induced antibody lineage DH570 revealed that heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) hydrophobicity was important for neutralization. 2F5 light chain interacts with the gp41 MPER nominal epitope-containing peptide, gp41660-670.
Zhang2016
(antibody lineage)
-
2F5: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. 2F5 neutralized 58% of the 199 viruses tested.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
2F5: This study aim to develop a replicating vector system for the delivery of HIV-1 antigens on the basis of an apathogenic foamy virus. This consists of the MPER and the fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR). By stepwise shortening of distinct linker residues between both the domains lead to enhanced recognition by 2F5. This indicates that a specific positioning of FPPR and MPER domains is critical for improved Ab binding.
Muhle2013
-
2F5: The effect of PNGS on viral infectivity and antibody neutralization (2F5, 4E10, b12, VRC01, VRC03, PG9, PG16, 3869) was evaluated through systemic mutations of each PNGS on CRF07_BC strain. Mutations at N197 (C2), N301 (V3), N442 (C4), and N625 (gp41) rendered the virus more susceptible to neutralization by MAbs that recognize the CD4 binding site or gp41. Generally, mutations on V4/V5 loops, C2/C3/C4 regions, and gp41 reduced the neutralization sensitivity to PG16. However, mutation of N289 (C2) made the virus more sensitive to both PG9 and PG16. Mutations at N142 (V1), N355 (C3) and N463 (V5) conferred resistance to neutralization by anti-gp41 MAbs. Available structural information of HIV Env and homology modeling was used to provide a structural basis for the observed biological effects of these mutations.
Wang2013
(neutralization, structure)
-
2F5: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10).
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Autoreactivity and polyspecificity of 2F5 using a synthetic human peptidome has been reported and compared with 4E10. 2F5 was shown to be polyreactive, binding peptides from various proteins, but only in a limited manner. Analysis of B cell development in 2F5 heavy-chain knock-in mice confirmed that 2F5 does recognize self-antigens.
Finton2013
(structure, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2F5: This paper showed that FcγRI occasionally potentiates neutralization by Abs against the V3 loop of gp120 and cluster I of gp41. FcγRI providing a kinetic advantage for neutralizing Abs against partially cryptic epitopes independent of phagocytosis has been reported. The antibiotic bafilomycin A1 and the weak base chloroquine were used as lysosomotropic agents to block phagocytosis in TZM-bl and TZM-bl/FcγRI cells. These treated cells and 2 HIV-1 subtype B Env-pseudotyped viruses (6535.3 and QH0692.42) were assayed with 2F5. Expression of FcγRI dramatically improved the neutralizing activity of 2F5 against both viruses in the absence of lysosomotropic agents. Moreover, neither lysosomotropic agent showed any evidence of reversing the FcγRI-mediated effect on 2F5.
Perez2013
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: Galactosyl ceramide (Galcer), a glycosphingolipid, is a receptor for the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein. This study has mimicked this interaction by using an artificial membrane containing synthetic Galcer and recombinant HIV-1 Env proteins to identify antibodies that would block the HIV-1 Env-Galcer interaction. HIV-1 ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccinee-derived MAbs specific for the gp120 C1 region blocked Galcer binding of a transmitted/founder HIV-1 Env gp140. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating CH38 IgG and its natural IgA isotype were the most potent blocking antibodies. 2F5 did not block Env-Galcer binding.
Dennison2014
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation)
-
2F5: Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the tridecapeptide corresponding to residues 659–671 of gp41 (covering 2F5 epitope ELDKWA) are reported. X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and circular dichroism experiments have yielded conflicting conformational information. AMBER force fields technique was used to describe the complex conformational landscape of gp41659–671. In contrast to previous MD simulations, these results are consistent with the bulk of the experimental findings. The amount of helical population is important in aqueous solution, but this structure forms part of a flexible conformational ensemble.
Zhang2014a
(computational prediction, structure)
-
2F5: This review surveyed the Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP) strategy, which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Recently published studies in humanized mice and macaques were discussed as well as the pros and cons of VIP towards clinical applications to control HIV endemics. A single injection of AAV8 vector achieved peak 2F5 (˜25 μg/mL) production in serum at week 6 and offered moderate protection.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
2F5: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
2F5: Pairwise combinations of 6 NAbs (4E10, 2F5, 2G12, b12, PG9, PG16) were tested for neutralization of pseudoviruses and transmitted/founder viruses. Each of the NAbs tested targets a different region of gp120 or gp41. Some pairwise combinations enhanced neutralization synergistically, suggesting that combinations of NAbs may enhance clinical effectiveness.
Miglietta2014
(neutralization)
-
2F5: The study used computational design to develop a protein that interacted with the CDR H3 loop of 2F5. The protein bound to 2F5 with 10-fold greater affinity than either the full-length epitope peptide on HIV gp41 and any previously-designed epitope-scaffold.
Azoitei2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: Cross-group neutralization of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, O, and P was tested with diverse patient sera and bNAbs PG9, PG16, 4E10, b12, 2F5, 2G12, VRC01, VRC03, and HJ16. The primary isolates displayed a wide spectrum of sensitivity to neutralization by the human sera, with some cross-group neutralization clearly observed. Among the bNAbs, only PG9 and PG16 showed any cross-group neutralization. The group N prototype strain YBF30 was highly sensitive to neutralization by PG9, and the interaction between their key residues was confirmed by molecular modeling. The conservation of the PG9/PG16 epitope within groups M and N suggests its relevance as a vaccine immunogen.
Braibant2013
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Tolerance deletion due to mAb autoreactivity limits 2F5 bNAb induction. Autoantigen recognized by 2F5 is kynureninase (KYNU), so that most 2F5-bearing B cells are deleted in the bone marrow and a minor population survives as anergic B cells.
Haynes2013
(review)
-
2F5: This study analyzes the structure and immunogenic properties of MPERp, a peptide vaccine(656NEQELLELDKWASLWN671), that includes the following: (i) the complete sequence protected from proteolysis by the 2F5 paratope; (ii) downstream residues postulated to establish weak contacts with the CDR-H3 loop of 2F5, which are crucial for neutralization; and (iii) an aromatic rich anchor to the membrane interface. MPERp structures confirmed folding of the complete 2F5 epitope within continuous kinked helices. MPER-based peptides in combination with liposomes serves as stand-alone immunogens and suggest new approaches for structure-aided MPER vaccine development.
Serrano2014
(therapeutic vaccine, structure)
-
2F5: 2F5 was one of 10 MAbs used to study chronic vs. consensus vs. transmitted/founder (T/F) gp41 Envs for immunogenicity. Consensus Envs were the most potent eliciters of response but could only neutralize tier 1 and some tier 2 viruses. T/F Envs elicited the greatest breadth of NAb response; and chronic Envs elicited the lowest level and narrowest response. This MPER binding Nab bound well at <10 nM to 3/5 chronic Envs, 5/6 Consensus Envs and 4/7 T/F Envs.
Liao2013c
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Avid reaction of 2F5 with a conserved mammalian self-Ag, kynureninase is reported. B cell tetramer reagents were used to track the frequencies of B cells recognizing the HIV-1 2F5 epitope (SP62) in C57BL/6 mice. Reconstitution of Rag1null mice with matured congenic B cells restores the capacity to mount significant serum Ab and germinal center responses to 2F5/SP62. The recovery of humoral responses to the 2F5/SP62 by reconstitution with autoreactive clones of B cells, provides direct evidence towards latent generation of humoral responses in C57BL/6 mice.
Holl2014
-
2F5:This study identified human kynureninase (KYNU) and splicing factor 3b subunit 3 (SF3B3) as the primary conserved, vertebrate self-antigens recognized by the 2F5 and 4E10 antibodies, respectively. 2F5 binds the H4 domain of KYNU which contains the complete 2F5 linear epitope (ELDKWA). 4E10 recognizes an epitope of SF3B3 that is strongly dependent on hydrophobic interactions. Opossums carry a rare KYNU H4 domain that abolishes 2F5 binding, but they retain the SF3B3 4E10 epitope. Immunization of opossums with HIV-1 gp140 induced extraordinary titers of serum antibody to the 2F5 ELDKWA epitope but little or nothing to the 4E10 determinant. Identification of structural motifs shared by vertebrates and HIV-1 provides direct evidence that immunological tolerance can impair humoral responses to HIV-1.
Yang2013
-
2F5: A model that predicts the concentrations at which MAbs 2F5 and 4E10 effectively neutralize HIV-1 is presented. The model predicts that for these antibodies to be effective at neutralization, the time to disable an epitope must be shorter than the time the antibody remains bound in this conformation, about five minutes or less for 4E10 and 2F5. 2F5 IgG, but not 4E10, is much more effective at neutralization than its Fab fragment.
Hu2014
(neutralization)
-
2F5: The effect of low pH and HIV-1 Abs which increased the transcytosis of the virus by 20 fold, has been reported. This enhanced transcytosis was due to the Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn), which facilitates HIV-1's own transmission by usurping Ab responses directed against itself. Both infectious and noninfectious viruses were transcytosed by 2F5. Knocking down FcRn in HEC-1A cells didn't affect transcytosis by 2F5.
Gupta2013
-
2F5: Several anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing Abs have unusually long and often protruding CDRH3 loops. This study examined 2F5 mutants with variations in CDRH3. Some variants had improved binding to the MPER region of Env. The CDRH3 tolerated elongations and reductions up to four residues, displaying a range of binding affinities and retaining some neutralizing capacity. The data suggest a mechanism of action in which the 2F5 CDRH3 contacts and destabilizes the MPER helix downstream of its core epitope to allow induction of the extended-loop conformation.
Guenaga2012
(neutralization, structure)
-
2F5: This study examined how the conserved gp120-gp41 association site adapts to glycan changes that are linked to neutralization sensitivity. A DSR mutant virus (K601D) with defective gp120-association, which was sequentially passaged in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to select suppressor mutations was used. Neutralization by 2F5, which targets MPER of gp41, was not affected by V1 mutation as shown against T138N and ΔN.
Drummer2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
2F5: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. 2F5 showed high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirusin a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions, neutralization)
-
2F5: The neutralization profile of 1F7, a human CD4bs mAb, is reported and compared to other bnNAbs. 1F7 exhibited extreme potency against primary HIV-1, but limited breadth across clades. 2F5 neutralized 62% of a cross-clade panel of 157 HIV-1 isolates (Fig. S1) while 1F7 neutralized only 20% of the isolates.
Gach2013
(neutralization)
-
2F5: This study reported Ab binding titers and neutralization of 51 patients with chronic HIV-1 infection on supressive ART for 3 yrs. A high titer of Ab against gp120, gp41, and MPER was found. Patient sera, 2F5 and a serum control were evaluated for binding recombinant gp120JR-FL mutants lacking either the V1/V2 loop or the V3 loop. Significantly higher end point binding titers and HIV1JR-FL neutralization were noticed in patients with >10 compared to <10 yrs of detectable HIV RNA.
Gach2014
(neutralization, HAART, ART)
-
2F5: MHC Class II-restricted TH activation was shown to be a key determinant controlling nonneutralizing MPER Ab responses. The TH H2d epitope KWASLWNWF, that partially overlaps the 2F5 MPER epitope, was required for MPER Ab induction.
Zhang2014
-
2F5: This study reports the development of a new cell-line (A3R5)-based highly sensitive Ab detection assay. This T-lymphoblastoid cell-line stably expreses CCR5 and recognizes CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1. A3R5 cells showed greater neutralization potency compared to the current cell-line of choice TZM-bl. 2F5 was used as a reference Ab in neutralization assay comparing A3R5 and TZM-bl.
McLinden2013
(assay or method development)
-
2F5: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. 2F5 is an MPER Ab, with breadth 48%, IC50 9.42 μg per ml, and its unique feature listed is ELDKWAS recognition. A similar MAb is m66.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
2F5: Biosynthesis and structure determination by NMR analysis of a micelle-bound MPER trimer, designated gp41-M-MAT, showed that MPER peptides adopt symmetric α helical conformations exposing binding sites. In the 2F5 co-crystal structure, the MPER fragment exhibits a β hairpin at the core 2F5 epitope, but in case of gp41-M-MAT the 2F5 epitope has an α helical conformation. Contact residues F49, W56 and K59 played major roles in conferring binding affinity in the nanomolar range.
Reardon2014
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Crystal structure of m66 bound to its gp41 epitope and unbound structures of m66 and m66.6 are reported. m66, m66.6 and 2F5 utilize similar mechanistic elements to recognize a common gp41-MPER epitope and neutralize HIV-1.
Ofek2014
(structure)
-
2F5: 2 HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMCs) derived from subtypes C and CRF01_AE HIV-1 primary isolates expressing LucR (IMC.LucR) were engineered to express heterologous gp160 Envs. The IMCs were generally resistant to neutralization by 2F5.
Chenine2013
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: Knockin (KI) mice models expressing H chains from MAbs 4E10 and 48d were generated, in addition to previously used KI mice expressing 2F5. Only KI mice expressing MPER+ BnAb HCs triggered a profound early BM developmental blockade, consistent with the self-reactivity of both the 2F5 and 4E10 BnAb HCs being sufficient to trigger clonal B cell deletion.
Chen2013
-
2F5: Env pseudo-typed viruses generated from 7 transmitting and 4 non-transmitting mothers and their children were studied to identify phenotypes that associate with the risk of mother to child transmission. There were no differences in neutralization with 2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and b12, but transmitting mothers had higher autologous NAb responses against gp120/gp41, suggesting that strong autologous neutralization activity can associate with risk of transmission.
Baan2013
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. The small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including 2F5. The panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
2F5: A computational method to predict Ab epitopes at the residue level, based on structure and neutralization panels of diverse viral strains has been described. This method was evaluated using 19 Env-Ab including 2F5, against 181 diverse HIV-1 strains with available Ab-Ag complex structures.
Chuang2013
(computational prediction)
-
2F5: A panel of NAbs and non-neutralizing Abs (NoNAbs) displaying the highest Fc γR-mediated inhibitory activity and significant ADCC were selected and formulated in a microbicidal gel and tested for antiviral activity against SHIVSF162P3 vaginal challenge in non-human primates. Combination of 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 fully prevented vaginal transmission. Two NoNAbs, 246-D and 4B3, had no impact on viral acquisition, but reduced plasma viral load.
Moog2014
(effector function, SIV)
-
2F5: The complexity of the epitopes recognized by ADCC responses in HIV-1 infected individuals and candidate vaccine recipients is discussed in this review. 2F5 is discussed as the MPER region-targeting, potent and broadly neutralizing anti-gp41 mAb exhibiting ADCC activity that has a linear epitope. It is hypothesized that 2F5 blockable neutralizing Ab responses are delayed due to immune dysregulation.
Pollara2013
(effector function, review)
-
2F5: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
2F5: This paper reported the nature of junk Env glycan that undermine the development of Ab responses against gp120/gp41 trimers and evaluated enzyme digestion as a way to remove aberrant Env to produce "trimer VLPs". 2F5 was used in the anti-gp41 Ab cocktail in SDS-PAGE and western blot experiments to prove that enzymes removed junk Env from VLPs and inactivated virus.
Crooks2011
(glycosylation)
-
2F5: Generation of a series of chemically modified MPER immunogens through derivatization of amino acid side chains and evaluation of the binding affinity to their cognate mAbs are described. The modification of peptides has little effect on binding to the antibodies. A selected immunogen containing both 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes and a threonine at T676 elicited the highest anti-peptide IgG titer but not high neutralization. 2F5 has been used as a bnAb directed to MPER.
Venditto2013
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2F5: The sera of 20 HIV-1 patients were screened for ADCC in a novel assay measuring granzyme B (GrB) and T cell elimination and reported that complex sera mediated greater levels of ADCC than anti-HIV mAbs. The data suggested that total amount of IgG bound is an important determinant of robust ADCC which improves the vaccine potency. 2F5 was used as an anti-gp41 Ab to study effects of Ab specificity and affinity on ADCC against HIV-1 infected targets.
Smalls-Mantey2012
(assay or method development, effector function)
-
2F5: Immunogenicity of gp120 immunogens from two pairs of clade B and two pairs of clade C mother-to-child transmitted HIV-1 variants was studied in rabbits. While high level Env-specific antibody responses were elicited by all immunogens, their abilities to NAb responses differed and neutralization-resistant variants elicited broader NAb. All 4 C-lade immunogens had K to S substitution in the critical recognition determinant DKW, which is associated with resistance to 2F5 neutralization.
Wang2012
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: This study shows that maize-derived HIV-neutralizing mAb 2F5 is assembled correctly in plants and binds to its antigen with the same affinity as 2F5 produced in mammalian cells. However, although 2F5 has been produced at high levels in non-plant platforms, the yield in maize seeds is lower than previously achieved with 2G12. This suggests that the intrinsic properties of the antibody (e.g. sensitivity to specific proteases) and the environment provided by the production host (e.g. the relative abundance of different proteases, potential transgene silencing) may limit the accumulation of some antibodies.
Sabalza2012
-
2F5: This work provides a proof-of-principle for the retention of an immunogenic MPER/conserved amino-terminalfusion peptide (FP) complex at the surface of lipid vesicles. These MPER:FP peptide-vesicle formulations could be specifically bound by the 2F5 antibody and could trigger cross-reactive anti-MPER antibodies in rabbits, suggesting that contacts with N-terminal regions of gp41 may stabilize the 2F5 epitope as a membrane-surface antigen.
Huarte2012
(structure)
-
2F5: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC,50 based on Env sequence data. Important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 was confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
2F5: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp41 MPER, ELDKWAS loop, 2F5 class, 2F5 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
2F5: This review discusses the new research developments in bnAbs for HIV-1, Influenza, HCV. Models of the HIV-1 Env spike and of Influenza visrus spike with select bnAbs bound are shown.
Burton2012
(review)
-
2F5: Different adjuvants, including Freund's adjuvant (FCA/FIA), MF59, Carbopol-971P and 974P were compared on their ability to elicit antibody responses in rabbits. Combination of Carbopol-971P and MF59 induced potent adjuvant activity with significantly higher titer nAbs than FCA/FIA. There was no difference in binding of this MAb to gp140 SF162 with FIA adjuvant, but there was 3-fold decrease of antigenicity with MF59, C971, C974, C971+MF59 C971+MF59 as compared to the unadjuvanted sample.
Lai2012
(adjuvant comparison)
-
2F5: Somatic hypermutations are preferably found in CDR loops, which alter the Ab combining sites, but not the overall structure of the variable domain. FWR of CDR are usually resistant to and less tolerant of mutations. This study reports that most bnAbs require somatic mutations in the FWRs which provide flexibility, increasing Ab breadth and potency. To determine the consequence of FWR mutations the framework residues were reverted to the Ab's germline counterpart (FWR-GL) and binding and neutralizing properties were then evaluated. 2F5, an MPER Ab, was among the 17 bnAbs which were used in studying the mutations in FWR. Fig S4C described the comparison of Ab framework amino acid replacement vs. interactive surface area on 2F5.
Klein2013
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage)
-
2F5: Antigenic properties of 2 biochemically stable and homogeneous gp140 trimers (A clade 92UG037 and C clade CZA97012) were compared with the corresponding gp120 monomers derived from the same percursor sequences. The trimers had nearly all the antigenic properties expected for native viral spikes and were markedly different from monomeric gp120. 2F5 has been referred as NAb against MPER.
Kovacs2012
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Crystal structure and mechanistic analysis of 2F5-gp41 complex is reported. The structures revealed an extended gp41 conformation that made contacts with 5 CDR of 2F5. Studies with protoliposome confirms the importance of lipid membrane and hydrophobic context in the binding of 2F5 to gp41.
Ofek2004
(antibody interactions, structure)
-
2F5: Intrinsic reactivity of HIV-1, a new property regulating the level of both entry and sensitivity to Abs has been reported. This activity dictates the level of responsiveness of Env protein to co-receptor, CD4 engagement and Abs. 2F5 was discussed in relation to H66N and S375W gp120 changes that didn't affect 2F5 binding.
Haim2011
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: The goal of this study was to improve the humoral response to HIV-1 by targeting trimeric Env gp140 to B cells. The gp140 was fused to a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B cell activation factor (BAFF) and CD40 ligand (CD40L). These fusion proteins increased the expression of activation-induced-cytidine deaminase (AID) responsible for somatic hypermutation, Ab affinity maturation, and Ab class switching. The Env-APRIL induced high anti-Env responses against tier1 viruses.2F5 was used in BN-PAGE trimer shift assay and immunoprecipitation assay.
Melchers2012
(neutralization)
-
2F5: This paper describes immune-correlates analysis of an HIV-1 vaccine efficiency trial. In the RV144 trial the estimated efficacy was 31.2%. In this study a case-control analysis to identify Ab and cellular immune correlates of infection risk. Out of 17 Abs 6 were chosen for primary analysis to determine the roles of T cell, IgG Ab, IgA Ab responses. Assays were performed on 41 infected vaccinees and 205 uninfected vaccinees. 2F5 was used as a control in the HIV1 binding antibody multiplex assay.
Haynes2012a
(therapeutic vaccine, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2F5: Existing structural and sequence data was analyzed. A set of signature features for potent VRC01-like (PVL) and almost PVL abs was proposed and verified by mutagenesis. 2F5 has been referred in discussing the breadth and potency of antiCD4 abs.
West2012a
(antibody lineage)
-
2F5: Synthesis of an engineered soluble heterotrimeric gp140 is described. These gp140 protomers were designed against clade A and clade B viruses. The heterotrimer gp140s exhibited broader anti-tier1 isolate neutralizing antibody responses than homotrimer gp140. 2F5 and 4E10 bound similarly to the homotrimeric clade A and B Q168/SF162L, Q259/SF162NL and Q461/SF1621 heretotrimers and the corresponding homotrimers.
Sellhorn2012
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: This paper showed that nAb 2G12, which binds to gp120 N glycans with α (1,2)-linked mannose termini and inhibits replication after passive transfer to patients, neutralizes by slowing entry of adsorbed virus. It is suggested that 2G12 competitively inhibits interactions between gp120 V3 loop and the tyrosine sulfate containing amino terminus, thus reducing assembly of complexes that catalyze entry. 2F5 was used as a control.
Platt2012
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
2F5: This study shows that epitope mapping of plasma antibodies followed by the rational design of MPER peptide tetramer can successfully isolate antigen-reactive single B cells for Ig rescue. CAP206 was isolated from a South African individual infected with HIV-1 subtype C. Comparison of IC50 suggested that CAP206-CH12 is more cross-reactive than 2F5, which generally fails to neutralize subtype c viruses.
Morris2011
-
2F5: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. 2F5 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
2F5: Role of CH1 heavy chain of 2F5 in Ag binding was reported. 2F5IgA2 containing CH1 was constructed and compared for binding affinity and functional activities. 2F5 IgA2 and IgG1 acted synergistically to fully block HIV-1 transfer to CD4+ cells and IgA2 more efficiently bound to gp41 MPER and blocked HIV-1 transcytosis than IgG1. The authors concluded that CH1 region of 2F5 contributed to shape its epitope specificity, binding and functional activities.
Tudor2012
(neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence)
-
2F5: Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes are reported. Cross-reactive plasma samples were identified and evaluated from 308 subjects tested. 2F5 was used as a control mAb in the comprehensive set of assays performed.
Tomaras2011
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2F5: Role of envelope deglycosylation in enhancing antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 epitopes is reported. The mechanism of induction of broad neutralizing Abs is discussed. The hypothesis of presence of "holes" in the naive B cell repertoires for unmutated B cell receptor against HIV-1 Env was tested. Native deglycosylated clade B JFRL gp140 and group M consensus gp140 Env CON-S increased 2F5 reactivity, whereas fully glycosylated gp140 env didn't bind. Enhanced immunogenicity of 2F5 MPER epitope on deglycosylated JFRL in rhesus macaques was reported. The authors inferred that glycan interferences control the binding of unmutated ancestor Abs of broad neutralizing mAb to Env gp41.
Ma2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2F5:The rational design of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is discussed in relation to understanding of vaccine recognition sites, the structural basis of interaction with HIV-1 env and vaccine developmental pathways. 2F5 has been discussed regarding the sites of HIV-1 vulnerability to neutralizing antibodies and particularly recognition of highly conserved MPER region of Env.
Kwong2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2F5: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. 2F5 was used as a control in virus neutralization assay. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: A panel of glycan deletion mutants was created by point mutation into HIV gp160, showing that glycans are important targets on HIV-1 glycoproteins for broad neutralizing responses in vivo. Enrichment of high mannose N-linked glycan(HM-glycan) of HIV-1 glycoprotein enhanced neutralizing activity of sera from 8/9 patients. 2F5 was used as a control to compare the neutralizing activity of patients' sera.
Lavine2012
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Ab-driven escape and Ab role in infection control and prevention are reviewed. Main focus is on NAbs, but Ab acting through effector mechanisms are also discussed. 2F5 (amino-terminal MPER) is discussed in the context of developing broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies.
Overbaugh2012
(escape, review)
-
2F5: Neutralization activity was compared against MAb 10E8 and other broad and potent neutralizers in a 181-isolate Env-pseudovirus panel. 2F5 neutralized 57% of viruses at IC50<50 μg/ml and 16% of viruses at IC50<1 μg/ml, compared with 98% and 72% of MAb 10E8, respectively.
Huang2012a
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Among all the MAb tested, 2F5 is an exception to exhibit weak binding to digested uncleaved VLPs and even to bald VLPs, perhaps due to lipid cross-reactivity. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was merely a trend of better antibody binding compared to the parent WT VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and 2F5 neutralization.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Prior to this study, no one has been able to elicit potent and broad neutralizing antibodies, like 2F5 or 4E10, targeting the gp41 MPER region. To address this problem, a recombinant immunogen, designated NCM, consisting of the N- and C-terminal heptad repeats that can form a six-helix bundle (6HB) and the MPER region of gp41 was constructed and expressed. Two mutations (T569A and I675V) previously reported to expose the neutralization epitopes were introduced. NCM and its mutants could react with MAbs NC-1, 2F5, 4E10 specific for 6HB and MPER of gp41, suggesting that these antigens are in the form of a trimer of heterodimer (i.e., 6HB) with three exposed MPER tails. Antigen with double mutations elicited strong antibody response in rabbits and these antibodies exhibited broad and potent neutralizing activity.
Wang2011a
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: The ability of several broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind gp10 or gp41 to inhibit cell-cell fusion between Clone69TRevEnv cells induced to express the viral envelope proteins, gp120/gp41 and highly CD4-positive SupT1 cells was investigated. Little or no inhibitory effect on cell-cell fusion was observed. MAbs b12, m14 IgG and 2G12 had moderate inhibitory activity; MAbs 4E10 and 2F5 had no inhibitory activity.
Yee2011
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: To determine how B cells expressing the original 2F5 MAb are limited by tolerance mechanisms in vivo and if they can be rescued from such controls while retaining neutralization potential, a novel mouse strain for which B cells have the potential to express the original 2F5 VH/VL pair was generated: the 2F5 complete knock in (KI) mouse. While essentially no arrest in B cell development was observed in the 2F5 VL KI strain, the BM B cell developmental arrest observed in the 2F5 VH KI strain was dramatically accentuated in 2F5 complete KI mice. It was shown also that surface Ig BM B cells bearing 2F5 VH/VL pairs can be rescued from tolerance control in vitro, with the majority being developmentally arrested at the immature B cell stage, and express nonneutralizing Igs due to loss of MPER specificity via replacement of their 2F5 LCs.
Verkoczy2011
-
2F5: The role of V1V2 in the resistance of HIV-1 to neutralizing Abs was studied using a panel of neutralization-sensitive and -resistant HIV-1 variants and through exchanging regions of Env between neutralization-sensitive and -resistant viruses. An increase in the length of the V1V2 loop and/or the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) in that same region of Env was directly involved in the neutralization resistance. The virus that was sensitive to neutralization by autologous serum was also sensitive to neutralization by MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10, while the virus that was resistant to neutralization by autologous serum was also resistant to neutralization by all of these antibodies except MAb 2G12.
vanGils2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
2F5: To improve the immunogenicity of HIV-1 Env vaccines, a chimeric gp140 trimer in which V1V2 region was replaced by the GM-CSF cytokine was constructed. We selected GM-CSF was selected because of its defined adjuvant activity. Chimeric EnvGM-CSF protein enhanced Env-specific Ab and T cell responses in mice compared with wild-type Env. Probing with neutralizing antibodies showed that both the Env and GM-CSF components of the chimeric protein were folded correctly. 3 proteins were studied: Env-wild-type, Env-ΔV1V2, Env-hGM-CSF. MAb 2F5, directed to the gp41 epitope located far from the GM-CSF insertion, bound identically to the three proteins.
vanMontfort2011
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) potential of 2F5 was studied in vitro. 2F5 triggered ADCC of HIV-1 envelope subunit coated cells. 2F5 at ng/ml concentration elicited ADCC of both X4-tropic HIV-1 envelope-expressing cells, and R5-HIV-infected cells. ADCC relied on binding to the FcγRI on effector cell and was abolished by preincubation of 2F5 with its cognate epitope ELDKWA.
Tudor2011
(effector function)
-
2F5: A standardized proficiency testing program for measurements of HIV-1-specific NAbs in the TZM-bl assay was developed. Three rounds of optimization involving 21 different test laboratories were required to design the final proficiency testing kit. MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10 and TriMab (b12+2G12+2F5) were used for testing.
Todd2012
(assay or method development)
-
2F5: The inhibitory activity of HIV-1-specific Abs against HIV-1 replication in langerhans cells (LCs) and interstitial dendritic cells (IDCs) was analyzed. Five well-known NAbs 447-52D, 4E10, b12, 2G12, 2F5 strongly inhibited HIV-1BaL and HIV-1TV1 replication in LCs and IDCs, and their inhibitory activities were stronger than those measured on PBMCs. Inhibition was more efficient by IgGs than corresponding IgAs, due to an Fc receptor-dependent mechanism, where HIV-1 inhibition occurs by binding of the Fc portion of IgGs to Fc receptors.
Peressin2011
(genital and mucosal immunity, dendritic cells)
-
2F5: The reactivity profiles of MAbs 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12 to those of four pathogenic autoAbs derived from patients with antiphospholipid-syndrome (APS), and to serum from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were compared using an autoantigen microarray comprising 106 connective tissue disease-related autoantigens. The reactivity profiles of bNt anti-HIV-1 MAbs were distinct from those of pathogenic autoAbs. Anti-HIV-1 MAb reactivity was limited mainly to HIV-1-related antigens. The APS autoAbs reacted strongly with cardiolipin (CL), yet only 4E10 bound CL at high concentrations; both 2F5 and 4E10 bound their HIV-1 epitopes with a 2-3-log higher apparent affinity than CL.
Singh2011
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
2F5: Small sized CD4 mimetics (miniCD4s) were engineered. These miniCD4s by themselves are poorly immunogenic and do not induce anti-CD4 antibodies. Stable covalent complexes between miniCD4s and gp120 and gp140 were generated through a site-directed coupling reaction. These complexes were recognized by CD4i antibodies as well as by the HIV co-receptor CCR5 and elicited CD4i antibody responses in rabbits. A panel of MAbs of defined epitope specificities, was used to analyze the antigenic integrity of the covalent complexes using capture ELISA. There was a slight increase in binding for the 2F5 MAb on the complex compared to gp140 alone.
Martin2011
(mimics, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Sensitivity to neutralization was studied in 107 full-length Env molecular clones from multiple risk groups in various locations in China. Neutralization sensitivity to plasma pools and bNAbs was not correlated. MAbs 2F5 and G12 failed to neutralize almost all viruses in the C/07/08/B'C subtype group. 2F5 was potent in neutralizing viruses in subtype B′ and CRF01_AE, while 2G12, could only neutralize a 6/9 of subtype B′ viruses and none of the CRF01_AE viruses. All 2F5-resistant viruses had K665S substitution.
Shang2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: The long-term effect of broadly bNAbs on cell-free HIV particles and their capacity to irreversibly inactivate virus was studied. MPER-specific MAbs potently induced gp120 shedding upon prolonged contact with the virus, rendering neutralization irreversible. The kinetic and thermodynamic requirements of the shedding process were virtually identical to those of neutralization, identifying gp120 shedding as a key process associated with HIV neutralization by MPER bNAbs. Neutralizing and shedding capacity of 7 MPER-, CD4bs- and V3 loop-directed MAbs were assessed against 14 divergent strains. 2F5 induced potent shedding in 11/14 probed viruses.
Ruprecht2011
(neutralization, kinetics)
-
2F5: Unusually wide antigenic specificity of MAb 2F5 was explored. It was shown that when MAb 2F5 screens a pIII-type phage display 7-mer constrained peptide library for its epitope mimics, it demands an epitope sequence longer than DKW and does not tolerate substitutions in the epitope amino acid sequence. The 2F5 paratope flexibility was restricted and even inhibited when the epitope was presented to the paratope in the context of a 7-mer constrained peptide at either the amino-terminal (N-CDKWAxxxC-C) or carboxy-terminal (N-CxxLDKWAC-C) ends. Despite ample presence in the 7-mer constrained library of epitope amino acid substitution versions and peptides with a DKW and DRW core, these peptides were discarded by the antibody.
Palacios-Rodriguez2011
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Anti-MPER MAbs 4E10, 2F5 and Z13e1 were probed for binding to HIV-1 and SIV virions with protein A-conjugated gold (PAG) nanoparticles using negative-stain electron microscopy. The MAbs moderately associated with virions, including those devoid of MPER epitopes, and this interaction was strong enough to resist washout. MPER epitope-bearing virions liganded with CD4 showed a much higher association of anti-MPER antibodies compared to the unliganded virions. The results are consistent with a two-stage binding model where these anti-MPER MAbs bind first to the viral lipid bilayer and then to the MPER epitopes following spontaneous or induced exposure.
Rathinakumar2012
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: MPER antigenicity was analyzed in the context of the plasma membrane and a role for the gp41 transmembrane domain (TM) in exposing the epitopes of three bNt MAbs (2F5, 4E10, and Z13e1) was identified. Critical binding residues for the three Nt MAbs were identified using a panel of 24 MPER-TM1 mutants bearing single amino acid substitutions in the MPER; many were previously shown to affect MAb-mediated viral neutralization. Non-Nt mutants of MAbs 2F5 and 4E10 exhibited a reduction in binding to MPER-TM1 and yet maintained binding to synthetic MPER peptides, indicating that MPER-TM1 better approximates the MPER neutralization-competent structure (NCS) than peptides. Replacement of the gp41 TM and CT of MPER-TM1 with the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) TM reduced binding by MAb 4E10, but not 2F5, indicating that the gp41 TM plays a pivotal role in orienting the 4E10 epitope, and more globally, in affecting MPER exposure.
Montero2012
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: A novel function for lentiviral Nef is reported: it renders the HIV-1 virion refractory to the broadly-neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. Nef conferred 50-fold resistance to 2F5 and 4E10, but had no effect on HIV-1 neutralization by MPER-specific NAb Z13e1, by the peptide inhibitor T20, nor by a panel of nAbs and other reagents targeting gp120. Given the membrane-dependence of MPER-recognition by 2F5 and 4E10, in contrast to the membrane-independence of Z13e1, it is suggested that Nef alters MPER recognition in the context of the virion membrane.
Lai2011
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Anti-idiotypic Ab Ab2/3H6, directed against 2F5, was studied as a candidate for an HIV-1 vaccine, based on the induction of 2F5-like Abs.
Kunert2011
(anti-idiotype, vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: A screening platform was developed that chemically mimics viral and host membrane lipids and replicated NAb membrane interactions. The assay is based on a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and monitors antibody binding to thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). By simply mimicking lipid chemistry, these thiol SAMs allowed to isolate and distinguish chemical groups that could potentially contribute to specific antibody–lipid interactions. Only 2F5 and 4E10 bound strongly to hydrophobic thiols, correlated with findings that suggest that 2F5 and 4E10 embed into the hydrophobic membrane core. This translates to vaccine design by suggesting that immunogens designed to elicit 2F5/4E10-like antibodies may require an accessible hydrophobic component available for B-cell receptor recognition.
Hardy2012
(assay or method development)
-
2F5: Epitope scaffolds (ES) prime:boosting was assessed by measuring epitope specific serum antibody titers by ELISA and B cell responses by ELISpot analysis using both free 2F5 peptide and an unrelated ES protein as probes. The heterologous ES prime:boosting immunization regimen elicited cross-reactive humoral responses to the structurally constrained 2F5 epitope target (EQELLELDKWASLW). Incorporating a promiscuous T cell helper epitope in the immunogens resulted in higher antibody titers against the 2F5 graft, but did not result in virus neutralization. Two epitope scaffolds (ES1 and ES2), which did not elicit a detectable 2F5 epitope-specific response on their own, boosted such responses when primed with the ES5.
Guenaga2011
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: 2F5 and 4E10 molecular interactions with epitope cores in MPER and lipid bilayers were studied using combined atomic force and confocal microscopies. Both mAbs form lipid-segregated aggregates on supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) and do not induce other significant membrane perturbations. Furthermore, the affinity of MPER toward membranes is differently affected by both mAbs and correlates with the mAbs-epitope core lipid interactions. 2F5 is able to dock the MPER peptide on the membrane, whereas 4E10 extracts the MPER from the lipid bilayer.
Franquelim2011
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Study demonstrated that polyreactivity is common among human gp41 cluster II (98-6, 167-D and 126-6)but not cluster I (240D, 246D, 50-69D) antibodies. However, unlike 2F5, cluster II MAbs bind strongly to oligomeric forms of Env gp140 but not to gp41 peptide complexes, suggesting that polyreactivity is necessary but not sufficient for neutralization.
Dennison2011a
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
2F5: The study reports membrane bound forms of gp41 MPER peptides that can present epitopes in a conformation that induce serum antibodies that not only target the core 664DKW epitope of the neutralizing antibody 2F5, but also recognize a fusion intermediate construct of HIV-1 gp41 MPER as well as the 2F5 bound MPER conformation.
Dennison2011
(antibody binding site, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2F5: The sensitivity to PG9 and PG16 of pseudotyped viruses was analysed carrying envelope glycoproteins from the viral quasispecies of three HIV-1 clade CRF01_AE-infected patients. It was confirmed that an acidic residue or a basic residue at position 168 in the V2 loop is a key element determining the sensitivity to PG9 and PG16. In addition, evidence is provided of the involvement of a conserved residue at position 215 of the C2 region in the PG9/PG16 epitopes. Both wild-type and mutated clones of each subtype were found to be highly sensitive to 2F5. A trend towards a higher resistance of mutated clones compared to wild-type clones was nevertheless observed for 0377-I1, 0978-M1 and 1021-I1 CRF01-AE clones. However, the opposite was observed for 5008CL2, 11005CL3 and 11005CL7 clade B clones with a trend towards a higher sensitivity of the mutated counterparts. Collectively, comparing 2F5/4E10 IC50 toward wild-type or mutated clones did not reveal any significant difference.
Thenin2012a
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Given the potential importance of cell-associated virus during mucosal HIV-1 transmission, sensitivity of bNAbs targeting HIV-1 envelope surface unit gp120 (VRCO1, PG16, b12, and 2G12) and transmembrane domain gp41 (4E10 and 2F5) was examined for both cell-free and mDC-mediated infections of TZM-bl and CD4+ T cells. It was reported that higher gp120-bNAb concentrations, but not gp41-directed bNAb concentrations, are required to inhibit mDC-mediated virus spread, compared with cell-free transmission. Blocking the FcRs expressed on mDCs prior to antibody exposure had negligible impact on the ability of 2F5 to inhibit mDC-mediated trans-infection 4E10 and 2F5 bound a significantly greater percentage of mDCs, compared with b12. All abs bound a significantly greater percentage of mDCs, compared with the secondary antibody alone.
Sagar2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: A way to produce conformationally intact, deglycosylated soluble, cleaved recombinant Env trimers by inhibition of the synthesis of complex N-glycans during Env production, followed by treatment with glycosidases under conditions that preserve Env trimer integrity is described to facilitate crystallography and immunogenicity studies. Deglycosylation had no apparent difference in the binding of the gp41-MPER directed MAb 2F5.
Depetris2012
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Sensitivity to bNAbs of primary R5 HIV-1 isolates sequentially obtained before and after AIDS onset was studied. End-stage disease HIV R5 isolates were more sensitive to neutralization by TriMab, an equimolar mix of the IgGb12, 2F5 and 2G12 antibodies, than R5 isolates from the chronic phase. The increased sensitivity correlated with low CD4+ T cell count at time of virus isolation and augmented viral infectivity. Envs from end-stage R5 variants had increased positive surface charge and reduced numbers of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS).
Borggren2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2F5: 2 human MAbs m66 and m66.6 were identified from 2F5-like serum of HIV-1-infected patient. These new MAbs mimic 2F5 in terms of their MPER binding profiles and neutralize a subset of the viruses neutralized by 2F5, while being significantly less divergent than 2F5 from their germ line-encoded counterparts (8 amino acid changes for VH and 11 for VL genes respectively, compared to 25 amino acid changes for 2F5). m66.6 had higher neutralizing activity than m66, but weaker than 2F5 in a TZM-bl cell assay.
Zhu2011
(antibody lineage)
-
2F5: To test whether HIV-1 particle maturation alters the conformation of the Env proteins, a sensitive and quantitative imaging-based Ab-binding assay was used to probe the conformations of full-length and cytoplasmic tail (CT) truncated Env proteins on mature and immature HIV-1 particles. Slightly greater binding of MPER-specific MAb 2F5 to immature than mature particles was apparent, but the observed difference was not statistically significant.
Joyner2011
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: Humoral responses to specific, linear gp41 epitopes were that were already known to be the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies were compared in a cohort of sub-Saharan mother-child pairs. TriMab positive-control Abs (2F5, 2G12, and b12) neutralized all viruses tested: the subtype B laboratory strains SF162 (R5-B) and IIIB (X4-B), and the low-sensitivity subtype C strains, primary isolates DU172 and DU156 (both R5-C). The TriMab control inhibited strain DU156 when all neutralization assays were performed on the DU156 HIV isolate (C-R5) with cord blood specimens from EUN babies.
Diomede2012
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: 162 full-length envelope (env) clones were generated from plasma RNA obtained from 5 HIV-1 Clade B infected mother-infant pairs and their V1-V5 genotypes and phylogeny were extensively characterized. No infant or maternal clone was resistant to 2F5.
Kishko2011
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: Two HCDR2 allelic variants of the VH2-5 inferred unmutated ancestor germ line of the 2F5 bNAb (2F5 UAs) are described and it is showed that both variant putative germ line Abs bound to gp41 peptide and protein antigens and are thus capable of recognizing either linear or conformational gp41 epitopes. However, their binding affinities for the gp41-inter protein are an order of magnitude weaker than those of the mature 2F5 Ab. Neither of the two 2F5 UAs showed neutralization activity against pseudotyped viruses though both UAs show broader specificity than does the mature 2F5 Ab. The two 2F5 UA variants also bound to anionic phospholipid-containing liposomes equally well and gave binding responses higher than those of 2F5 MAb binding.
Alam2011
(neutralization, binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
2F5: A series of immunogens that contain CTB (cholera toxin B subunit, a potent mucosal adjuvant) and tandem copies of ELDKWA were prepared using epitope vaccine strategy. ELDKWA epitope of neutralizing antibody 2F5 plays a crucial role in transcytosis. These immunogens are represented as CTB-nE (n is the number of ELDKWA epitopes fused to CTB). Binding of 2F5 to CTB-2, 4, 6E revealed that ELDKWA epitopes in these immunogens were exposed and retained their antigenicity. The increasing reactivity with MAb 2F5 in western-blot analysis reflected the increasing epitope numbers or epitope density in a single fusion protein. MF-2F5 (Mouse Fecal 2F5-like Abs) could significantly inhibit transcytosis of cell-free CNE3 with similar inhibition potency in both cell lines, but the inhibition potency of MAb 2F5 MAb 2F5 exhibited greater blocking potency in HT29 monolayer than in HEC-1 monolayer.
Wang2011
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Epitope accessibility of the gp41 neutralizing antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, is explored either on the functional spike or during receptor-mediated entry and it is determined if these antibodies bind to the static spike on the surface of the HIV-1 or require target cell/receptor engagement to gain access to their MPER binding sites. The neutralization activity of 2F5 against lab-adapted viruses and sensitive and moderately resistant viruses was largely unaffected by relatively rapid antibody-virus washing, suggesting direct interaction with the “static” spike. However, for more neutralization-resistant viruses, the 2F5 could neutralize only under the “no antibody-virus wash” conditions, implying that the MPER epitopes were not accessible prior to receptor engagement.
Chakrabarti2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2F5: HIV-1 adaptation to neutralization by MAbs VRC01, PG9, PG16 was studied using HIV-1 variants from historic (1985-1989) and contemporary (2003-2006) seroconverters. 2F5 was included for comparison. 2F5 neutralized 10% of contemporary viruses at IC50 < 1 μ g/ml and 70% at IC50 < 5 μ g/ml. TriMab construct, consisting of MAbs b12, 2F5 and 2G12 in equal concentrations, showed the highest neutralization correlation with 2F5.
Euler2011
(neutralization)
-
2F5: The neutralization potency of PG9, PG16, VRC01 and PGV04 was approximately 10-fold greater than that of MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10.
Falkowska2012
(neutralization)
-
2F5: The characteristics of HIV-1-specific NAbs were evaluated in 100 breast-fed infants of HIV-1-positive mothers who were HIV-1 negative at birth and they were monitored until age 2. A panel of eight viruses that included variants representative of those in the study region as well as more diverse strains was used to determine the breadth of the infant NAbs. 2F5 had very low neutralization potency for 1 (Q842d16) out of 8 pseudoviruses in the panel, no neutralization potency for 3 (BF535.A1, THRO4156.18 and Du156.12) and high for the rest of them. For maternal variants, 2F5 had low neutralization potency for 5 (MF535.E2, MG505.A2, MJ613.A2, MJ613.C7 and ML274.A1) out of 12 variants and high for the rest of them.
Lynch2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: HIV-1 subtype C env genes from 19 mother-infant pairs: 10 transmitting in utero (IU) and 9 transmitting intrapartum (IP) were analyzed. A severe genetic bottleneck during transmission was confirmed in all pairs. Compared to the maternal viral population, viruses transmitted IP tended to have shorter variable loops and fewer putative N-linked glycosylation sites than viruses transmitted IU. The pseudotyped viruses displayed some sensitivity to 4E10 and soluble CD4 but were resistant to 2G12, 2F5, and IgG1b12.
Russell2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: The impact of specific changes at distal sites on antibody binding and neutralization was examined on Q461 variants. The changes at position 675 in conjunction with Thr to Ala at position 569 increased the 2F5 neutralization sensitivity by 6-fold compared to viruses with only mutation at position 675. There was detectable but modest neutralization by 2F5 with only T569A change. Weak binding is observed for 2F5 but the change at position 675 results in a modest increase in 2F5 binding.
Lovelace2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
-
2F5: The structure of a short fragment of the human HIV-1 membrane glycoprotein gp41 was examined to resolve conflicting reports on the solution state conformational bias in this membrane proximal domain spanning the epitope for 2F5. Study concluded that gp41 659-671 exhibits conformational plasticity in which competing folding propensities are present and can be influenced by loval microenvironment.
Tulip2010
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
2F5: A monostratified epithelium using HT-29 cells transduced to express CCR5 was constructed to model the transcytosis of HIV-1 across columnar epithelial cells because CCR5-tropic viruses are the dominant viruses transmitted in vivo and are preferentially transcytosed across intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. 2F5 IgG1 was the most potent inhibitor of transcytosis of NL4-3.Balecto among the mAbs tested. IgG1 and dIgA, but not pIgM, 2F5 Abs inhibited HIV-1 transcytosis through the epithelium in a dose-dependent manner. The efficiency with which a panel of viruses transcytose across HT-29 monolayers in the presence of 2F5 Abs was measured to determine whether 2F5 inhibition of HIV-1 transcytosis depended on the HIV-1 strain. Both IgG1 and dIgA 2F5 Abs potently inhibited SF162 and NL4-3.Balecto, R5 viruses. pIgM 2F5 had no inhibitory effect on epithelial cell transcytosis of these viruses. The ability of dIgA and mIgA 2F5 Abs to inhibit cell-free HIV-1 transcytosis was compared. Over a wide range of Ab concentrations, the mIgA 2F5 Abs inhibited NL4-3.Balecto transcytosis significantly more than dIgA 2F5 Abs. Also, compared with dIgA 2F5 anti-HIV-1 Abs, mIgA 2F5 Abs more potently reduced HIV-1 transcytosis across model epithelium. 2F5 isotype Abs, especially mIgA, inhibited HIV-1 transcytosis across rectal epithelium and thus entry into the subepithelial lamina propria.
Shen2010a
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: The development and characterization of a tier 1 R5 SHIV, termed SHIV-1157ipEL is reported. SHIV-1157ipEL is a chimera of the "early", neutralization-sensitive SHIV-1157ip envelope and the "late", neutralization-resistant engineered backbone of SHIV-1157ipd3N4. Molecular modeling revealed a possible mechanism for the increased neutralization resistance of SHIV-1157ipd3N4 Env: V2 loops hindering access to the CD4 binding site, shown experimentally with NAb b12. 2F5 only neutralized SHIV-SF162P4 (clade B) out of the 4 clade C and 2 clade B SHIV strains.
Siddappa2010
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: A high resolution gp41 structure, termed HR1-54Q was presented consisting of the N-terminal helical heptad repeat (HR1), the C-terminal helical heptad repeat (HR2), and the (membrane-proximal external region) MPER. HR1-54Q bound to 3 broadly neutralizing Abs that target gp41: 2F5, 4E10, Z13e1, as well as 98-6 MAb that recognizes the six-helix bundle. The MPER in HR1-54Q encompasses the complete 2F5 binding epitope and binds tightly to 2F5. HR1-54Q possesses several structural characteristics required for induction of 2F5 including the correct conformation and exposure to solvent that both triggers the immune system and generates Abs that appropriately recognize gp41.
Shi2010
(structure)
-
2F5: This review discusses current understanding of Env neutralization by antibodies in relation to epitope exposure and how this insight might benefit vaccine design strategies. This MAb is in the list of current MAbs with notable cross-neutralizing activity.
Pantophlet2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
2F5: The two distinct and conflicting models of C-terminal tail (CTT) topology for HIV-1 gp41 were tested by characterizing the accessibility of KE (Kennedy epitope) sequences of gp41 to Ab binding on the surface of Env-expressing cells and intact mature virions. 2F5 binds effectively to KE in the context of intact virions.
Steckbeck2010
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: This review outlines the general structure of the gp160 viral envelope, the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response, the mechanisms of viral escape and the characterization of broadly neutralizing Abs. It is noted that this MAb neutralizes a variety of strains from different subtypes but it displays low neutralizing activity for clade C viruses.
Gonzalez2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, review)
-
2F5: This review discusses recent rational structure-based approaches in HIV vaccine design that helped in understanding the link between Env antigenicity and immunogenicity. This MAb was mentioned in the context of immunogens based on the epitopes recognized by bNAbs.
Walker2010a
(neutralization, review)
-
2F5: This review discusses the types of B-cell responses desired by HIV-1 vaccines and various methods used for eliciting HIV-1 inhibitory antibodies that include induction and characterization of vaccine-induces B-cell responses. 2F5 was mentioned when discussing virus-like particles and liposomes, as 2F5 requires lipid binding in addition to gp41 MPER recognition for neutralization breadth.
Tomaras2010
(neutralization, review)
-
2F5: 37 Indian clade C HIV-1 Env clones obtained at different time points from five patients with recent infection, were studied in neutralization assays for sensitivities to their autologous plasma antibodies and mAbs. None of the 37 Env clones were neutralized by 2F5 even when the minimum DKW motif was present in IVC3-3-9F1, IVC3-5-25F2, and all the Env clones obtained from IVC-11.
Ringe2010
(neutralization)
-
2F5: This review discusses strategies for design of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines against HIV-1 and recent major advances in the field regarding isolation of potent broadly neutralizing Abs.
Sattentau2010
(review)
-
2F5: 34 Env-pseudotyped viruses from HIV-1 CRF01_AE - infected plasma samples collected in China were susceptible to neutralization by 2F5 to varying extents. The neutralization susceptibility of these viruses to 2F5 could not be determined by the conservation of the core epitope nor the existence of PNLG site within core epitope regions.
Nie2010
(neutralization)
-
2F5: The effect of absence and presence of sCD4 on accessibility and binding of HIV-1 gp41 MPER-binding epitopes on CCR5-tropic pseudoviruses from five different clades to the mAbs was studied. 2F5 showed moderate to high binding affinity to pseudoviruses from clade A (epitope mutants:tWFDIs, NWFDIs) clade B (NWFDIT) and clade D (NWFsIT), poor binding to clade CRF01_AE (NWFDIT) and no binding to clade B (sWFsIT), clade C (sWFsIT) and clade CRF01_AE (NWFDIs). Pseudoviruses from clade A (tWFDIs, NWFDIs), clade B (NWFDIT, sWFsIT), clade D (NWFsIT) and clade CRF01_AE (NWFDIT) were neutralized by 2F5. The presence of sCD4 significantly increased the binding affinity of 2F5 to clade A and clade CRF01_AE. There was a trend towards significant increase in binding affinity of 2F5 to clade C (sWFsIT) with sCD4 present, although no significant increase in binding affinity was observed for the other pseudoviruses.
Peachman2010a
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: The binding affinity and neutralization potency of three murine IgM mAbs and human MAb 2F5 (IgG and IgM isotypes) to pseudoviruses from HIV-1 clades A, B, C, D and CRF01_AE was studied in the virus capture assay. 2F5 IgG isotype bound to viruses 93RW and KNH (clade A), BAL-PV (clade B), 57128 and A07412 (clade D), and CM235 (clade AE) with much higher affinity than 2F5 IgM isotype. All viruses that bound to 2F5 IgG isotype along with the virus US-1PV were neutralized by 2F5 IgG. 2F5 IgM isotype only neutralized viruses 93RW and KNH (clade A), and A07412 (clade D).
Peachman2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: This review discusses the studies done on poly-reactive antibodies (binding to two different epitopes), and the importance of polyreactivity. Low polyreactivity has been reported for 2F5.
Pluckthun2010
(review, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2F5: This paper shows that a highly neutralization-resistant virus is converted to a neutralization sensitive virus with a rare single mutation D179N in the C-terminal portion of the V2 domain. A panel of mutants were tested to determine whether they can improve the neutralization sensitivity of an extremely neutralization-resistant clinical isolate. 2F5 neutralized wild-type sensitive clone and 12/17 mutants tested (D179N, N179D, D179E, D179Q, D179H, D179S, D179A, D179N-P182S, V1/V2_006, V1_006, V2_006 and V1_005).
ORourke2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: 2F5 was used in this study to detect the quantity of gp41 incorporated into virions from six mother and infant pairs (MIPs). Different levels of gp41 were incorporated into chimeric viral particles from the MIPs, where in some instances poor Env incorporation correlated with low virion infectivity and replication deficits and in other instances no such correlation was observed.
Zhang2010a
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: MAb m9 showed superior neutralization potency compared to 2F5 in a TZM-bl assay, where it neutralized all 15 isolates compared to 2F5 that neutralized only 60% of the isolates tested and did not neutralize any clade C isolates. When compared in an additional panel of isolates including subtypes A, B, C, D, AE and AG, 2F5 neutralized 37% of the isolates while m9 neutralized 89%. 2F5 also showed lower inhibition potency of cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 compared to m9.
Zhang2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: This review focuses on recent vaccine design efforts and investigation of broadly neutralizing Abs and their epitopes to aid in the improvement of immunogen design. NAb epitopes, NAbs response to HIV-1, isolation of novel mAbs, and vaccine-elicited NAb responses in human clinical trials are discussed in this review.
Mascola2010
(review)
-
2F5: Naturally occurring human and experimentally induced murine and rabbit GBV-C E2 Abs were studied for their ability to neutralize diverse HIV-isolates and showed that broadly neutralizing HIV Abs were elicited on immunization with GBV-C E2. MAb 2F5 neutralized a dual-tropic R5-X4 HIV-1 isolate in primary human PBMCs. The TriMAb control including 2F5 did not neutralize the HIV-1 R5 isolate in TZM-bl cells but did in PBMCs. Ag interaction with Anti-GBV-C E2 Abs is similar to that of with 2F5, that reacts with HIV-1 gp41 peptides and permeabilized cells.
Mohr2010
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Four anti-idiotypic Ab2/3H6 variants against 2F5 were created using three different humanization approaches to be able to elicit 2F5 Ab response and were then compared to the chimeric Ab2/3H6. The binding affinity and neutralization potency for 2F5 Ab by the resurfaced Ab2/3H6 and conservative CDR-grafted Ab2/3H6 was similar to that of chimeric Ab2/3H6, while there was lower affinity for aggressive CDR-grafted Ab2/3H6 and no affinity for superhumazied Ab2/3H6.
Mader2010
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: A mathematical framework is designed to determine the number of Abs required to neutralize a single trimer called the stoichiometry of trimer neutralization (N). 15 different virus antibody combinations divided into five groups based on antibody binding sites were used in the designed model. 2F5 was classified in a group by itself as it binds a linear gp41 epitope. The number of 2F5 Abs needed to neutralize a single trimer was determined to equal 1 but N=2 could not be excluded at a significance level of 0.05.
Magnus2010
-
2F5: Cross-reactive NAb responses were characterized in 39 acute and chronically HIV-1 infected individuals. Abs targeting the 4E10 epitope were found in three of the patients, and one of those also had Abs targeting the 2F5 epitope.
Sather2010
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Four human anti-phospholipid mAbs were reported to inhibit HIV-1 infection of human PBMC's by binding to monocytes and releasing soluble chemokines. The ability of different anti-phospholid mAbs to inhibit pseudovirus infection was studied. Unlike the anti-phospholipid Abs, MAb 2F5 was able to inhibit fusion induced by Aldrithiol-2 inactivated HIV-1 in Sup-T1 T cells. Four out of nine anti-phospholid mAbs inhibited HIV-1 infectivity in PBMC-based virus infection inhibition assay where a mixture of mAbs 2F5, IgG1b12, and 2G12 (TriMab) was used as a positive control. Lipid binding of 2F5 was not dependent on the presence of β2GP1.
Moody2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Targeted neutralizing epitopes have been identified based on the change in sensitivity to neutralization due to variations in known immunoepitopes studied in 17 subjects. There was no neutralizing activity that targeted the 2F5 epitope in any of the patient sera when the K665N/W672 mutant was used for screening of neutralizing activity.
Nandi2010
(neutralization, escape)
-
2F5: The antigenic structure of Gag-Env pseudovirions was characterized and it was shown that these particles can recapitulate native HIV virion epitope structures. 2F5 bound to the BaL Gag-Env pseudovirions, indicating presence of native trimers. The Gag-Env pseudovirions were further used to identify a subset of antigen-specific B cells in chronically infected HIV subjects.
Hicar2010
(binding affinity, structure)
-
2F5: 2F5 was shown to capture virion particles completely devoid of HIV-1 Env. Virus capture assay was modified with added incubation of virions and MAbs in solution followed by removal of unbound MAbs, which nearly eliminated the Env-independent binding by this Ab. This modification also allowed for relative affinity of 2F5 for virions to be quantified. There was an overall reduction in the efficiency of capture of molecular clones (MC) relative to pseudotyped virions by 2F5. In addition, nontrimeric Envs from JR-CSF MC virus were more efficiently captured by 2F5 than trimeric JR-FL. It is suggested that the capture of virions by 2F5 is mostly mediated by nonfunctional Env.
Leaman2010
(assay or method development, binding affinity)
-
2F5: A combinatorial library of HRV:HIV chimeric viruses displaying the ELDKWA epitope was designed and the antigenic properties of virus chimera were analyzed both in vitro and in silico. A number of virus chimera able to bind to 2F5 with greater affinity than chimeric viruses produced to date. Binding affinities of chimeric viruses were estimated computationally and experimentally and agreed well. Molecular modeling identified energetic and structural factors affecting the ability of the inserted 2F5 epitope to assume conformations capable of binding to 2F5.
Lapelosa2010
(antibody binding site, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2F5: The role of HIV-1 envelope spike density on the virion and the effect it has on MAb avidity, and neutralization potencies of MAbs presented as different isotypes, are reviewed. Engineering approaches and design of immunogens able to elicit intra-spike cross-linking Abs are discussed.
Klein2010
(review)
-
2F5: 18 unique Env clones of subtype C HIV-1 derived from six African countries and Scotland were tested for their neutralization susceptibility by MAbs. Five of the gp160 chimeras tested for their neutralization by 2F5 were resistant to neutralization by this Ab as they lacked the core DKW motif in the MPER.
Koh2010a
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Peptide ligands for CD4i epitopes on native dualtropic Envs were selected by phage display. MAb 2F5 bound to Fly-synGFP producer cells both in the presence or absence of sCD4.
Dervillez2010
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: The effect of presence and absence of V1 loop was assessed using two approaches: remove V1 loop from the soluble trimeric gp140 construct (ΔV1SF162gp140) and second, substitute the V1 loop on SF162gp140 construct with four different V1 loops from 89.6, YU2, JRFL, and HxB2 (heterologous HIV-1 viruses). Deletion or substitution of V1 loop did not affect neutralization by 2F5 and there was only a small change in binding affinity to 2F5. gp41 immunogenicity was increased by V1 loop deletion, although gp41 antibodies did not bind to the 2F5 epitope. D368R modification to SF162gp120 did not affect the binding and neutralization by 2F5.
Ching2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: The effect of HIV-1 complement opsonization on 2F5 activity was evaluated in three instances: HIV-1 transcytosis through epithelial cells, HIV-1 attachment on immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (iMDDC), and infectivity of iMDDC. 2F5 was not able to inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis. 2F5 inhibited the attachment of both opsonized and of non-opsonized HIV to iMDDC. 2F5 was able to inhibit production of both opsonized and non-opsonized HIV-1 in iMDDCs.
Jenabian2010
(complement)
-
2F5: Clustering analysis was performed to find patterns of neutralization reactivity for the dataset of 103 patients sera against 20 viruses. The clustering by five MAbs (including 2F5) against the 20 isolates was less statistically robust than that with serum titers, resulting in three clusters for both cases. The membership in an isolate cluster defined by serum titers was compared with its sensitivity to every MAb to understand the relationship of serum and MAb reactivity. Membership in all the three clusters did not correlate with sensitivity to 2F5.
Doria-Rose2010
(neutralization)
-
2F5: The review describes several different methods that have been used to isolate and characterize HIV MAbs within the human Ab repertoire. Relative advantages and limitations of methods such as EBV transformation, human hybridoma, non-immortalized B cell culture, combinatorial libraries from B cells and clonal sorting are discussed.
Hammond2010
(review)
-
2F5: Addition of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) had no effect on the potency of 2F5 neutralization in TZM-bl assay but addition of LPS in PBMC assay increased neutralization potency of 2F5. Endotoxin contamination was shown to mediate release of antiviral chemokines in PBMCs and is thus suggested to be able to cause false-positive results in PBMC-based neutralization assays.
Geonnotti2010
(neutralization)
-
2F5: In order to overcome problems of the PBMC-based neutralization assay a novel approach was developed utilizing a platform based on Renilla luciferase (LucR) expressing HIV-1 proviral backbone. Env-IMC-LucR reporter viruses expressing HIV-1 envs from different virus strains were incubated with NAbs, such as 2F5, and used to infect donor PBMCs. The inhibition was assessed by measuring virus-encoded LucR activity in the cell lysates. Significant variation in sensitivity to 2F5 was observed among different donor PBMCs, and this high variability was suggested to be a real biological effect attributable to use of different donor PBMCs, rather than assay-to-assay variability.
Edmonds2010
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: Crystal structure of the extracellular domain of gp41 has been solved including fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR) heptad repeat 1 and MPER to examine their influence on gp41 post fusion conformation. Their presence increased the melting temperature of gp41 complex greatly compared to the core structure of gp41. Comparison of the solved crystal structure with the MPER conformation in complex with 2F5 suggests that 2F5 blocks the refolding process of gp41 at early steps.
Buzon2010
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
2F5: 21c binding, autoreactivity, polyreactivity and protective benefits are discussed and compared to other autoreactive MAbs, such as 2F5 and 4E10. Regulation of CD4i MAbs, such as 21c and 17b, by tolerance mechanisms is discussed.
Haynes2010
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2F5: Subtype B HIV-1 variants from historical seroconverters (individuals that seroconverted between 1985 and 1989) were equally sensitive to neutralization by 2F5 as variants isolated from contemporary seroconverters (ndividuals that seroconverted between 2003 and 2006).
Bunnik2010a
(neutralization, dynamics)
-
2F5: 17b was linked with sCD4 and the construct was tested for its neutralization breadth and potency. sCD4-17b showed significantly greater neutralization breadth and potency compared to 2F5, neutralizing 100% of HIV-1 primary isolates of subtypes A, B, C, D, F, CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG, while 2F5 neutralized some isolates of subtypes A, B, C and D, and all isolates of the CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG. Unlike sCD4-17b, 2F5 was not equivalently active against virus particles generated from different producer cell types.
Lagenaur2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: A set of Env variants with deletions in V1/V2 was constructed. Replication competent Env variants with V1/V2 deletions were obtained using virus evolution of V1/V2 deleted variants. Sensitivity of the evolved ΔV1V2 viruses was evaluated to study accessibility of their neutralization epitopes. 2F5 neutralized ΔV1V2 variants more potently than the full-length virus. 2F5 bound more efficiently to all uncleaved ΔV1V2 variant trimers compared to the full-length trimer, although the differences were minor.
Bontjer2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Optimized peptide mimetics of gp41 prehairpin intermediates were constructed to induce neutralizing responses in vaccinated guinea pigs and rabbits. Neutralization potency of sera from animals immunized with covalent trimeric immunogens was greater than the potency of sera from animals immunized with noncovalent trimers. Sera from animals immunized with longer constructs was more neutralizing than antisera from shorter constructs. Sera from immunized guinea pigs, but not from rabbits, neutralized half of the Tier 1 viruses tested. For the analyses, a mutant virus (HXB2-V570A) was used, which is hypersensitive to Abs binding to the pre-hairpin intermediate but not to mAbs that bind elsewhere. 2F5 neutralized HXB2-V570A slightly more than HXB2 wild type, probably because it targets a g41 region near the prehairpin intermediate.
Bianchi2010
(mimics, neutralization)
-
2F5: Review discusses the recent research done to improve the production, quality, and cross-reactivity of binding Abs, neutralizing Abs, monoclonal Abs with broad neutralizing activity, ADCC, and ADCVI Abs, and catalytic Abs. Studies focusing on several aspects of BNAb roles in vaccine development, and studies done to better understand the broad binding capacity and the exposure of epitopes of BNAbs are reviewed.
Baum2010
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, review)
-
2F5: Neutralizing activities of 2F5 were similar against parent and GnTI (complex glycans of the neutralizing face are replaced by fully trimmed oligomannose stumps) viruses, and the N301Q mutant virus (glycan at position 301 is removed). This suggests that the antennae of the complex glycans of gp120 and the upper part pf gp41 have little or no influence on 2F5 access to MPER.
Binley2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2F5: Confocal microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) was used to visualize 2F5 interactions with lipid bilayers mimicking the conditions existing at the plasma membrane. 2F5 was only found in contact with GUVs bearing surface-bound 2F5-MPER peptide and was unable to directly react with GUV phospholipids. Enhancement of 2F5 binding to membrane-inserted epitope in vesicles displaying fluid phase co-existence was observed, consistent with the increase in surface concentration of the MPER peptide.
Apellaniz2010
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: Insertion of an artificial 2F5 epitope into the V4 region of gp120 resulted in bivalent binding of 2F5 to both V4 and MPER regions of Env at the same time. Binding bivalency resulted in higher binding avidity compared to 2F5 MPER or 2F5 V4 alone, and in greatly enhanced neutralization efficiency. 2F5 was shown to be able to bind bivalently only in trans configuration, i.e. bridging the V4 region and the MPER in two gp120/gp41 subunits within one Env trimer. 2F5 bivalency was not achieved for 2F5 binding to V3 and MPER within a single gp120/gp41 subunit (cis-transfiguration).
Wang2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: L669S substitution in gp41 dramatically increased (>250-fold) neutralization sensitivity of mutant virus to 2F5. Binding affinity of 2F5 to linear peptide with the L669S mutation did not differ from its binding affinity to the wild type peptide. In contrast, 2F5 binding affinity was increased for L669S mutation in peptide-lipid complex compared to the wild type. The lifetime of 2F5 neutralization was shown to be ∼3 fold longer for the L669S virus compared to wild type, indicating that the L669S mutation altered the MPER structure such that 2F5 epitope was exposed for a longer time.
Shen2010
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics)
-
2F5: Neutralization potency of 2F5 was compared to that of HK20 scFv in TZM-based assay using 45 Tier 1 and Tier 2 HIV isolates. 2F5 neutralized 22/45 isolates. In addition, 2F5 was used in TriMab, together with 2G12 and b12, to examine neutralization of 9 clade A, B, C, D and E isolates in PBMC assay. Here, TriMab neutralized 7 isolates with 2 not determined.
Sabin2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Crystal structure of the non-neutralizing 13H11 MAb in complex with a 20-mer gp41 MPER peptide was obtained and compared to that of neutralizing 2F5 MAb. The primary structural difference between the two MAbs was shown to be a large groove on the 13H11 idiotope between CDRs L1 and L2, and H1 and H2. Unlike 2F5, 13H11 did not bind to trimeric gp41-inter construct. 2F5 neutralization was not blocked by 13H11.
Nicely2010
(structure)
-
2F5: Two 2F5 mutants, F100B(H)A (phenylalanine at the tip of the CDR H3 loop is replaced with alanine) and delta CDR H3 (TLFGVPI residues are replaced with a Ser-Gly dipeptide linker) showed similar high affinity for linear peptide epitope binding as wild type 2F5, indicating that 2F5 CDR H3 apex residues are not involved in core epitope binding. Neutralization assays showed complete loss of neutralization by delta CDR H3 mutant and reduction of neutralization by F100B(H)A mutant, indicating that these residues are essential for neutralization. Differences in mutant and wild type 2F5 binding affinities were observed only when residues WFNITNWLWYIK were added to the gp41 MPER C terminus, and when this extended peptide was placed in a membrane bilayer. It is suggested that the role of the apex of the CDR H3 loop for neutralization is due to secondary interactions to either C-terminal MPER residues or/and components of membrane lipid bilayer.
Julien2010
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Prefusion (gp140), prehairpin intermediate (gp41-inter) and postfusion (gp41-post) constructs were developed to define conformational states recognized by non-neutralizing cluster II Abs. gp41-inter was re-constructed replacing the six helix bundle with GCN4. 2F5 bound to, and showed the same kinetic profile, for both gp41-inter and GCN4-gp41-inter constructs, suggesting identical MPER conformation of the two constructs.
Frey2010
(binding affinity, structure)
-
2F5: Unlike for b12, decreasing neutralization sensitivity during the course of infection was not observed for 2F5 in 15 patients studied.
Bunnik2010
(neutralization)
-
2F5: 2F5 epitope was transplanted into 5 select protein scaffolds by computational techniques. The five resultant 2F5-epitope scaffolds (ES1-ES5) showed high affinity for 2F5MAb. Guinea pigs immunized with the 2F5-epitope scaffolds developed polyclonal sera that mimicked binding of 2F5 to the gp41 MPER region. Mice immunized with two of the 2F5-epitope scaffolds, ES2 or ES5, developed monoclonal Abs that bound to the 2F5 epitope with high affinity, induced a conformation similar to that induced by 2F5, and showed similar angles of epitope approach. In addition, the study showed that the flexibility of the engrafted epitope positively correlated with its immunogenicity.
Ofek2010a
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity, structure)
-
2F5: 2F5 was used in competition assays with gp41 Abs cloned from B cells from patients with broadly neutralizing sera. None of the Abs from these patients competed for binding with 2F5. 2F5 competed for binding with MAbs 4E10, D17 and D50.
Pietzsch2010
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Chimeric human/mouse 2F5 Abs were generated in knock-in mice where the Ig heavy chain (HC) VhDJh from human 2F5 was targeted into mouse Igh locus. In vivo, the 2F5 VhDJh knock-in mouse line demonstrated that the great majority of B-lineage cells expressing the 2F5 VhDJh rearrangement were halted in their development at the transition from small pre-B to immature B cells. Homozygous knock-in mice showed reduced numbers of residual splenic B cells with low surface IgM density and severely diminished serum IgM levels. However, serum IgG levels were normal and did not react with autoantigens. The results suggest that 2F5 Vh is sufficiently autoreactive to invoke tolerance control of 2F5 Vh expression.
Verkoczy2010
(autoantibody or autoimmunity)
-
2F5: A dimerization domain is described in the C-terminal domain of gp41 (C54), where two C54 monomers form an asymmetric, antiparallel coiled coil. 2F5 and 4E10 bind to C54 with higher affinity compared to linear MPER peptides, and the interaction is biphasic described by a two-step conformational change model. 2F5 formed a more stable complex with C54 than 4E10. A conformational change accompanied the interaction of 2F5 and 4E10 with C54. It is suggested that the conformation of C54 dimer is a potential intermediate, capable of interacting with 2F5 and 4E10.
Liu2010
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2F5: The specificities of 2F5 binding to MPER peptides and phospholipids on the viral membrane are reviewed. Implications of 2F5 anti-host cell activity are discussed. This review also summarizes data on the evolution of HIV neutralizing Abs, principles of Env immunogen design to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs, and future critical areas of research for development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine.
Hoxie2010
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2F5: 6 male Indian rhesus macaques were given a dose of 2F5 one day prior and one day after challenge with SHIVBa-L, which was chosen because it was reasonably neutralization sensitive to both 2F5 and 4E10. All animals but one showed the absence of viral replication. Sera of all animals showed no gp120-specific responses, and no cellular immune responses were observed in any animals. The one animal in which presence of viral replication could not be excluded showed low-level viremia at day 35. A re-challenge of this animal conducted at month 6 after the initial challenge failed to induce productive infection, while the other 5 animals became infected at this time point. A second re-challenge 12 months later led to a regular infection course. 2F5 serum half-life was estimated as 4.6 days. 2F5 displayed significant antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI) activity, but only at high concentrations.
Hessell2010
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2F5: 58 mAbs, including 3 broadly neutralizing mAbs, were isolated from memory B cells of HIV-1 infected donors using an improved EBV immortalization method combined with a broad screening strategy. 2F5 neutralization activity was compared to the three new broadly neutralizing mAbs. 2F5 did not compete for binding to gp41 with any of the new mAbs. 2F5 neutralized 67% of Tier 1 and 36% of Tier 2 viruses, the neutralization of Tier 2 viruses being comparable to that of the new MAb HJ16. 2F5 rarely neutralized clade C isolates.
Corti2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: 433 Abs were cloned from HIV envelope-binding memory B cells from 6 patients with broadly neutralizing sera. The Abs had neutralizing activity directed against several epitopes on gp120 and the majority neutralized Tier 1 viruses. Tier-2 neutralization was observed only with mixtures of MAbs, but only at high concentrations. 2F5 was used as a control and it neutralized 3/5 Tier 1 and 3/5 Tier 2 viruses.
Scheid2009
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Exogenous epitope tags were introduced in different parts of three variable regions, V1, V2 and V4, of two HIV isolates, SF162 and SF33. In the majority of the cases, tags did not have any effect on the susceptibility of the isolates to neutralization by 2F5. Only two viruses with tags in their V1 and V2 regions were more sensitive to neutralization by 2F5 compared to wild type.
Wallace2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2F5: This review discusses obstacles to elicitation of protective NAbs, recent data on viral epitopes vulnerable to broadly NAbs, qualitative and quantitative implications of NAb response for vaccine development, and possible future areas of investigation to improve understanding of Env structure and stimulation of appropriate B cell responses.
Stamatatos2009
(review)
-
2F5: The structure and dynamic of the virion spike and the MPERe are discussed. Data revealing MPER steric barriers to Ab access, and recent results on the model for the structure and accessibility of the MPER on the native spike and the mechanisms of action for 2F5 are reviewed. Implications of the data for immunogen design is discussed.
Schief2009
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2F5: TZM-bl and PBMC systems were compared to investigate the influence of target cell environment on HIV entry inhibition. The sensitivity of TZM-bl system was confirmed by inhibitory capacity of 2G12, 2F5 and b12. 2F5 was shown to be significantly less active on TZM-bl cells, where it failed to inhibit 4 viruses with mutations in the 2F5 epitope, while 3/4 viruses were sensitive in the PBMC assay. HIV isolates were less sensitive to inhibition by 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, with up to 100-fold lower sensitivity in the TZM-bl assay.
Rusert2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: This review summarizes targets of autologous neutralizing Abs (AnAbs) in early and chronic infections. V1V2 is a frequent target of AnAbs, while V4 and V5 have marginal role and anti-V3 Abs do not contribute to autologous neutralization. In addition to variable regions, C3 is a neutralization target in subtype C viruses, and is thought to interact with V4. gp41 is thought to have marginal effect as a target of AnAbs, with only one study showing 4E10-resistant variants suggesting escape from AnAbs targeting this region. AnAb specificities and sequential development, and their role in preventing superinfection is also reviewed. The relatively high Ab titer required for prevention of superinfection and control of viremia, and the low inhibitory potential of b12, 2F5, 4E10 and 2G12 compared to antiretroviral drugs is discussed.
Moore2009
(autologous responses, review)
-
2F5: This review describes obstacles that have been encountered in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine that induces broadly neutralizing Abs, and unusual features of existing broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 2F5. Importance of identification and characterization of new epitopes, and of B-cell stimulation, is discussed.
Montefiori2009
(review)
-
2F5: IgG form of 2F5 neutralized SF162 Env very strongly while the IgM form neutralized the virus at much lower levels, barely reaching 50% neutralization. 2F5 IgM neutralization potency was compared and was lower than that of WR320 IgM murine MAb.
Matyas2009a
(isotype switch, neutralization)
-
2F5: An overview of the different expression strategies to over produce HIV neutralizing Abs, including 2F5, in plants. The attention is specially focused on expression strategies of Nef protein.
Marusic2009
(review)
-
2F5: Env clones of 2 out of 12 viruses were shown to be highly sensitive to neutralization by 2F5 in PBMC assay but were not inhibited by 2F5 in TZM-bl assay. Both envelopes carried a mutation in the core epitope of 2F5. The study suggests that TZM-bl assay can fail to detect neutralizing activity of in vivo relevance but may be more prone to detect epitope mismatches. Causes of the observed differences between the PBMC and TZM-bl assays were due to virus producer cells and target cells, that could influence virus entry inhibition.
Mann2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: Ab specificities of a panel of HIV sera were systematically analyzed by selective adsorption with native gp120 and specific mutant variants. To test sera for presence of 2F5-like Abs, MPER peptides overlapping the core epitopes of 2F5 and 4E10 were used. Neutralization of HXB2 and SF162 by sera was not inhibited by the 2F5 peptide, indicating lack of 2F5-like Abs. Sera with limited neutralizing activity were mapped to V3. In some of the broadly neutralizing sera, the gp120-directed neutralization was mapped to CD4bs. Some sera were positive for NAbs against coreceptor binding region.
Li2009c
(assay or method development)
-
2F5: 2F5 membrane-binding mode of epitope recognition is reviewed in detail. The review also summarizes on how different modes of Ab binding and recognition are used to overcome viral evasion tactics and how this knowledge may be used to re-elicit responses in vivo.
Kwong2009a
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2F5: The review discusses the implications of HIV-1 diversity on vaccine design and induction of neutralizing Abs, and possible novel approaches for rational vaccine design that can enhance coverage of HIV diversity. Patterns of within-clade and between-clade diversity in core epitopes of known potent neutralizing Abs, including 2F5, is displayed.
Korber2009
(review)
-
2F5: HA-gp41, an antigen representing the trimeric fusion-intermediate conformation of gp41, was constructed and shown to bind to 2F5 with high nanomolar affinity. Rabbits immunized with HA-gp41 produced gp41-specific Abs that recognized epitopes overlapping with 2F5. Sera from immunized animals lacked neutralizing activity.
Hinz2009
(vaccine-induced immune responses, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2F5: 2F5 alone or in combination with other Abs was not able to trigger complement-mediated lysis (CML) of 93BR020 and 92UG037 HIV strains.
Hildgartner2009
(complement)
-
2F5: FcγR-mediated inhibition and neutralization of HIV by 2F5 and other MAbs is reviewed. The review also summarizes the role of ADCC and ADCVI Abs on HIV infection inhibition and neutralization.
Forthal2009
(review)
-
2F5: Stimulation of platelets with gp41 peptides led to a significant reduction of RANTES release which could be restored if platelet cultures with gp41 peptides were performed in the presence of 2F5.
Cognasse2009
-
2F5: This review summarizes novel approaches to mapping broad neutralizing activities in sera and novel technologies for targeted MAb retrieval.
Binley2009
(assay or method development, review)
-
2F5: A significant fraction of splenic B cells from BALB/c mice was shown to bind a MPER peptide that included the 2F5 epitope. The binding was concentrated in IgM subsets. However, IgM interactions with MPER peptide included residues distinct from those involved in 2F5 binding, indicating that low avidity, non-paratopic interactions between MPER and B cells may interfere with or divert 2F5 bNAb responses.
Verkoczy2009
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: 2F5 reacted poorly with trimeric and dimeric forms of cross-linked sgp140(-) Env glycoprotein and precipitated only a trace amount of monomeric forms. This suggested that 2F5 epitope is occluded or disrupted in soluble oligomeric forms of Env.
Yuan2009
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: The crystal structure for VRC01 in complex with an HIV-1 gp120 core from a clade A/E recombinant strain was analyzed to understand the structural basis for its neutralization breadth and potency. The number of mutations from the germline and the number of mutated contact residues for 2F5 were smaller than those for VRC01.
Zhou2010
(neutralization, structure)
-
2F5: Resurfaced stabilized core 3 (RSC3) protein was designed to preserve the antigenic structure of the gp120 CD4bs neutralizing surface but eliminate other antigenic regions of HIV-1. RSC3 did not show binding to 2F5.
Wu2010
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: Unlike PG9 and PG16, 2F5 neutralized kifunensine-treated pseudoviruses with similar potency as wild type pseudoviruses.
Walker2010
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Ab gene divergence analyses found that 2F5 Ab was significantly more divergent from the closest germline Abs than were hmAbs against other viruses. Germline-like 2F5 was constructed in a scFv format. It was shown that germline-like 2F5 did not bind to recombinant gp140 although the corresponding mature 2F5 showed binding.
Xiao2009
(binding affinity, antibody sequence)
-
2F5: EPR and NMR were used to define 2F5-induced MPER conformational changes. Large conformational changes of the MPER were observed upon binding of 2F5, where residues L669 and W670 were lifted out and exposed. It is suggested that 2F5 initially reacts with surface-exposed residues E662 and D664, followed by extraction of buried residues into its binding pocket, resulting in lifting up of the entire MPER N helix.
Song2009
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Patient sera from 13 HIV controllers and 75 chronic viremic patients were tested for the ability to block binding of 2F5 to Env JRFL gp140 oligomers. There was no difference observed between the controllers and chronic viremic patients. HIV controllers had the same levels of direct binding Abs to 2F5 peptide epitopes as viremic HIV-1 infected individuals. There was a higher level of binding to the 2F5 peptide than the 4E10 peptide. The NAb response was significantly lower in controllers, while ADCC was detected in all controllers but in only 40% of viremic patients.
Lambotte2009
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization)
-
2F5: One functional Env clone from each of 10 HIV-1 infected seroconverting individuals from India were analyzed for their sensitivity to MAbs and plasma pools of subtypes B, C and D. Only one of ten Indian Envs was sensitive to 2F5, and was the only Env that contained a DKW motif required for 2F5 recognition. HIVIG neutralized all 10 Envs, and the Envs were most sensitive to neutralization by subtype C pool, followed by subtype D and B pools, respectively. Amino acid signature patterns that associated with neutralization clusters were found. One signature position (667) was located within the 2F5 epitope.
Kulkarni2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2F5: This MAb was shown to bind to the E2 (656-670) peptide, containing the MAb epitope, but not to E1 (532-546) peptide derived from the FPPR of gp41. However, peptide E1 (AASMTLTVQARQLLS) enhanced binding of 2F5 to the ELDKWA epitope and enhanced the effect of peptide E2 (NEQELLELDKWASLW) in a neutralization assay. E1 and E2 together inhibited binding of 2F5 to gp41 more efficiently than E2 alone, leading to a 25% greater reduction of neutralization. Core epitope of 2F5 was shown to be DKWAS.
Fiebig2009
(neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2F5: A review about the in vivo efficacy of 2F5 and other MAbs against HIV-1, and about inhibition of HIV-1 infection by Ab fragments Fab, scFv and engineered human Ab variable domains or "domain antibodies" (dAbs).
Chen2009b
(neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
2F5: 2F5 neutralization breadth and potency was compared to that of two broadly neutralizing Abs PG9 and PG16 in a panel of 162 multi-clade viruses. 2F5 exhibited lower neutralization potency than PG9 and PG16.
Walker2009a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: 2F5 recognition of model cell or viral membranes with or without the presence of the peptide containing the MAb epitope was examined. 2F5 bound to both membranes with low affinity, suggesting that involvement of the antigen-binding site is absent. Binding of 2F5 increased significantly and exhibited almost irreversible binding in the presence of the membrane bound peptide epitope complex. It is suggested that 2F5 does not bind specifically to the membrane but that membrane involvement is important to the secondary structure of the 2F5 epitope.
Veiga2009
(antibody binding site, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Four IgA MAb were isolated from Cambodian exposed but uninfected women through a construction of phage libraries and selection by gp41-ΔMPR and P1. These MAbs were correlated to protection from HIV-1 infection in HEPS. 2F5 could not compete with IgA Fab 43 for binding to P1. Three IgA Fabs showed a neutralizing activity similar to that of 2F5, while IgA 177 was much more potent than 2F5. When converted to IgG, Fab 177 displayed neutralization activity similar to that of 2F5.
Tudor2009
(neutralization)
-
2F5: An analytical selection algorithm and a reduced virus screening panel were created for assessment of serum neutralizing activity. It is suggested that selection of pseudoviruses for neutralization assays should focus on the overall resistance profile of the pseudovirus and against MAbs b12, 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12. Neutralization profiles of all viruses used for screenings were determined for 2F5.
Simek2009
(neutralization)
-
2F5: In one out of 311 HIV-1 infected patients, neutralizing Abs reacting with an epitope overlapping with that of 2F5 were found. These 2F5-like Abs were responsible for the neutralization breadth of the patient serum. The Abs arose in the patient 12-27 months after infection, coinciding with the development of autoantibodies against dsDNA and Jo-1. Patient sera were also positive for anti-cardiolipin autoantibodies. There was no evidence of development of 2F5 escape mutants.
Shen2009
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, neutralization)
-
2F5: Substantial increase in neutralization potency (∼5000-fold) of 2F5 was observed in cells expressing FcγRI, and a moderate increase in cells expressing FcγRIIb. Both receptors affected IgG1 and IgG3 versions of 2F5 equally. Cells expressing FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa did not have any effect on the neutralization potency of this Ab. The effect of the FcγRs was observed only for MPER-specific Abs. FcγRI and FcγRIIb facilitated antibody-mediated neutralization of HIV-1 that was dependent on the Fc region, IgG subclass, and Ab epitope specificity.
Perez2009
(isotype switch, neutralization)
-
2F5: Mutations that decreased hydrophobicity of the CDR H3 loop of 2F5 had little effect on the affinity of the Ab to gp41 but strongly decreased and even completely disrupted 2F5 neutralization of HIV-1 isolates. On the other hand, mutations that increased hydrophobicity, such as tryptophan substitutions, were able to increase 2F5 neutralization potency. The effect of CDR H3 hydrophobicity on neutralization was independent of isolate sensitivity to 2F5.
Ofek2010
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Swarm analysis of viruses from one patient resulted in isolation of several different clones with different neutralization sensitivities against four HIV-1 positive sera. Comparison of sequences from two clones, one neutralization resistant and the other one not, revealed seven amino acid differences of which only Q655R showed increase in neutralization sensitivity to 2F5. This mutation disrupted a ring of hydrogen bonds in gp41 trimer and favored prehairpin intermediate structure. When 655R was introduced into two other neutralization resistant, unrelated viruses it also significantly increased sensitivity to neutralization by 2F5.
ORourke2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2F5: Binding of 2F5 to lipid antigens was studied. 2F5 bound to a variety of phospholipids, a sulfated glycolipid, sulfogalactosyl ceramide, and to two neutral glycolipids. 2F5 also bound to squalene. Unlike 4E10, 2F5 did not bind to cardiolipin, cholesterol, and lipid A derived from Gram-negative bacteria.
Matyas2009
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: Unlike b12, 2F5 was not able to inhibit formation of virological synapses, it did not block the transfer of HIV particles from infected to target cells, and it did not block the trogocytic transfer of CD4 molecules from target to infected cells. Analysis of late events of HIV transmission showed, however, that 2F5 was able to block infection of target cells, indicating that HIV infection is transmitted by a neutralization-sensitive mechanism.
Massanella2009
-
2F5: There was an association between 2F5 Abs and anticardiolipin in serum samples from slow progressors.
Martinez2009
(autoantibody or autoimmunity)
-
2F5: By manipulation of the glycosylation machinery of S. cerevisiae a heavily glycosylated yeast protein, Pst1, was identified, that bound 2G12 with high affinity and was able to inhibit 2G12 neutralization of HxB and SF162 Env. Pst1 did not inhibit 2F5 neutralization of HxB viruses.
Luallen2009
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Crystal structure of a MPER subdomain was determined. The structure suggests that the four hydrophobic residues critical for the neutralization activity of 2F5 are buried within the MPER trimer interface. In experiments, 2F5 was able to bind to monomeric MPER but failed to bind to trimeric MPER.
Liu2009
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: A highly efficient strategy for rapid expression of Ig genes was designed by combining isolation of Ig Vh and Vl genes from single cells, with novel linear Ig gene expression cassettes. The method was used to produce 2F5 from synthetic Vh and Vl genes. The recombinant 2F5 neutralized HIV-1 isolates with similar potency as MAb 2F5.
Liao2009
(assay or method development)
-
2F5: REMD analyses of the 2F5 epitope peptide in solution indicated that the 7-mere structure interconverts between α-helical and type I β-turn conformations. Insertion of the peptide into the VP2 puff of the HRV14 virus indicated a structure likely to be recognized by 2F5. A REMD solution simulation of a 21-amino acid MPER peptide including both 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes showed increased epitope exposure upon reduction of hydrophobic character of the peptide. The 21-aa peptide adopted a favorable conformation for Ab binding in solution, but when inserted into the VP2 puff of the HRV14 it adopted a less favorable conformation.
Lapelosa2009
(computational prediction)
-
2F5: 2F5 was active against subtype A KNH1144 virus and against KNH1144 SOS in both post CD4 and post-CD4/CCR5 assays.
Kang2009
-
2F5: The Ig usage for variable heavy chain of this Ab was as follows: IGHV:2-5*10, IGHD:nd, D-RF:nd, IGHJ:6. Non-V3 mAbs preferentially used the VH1-69 gene segment. In contrast to V3 mAbs, these non-V3 mAbs used several VH4 gene segments and the D3-9 gene segment. Similarly to the V3 mAbs, the non-V3 mAbs used the VH3 gene family in a reduced manner.
Gorny2009
(antibody sequence)
-
2F5: Three plasmas with broadly cross-neutralizing activities and high titers of MPER Abs were identified among 156 chronically infected patients. JR-FL virus was better neutralized by these MPER plasmas than by 2F5, 4E10 and Z13e1.
Gray2009a
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Ten new non-neutralizing, cross-reactive mAbs were found in immunized mice. 2F5 only reacted with a subset of different Env subtypes tested due to amino acid substitutions in the epitopes. Binding of 2F5 to B_JRFL oligomer was not blocked by any of the newly detected mAbs.
Gao2009
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: An international collaboration (NeutNet) was organized to compare the performance of a wide variety of HIV-1 neutralization assays performed in different laboratories. Four neutralizing agents were evaluated: 4E10, 447-52D, sCD4 and TriMab (equal mixture of 2F5, 2G12 and b12). For TriMab, the mean IC50 values were always lower in the pseudovirus assays than in virus infectivity assays. In general, there were clear differences in assay sensitivities that were dependent on both the neutralizing agent and the virus. No single assay was capable of detecting the entire spectrum of neutralizing activities.
Fenyo2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: Gene encoding gp140 was fused with three trimerization motifs, T4F, GCN and ATC. gp140, gp140(-)(with mutations in the furin-cleavage site), gp140(-)T4F and gp140(-)GCN bound 2F5 similarly, while gp140(-)ATC bound 2F5 less strongly.
Du2009
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: Four groups of Abs were detected in a patient directed against mimotopes of MPER, V3, C1 and LLP2. The MPER mimotope shared key amino acid residues with the 4E10 epitope. There were two different 2F5 epitope sequences observed in the patient virus over time. One was wildype and the other one displayed the D664N mutation consistent with resistance to 2F5 neutralization. Indeed, the earliest virus from the patient as very sensitive to neutralization by 2F5, while the second time point isolate showed 50-fold decrease in sensitivity, and the late viruses demonstrated complete resistance to 2F5 neutralization..
Dieltjens2009
(neutralization, escape)
-
2F5: Binding of 2F5 to its nominal epitope, and to a longer biepitope peptide-liposome conjugate was best described by a two step encounter-docking model. More efficient docking of 2F5 to its nominal epitope compared to 4E10 correlated with the more exposed nature of 2F5 nominal epitope on the membrane surface. Both 2F5 and 4E10 showed a more efficient docking to the biepitope peptide-liposome structures than to nominal epitopes, indicating that the conjugate provides a more favorable MPER orientation. 2F5 nominal epitope also had lower helical content than the biepitope conjugate.
Dennison2009
(antibody binding site, kinetics)
-
2F5: Structural characterization of the 2F5 epitope revealed that the FP (fusion protein) interactions stabilize MPER native-like structures in proximity to membrane surface. The structural constraints of the FP on the 2F5 epitope varied by medium polarity and temperature, where conformations accessible to 2F5 consisting of α helices and β turns were favored below 20 degrees C, and that β turns accumulated above this temperature and arose from the existing 310-helix structures. Presence of helices resulted in a more efficient Fab'-peptide interaction. The correct FP sequence caused the creation of a carboxy-terminal α helix following β turn in the native gp41 structure that is recognized by 2F5. Thus, recreating FP-induced interactions and structures is important for vaccine design.
delaArada2009
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
2F5: Two chimeras were constructed from a new HIV-2KR.X7 proviral scaffold where the V3 region was substituted with the V3 from HIV-1 YU2 and Ccon, generating subtype B and C HIV-2 V3 chimera. Both chimera, and the wildtype HIV-2KR and its derivatives HIV-2KR.X4 and HIV-2KR.X7 were resistant to neutralization by 2F5.
Davis2009
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Neutralization profiles of cloned Envs derived from recent heterosexual infections by subtypes A, C, D, and A/D from Kenya were determined. 2F5 was the most broadly neutralizing MAb among these transmitted env variants, neutralizing 15/31 viruses from 8/14 subjects. Some 2F5 resistant variants had mutations within the 2F5 epitope while other resistant viruses did not.
Blish2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2F5: Conserved 2F5 epitope was displayed in various ways on the immunogenic human rhinovirus. 2F5 was used to capture chimeric viruses form a combinatorial library that presented the 2F5 epitope in antigenically relevant ways. Guinea pigs were immunized with chimeric viruses and immune responses were elicited with Abs capable of modestly neutralizing HIV-1 pseudoviruses of clades A, B, A/E, D and even C. The neutralizing responses correlated with the presence of ELDKWA-directed Abs. Viruses that were capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing Abs were benefited by the nonrandom occurrence of linker residues that promoted the formation of β-turns.
Arnold2009
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2F5: Three 2F5 mutants, with Ala substitutions in their CDR H3 loops, bound to gp41 with somewhat reduced affinity compared to wildtype, indicating that CD3 loop does not make major contribution to contact with gp41. However, the three 2F5 mutants did not bind, or bound weakly, to lipid bilayers, indicating that the hydrophobic residues of CDR H3 loop are necessary for 2F5 interaction with viral membrane. The three 2F5 mutants also failed to neutralize BG1168 and SF162 strains, both which are neutralized by wildtype Ab. These results indicate a two-step mechanism of 2F5 binding and neutralization: 1) 2F5 attaches to the viral membrane through CDR H3 loops. 2) 2F5 binds to the MPER after gp41 has undergone conformational changes and assumes its prehairpin intermediate conformation. The results also indicate the importance of the HIV-1 membrane in binding and neutralization by 2F5 and that a lipid component may be required for an immunogen to induce 2F5-like Ab responses.
Alam2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2F5: HIV-1 variants derived from 5 patients at different timepoints during chronic infection were analysed for their sensitivity to neutralization by b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. In four of the patients, the earliest virus variants were highly sensitive to neutralization by 2F5 and the majority remained so during the course of infection. Sensitivity to 2F5 correlated with the absence of mutations in the 2F5 epitope, although in one of the patients, the variants did have mutations in the 2F5 epitope but not in the core DKW sequence. There were a small amount of variants found that were resistant to 2F5 neutralization although no mutations in the 2F5 epitope were observed, indicating that the epitope may not be equally exposed in all viruses. Virus variants from the fifth patient from the early infection all had a mutation in the core of the 2F5 epitope (DQW), and were all resistant to 2F5 neutralization. Later on, this mutation reverted to wildtype which coincided with increased sensitivity to 2F5.
Bunnik2009
(neutralization, escape)
-
2F5: 35 7-mer peptides corresponding to the primary 2F5 epitope with most commonly occurring substitutions in this MPER region were tested for crystal complex formation with 2F5 Fab'. The structural analyses revealed the importance of the correct positioning of residues 664 and 666 in the DKW core of the 2F5 epitope, from which 2F5 gets most of its neutralization potency and breadth. Also, positions 665 and 667 were identified as determinants of 2F5 neutralization potency and of neutralization escape. A buried surface area analysis of gp41 revealed that core epitope residues of 2F5 and 4E10 MAbs are more conserved than those of Z13, explaining the greater neutralization breadth of 2F5 and 4E10. It is suggested that evolving 2F5 to rely on the conserved residues of MPER might be a better way to increase its neutralization breadth and potency.
Bryson2009
(escape, structure)
-
2F5: 2F5 neutralized infection of PBLs with various HIV-1 strains with high potency. However, 2F5 did not inhibit transcytosis of cell-free or cell-associated virus across a monolayer of epithelial cells. A mixture of 13 MAbs directed to well-defined epitopes of the HIV-1 envelope, including 2F5, did not inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis, indicating that envelope epitopes involved in neutralization are not involved in mediating HIV-1 transcytosis. When the mixture of 13 MAbs and HIV-1 was incubated with polyclonal anti-human γ chain, the transcytosis was partially inhibited, indicating that agglutination of viral particles at the apical surface of cells may be critical for HIV transcytosis inhibition by HIV-specific Abs.
Chomont2008
(neutralization)
-
2F5: The lipid binding properties of 2F5, and the similarity to binding properties of anti-lipid mAbs, are discussed. Potential role of liposomes containing lipid A for induction of NAbs to lipids of HIV-1 is reviewed.
Alving2008
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, review)
-
2F5: A reference panel of recently transmitted Tier 2 HIV-1 subtype B envelope viruses was developed representing a broad spectrum of genetic diversity and neutralization sensitivity. The panel includes viruses derived from male-to-male, female-to-male, and male-to-female sexual transmissions, and CCR5 as well as CXCR4 using viruses. The envelopes displayed varying degrees of neutralization sensitivity to 2F5, with 14 of 19 envelopes sensitive to neutralization by this Ab.
Schweighardt2007
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: This review summarizes data on possible vaccine targets for elicitation of neutralizing Abs and discusses whether it is more practical to design a clade-specific than a clade-generic HIV-1 vaccine. Development of a neutralizing Ab response in HIV-1 infected individuals is reviewed, including data that show no apparent division of different HIV-1 subtypes into clade-related neutralization groups. Also, a summary of the neutralizing activity of MAb 2F5 in different HIV-1 clades is provided.
McKnight2007
(variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
2F5: This review provides information on the HIV-1 glycoprotein properties that make it challenging to target with neutralizing Abs. 2F5 structure and binding to HIV-1 envelope and current strategies to develop versions of the Env spike with functional trimer properties for elicitation of broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 2F5, are discussed. In addition, approaches to target cellular molecules, such as CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, and MHC molecules, with therapeutic Abs are reviewed.
Phogat2007
(review)
-
2F5: This review summarizes current knowledge on the various functional properties of antibodies in HIV-1 infection, including 2F5 MAb, in vivo and in vitro activity of neutralizing Abs, the importance and downfalls of non-neutralizing Abs and antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and the complement system, and summarizes data on areas that need future investigation on Ab-mediated immune control.
Huber2007
(review)
-
2F5: A new high throughput method was developed for neutralization analyses of HIV-1 env genes by adding cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate enhancer/promoter to the 5' end of the HIV-1 rev/env gene PCR products. The PCR method eliminates cloning, transformation, and plasmid DNA preparation steps in the generation of HIV-1 pseudovirions and allows for sufficient amounts of pseudovirions to be obtained for a large number of neutralization assays. Pseudovirions generated with the PCR method showed similar sensitivity to 2F5 Ab, indicating that the neutralization properties are not altered by the new method.
Kirchherr2007
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: 2F5 structure, binding, neutralization, and strategies that can be used for vaccine antigen design to elicit anti-gp41 Abs, are reviewed in detail. The effect of the autoreactivity of 2F5 on vaccine antigen design is discussed.
Lin2007
(vaccine antigen design, review, structure)
-
2F5: This review summarizes 2F5 Ab epitope, properties and neutralization activity. 2F5 use in passive immunization studies in primates and possible mechanisms explaining protection against infection are discussed. Also, 2F5 autoreactivity and its implications for active immunizations are discussed.
Kramer2007
(immunotherapy, review)
-
2F5: The various effects that neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-envelope Abs have on HIV infection are reviewed, such as Ab-mediated complement activation and Fc-receptor mediated activities, that both can, through various mechanisms, increase and decrease the infectivity of the virus. The importance of these mechanisms in vaccine design is discussed. The unusual features of the 2F5 MAb, and its neutralizing activities, are described.
Willey2008
(neutralization, review)
-
2F5: Current insights into CTLs and NAbs, and their possible protective mechanisms against establishment of persistent HIV/SIV infection are discussed. Pre- and post-infection sterile and non-sterile protection of NAbs against viral challenge, and potential role of NAbs in antibody-mediated antigen presentation in modification of cellular immunity, are reviewed. Use of 2F5 in immunization experiments and its in vivo anti-viral activity in suppression of viral rebound in HIV-1 infected humans undergoing structured treatment interruptions are described.
Yamamoto2008
(immunotherapy, supervised treatment interruptions (STI), review)
-
2F5: A mathematical model was developed and used to derive transmitted or founder Env sequences from individuals with acute HIV-1 subtype B infection. All of the transmitted or early founder Envs were sensitive to neutralization by 2F5, but there was a modest heightened resistance of acute Envs compared to chronic Envs to neutralization by 2F5.
Keele2008
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2F5: Similarity level of the 2F5 binding site pentapeptide LDKWA to the host proteome was low, with the low-similarity 5-mer occurring in the host proteome 1 time, indicating that this peptide can be used to elicit Abs for active/passive immunotherapy with low risk of cross-reaction with the host proteome.
Kanduc2008
-
2F5: This review summarizes the obstacles that stand in the way of making a successful preventive HIV-1 vaccine, such as masked or transiently expressed Ab epitopes, polyclonal B-cell class switching, and inefficient, late, and not sufficiently robust mucosal IgA and IgG responses. Possible reasons why HIV-1 envelope constructs expressing 2F5 epitope fail to induce broadly neutralizing Abs are discussed.
Haynes2008
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2F5: Transmission of HIV-1 by immature and mature DCs to CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher for CXCR4- than for CCR5-tropic strains. In addition, 2F5 inhibited transmission of CCR5-tropic viruses while transmission of 2F5-neutralized X4 variants increased, indicating that X4 HIV-1 has an advantage over R5 in transmission when neutralized with 2F5. The increase in transmission of X4 viruses is probably mediated by increase in capture, as X4 HIV-1 capture increased twofold upon 2F5 neutralization, while neutralization by 2F5 had no effect on capture of R5 viruses. Capture analysis of different HIV-1 molecular clones showed that neutralization by 2F5 increased transmission of only X4 and late R5X4 variants with a higher V3 charge.
vanMontfort2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
2F5: The newly detected MAb m44 was shown to neutralize a subtype C SHIV strain more potently than 2F5. In binding assays, 2F5 did not bind to 5Hb region. 2F5 did not compete with m44 for binding. A fusion protein of gp41 constructed for alanine-scanning mutagenesis bound to 2F5, indicating that its antigenic structure was intact. Five alanine mutations in the C-HR region (M94, W96, M97, R101, and I103) affected binding of 2F5 to gp41. 2F5 bound to self antigens in lipid binding assays.
Zhang2008
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: The MPER region was shown to have an L-shaped structure, with the conserved C-terminal residues immersed in the membrane and the variable N-terminal residues exposed to the aqueous phase. The specific binding of 2F5 to the MPER was comparable to that of 4E10, with little or no binding to the membrane alone. It is suggested that 2F5, like 4E10, extracts its epitope from the viral membrane, and that the key requirement for neutralization is induction of structural rearrangement of the MPER hinge by the Ab. It is also suggested that exposure of the membrane-embedded residues of the MPER region to the immune system in their native L-shaped form may elicit neutralizing Abs.
Sun2008
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Trimeric envelope glycoproteins with a partial deletion of the V2 loop derived from subtype B SF162 and subtype C TV1 were compared. 2F5 recognized both B and C trimers, indicating that the 2F5 epitope was exposed and preserved in the subtype C trimers. Subtype C trimer had many biophysical, biochemical, and immunological characteristics similar to subtype B trimer, except for a difference in the three binding sites for CD4, which showed cooperativity of CD4 binding in subtype C but not in subtype B.
Srivastava2008
(binding affinity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Quaternary structure of gp41 helical domains N-HR and C-HR was mimicked by 3α N-HR and 3α C-HR mimetic proteins consisting of covalently linked trimeric coiled-coil bundle, which is a truncated version of the gp41 prehairpin. The 3α mimetics were immunogenic and elicited Abs in guinea pigs specific for gp41. The sera from immunized animals neutralized viral R5 and X4-tropic viruses at 31.5 degrees C, but not under standard assay conditions, in which 2F5 blocked HIV-1 infection.
Sadler2008
(neutralization)
-
2F5: In order to assess whether small molecule CCR5 inhibitor resistant viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by NAbs, two escape mutant viruses, CC101.19 and D1/85.16, were tested for their sensitivity to 2F5, compared to the sensitivity of CC1/85 parental isolate and the CCcon.19 control isolate. The CC101.19 escape mutant has 4 sequence changes in V3 while the D1/85.16 has no sequence changes in V3 and relies on other sequence changes for its resistance. D1/85.16 isolate was moderately (6-fold) more sensitive to 2F5 neutralization than the parental isolate, while CC101.19 was not. As D1/85.16 escape mutant had a polymorphism in the first position of the 2F5 epitope (Aldkwas), this sequence change might be responsible for its modest increase in the 2F5 neutralization sensitivity. Overall, the study suggests that CCR5 inhibitor-resistant viruses are likely to be somewhat more sensitive to neutralization than their parental viruses.
Pugach2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, escape)
-
2F5: This minireview summarizes data on differences in neutralizing activities of MAbs and pooled human sera using a traditional primary cell neutralization assay and the more standardized TZM-bl reporter cell line assay. Also, suggestions are made on how to improve and standardize neutralization assays for comparable use in different laboratories. 2F5 neutralization was tested against a panel of 60 HIV-1 primary isolates (10 each from clades A-D, CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG) in the two assays. 13 viruses from the PBMC assay and 9 viruses from the TZM-assay were not neutralized by this Ab (including subtype C in both assays). In total, the assay discordances were shown to be bi-directional and not attributable to assay sensitivity.
Polonis2008
(assay or method development, neutralization, review, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: The sensitivity of R5 envelopes derived from several patients and several tissue sites, including brain tissue, lymph nodes, blood, and semen, was tested to a range of inhibitors and Abs targeting CD4, CCR5, and various sites on the HIV envelope. All but one envelope from brain tissue were macrophage-tropic while none of the envelopes from the lymph nodes were macrophage-tropic. Macrophage-tropic envelopes were also less frequent in blood and semen. There was no clear correlation between macrophage-tropism and neutralization sensitivity to 2F5, indicating that variation in macrophage tropism is not caused by variation in the membrane proximal region of Env.
Peters2008a
(brain/CSF, neutralization)
-
2F5: For assessment of gp41 immunogenic properties, five soluble GST-fusion proteins encompassing C-terminal 30, 64, 100, 142, or 172 (full-length) amino acids of gp41 ectodomain were generated from M group consensus Env sequence. All five protein fragments were equally recognized by 2F5 indicating that the 2F5 epitope is conformationally similar and equally exposed. Patients considered as slow progressors generally exhibited greater Ab reactivity against the 30aa fragment, indicating that these Abs target MPER region and exhibit 2F5- and 4E10-like properties. Plasma from these patients also exhibited broader and more potent neutralizing activity against several HIV-1 isolates. Plasma from 8 of 44 patients reacted with peptides that bind 2F5, indicating that these patients mounted 2F5-like Ab response.
Penn-Nicholson2008
(rate of progression)
-
2F5: To examine sequence and conformational differences between subtypes B and C, several experiments were performed with 11 MAbs regarding binding and neutralization. Both binding and neutralization studies revealed that the 11 MAbs could be divided in three different groups, and that the most differences between the subtypes were located in the stem and turn regions of V3. 2F5 was used as control in neutralization assays, and was able to neutralize JR-FL isolate, and with lower potency, SF162. A chimeric SF162 variant with a JR-FL-like V3 sequence was hypersensitive to neutralization by this Ab.
Patel2008
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Contemporaneous biological clones of HIV-1 were isolated from plasma of chronically infected patients and tested for their functional properties. The clones showed striking functional diversity both within and among patients, including differences in infectivity and sensitivity to inhibition by 2F5. There was no correlation between clonal virus infectivity and sensitivity to 2F5 inhibition, indicating that these properties are dissociable. The sensitivity to 2F5 inhibition was, however, a property shared by viruses from a given patient, suggesting that the genetic determinants that define this sensitivity may lie in regions that are not necessarily subject to extensive diversity.
Nora2008
(neutralization)
-
2F5: 2F5 was shown to bind to Envs used in typical epitope binding assays, unlike the neutralizing Abs 8K8, DN9, and D5 used in this study.
Nelson2008
-
4E10: The study compared the in-membrane recognition and blocking activity of the 2F5 and 4E10 MAbs, using solution-diffusing, unstressed phospholipid vesicles with sizes that approximate to that of the HIV virion, and an MPER-derived sequences that combines the full length 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes. 2F5 MAb had lower affinity for membrane-bound species than 4E10 MAb, as defined by inhibition data together with direct electron microscopy and flow cytometry determination of the vesicle-antibody association.
Huarte2008a
-
2F5: 2F5 reacted with maltose-binding proteins MBP30 and MBP32, containing both HR1 and HR2 domains of gp41, and with MBP37 and MBP44, containing only the HR2 domain, but not with MBP-HR1, containing only the HR1 domain.
Vincent2008
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Neutralization susceptibility of CRF01_AE Env-recombinant viruses, derived from blood samples of Thai HIV-1 infected patients in 2006, was tested to 2F5. Approximately 40% of viruses tested showed high susceptibility to 2F5, including viruses with and without conserved 2F5 epitopes, suggesting that the susceptibility of CRF01_AE to 2F5 is not determined by the conservation of the core epitope sequence. Several X4R5 viruses were less susceptible to 2F5 compared with X4 or R5 viruses. There was no correlation observed between virus neutralization susceptibility to 2F5 and viral infectivity, the length of the gp120 variable regions, or the number of PNLG sites.
Utachee2009
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: CTB-MPR649-684 (cholera toxin subunit B and residues 649-684 of gp41 MPER region) peptide was developed for vaccine studies in rabbits. 2F5 affinity to the CTB-MPR peptide was equivalent to 2F5 affinity toward an MPR peptide, indicating that the fusion peptide presented antigenically competent MPR. Sera from immunized rabbits displayed no neutralizing activity, but could inhibit epithelial transcytosis of virus, indicating elicitation of non-neutralizing Abs capable of stopping mucosal transmission and infection of target cells.
Matoba2008
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: A MPER peptide, AISpreTM, overlapping 2F5 and 4E10 epitope sequences, was capable of breaching the permeability barrier of lipid vesicles. 2F5 blocked the peptide bilayer-destabilizing activity, whether the lipid composition contained cholesterol or sphingomyelin raft-lipids, indicating that the lipid composition of the membrane has a less pronounced effect on the 2F5 inhibitory activity. The 2F5 epitope appears to remain anchored to the water-membrane interface and is more accessible for Ab binding under different membrane lipid conditions.
Huarte2008
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Synergy of 2F5 with MAbs 2G12, D5, and peptide C34 was examined. 2F5 exhibited synergy in inhibition of HIV-1 89.6 with MAb 2G12, D5 and peptide C34. In combination with a matured D5 variant (2-75), the synergistic effect was increased. D5 and 2F5 contributed equally to the observed synergy. It is suggested that 2F5 and D5 have complementary roles, binding to distinct but adjacent Env trimers on the same virion, thereby synergistically preventing formation of fusion pores.
Hrin2008
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: Neutralization of HIV-1 BAL by 2F5 Ab was compared to neutralization capabilities of immunoprecipitated IgG and IgA Abs from the colostrum of two goats immunized with HIV-1 MPR 649-684 peptide. Immunoprecipitated IgG and IgA showed varying and low level neutralization of free virus, while the highest percent neutralization achieved by 2F5 was 24.9%.
Dorosko2008
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Three constructs of the outer domain (OD) of gp120 of subtype C, fused with Fc, were generated for immunization of mice: OD(DL3)-Fc (has 29 residues from the center of the V3 loop removed), OD(2F5)-Fc (has the same deletion reconstructed to contain the sequence of 2F5 epitope), and the parental OD-Fc molecule. Only OD(2F5)-Fc construct reacted with 2F5. Sera from mice immunized with OD(2F5)-Fc showed low Ab titers, and no significant neutralization activity.
Chen2008a
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: The goal of the study was to measure NAb responses in patients infected with HIV-1 prevalent subtypes in China. g160 genes from plasma samples were used to establish a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. 2F5 neutralized 67% of subtype B clones and all subtype AE clones, but not subtype BC clones.
Chong2008
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: The study examined whether elastin-like peptide (ELP) fusion technology is compatible with the production of MAb 2F5, which is a complex heteromultimeric pharmaceutical protein. ELP fusion to the light chain, heavy chain of both chains of a plant-derived antibody had no adverse effects on protein quality, but had a positive impact on the yield.
Floss2008
-
2F5: To investigate B-cell responses immediately following HIV-1 transmission, env-specific Ab responses to autologous and consensus Envs in plasma donors were determined. Broadly neutralizing Abs with specificity similar to 2F5 did not appear during the first 40 days after plasma virus detection.
Tomaras2008
(acute/early infection)
-
2F5: The neutralization profile of early R5, intermediate R5X4, and late X4 viruses from a rhesus macaque infected with SHIV-SF162P3N was assessed. 2F5 neutralized the late X4 virus, and to some extent the parental R5 virus, but did not neutralize the R5X4 intermediate. A K to N mutation within the 2F5 epitope in the R5X4 intermediate accounted for its neutralization resistance.
Tasca2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, escape)
-
C2F5: Neutralization of HIV-1 IIIB LAV isolate by 2F5 was within the same range as the neutralization of the virus by natural antibodies from human sera against the gal(α1,3)gal disaccaride linked to CD4 gp120-binding peptides, indicating that the activity of natural antibodies can be re-directed to neutralize HIV-1.
Perdomo2008
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Two HIV-1 isolates, NL4-3 and KB9, were adapted to replicate in cells using the common marmoset receptors CD4 and CXCR4. The adaptation resulted in a small number of changes of env sequences in both isolates. The adapted NL4-3 variants were equally sensitive to neutralization by 2F5 as the adapted KB9 variants. Some of the NL4-3 and KB9 variants exhibited increased sensitivity to neutralization by 2F5 compared to the wildtype isolates.
Pacheco2008
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Eight 2F5 Fab' crystal structures, free and in complex with various gp41 peptide epitopes, revealed several key features of Ab-antigen interaction. The extended complementarity-determining region (CDR) H3 loop is mobile, both in ligand-free and epitope-bound forms. The interaction between 2F5 and the ELDKWA epitope core is critical, and there are also close and specific contacts with residues located N-terminal to the core, while the residues located at the C-terminus of the core do not interact as tightly with the Ab. In the presence of a larger peptide, these C-terminus residues adopt a conformation consistent with the start of an α helix. At the base of the CDR H3, a sulfate ion is present near residue Arg100H, that might be mimicking the negatively charged phosphate of a lipid headgroup representing a possible site of interaction between 2F5 and the phospholipid bilayer.
Julien2008
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
2F5: The IC50 for 2F5 in a standard neutralization assay is 3.8nM but is increased 20-fold in the postattachment neutralization assay to 72nM. The neutralization half-life for 2F5 is 15 minutes but is increased 3-fold to 44 minutes in the presence of N36Mut(e,g), peptide, which is a class 3 inhibitor that prolongates temporal window of neutralization by disrupting trimerization of the N-heptad repeat (N-HR) in the prehairpin intermediate by sequestering the N-HR into N-HR/N36Mut(e,g) heterodimers. HXB2 was neutralized synergistically by 2F5 and N36Mut(e,g), where the formation of N-HR/N36Mut(e,g) heterodimers enhances the probability of 2F5 binding and the binding of 2F5 enhances the probability of N-HR/N36Mut(e,g) heterodimer formation, greatly diminishing the probability of 6-helix bundle formation.
Gustchina2008
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics)
-
2F5: NMR structure of P1, a minimal MPER region that permits interaction with the mucosal galactosyl ceramide HIV-receptor, was analyzed in interaction with 2F5 at different pH. The best fit between NMR P1 and crystal structures of the Ab was at pH 6 and 5. The binding of 2F5 to P1 inserted into the liposomes of different compositions mimicking various biological membranes revealed 5- to 10-fold higher affinity of 2F5 to P1 in the lipid environment compared to aqueous environment, suggesting that specific lipid environment stabilizes the appropriate structure of the HIV-1 peptide.
Coutant2008
(kinetics, binding affinity, structure)
-
2F5: Crystal structure of the heterodimeric complex of Ab2/3H6 Fab, an anti-idiotypic Ab, and 2F5 Fab, showed that the contacts between the Abs are predominantly made between the heavy chains of the two molecules. Mainly CDR-H3 of Ab2/3H6 forms contacts to 2F5 although residues from all three heavy-chain loops contribute to binding, interacting with a single linear ten amino acid sequence on the surface of 2F5. There is only a limited overlap between the parts of 2F5 recognized by Ab2/3H6 and those interacting with peptides derived from the linear gp41 epitope, but this overlap is sufficient to lead to steric competition between Ab2/3H6 and gp41. The results indicate that Ab2/3H6 is an anti-idiotypic Ab of the Ab2γ class, an Ab that does not carry the internal image of the linear primary gp41 2F5 epitope.
Bryson2008
(anti-idiotype, structure)
-
2F5: 24 broadly neutralizing plasmas from HIV-1 subtype B and C infected individuals were investigated using a series of mapping methods to identify viral epitopes targeted by NAbs. Three different assays were used to analyze gp41-directed neutralizing activity. MAb 2F5 was shown to neutralize equivalently in the standard and post-CD4/CCR5 assay. Weak post-CD4/CCR5 neutralization was detected in five subtype B and two subtype C plasmas. 2F5 was shown to neutralize two of the MPER-engrafted mutant viruses, but the subtype B plasmas did not exactly recapitulate this activity. Neutralization of four subtype B plasmas was not inhibited by a 2F5 peptide. These results indicated that the anti-gp41 activity of the plasmas was probably not due to the presence of 2F5-like Abs.
Binley2008
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: An anti-idiotypic mouse Ab (Ab2/3H6) against MAb 2F5 was partially humanized, expressed and characterized for its interactions with 2F5. The recombinantly expressed variants of Ab2/3H6 were able to bind to the paratope of 2F5 and also significantly inhibit binding of 2F5 to its epitope. All recombinant Ab2/3H6 were also able to inhibit the neutralization of HIV-1 isolate RF by 2F5.
Gach2007a
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: HIV-1 env clones resistant to cyanovirin (CV-N), a carbohydrate binding agent, showed amino acid changes that resulted in deglycosylation of high-mannose type residues in the C2-C4 region of gp120. Compared to their parental virus HIV-1 IIIB, these resistant viruses maintained similar sensitivity to 2F5.
Hu2007
(neutralization, escape)
-
2F5: The ability of 2F5 to neutralize recently transmitted viruses was examined in four homosexual and two parenteral transmission pairs. The vast majority of recently transmitted viruses from 3/4 homosexual recipients were sensitive to neutralization by 2F5, although viruses isolated later in the course of infection showed increased sensitivity to 2F5 in the patient with early viruses resistant to 2F5 neutralization. In the parenteral transmission, one of the recipients had early viruses resistant to 2F5 neutralization, and one had viruses sensitive to 2F5 neutralization. The neutralization sensitivity patterns of recipient viruses to 2F5 did not correlate to the neutralization sensitivity patterns of their donors in the homosexual couples, while the HIV-1 variants from the parenteral pairs were similarly resistant/sensitive to neutralization by 2F5. Despite variations in 2F5 sensitivity, none of the viruses had mutations in the crucial DKW residues of the 2F5 epitope.
Quakkelaar2007a
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: Three MAbs, 2G12, 4E10 and 2F5, were administered to ten HIV-1 infected individuals treated with ART during acute and early infection, in order to prevent viral rebound after interruption of ART. MAb infusions were well tolerated with essentially no toxicity. Viral rebound was not prevented, but was significantly delayed in 8/10 patients. 2G12 activity was dominant among the MAbs used. Antiviral activity of 2F5 was not clearly demonstrated. Development of resistance to 2F5 was not observed despite ongoing viral replication. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels did not increase following cessation of Ab infusion. Plasma viremia was essentially identical between patients not receiving MAb therapy and patients receiving 4E10 and 2F5 in the face of 2G12 resistance. 2F5 also failed to accumulate with repeated infusions in patient plasma. Long-term suppression of viremia was achieved in 3/10 patients.
Mehandru2007
(escape, immunotherapy, supervised treatment interruptions (STI))
-
2F5: The study compared Ab neutralization against the JR-FL primary isolate and trimer binding affinities judged by native PAGE. There was direct quantitative relationship between monovalent Fab-trimer binding and neutralization, implying that neutralization begins as each trimer is occupied by one Ab. In BN-PAGE, neutralizing Fabs, 2F5 in particular, and sCD4 were able to shift JR-FL trimers, In contrast, most non-neutralizing Fabs bound to monomer, but their epitopes were conformationally occluded on trimers, confirming the exclusive relationship of trimer binding and neutralization.
Crooks2008
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Five amino acids in the gp41 N-terminal region that promote gp140 trimerization (I535, Q543, S553, K567 and R588) were considered. Their influence on the function and antigenic properties of JR-FL Env expressed on the surfaces of pseudoviruses and Env-transfected cells was studied. Various non-neutralizing antibodies bind less strongly to the Env mutant, but neutralizing antibody binding is unaffected. There was no difference in 2F5 binding to wild type and mutant JR-FL, and 2F5 inhibited infection of the two pseudoviruses with comparable potencies.
Dey2008
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: This study explored features of Env that would enhance exposure of conserved HIV-1 epitopes. The changes in neutralization susceptibility, mediated by two mutations, T569A (in the HR1) and I675V (in the MPER), were unparalleled in their magnitude and breadth on diverse HIV-1 Env proteins. The variant with both TA and IV mutations was 2.8-fold more susceptible to b12, >180-fold more susceptible to 4E10, >780-fold more susceptible to sCD4 and resulted in 18-fold enhanced susceptibility to autologous plasma and >35-fold enhanced susceptibility to the plasma pool. It was also >360-fold more susceptible to 2F5. Mutant with only one IV mutation was >27-fold more susceptible to 2F5.
Blish2008
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2F5: Molecular mechanism of neutralization by MPER antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, was studied. Preparations of trimeric HIV-1 Env protein in the prefusion, the prehairpin intermediate and postfusion conformations were used. The epitopes for 2F5 and 4E10 were found to be exposed only on a form designed to mimic an prehairpin intermediate state during viral entry, which helps to explain the rarity of 2F5- and 2E10-like antibody responses.
Frey2008
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2F5: This study describes the molecular features of murine anti-idiotypic MAb Ab2/3H6, which mimics the antigen recognition site of 2F5. Mice immunization with AB2/3H6 Fab variants elicited a specific 2F5-like humoral immune response.
Gach2008a
(anti-idiotype, mimics, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
2F5: This study describes an expression, purification and in vivo administration in guinea pigs of an anti-idiotypic HIV-1 vaccine based on murine anti-idiotypic MAb Ab2/3H6, which mimics the antigen recognition site of 2F5.
Gach2008
(anti-idiotype, mimics, vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: 2F5 binding to gp41 was partially blocked by murine MAbs 5A9 and 13H11. 13H11 and the three cluster II human MAbs 98-6, 126-6 and 167-D blocked 2F5 binding to gp41 epitopes to variable degrees; the combination of 98-6 and 13H11 completely blocked 2F5 binding. MAb 2F5 showed strong binding to HIV-1-positive infected cells.
Alam2008
(antibody interactions, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2F5: The potency of 2F5 was 25-fold higher than the potency of new neutralizing Fab 3674 in neutralization of laboratory and primary strains of HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C.
Gustchina2007
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: A D386N change in the V4 region, which results in restoration of N-glycosylation at this site, did not have any impact on the neutralization of a mutant virus by 2F5 compared to wildtype. Also, there was no association between increased sensitivity to 2F5 neutralization and enhanced macrophage tropism.
Dunfee2007
(neutralization)
-
2F5: This review summarizes data on the development of HIV-1 centralized genes (consensus and ancestral) for induction of neutralizing antibody responses. Functionality and conformation of native epitopes in proteins based on the centralized genes was tested and confirmed by binding to 2F5 and other MAbs. Antibodies induced by immunization with these centralized proteins did not, however, have the breadth and potency compared to that of 2F5 and other broadly neutralizing MAbs. 2F5 physical characteristics of autoantibodies as a possible reason for lack of 2F5 broad production is also discussed.
Gao2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2F5: 2F5 bound with slower on-rates and faster off-rates to the SF162gp140 and ΔV2gp140 proteins than the anti-gp41MAbs P4A3 and P4C2, but in contrast to the anti-gp41 MAbs, it neutralized the SF162 virus. Thus, differences in neutralization potency could not be explained by differing kinetics.
Derby2007
(neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Competition of free gp120 89.6 with immobilized gp140 89.6 for binding to 2F5 was assessed. The binding of this Ab to coated gp140 was not affected by an increase in the gp120 concentration.
Zhang2006a
(binding affinity)
-
2F5: The epitope recognition sequence for this Ab was introduced into the corresponding region of SIVmac239 but the replication of this viral variant (SIVmac239/2F5) was delayed in comparison to the parental virus. SIVmac239/2F5 was specifically neutralized by MAb 2F5.
Yuste2006
(neutralization, SIV)
-
2F5: Significant levels of 2F5 were shown to bind to HA/gp41 expressed on cell surfaces and this Ab did stain cells expressing HA/gp41 in a fluorescence assay. However, a much smaller percentage of the HIV 89.6 Env expressing cells were stained with this Ab than with 2G12, indicating that this Ab recognition site on gp41 is masked by the gp120 subunit in the HIV Env protein and that it is more easily accessible on the HA/gp41 chimeric protein.
Ye2006
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Viruses with wild-type HIV-1JR-FL Envs and HIV-1 hXBc2 Envs were neutralized by this Ab at much lower concentrations than HIV-1 YU2 Env viruses. Viruses bearing inserted artificial epitopes of FLAG in the V4 region were as sensitive to neutralization by this Ab as the parental viruses. A clear relationship between neutralization potency and the affinity of the anti-FLAG antibody for its cognate epitope was observed.
Yang2006
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: SHIV SF162p4 virus used as challenge in ISCOM vaccinated macaques was shown to be highly sensitive to neutralization by this Ab.
Pahar2006
(neutralization)
-
2F5: 2 of 18 subtype C env-pseudotyped clones derived from individuals in acute/early stage of HIV-1 infection were neutralized by this Ab, both of them had a DKW motif reported to be a requirement for 2F5recognition. The sensitivity of clones to a mix of Abs IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5 was tracked to IgG1b12.
Li2006a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: This Ab was used as a positive control in the neutralization assay. At the highest Ab concentrations, 2F5 was able to neutralize several primary isolates but not all, with a neutralization pattern similar to that of rabbit sera immunized with monovalent and polyvalent DNA-prime/protein-boost Env from different HIV-1 subtypes. At a reduced concentrations, 2F5 showed much weaker neutralizing activities.
Wang2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Interaction of this Ab with membrane model systems revealed that 2F5 does not significantly interact with model viral or target cell membranes indicating that it does not use membrane interaction prior to gp41 docking.
Veiga2006
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: The capacity of different soluble lysoderivatives to inhibit 2F5 binding to immobilized HIV-1 peptide epitope were compared and it was shown that only dilysocardiolipin resulted in effective blocking. Dilysocardiolipin was also shown to compete with native-functional gp41 for 2F5 recognition indicating that specific cardiolipin recognition by 2F5 involves the epitope-binding site.
Sanchez-Martinez2006a
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: This Ab is shown to have the capacity to penetrate into the membrane interfaces and recognize isolated peptide-epitope sequence embedded into the membrane, however, 2F5 recognizes its epitope with lower affinity when immersed into the membrane interface. This lower affinity is suggested to result from a differently oriented epitope residues in the membrane-bound state.
Sanchez-Martinez2006
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: The effect of epitope position on 2F5 neutralization was examined by inserting the 2F5 epitope into MLV proline rich region Env surface protein (SU) or into MLV Env TM comparable to its natural position. 2F5 was shown to block cell fusion and virus infection with the SU-located 2F5 epitope while MLV with HA epitope at the same position was not neutralized by anti-HA. 2F5 was shown to block Env-mediated cell fusion in MLV with TM-located 2F5 epitope. Epitope position was also shown to have effect on neutralization by 2F5, where inhibition of cell fusion was more than 10-fold lower when the 2F5 epitope was in SU than in TM.
Ou2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2F5: This Ab recognized AIS (amphipathic-at-interface sequence)-FP (fusion peptide) hybrid sequence with higher affinity than the linear AIS, indicating that the hybrid sequence better emulates the native gp41 2F5 epitope.
Lorizate2006a
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2F5: PreTM peptide lacks the complete epitope sequence required for efficient recognition of this Ab. Thus, 2F5 was not able to arrest the leakage process and pore-formation at the viral membrane surface indicating that blocking of membrane destabilization depends on specific 4E10 epitope recognition.
Lorizate2006
-
2F5: Novel approaches based on sequential (SAP) and competitive (CAP) antigen panning methodologies, and use of antigens with increased exposure of conserved epitopes, for enhanced identification of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing Abs are reviewed. Previously known broadly neutralizing human mAbs are compared to Abs identified by these methods.
Zhang2007
(review)
-
2F5: Spread of HIV-1 through formation of virological synapses (VS) between infected and uninfected T-cells was shown to require Env-CD4 receptor interactions. Treatment of cells with 2F5 did not block VS-mediated transfer, indicating that VS-mediated transfer is not dependent on activation of viral membrane fusion. 2F5 at the same or lower concentrations blocked cell-free infection.
Chen2007
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Pseudoviruses derived from gp120 env variants that evolved in multiple macaques infected with SHIV 89.6P displayed a range of degrees of virion-associated Env cleavage. Pseudoviruses with higher amount of cleaved Env were more resistant to neutralization by 2F5. The gp41 sequence was the same in all pseudoviruses, indicating that changes in gp120 can mediate sensitivity of gp41 to neutralization.
Blay2007
(neutralization)
-
2F5: To test the immunogenicity of three molecularly engineered gp41 variants on the cell surface their reactivity with 2F5 was assessed. The reactivity of 4cSSL24 variant was comparable to gp160 while the other two variants showed somewhat lower expression levels. When guinea pigs were immunized with the three variants, the level of the specific anti-gp41 Ab responses was low with the anti-gp41 response preferentially directed to the C-helical domain, away from the MPER region.
Kim2007
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2F5: No differences in neutralization sensitivity between (R5)X4 and R5 viruses obtained early and late after X4 emergence were observed.
Bunnik2007
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
2F5: HIV-1 neutralized with 2F5 was shown to be more efficiently captured by immature monocyte-derived DCs (iMDDCs) and DC-SIGN-expressing Raji cells than nonneutralized virus. 2F5-neutralized virus captured by these cells was successfully released and transferred to CD4+ T lymphocytes. The released virus could be re-neutralized by 2F5 before infecting CD4+ T cells, indicating that Ab-HIV-1 complex is separated upon capture by DC-SIGN cells. Capture of 2F5-neutralized virus was inhibited by blocking Fc receptors and DC-SIGN on iMDDCs, indicating significant role of DC-SIGN, and a partial role of Fc receptors, in the Ab-enhanced capture of HIV-1.
vanMontfort2007
(enhancing activity, neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
2F5: Infusion of a MAb cocktail (4E10, 2G12 and 2F5) into HIV-1 infected subjects was shown to be associated with increased levels of serum anti-cardiolipin and anti-phosphatidylserine Ab titers, and increased coagulation times. In the absence or in the presence of adult and neonate plasma, 2F5 exhibited low binding to phosphatidylserine, did not bind to cardiolipin, and did not induce significant prolongations of clotting times in human plasma, indicating that infusion of 2F5 was not responsible for autoreactivity and prolonged clotting times.
Vcelar2007
(antibody interactions, autoantibody or autoimmunity, binding affinity, immunotherapy)
-
2F5: The major infectivity and neutralization differences between a PBMC-derived HIV-1 W61D strain and its T-cell line adapted counterpart were conferred by the interactions of three Env amino acid substitutions, E440G, D457G and H564N. Chimeric Env-pseudotyped virus Ch5, containing all three of the mutations, was only marginally more neutralization sensitive to 2F5 than Ch2, which did not contain any of these mutations. Env-pseudotyped viruses containing D457G mutation alone, or in combination with E440G or H564N, were also more sensitive to neutralization by 2F5 than Ch2.
Beddows2005a
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Four primary isolates (PIs), Bx08, Bx17, 11105C and Kon, were tested for binding and neutralization by 2F5. 2F5 was able to neutralize Bx08, Bx17 and 11105C with various efficiencies, but bound inefficiently to all four PIs. There was no direct correlation between binding and neutralization of the four PIs by 2F5. CD4-induced gp120 shedding had no effect on binding of 2F5 to Bx08.
Burrer2005
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: A panel of 60 HIV-1 isolates, with complete genome sequences available, was formed for neutralization assay standardization. It comprises of 10 isolates from each of the subtypes A, B, C, D, CRF01_AE and CRF02AG, with majority of the viruses being of R5 phenotype and few of X4 phenotype. Neutralization profile of each isolate was assessed by measuring neutralization by sCD4, a cocktail of MAbs including 2G12, 2F5 and IgG1b12, and a large pool of sera collected from HIV-1 positive patients. The MAb cocktail neutralized with >50% a large portion of the isolates (51/60) including: 10 subtype A isolates, 8 subtype B isolates, 8 subtype C isolates, 9 subtype D isolates, 7 CRF-01_AE isolates, and 9 CRF_02AG isolates.
Brown2005a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: The structure of the 2F5 MAb, particularly its CDRH3 region's binding mechanisms to the MPER region of gp41, and possibly the cellular membrane as well, are reviewed. Engineering of Abs based on revealed structures of broadly neutralizing MAbs is discussed.
Burton2005
(antibody binding site, review, structure)
-
2F5: Trimeric gp140CF protein synthesized from an artificial group M consensus Env gene (CON6) bound well to 2F5, indicating correct exposure of the 2F5 epitope.
Gao2005a
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: 2F5 neutralized viral isolates HXBc2, SF162, 89.6, BaL, ADA, and YU2. Neutralization was concentration dependent, as higher MAb concentration resulted in higher % of neutralization.
Grundner2005
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Furin co-transfection did not have an effect on the reactivity of Δ140ct HXBc2 and 3.2P pseudoviruses with 2F5, or on their neutralization sensitivity. Presence or absence of sialic acid residues did not affect Env reactivity with 2F5. A cleavage-competent form of 3.2P reacted poorly with 2F5, while its cleavage-defective counterpart showed higher level of MAb reactivity. Both cleavage-competent and cleavage-defective HXBc2 showed higher levels of reactivity to 2F5. DDT-induced dissociation of SOS gp140 and the estimate of cleavage was scored higher when 2F5 was used as detection Ab than when B13 MAb was used.
Herrera2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Why broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, are extremely rare, and their protective abilities and potential role in immunotherapy are discussed.
Julg2005
(neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
2F5: Point mutations in the highly conserved structural motif LLP-2 within the intracytoplasmic tail of gp41 resulted in conformational alternations of both gp41 and gp120. The alternations did not affect virus CD4 binding, coreceptor binding site exposure, or infectivity of the virus, but did result in decreased binding of certain MAbs and increased neutralization resistance to MAbs as well as to human polyclonal HIV-Ig and pooled human sera. 2F5 MAb, however, effectively neutralized both the LLP-2 mutant and wildtype viruses, and also exhibited similar levels of binding to both the LLP-2 mutant and the wildtype virus.
Kalia2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: A series of genetically modified Env proteins were generated and expressed in both insect and animal cells to be monitored for their antigenic characteristics. For 2F5, most of the modified proteins expressed in insect cells containing the 3G mutation (mutations in 3 glycosylation sites) showed higher levels of binding to the MAb than the wildtype did. Additional presence of a glycosylation mutation 1G, close to the 2F5 epitope, increased binding of 2F5 compared to the binding to Env without the mutation. The highest binding to 2F5 was observed for the dV1V2 mutant. When expressed in animal cells, the 3G mutant was the one that displayed increased binding to 2F5 compared to other mutants.
Kang2005
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2F5: A trimeric recombinant gp140 construct was developed for immunization studies. Its structural integrity was assessed by a panel of MAbs. The trimeric recombinant gp140 lacked the membrane proximal ectodomain segment of gp41, but the 2F5 Ab did bind efficiently to the gp140 trimers containing the entire gp41 ectodomain.
Kim2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: A trimeric gp41 construct comprising the env transmembrane domain and the extracellular C-terminal region (gp41ctm) was incorporated into liposomes. 2F5 bound to the liposome-incorporated gp41ctm, indicating that its extracellular region is accessible to this Ab. Sera from mice immunized with either gp41ctm alone or with gp41ctm-liposome did not show any significant neutralization activity, indicating that the construct might not properly expose its 2F5 epitope.
Lenz2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2F5: Full-length gp160 clones were derived from acute and early human HIV-1 infections and used as env-pseudotyped viruses in neutralization assays for their characterization as neutralization reference agents. 13 out of 19 pseudoviruses were neutralized by 2F5, but few required higher concentration of the Ab for neutralization. MN, SF162.LS and IIIB strains were highly sensitive for neutralization by 2F5. Resistance to neutralization by 2F5 was associated with mutations in the DKW motif, or elsewhere in the 2F5 epitope. A mixture of IgG1b12, 2F5 and 2G12 (TriMab) exhibited potent neutralizing activity against all Env-pseudotyped viruses except one. 8 out of 12 Env-pseudotyped viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by 2F5 than their uncloned parental PBMC-grown viruses.
Li2005a
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: Pseudoviruses expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from BL01, BR07 and 89.6 strains were compared in neutralization assays to replication competent clone derived from transfection of 293T cells (IMC-293T) and to the IMC-293T derived from a single passage through PBMC (IMC-PBMC). The neutralization responses of pseudoviruses and corresponding IMC-293T to 2F5 were similar, while a significant decrease in viral neutralization sensitivity to 2F5 was observed for all three IMC-PBMC viruses. The decrease was associated with an increase in average virion envelope glycoprotein content on the PBMC-derived virus.
Louder2005
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: A short review of studies on 2F5 interaction with autoantigens, epitope accessibility, structure, and neutralizing capability. The reasons why 2F5 appears infrequently in nature are discussed.
Nabel2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
2F5: Viruses containing substitutions at either L568 or K574 of the gp41 hydrophobic pocket were resistant to D5-IgG1 but were as sensitive to 2F5 as the wildtype virus. 2F5 neutralized more isolates than D5-IgG1 and was shown to be more potent. 2F5 did not, however, neutralize some of the isolates neutralized by D5-IgG1.
Miller2005
(neutralization)
-
2F5: This short review summarizes recent findings of the role of neutralizing Abs in controlling HIV-1 infection. Certain neutralizing MAbs and their potential role in immunotherapy and vaccination, as well as the reasons for their poor immunogenicity, are discussed.
Montefiori2005
(antibody binding site, therapeutic vaccine, escape, immunotherapy)
-
2F5: Escape mutations in HR1 of gp41 that confer resistance to Enfuvirtide reduced infection and fusion efficiency and also delayed fusion kinetics of HIV-1. The mutations also conferred increased neutralization sensitivity of virus to 2F5. Enhanced neutralization correlated with reduced fusion kinetics, indicating that the mutations result in Env proteins remaining in the CD4-triggered state for a longer period of time.
Reeves2005
(antibody binding site, drug resistance, neutralization, escape, HAART, ART)
-
2F5: More that 90% of viruses from both acutely and chronically infected HIV-1 patients were inhibited by this Ab, however, viruses from acute patients were significantly more sensitive to 2F5 than viruses from chronic patients. The epitope of this Ab was highly conserved among all isolates tested suggesting that the higher susceptibility of acute viruses may be due to better epitope accessibility. The sensitivity of viruses to 2F5 was also highly correlated to their sensitivities to 4E10.
Rusert2005
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, autologous responses, neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2F5: This review summarizes data on the role of NAb in HIV-1 infection and the mechanisms of Ab protection, data on challenges and strategies to design better immunogens that may induce protective Ab responses, and data on structure and importance of MAb epitopes targeted for immune intervention. The importance of standardized assays and standardized virus panels in neutralization and vaccine studies is also discussed.
Srivastava2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, immunotherapy, mother-to-infant transmission, review, structure)
-
2F5: Six acutely and eight chronically infected patients were passively immunized with a mix of 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 neutralizing Abs during treatment interruption. Two chronically and four acutely infected individuals showed evidence of a delay in viral rebound during Ab treatment suggesting that NAbs can contain viremia in HIV-1 infected individuals. All subjects with virus sensitive to 2G12 developed Ab escape mutants resulting in loss of viremia and failure to treatment while no escape was observed for 4E10 and 2F5. Plasma levels of 2G12 were substantially higher than those of 2F5 and 4E10, and the 2G12 levels exceeded the in vitro required 90% inhibitory doses by two orders of magnitude in subjects that responded to Ab treatment. No such differences were observed for 2F5 or 4E10, suggesting that high levels of NAbs are required for inhibition in vivo, and that the in vivo concentrations of 4E10 and 2F5 might have been too low to control viremia and exert a selective pressure.
Trkola2005
(acute/early infection, escape, immunotherapy, HAART, ART, supervised treatment interruptions (STI))
-
2F5: Ab neutralization of viruses with mixtures of neutralization-sensitive and neutralization-resistant envelope glycoproteins was measured. It was concluded that binding of a single Ab molecule is sufficient to inactivate function of an HIV-1 glycoprotein trimer. The inhibitory effect of the Ab was similar for neutralization-resistant and -sensitive viruses indicating that the major determinant of neutralization potency of an Ab is the efficiency with which it binds to the trimer. It was also indicated that each functional trimer on the virus surface supports HIV-1 entry independently, meaning that every trimer on the viral surface must be bound by an Ab for neutralization of the virus to be achieved.
Yang2005b
(neutralization)
-
2F5: A substantial fraction of soluble envelope glycoprotein trimers contained inter-subunit disulfide bonds. Reduction of these disulfide bonds had little effect on binding of the 2F5 to the glycoprotein, indicating that the inter-S-S bonds had no impact on the exposure of 2F5 epitope.
Yuan2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: This Ab recognized the gp41 epitope ALDKWQ from the 92/BR/025.9 strain. HIV-1 infected patients treated with T20 showed decreased reactivity of their sera to a peptide containing the 2F5 epitope. The Ab titer to this peptide recovered after cessation of T20 therapy. It is indicated that 2F5 may interfere with the T20-HR1 interaction.
Vincent2005
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: This review focuses on the importance of neutralizing Abs in protecting against HIV-1 infection, including mechanisms of Ab interference with the viral lifecycle, Ab responses elicited during natural HIV infection, and use of monoclonal and polyclonal Abs in passive immunization. In addition, vaccine design strategies for eliciting of protective broadly neutralizing Abs are discussed. MAbs included in this review are: 2F5, Clone 3 (CL3), 4E10, Z13, IgG1b12, 2G12, m14, 447-52D, 17b, X5, m16, 47e, 412d, E51, CM51, F105, F425, 19b, 2182, DO142-10, 697-D, 448D, 15e and Cβ1.
McCann2005
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity, immunotherapy, review)
-
Two ELDKWA-specific MAbs were obtained from mice immunized with four copies of ELDKWA-epitope with spacers between the epitopes. The two Abs inhibited syncytium formation less efficiently than 2F5 but were as potent as 2F5 in neutralization of primary isolate 92US657. The two murine MAbs were ineffective against the laboratory-adapted HIV-1 IIIB strain while 2F5 neutralized successfully. Neither 2F5 nor the two new MAbs neutralized group O primary isolate BCF02.
Zhang2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: 2F5 was investigated in different neutralization formats, including the standard format that measures activity over the entire infection period and several formats that emphasize various stages of infection. 2F5 showed modest neutralization in the standard format, which was increased with the gp41 tail truncation and/or addition of a disulfide bridge linking gp120 and gp41. 2F5 was also able to neutralize in all the other neutralization formats analyzed, suggesting that it binds Env trimers at various stages of infection. None of the analyzed HIV-1+ human plasmas neutralized in the post-CD4/CCR5 format indicating absence of 2F5 and 4E10 - like Abs.
Crooks2005
(antibody binding site, assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2F5: This review summarizes data on the polyspecific reactivities to host antigens by the broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. It also hypothesizes that some broadly reactive Abs might not be routinely made because they are derived from B cell populations that frequently make polyspecific Abs and are thus subjected to B cell negative selection.
Haynes2005a
(antibody interactions, review, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2F5: This review summarizes data on 447-52D and 2219 crystallographic structures when bound to V3 peptides and their corresponding neutralization capabilities. 2F5, like 447-52D and like other HIV-1 neutralizing Abs, was shown to have long CDR H3 loop, which is suggested to help Abs access recessed binding sites on the virus.
Stanfield2005
(antibody binding site, review, structure)
-
2F5: In addition to gp120-gp41 trimers, HIV-1 particles were shown to bear nonfunctional gp120-gp41 monomers and gp120-depleted gp41 stumps on their surface. 2F5 effectively neutralized wildype virus particles, however, it did not capture virus efficiently. 2F5 was found to bind to both nonfunctional monomers and to gp120-gp41 trimers. Binding of 2F5 to trimers correlated with its neutralization of wildtype virus particles. Monomer binding did not correlate with neutralization, but it did correlate with virus capture. It is hypothesized that the nonfunctional monomers on the HIV-1 surface serve to divert the Ab response, helping the virus to avoid neutralization.
Moore2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Macaques were immunized with SF162gp140, ΔV2gp140, ΔV2ΔV3gp140 and ΔV3gp140 constructs and their antibody responses were compared to the broadly reactive NAb responses in a macaque infected with SHIV SF162P4, and with pooled sera from humans infected with heterologous HIV-1 isolates (HIVIG). 2F5 recognized all four gp140 proteins equally. 2F5 was found to equally neutralize SF162 and Δ2F5.4E10, which is a virus with mutations in the 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes and is resistant to neutralization by 2F5 and 4E10. This indicates that 2F5-like Abs were not present in sera from the gp140-immunized animals nor in the SHIV-infected and in the HIVIG sera.
Derby2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2F5:A fusion protein (FLSC R/T-IgG1) that targets CCR5 was expressed from a synthetic gene linking a single chain gp120-CD4 complex containing an R5 gp120 sequence with the hinge-Ch2-Ch3 portion of human IgG1. The fusion protein did not activate the co-receptor by binding. In PBMC assays, FLSC R/T-IgG1 neutralized primary R5 HIV-1 isolates more potently than 2F5, while in cell-line based assays they were comparable.
Vu2006
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Sera from rabbits immunized with either monomeric gp120, trimeric cleavage-defective gp140 or disulfide-stabilized soluble trimeric gp140 were tested for neutralization of chimeric SIVmac239 viruses expressing epitope for this Ab. Little or no neutralization was observed indicating that little or no Ab activity in these rabbit sera was directed against the gp41 region.
Beddows2007
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: Env-pseudotyped viruses were constructed from the gp160 envelope genes from seven children infected with subtype C HIV-1. 2F5 failed to neutralize any of the seven viruses, correlating with the replacement of the crucial lysine at the position 665 of the 2F5 epitope on these viruses. When this Ab was mixed with IgG1b12 and 2G12, the neutralization was similar as to IgGb12 alone, indicating that the majority of the pool activity was due to IgG1b12. When 4E10 was added to this mix, all isolates were neutralized.
Gray2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, responses in children, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: Pharmacokinetic properties of this Ab were studied in HIV infected patients infused with high doses of 2G12. The Ab did not elicit an endogenous immune response and had distribution and systemic clearance values similar to other Abs. The elimination half-life was measured to 4.3 days.
Joos2006
(kinetics, immunotherapy)
-
2F5: Inhibition of 2F5 binding to gp160 by 2F5-like Abs in sera from long-term non-progressors (LTNP) was determined. 2F5-like Abs were present in almost all sera from LTNPs but at a lower levels than b12. No statistically significant correlation was found for the specificity of this Ab comparing sera able to neutralize all four HIV-1 strains and sera that could not.
Braibant2006
(enhancing activity, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Neutralization rates and rate constants for the neutralization of clade B primary isolates SF33, SF162 and 89.6 by this Ab were determined. Statistically significant neutralization was not observed for isolates SF162 and 89.6. It was shown that neutralization sensitivity is not associated with neutralization of cell-associated or free virus.
Davis2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, kinetics)
-
2F5: The majority of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing (BCN) Envs were neutralized at lower concentrations of 2F5 than the non-BCN Envs. Amino acid variability of the 2F5 epitope was examined. The presence of T at position 662 was associated with increased sensitivity to neutralization by 2F5 while the K665N mutation resulted in resistance to 2F5
Cham2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates of different HIV-1 clades (A, B, C, D, E) by 2F5 was determined in cells expressing high or low surface concentrations of CD4 and CCR5 receptors. CD4 cell surface concentration had no effect on the inhibitory activity of this Ab while the CCR5 surface concentration had a significant effect decreasing the 50% inhibitory concentration of 2F5 in cell lines with low CCR5.
Choudhry2006
(co-receptor, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Genetic variability and co-variation of the MAb 2F5, 4E10 and Z13 epitopes in B and non B clades was investigated. A significant shift in the predominant sequence patterns over time was observed for all three epitopes. Also, significant inter-subtype genetic variability of the three epitopes was detected. However, the 4E10 epitope displayed a more similar variability within B clade and non-B clades, concurring with the cross-clade neutralizing activity of this MAb. Epitope co-variation was also noted, as one third of the recently isolated HIV-1 strains displayed simultaneous epitope variants.
Dong2006
(antibody binding site, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: The ability of this Ab to inhibit viral growth was increased when macrophages and immature dendritic cells (iDCs) were used as target cells instead of PHA-stimulated PBMCs. It is suggested that inhibition of HIV replication by this Ab for macrophages and iDCs can occur by two distinct mechanisms, neutralization of infectivity involving only the Fab part of the IgG, and, an IgG-FcγR-dependent interaction leading to endocytosis and degradation of HIV particles.
Holl2006
(dendritic cells)
-
2F5: 2F5 was shown to interact with cells transiently transfected by VSV-gp120 expressing vector and stained with sera from mice immunized intranasally with VSV vector expressing HIV-1 HXB2 gp120, indicating that VSV-HXB2 immunization produced anti-HIV-1 Abs.
Jiang2006
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: Viruses with cleavage-competent 2G12-knockout Env and cleavage-defective Env able to bind 2G12 were constructed. 2F5 was shown to bind more to the cleavage-defective Envs than to the cleavage-competent Envs. More 2F5 binding was detected to cells co-expressing wildtype and leavage-defective Env than to a mixture of cells expressing either, suggesting that uncleaved Env proteins have an enhancing effect of the binding of 2F5 to the heterotrimer or that fewer than three Abs can bind per trimer and that 2F5 has a higher affinity for the uncleaved Env. Env pseudotyped virions bearing either Wt3.2P(+)gp140δct Env or a mixture of the wildtype and cleavage-defective Env had similar sensitivities to neutralization by 2F5.
Herrera2006
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Inhibition of R5 HIV replication by monoclonal and polyclonal IgGs and IgAs in iMDDCs was evaluated. The neutralizing activity of 2F5 was observed to be higher in iMDDCs than in PBLs and PHA-stimulated PBMCs. Furthermore, the kinetics of Ab addition showed that this MAb interferred with the first events of HIV-1 entry in iMDDCs. High concentrations of 2F5 triggered a non-HIV-related maturation of target cells. Blockade of FcγRII on iMDDCs decreased the anti-HIV activity of 2F5 while increased expression of FcγRI increased inhibition of HIV by 2F5, suggesting the involvement of these receptors in the HIV-inhibitory activity of this Ab.
Holl2006a
(neutralization, kinetics, dendritic cells)
-
2F5: 2F5 was produced in transgenic tobacco BY2 suspension cell cultures. The plant derived antibody was efficiently assembled and intact. When compared to CHO-derived 2F5, the plant derived 2F5 showed similar kinetic properties and 89% of the binding capacity of the CHO-derived Ab. However, it was only 33% as efficient in HIV-1 RF neutralization assay.
Sack2007
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2F5: This study found that, contrary to expectations, the viruses resistant to b12, 4E10, 2G12 and 2F5 neutralization did not have lower replication kinetics than viruses sensitive to neutralization. Viruses from early infection tended to have relatively low replications rates.
Quakkelaar2007
(viral fitness and/or reversion, acute/early infection, escape)
-
2F5: Z13e1, a high affinity variant of Fab Z13, was identified through targeted mutagenesis and affinity selection against gp41 and an MPER peptide. Z13e1 showed 100-fold improvement in binding affinity for MPER antigens over Z13, but was still less potent than 4E10 at neutralizing several pseudotyped Envs. Neutralization assays of HIV-1 JR2 MPER alanine mutants showed that mutants W666A and W672A were completely resistant to neutralization by 2F5.
Nelson2007
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: High levels of gp120-specific Abs were elicited when mice and rabbits were immunized by DNA priming and protein boosting with G1 and G2 grafts, consisting of 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes, respectively, engrafted into the V1/V2 region of gp120. A consistent NAb response against the homologous JR-FL virus was detected in rabbits but not in mice. 4E10 bound to the engrafted construct, but embedding the MPER epitopes in the immunogenic V1/V2 region did not result in eliciting anti-MPER antibodies in mice or rabbits. 2F5 bound to the Graft1 antigen consisting of 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes engrafted into the immunogenic V1/V2 region of gp120 much more weakly than to gp41 suggesting that the 2F5 epitope might be hidden or folded incorrectly in this construct.
Law2007
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: This review describes the effectiveness of the current HIV-1 immunogens in eliciting neutralizing antibody responses to different clades of HIV-1. It also summarizes different evasion and antibody escape mechanisms, as well as the most potent neutralizing MAbs and their properties. MAbs reviewed in this article are: 2G12, IgG1b12, 2F5, 4E10, A32, 447-52D and, briefly, D50. Novel immunogen design strategies are also discussed.
Haynes2006a
(antibody binding site, neutralization, escape, review, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
2F5: This review summarizes current knowledge of HIV-1 lipid-protein interactions and antibodies to liposomal phospholipids and cholesterol. A potential use of Abs to lipids to neutralize HIV-1 and a potential role of the broadly neutralizing HIV-1 Abs, mainly 2F5 and 4E10, in binding to phospholipids is discussed.
Alving2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization, review)
-
2F5: The gp140δCFI protein of CON-S M group consensus protein and gp140CFI and gp140CF proteins of CON6 and WT viruses from HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C were expressed in recombinant vaccinia viruses and tested as immunogens in guinea pigs. 2F5 was shown to bind specifically to CON6, CON-S and subtype B recombinant proteins but not to subtype A and C recombinant proteins or to the two subtype B gp120 proteins. The specific binding of 2F5 to CON-S indicated that its conformational epitope was intact.
Liao2006
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Viruses from 304 days and at 643 days (time of death) post-infection of a macaque infected with SHIV SF162P4 were resistant to contemporaneous serum that had broadly reactive NAbs. While resistance to anti-V3, b12, and anti-V1 MAbs developed over time, viruses remained sensitive to 2F5 and 2G12.
Kraft2007
(neutralization, escape)
-
2F5: Binding of 2F5 to gp41 was not significantly affected by the small molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitor IC9564. IC9564 induces conformational change of gp120 to allow CD4i antibody 17b to bind, but inhibits CD4-induced gp41 conformational changes.
Huang2007
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Using synchronously infected cell cultures, the binding of b12, 2F5 and 2G12 to the cell-free virus interferes with a step of infection subsequent to cell attachment. HIV escape from b12 occurred 30 and 10 min before escape from 2F5 for IIIB infection of HeLa cells and JRFL infection of Cf2Th-CD4/CCR5 cells, respectively, indicating that neutralization efficiency is determined by the time frames during which Ab can bind to the receptor-activated envelope proteins during the entry phase. 2F5 neutralization was enhanced by a decreasing the rate of coreceptor CXCR4 engagement, presumably by increasing the time the CD4 bound Env was available and slowing viral entry kinetics.
Haim2007
(co-receptor, kinetics)
-
2F5: Kinetics experiments of 2F5 binding to MPER region during viral fusion showed that the 2F5 kinetics resembled those of the six-helix bundle formation and fusion blocker C34, indicating that the function of MPER in the fusion cascade is still in effect at a late stage in the fusion reaction. Binding of 2F5 was shown to decrease upon triggering HIV-1 Env-expressing cells with appropriate target cells and addition of C34 did not counteract this loss, suggesting that changes in exposure of MPER occur independently of the six-helix bundle formation.
Dimitrov2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2F5: Chimeric SIV viruses containing 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes were not neutralized by broadly neutralizing sera from two clade B and one clade A infected asymptomatic individuals, indicating that MPER NAb epitopes did not account for the broad neutralizing activity observed.
Dhillon2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2F5: SOSIP Env proteins are modified by the introduction of a disulfide bond between gp120 and gp41 (SOS), and an I559P (IP) substitution in gp41, and form trimers. The KNH1144 subtype A virus formed more stable trimers than did the prototype subtype B SOSIP Env, JRFL. The stability of gp140 trimers was increased for JR-FL and Ba-L SOSIP proteins by substituting the five amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of gp41 with corresponding residues from KNH1144 virus. b12, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10 and CD4-IgG2 all bound similarly to the WT and to the stabilized JRFL SOSIP timers, suggesting that the trimer-stabilizing substitutions do not impair the overall antigenic structure of gp140 trimers.
Dey2007
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: 2F5, 4E10, and m46 neutralization was more potent when tested in a HeLa cell line expressing low CCR5 than in a HeLa cell line expressing high CCR5 levels. PBMC tend to have low CCR5 expression.
Choudhry2007
(assay or method development, co-receptor, neutralization)
-
2F5: 7/15 and 9/15 subtype A HIV-1 envelopes from samples taken early in infection were neutralized by MAbs 4E10 and 2F5, respectively, and the potency was generally modest. Mutational patterns in the MAb binding sites did not readily explain the observed patterns of sensitivity and resistance.
Blish2007
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: The autoantibody nature of the two membrane proximal HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, was evaluated by comparison to human anti-cardiolipin MAbs derived from a primary antiphospholipid syndrome patient. Both 2F5 and 4E10 bound specifically to cardiolipin. CDR3 sequence similarities between 2F5, 4E10 and anti-cardiolipin MAbs were observed. Both 2F5 and 4E10 binding to the peptide-lipid conjugate was best fit by a two-step conformational change model. These results suggest that these MAbs share binding and structural similarities with human autoantibodies and their induction by vaccines or natural infection therefore might be limited by immune tolerance mechanisms.
Alam2007
(antibody sequence)
-
2F5: Four consensus B Env constructs: full length gp160, uncleaved gp160, truncated gp145, and N-linked glycosylation-site deleted (gp160-201N/S) were compared. All were packaged into virions, and all but the fusion defective uncleaved version mediated infection using the CCR5 co-receptor. Primary isolate Envs varied between completely resistant or somewhat sensitive to neutralization by membrane proximal Nabs 4E10 and 2F5. The most sensitive Con B construct was the truncated version of Con B Env with a stop codon immediately following the membrane spanning domain, suggesting that truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic domain facilitates greater accessibility of the MPER region. The Con B gp160 was quite resistant, and the gp160-201N/S more sensitive, to 4E10 and 2F5.
Kothe2007
(vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Newborn macaques were challenged orally with the highly pathogenic SHIV89.6P and then treated intravenously with a combination of IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 one and 12 hours post-virus exposure. All control animals became highly viremic and developed AIDS. In the group treated with mAbs 1 hour post-virus exposure, 3/4 animals were protected from persistent systemic infection and one was protected from disease. In the group treated with mAbs 12 hour post-virus exposure, one animal was protected from persistent systemic infection and disease was prevented or delayed in two animals. IgG1b12, 2G12, and 4E10 were also given 24 hours after exposure in a separate study; 4/4 treated animals become viremic, but with delayed and lower peak viremia relative to controls. 3/4 treated animals did not get AIDS during the follow up period, and 1 showed a delayed progression to AIDS, while the 4 untreated animals died of AIDS. Thus the success of passive immunization with NAbs depends on the time window between virus exposure and the start of immunoprophylaxis.
Ferrantelli2007
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2F5: Ab titers to the 2F5 binding peptide ELDKWA were tested by peptide ELISA in sera from Thais infected with CRF01 virus who were asymptomatic versus those who had AIDS, and antibody titers were found to be significantly lower in AIDS patients. The frequency of recognition of this peptide was low overall (15-35%) in CRF01 infections, as well as infections with clades A-G.
Srisurapanon2005
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons, rate of progression)
-
2F5: A peptide FLAG tag was inserted into the V4 loop of YU-2, a neutralization resistant variant with a short V4 loop. IgG1b12 and 2F5 could neutralize both the WT YU-2 and the modified variant. The high diversity of V4 suggests it does not play a direct role in receptor binding or viral entry, yet M2, an anti-FLAG antibody, neutralized the modified virus, demonstrating that neutralizing activity doesn't have to block functionality of the virus.
Ren2005
(neutralization)
-
2F5: A multi-epitope ELDKWA/ELDEWA string in a glutathione S-transferase (GST) backbone elicited Abs in mice and rabbits that could bind to gp41 carrying either the 2F5 susceptible ELDKWA variant, or the ELDEWA escape variant. Vaccinations with only the ELDKWA epitope or the ELDEWA embedded-peptide constructs yielded type specific Abs.
Wang2005
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, escape)
-
2F5: Alanine scanning mutations of the 21 amino acid region between positions 660-680 showed that only Ala substitutions in the DKW at the core of the epitope reduced binding, positions llelDKWanlwnwfdisnwlw. No single Ala mutation was resistant to both 2F4 and 4E10. Ala substitutions in 12 of the 20 positions enhanced neutralization sensitivity, LLeLdkwanLWNWFdIsnWLW.2F5 inhibits the neutralization activity of peptide T20.
Zwick2005
(antibody binding site, escape)
-
2F5: Passive immunization of 8 HIV-1 infected patients with 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12 (day 0, 4E10; days 7, 14 and 21 4E10+2G12+2F5; virus isolated on days 0 and 77) resulted in 0/8 patients with virus that escaped all three NAbs. No viruses fully escaped 2F5, although 5/8 developed a more than 2-fold increase in 2F5 IC50 concentrations at day 77. No changes in the 2F5 epitope were observed in the 77 day study period, although 3 patients had unusual 2F5 epitope sequences to start with (not A/ELDKWA but SLNNWN, ALDTWE, or KFDNWA); all viruses were susceptible to 2F5 neutralization, although to varying degrees. In a companion in vitro study, resistance to a single MAb emerged in 3-22 weeks, but triple combination resistance was slower and characterized by decreased viral fitness. In the core of the 2F5 epitope, LDKW, the L and W were completely conserved in the in vitro study, but 9/13 cases had a D->N change, 1/13 a K->N, and 1/13 a K->Q. The lack of resistance to the combination of MAbs in vivo and the reduced fitness of the escape mutants selected in vitro suggests passive immunotherapy may be of value in HIV infection.
Nakowitsch2005
(escape, immunotherapy)
-
2F5: Nine anti-gp41 bivalent Fabs that interacted with either or both of the 6-helix bundle and the internal coiled-coil of N-helices of gp41 were selected from a non-immune human phage display library. The IC50 range for the inhibition of LAV ENV-mediated cell-fusion was 6-61 ug/ml. For context, 2F5 and 2G12 (IC50s of 0.5-1.5 ug/ml) were about an order of magnitude more potent in this assay than the best Fabs generated here.
Louis2005
(neutralization)
-
2F5: This study is about the V2 MAb C108g, that is type-specific and neutralizes BaL and HXB2. JR-FL is a neutralization resistant strain; modification of JRFL at V2 positions 167 and 168 (GK->DE) created a C108g epitope, and C108g could potently neutralize the modified JR-FL. The modification in V2 also increased neutralization sensitivity to V3 MABs 4117c, 2219, 2191, and 447-52D, but only had minor effects on neutralization by CD4BS MAb 5145A, and broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5.
Pinter2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: gp41 and p15E of the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) share structural and functional similarities, and epitopes in the membrane proximal region of p15E are able to elicit NAbs upon immunization with soluble p15E. Rabbits immunized with a VSV recombinant expressing an HIV-1 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) fused to PERV p15E, with a fusion p15E-HIV MPER protein boost, elicited HIV specific NAbs. The MPER contains the 2F5 epitope, and the 2F5 MAb was used as a positive control for neutralization in this study, and could bind to the vaccine construct.
Luo2006
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: A peptide containing eight copies of the ELDKWA-epitope separated by aa spacers GSGGGGS, RS, and GS was used to test the impact of spacers on eliciting antibody responses to peptides. Both GSGGGGS and GS induced high titers of ELDKWA peptide-specific Abs in BALB/c mice, which reacted with rsgp41. 2F5 served as a positive control in a Western Blot to determine whether epitope-specific Abs bound to recombinant protein rsgp41.
Liu2005a
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2F5: Sera from subtype A infected individuals from Cameroon have antibodies that react strongly with subtype A and subtype B V3 loops in fusion proteins, and neutralize SF162 pseudotypes, while sera from 47 subtype B infected individuals reacted only with subtype B V3s. Sera from Cameroon did not neutralize primary A or B isolates, due to indirect masking by the V1/V2 domain rather than due to loss of the target epitope. Neutralization by Cameroonian sera MAbs was blocked by Clade A and B V3 loop fusion proteins, while NAbs to non-V3 epitopes, 2F5, 2G12, and b12, were not blocked.
Krachmarov2005
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: In an attempt to elicit 2F5-like antibodies, the 2F5 epitope ELDKWAS was constrained in the beta-turn sites of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, or alternatively was attached at the C-terminal ends of the immunoglobulin light chain. The constrained heavy chain inserted epitopes bound to 2F5 with 10-fold higher affinity than the light chain unconstrained versions, and when used as an immunogen, elicited epitope-specific antibodies in rabbits, but these antibodies could not neutralize the virus.
Ho2005
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2F5:2F5 and 4E10 both bind to membrane proximal regions of gp41, and have long hydrophobic CDR3 regions characteristic of polyspecific autoreactive antibodies. Of 35 Env-specific MAbs tested, only 2F5 and 4E10 were reactive with phospholipid cardiolipin. Vaccine induction of antibodies that react with these gp41 membrane proximal regions may be rare because of elimination due to autoantigen mimicry. 2F5 also reacted with centromere B and histone autoantigens, and both 4E10 and 2F5 reacted with HEp-2 cells with diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear patterns indicating polyspecific autoreactivity.
Haynes2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Guinea pigs were immunized with a hybrid HXB2/BaL Env (HIV HXB/BaL gp140δCFI, clade B) in which the tip of the V3 loop (GPGRA) was replaced with the 2F5 epitope LELDKWAS. 2F5 bound to the Env that carried the V3-replacement 2F5 epitope, but antibodies against this construct only neutralized the X4-tropic lab adapted HIV strain IIIB, and not CCR5-HIV BaL or SF162 isolates.
Chakrabarti2005
(vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: 2F5 recognizes the epitope ELDKWA, but does not neutralize viruses carrying the commonly found mutated epitope variants: ELDeWA, ELDsWA, ELDnWA, ELDqWA, ELDtWA, or ELnKWA. Peptide cocktails containing ELDKWA, ELnKWA, ELDeWk, and ELeKWA elicit polyclonal antibodies in rabbits that can bind to all of the natural variants that are escape variants for 2F5 expressed in gp41 via Western blotting, as well as ELDrWA.
Dong2005
(vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity, escape)
-
2F5: Circular dichroism and NMR were used to analyze the structure of the HIV-1 inhibitor peptide T-20 (gp41 HXB2 aa 638-673) that contains the full 2F5 and partial 4E10 epitope. T-20 was unstructured towards the N terminus, and helical in the central and C-terminal regions. The 2F5 epitope sequence (gp41 HXB2 657-670) forms an intrinsic helical structure, which is stable in water.
Biron2005
(structure)
-
2F5: This review summarizes properties of 2F5 and its binding to the prefusogenic membrane proximal region of gp41. The linear core epitope does not stimulate cross-reactive NAbs when placed outside the context of gp41, suggesting its presentation in a highly specific molecular framework is critical.
McGaughey2004
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2F5: Infusions of 2F5 and 2G12 intravenously administered 24h prior to vaginal SHIV-89.P challenge are able to protect macaques from infections. Animals that receive a IL-2 adjuvanted DNA immunization SIV Gag and HIV Env have T-cell responses and lower viral loads, but were not protected. Suboptimal levels of 2F5 and 2G12 were not able to confer sterile protection in combination with the T-cell responses stimulated by DNA immunizations.
Mascola2003
(adjuvant comparison, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2F5: Nabs against HIV-1 M group isolates were tested for their ability to neutralize 6 randomly selected HIV-1 O group strains. IgG1b12 could neutralize some O group strains when used on its own, and quadruple combination of b12, 2F5, 2G12, and 4E10, could neutralize the six Group O viruses tested between 62-97%. The 2F5 epitope in the O group viruses was : ELDEWA.
Ferrantelli2004a
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Neonatal rhesus macaques were exposed orally to a pathogenic SHIV, 89.6P. 4/8 were given an intramuscular, passive immunization consisting of NAbs 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, each given at a different body sites at 40 mg/kg per Ab, at one hour and again at 8 days after exposure to 89.6P. The four animals that were untreated all died with a mean survival time of 5.5 weeks, the four animals that got the NAb combination were protected from infection. This model suggests antibodies may be protective against mother-to-infant transmission of HIV.
Ferrantelli2004
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: Env sequences were derived from 4 men at primary infection and four years later; the antigenicity in terms of the ability to bind to 2G12, 2F5 and IgG1b12 was determined. 2G12 bound primarily to late clones in 3 of the 4 patients, and to both early and late in the other patient. Neither 2F5 nor IgG1b12 showed a difference in binding affinity to early or late envelopes.
Dacheux2004
(antibody binding site, acute/early infection, kinetics)
-
2F5: 93 viruses from different clades were tested for their neutralization cross-reactivity using a panel of HIV antibodies. 2F5 was cross-reactive with A, B, and E subtype viruses, some D, and no C clade viruses. DKW was defined as the core motif, and was found in only 25% of C clade sequences in the database. It was found in C clade viruses in a country specific manner -- common in Burundi, Brazil and Ethiopia, rare in Botswana, India, and S. Africa. The potency of the neutralizing activity was somewhat context-dependent. DQW is a common D clade variant from Uganda, and all D viruses in this study were Ugandan.
Binley2004
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: 2F5 was used for screening of phage-displayed peptide libraries. 2F5 requires the DKW core for synthetic and phage-displayed peptide recognition, but is multispecific for amino acid residues flanking C-terminally the DKW core epitope. Three clones from the AADKW-X12 library had high affinity for 2F5, but did not share obvious homology with gp41 or each other; Ala substitution showed each bound to 2F5 with a different mechanism.
Menendez2004
(antibody binding site, mimotopes)
-
2F5: This review discusses research presented at the Ghent Workshop of prevention of breast milk transmission and immunoprophylaxis for HIV-1 in pediatrics (Seattle, Oct. 2002), and makes the case for developing passive or active immunoprophylaxis in neonates to prevent mother-to-infant transmission. Macaque studies have shown that passive transfer of NAb combinations (for example, IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10; or 2G12 and 2F5) can confer partial or complete protection to infant macaques from subsequent oral SHIV challenge.
Safrit2004
(immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: A primary isolate, CC1/85, was passaged 19 times in PBMC and gradually acquired increased sensitivity to FAb b12 and sCD4 that was attributed to changes in the V1V2 loop region, in particular the loss of a potential glycosylation site. The affinity for sCD4 was unchanged in the monomer, suggesting that the structural impact of the change was manifested at the level of the trimer. The passaged virus, CCcon19, retained an R5 phenotype and its neutralization susceptibility to other Abs was essentially the same as CC1/85. The IC50 for 2F5 was greater than 50 for CC1/85, and was 35 for CCcon19, so the passaged virus was weakly neutralized by 2F5.
Pugach2004
(variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
2F5: V1V2 was determined to be the region that conferred the neutralization phenotype differences between two R5-tropic primary HIV-1 isolates, JRFL and SF162. JRFL is resistant to neutralization by many sera and MAbs, while SF162 is sensitive. All MAbs tested, anti-V3, -V2, -CD4BS, and -CD4i, (except the broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2F5, and 2G12, which neutralized both strains), neutralized the SF162 pseudotype but not JRFL, and chimeras that exchanged the V1V2 loops transferred the neutralization phenotype.
Pinter2004
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: An antigen panel representing different regions of gp41 was generated, and sera from 23 individuals were screened. Anti-gp41 titers were very high, and sera bound to many regions of gp41, there were no immunologically silent regions. Many individuals had broad responses to diverse regions. High titer responses tended to focus on the N-heptad, C-heptad and 2F5-4E10 regions, but there was no correlation between neutralization capacity of sera and the particular peptides recognized. 2F5 responded to the four antigens that carried the minimal EDLKWA epitope. 2F5 did not bind to the minimal epitope embedded in an alpha helix, supporting that the 2F5 conformation of EDLKWA is embedded in a beta sheet. 2F5 bound better to a synthetic peptide containing the proximal regions than to the native gp41.
Opalka2004
(assay or method development)
-
2F5: A set of HIV-1 chimeras that altered V3 net charge and glycosylation patterns in V1V2 and V3, involving inserting V1V2 loops from a late stage primary isolate taken after the R5 to X4 switch, were studied with regard to phenotype, co-receptor usage, and MAb neutralization. The loops were cloned into a HXB2 envelope with a LAI viral backbone. It was observed that the addition of the late-stage isolate V1V2 region and the loss of V3-linked glycosylation site in the context of high positive charge gave an X4 phenotype. R5X4, R5, and X4 viruses were generated, and sCD4, 2G12 and b12 neutralization resistance patterns were modified by addition of the late stage V1V2, glycosylation changes, and charge in concert, while neutralization by 2F5 was unaffected.
Nabatov2004
(antibody binding site, co-receptor)
-
2F5: Sera from two HIV+ people and a panel of MAbs were used to explore susceptibility to neutralization in the presence or absence of glycans within or adjacent to the V3 loop and within the C2, C4 and V5 regions of HIV-1 SF162 env gp120. The loss of the glycan within the V3 loop (GM299 V3) and adjacent to the C-terminal end of the V3 loop (GM329 C3) did not alter neutralization susceptibility to 2F5, but the loss of glycans in C2 (GM292 C2), C4 (GM438 C4), or V5 (GM454 V5) increased 2F5 neutralization susceptibility. V3 glycans tended to shield V3 loop, CD4 and co-receptor MAb binding sites, while C4 and V5 glycans shielded V3 loop, CD4, gp41 but not co-receptor MAb binding sites. Selective removal of glycans from a vaccine candidate may enable greater access to neutralization susceptible epitopes.
McCaffrey2004
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: Mice susceptible to MV infection were intraperitoneally immunized with native HIV-1 89.6 env gp160 and gp140 and δV3 HIV-1 89.6 mutants expressed in live attenuated Schwarz measles vector (MV). The gp160ΔV3 construct raised more cross-reactive NAbs to primary isolates. The constructs had an additional 2F5 MAb epitope, ELDKWAS, but responses were not directed towards this epitope. A HIVIG/2F5/2G12 combination was used as a positive control and could neutralize all isolates.
Lorin2004
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: The role of serine proteases on HIV infection was explored. Trypsin decreased the binding of most Env MAb tested and diminished cell fusion of H9 cells infected with HIV-1 LAI virus (H9/IIIB) to MAGI cells. In contrast, thrombin increased the binding of MAbs to gp120 epitopes near the CD4 and CCR5 binding sites, and increased cell fusion. Binding of 17b and F105 was decreased by trypsin, but increased by thrombin. gp41 MAbs 246D, 98.6, 50-69, were decreased by trypsin, unaltered by thrombin, while NAb 2F5 binding was increased by thrombin. Thrombin may increase HIV-induced cell fusion in blood by causing a conformational activating shift in gp120.
Ling2004
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: 2F5 was used as a positive control in a study that showed that A32-rgp120 complexes open up the CCR5 co-receptor binding site, but did not induce neutralizing antibodies with greater breadth among B subtype isolates than did uncomplexed rgp120 in vaccinated guinea pigs.
Liao2004
-
2F5: A set of oligomeric envelope proteins were made from six primary isolates for potential use as vaccine antigens: 92/UG/037 (clade A), HAN2/2 (clade B), 92/BR25/025 (clade C), 92/UG/021 (clade D), 93/BR/029 (clade F) and MVP5180 (clade O). This was one of a panel of MAbs used to explore folding and exposure of well characterized epitopes. The clade C isolate BR25 is apparently misfolded, as conformation-dependent antibodies did not bind to it. 2F5 bound to clade A, B, D and F HIV-1 primary isolates. Polyclonal sera raised in rabbits against these antigens cross-bound the other antigens, but none of the sera had neutralizing activity.
Jeffs2004
-
2F5: This paper reviews MAbs that bind to HIV-1 Env. 2F5 binds to a region of gp41 proximal to cluster II (aa 662-676), neighboring the binding site of the broadly neutralizing MAb 4E10 and of neutralizing Fab Z13. 2F5 is broadly neutralizing.
Gorny2003
(review)
-
2F5: The MAb 2F5 binds to the C-heptad and is neutralizing, but the MAb D50 binds to the C-heptad and is not neutralizing. 2F5 binds preferentially to native gp41 prior to receptor activation. D50 prefers the triggered form after receptor activation. Trapped fusion-intermediates suggest 2F5 remains present shortly after gp120 triggering by CD4, but may be lost by the time the six-helix bundle is formed. D50 binds equally to the fusion-intermediate and six-helix bundle. 2F5 neutralization seems to block a later step of the fusion process, but it does not inhibit binding of NC-1, a MAb specific for the six-helix bundle, so it does not prevent formation of the six-helix bundle. The results are most consistent with 2F5 inhibiting a post-fusion-intermediate step.
deRosny2004
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions)
-
2F5: The broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 2G12 were class-switched from IgG to IgA and IgM isotypes. Neutralizing potency was increased with valence for 2G12 so the IgM form was most potent, but for 2F5 the IgG form was most potent. Eight primary isolates were tested including two subtype A isolates. The polymeric IgM and IgA Abs, but not the corresponding IgGs, could interfere with HIV-1 entry across a mucosal epithelial layer, although they were limited in a standard neutralization assay. All isotypes could interact with activated human sera, presumably through complement, to inhibit HIV replication.
Wolbank2003
(complement, genital and mucosal immunity, isotype switch, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: The antiviral response to intravenously administered MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 was evaluated in 7 HAART-naive asymptomatic HIV-1 infected patients during a treatment period of 28 days. MAb therapy reduced plasma HIV RNA in 3/7 patients during the treatment period, and transiently reduced viral load in two more. CD4 counts were up in 3/7 through day 28, and transiently increased in three more. Vigorous complement activation was observed after 48/56 Ab infusions. Before treatment, 2F5 neutralized isolates from five patients and no escape was observed during treatment.
Stiegler2002
(complement, variant cross-reactivity, escape, immunotherapy)
-
2F5: Env genes derived from uncultured brain biopsy samples from four HIV-1 infected patients with late-stage AIDS were compared to env genes from PBMC samples. Brain isolates did not differ in the total number or positions of N-glycosylation sites, patterns of coreceptor usage, or ability to be recognized by gp160 and gp41 MAbs. 2F5 recognized most variants from 3/4 individuals by gp41 WB; the 4th individual had the ELDKWA variant Aldkwa in all three isolates. The other single Env that was not recognized carried eldRwa.
Ohagen2003
(brain/CSF, escape)
-
2F5: AC10 is a subject who was given treatment early after infection, and had a viral rebound after cessation of therapy, which then declined to a low level. The polyclonal sera from AC10 could potently neutralize the rebound virus, and NAb escape followed with a neutralizing response against the escape variant and subsequent escape from that response. Viral loads remained low in this subject despite escape. The rebound isolate that was potently neutralized by autologous sera was not particularly neutralization sensitive, as it resisted neutralization by sCD4 and MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5, and was only moderately sensitive to sera from other HIV+ individuals that had high titers of NAbs to TCLA strains.
Montefiori2003
(acute/early infection, escape)
-
2F5: Cyclic peptides ELLELDKWASLW that adopt constrained beta-turn conformation of the 2F5 epitope beta-turn in the complexed crystal structure were synthesized and optimize 2F5 binding affinity. This peptide elicits high titer peptide-specific immune responses in guinea pigs that do not neutralize; the authors propose this may be the result of a short CDR3 loop in guinea pigs.
McGaughey2003
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
2F5: A polyepitope vaccine was designed based on three repeats of the 2F5 core epitope ELDKWA combined with the V3 region peptide GPGRAFY. Abs raised in mice could recognize the peptides, sgp41, and CHO-WT cells that expressed HIV-1 Env on their surface.
Li2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 were tested for their ability to neutralize two primary HIV-1 clade A isolates (UG/92/031 and UG/92/037) and two primary HIV-1 clade D isolates (UG/92/001 and UG/92/005). 4E10 demonstrated the most potent cross-neutralization activity. Quadruple administration of MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 induced strong synergistic neutralization of 4 clade A isolates (UG/92/031, UG/92/037, RW/92/020 and RW/92/025) as well as 5 clade D isolates (UG/92/001,UG/9/005, /93/086/RUG/94/108, UG/94/114). The authors note this combination of 4 MAbs neutralizes primary HIV A, B, C, and D isolates.
Kitabwalla2003
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis, variant cross-reactivity, mother-to-infant transmission, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: A mouse MAb was raised against a variant of ELDKWA core epitope of the NAb 2F5, eldEwa, derived from the 2F5 neutralization resistant variant MVP5180. 2F5 does not bind to the variants eldEwa, elNkwa (B.TH.TH936705) or elEkwa, while 14D9 binds only to eldEwa and not ELDKWA. The eldEwa variant is common in the HIV-1 O group.
Huang2002
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Review of current neutralizing antibody-based HIV vaccine candidates and strategies of vaccine design. Strategies for targeting of the epitopes for NAbs 2F5, 2G12, 4E10, b12, and Z13 are described.
Wang2003
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2F5: Most plasma samples of patients from early infection had NAb responses to early autologous viruses, and NAbs against heterologous strains tended to be delayed. Serial plasma samples were tested against serial isolates, and neutralization escape was shown to be rapid and continuous throughout infection. Autologous neutralization-susceptible and resistant viruses from four patients were tested for susceptibility to neutralizing Ab responses using MAbs 2G12, IgG1b12 and 2F5. No correlation was established, all viruses tested were susceptible to at least one of the neutralizing MAbs. Two patients that did not have an autologous NAb response also did not evolve changes in susceptibility to these MAbs, while one patient with a pattern of autologous neutralization and escape acquired a 2G12 sensitive virus at month 6, and lost IgG1b12 sensitivity at month 21.
Richman2003
(autologous responses, acute/early infection, escape)
-
2F5: A sCD4-17b single chain chimera was made that can bind to the CD4 binding site, then bind and block co-receptor interaction. This chimeric protein is a very potent neutralizing agent, more potent than IgG1b12, 2G12 or 2F5 against Ba-L infection of CCR5-MAGI cells. It has potential for prophylaxis or therapy.
Dey2003
-
2F5: UK1-br and MACS2-br are R5 isolates derived from brain tissue samples from AIDS patients with dementia and HIV-1 encephalitis; both are neurotropic, but only UK1-br induced neuronal apoptosis and high levels of syncytium formation in macrophages. UK1-br Env had a greater affinity for CCR5 than MACS-br, and required low levels of CCR5 and CD4 for cell-to-cell fusion and single round infection. PBMC infected with UK1-br and MACS2-br virus isolates were resistant to neutralization by MAb 2G12. UK1-br was more sensitive than MACS2-br to IgG1b12, 2F5 and CD4-IgG2 neutralization. This pattern of Ab reactivity was similar to the CD4-independent variant ADA197N/K, and thought to result from conformational changes which better expose the CCR5 binding regions, although the loss of the particular N-linked glycosylation site in the V1V2 stem region of ADA was experimentally shown to not be responsible for the CD4-independent phenotype of UK1-br.
Gorry2002
(brain/CSF, co-receptor)
-
2F5: Anti-gp41 MAbs were tested in a cell-cell fusion system to investigate the antigenic changes in gp41 during binding and fusion. Cluster I and Cluster II MAbs required CD4 expression on HIV HXB2 Env expressing HeLa target cells, but not the CXCR4 co-receptor, binding to a fusion intermediate. 2F5 behaved very differently than these non-neutralizing antibodies: it bound to Env in the absence of target cells, and it was distributed evenly all over the cell surface, not localized in fusion domains. It did not interact with cells that exhibited cytoplasmic mixing. 2F5 was unusual in that it exhibited temperature dependence, and did not interact below 19 degrees C, in contrast to 2G12, M77 98-6 and IgG1b12 which bound strongly at temperatures ranging between 4-37 degrees. The authors suggest the temperature dependence of 2F5 may be due to increased flexibility of the Envelope spike at warmer temperatures facilitating epitope exposure.
Finnegan2002
(antibody binding site, kinetics)
-
2F5: A complex of the epitope peptide ELDKWAS bound to 2F5 was crystalized, and the peptide was found to interact with amino acids near the base of the very long (22 residue) CDR 3H region of the Ab. Ala substitution of the CDR H3 region confirmed the importance of these sites near the base of the H3 loop for interaction with the epitope in the context of intact gp41 as well as the peptide. A Phe at the apex of the loop was not located directly in the binding site, however binding of 2F5 to the epitope was very sensitive to non-conservative substitutions in this position (F100G, F100H, and F100R); these diminished both binding affinity and 2F5 neutralization, suggesting a role for the very long CDR 3H region. The authors suggest that particularly long CDR H3 regions may be a common feature of HIV-1 NAbs, based on the 22 residues in H3 of 2F5, the 18 H3 residues in b12, and the 22 H3 residues in X5. They express concern that because small animals like mice are unable to elicit Ab responses with such long H3s, they may be poor model systems for HIV vaccine studies.
Zwick2004a
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, antibody sequence, structure)
-
2F5: This review discusses the importance and function of protective antibody responses in animal model studies in the context of effective vaccine development. SHIV models have shown protection using high levels of MAbs can prevent infection, and partial protection that can influence disease course can be obtained from modest levels of NAbs. SHIV challenges studies conducted with infusions of combinations of MAbs b12, 2G12, and 2F5 are reviewed.
Mascola2003a
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2F5: This study investigates the effects of glycosylation inhibitors on the binding between HIV-1 gp120 and mannose-binding lectin (MBL). Mannosidase I inhibitor deoxymannojirimycin (dMM) inhibits formation of complex and hybrid N-linked saccharides and yields virus with more mannose residues. dMM added during viral production significantly enhanced the binding 2F5 and 2G12, but not IgG1b12 in a viral capture assay.
Hart2003
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Four newborn macaques were challenged with pathogenic SHIV 89.6 and given post exposure prophylaxis using a combination of NAbs 2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and IgG1b12. 2/4 treated animals did not show signs of infection, and 2/4 macaques maintained normal CD4+ T cell counts and had a lower delayed peak viremia compared to the controls.
Ferrantelli2003
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2F5: This study examined antibody interactions, binding and neutralization with a B clade R5 isolate (92US660) and R5X4 isolate (92HT593). Abs generally bound and neutralized the R5X4 isolate better than the R5 isolate, with the exception of F240 which bound both equally well, which captured more virus than any other human MAb tested, and didn't neutralize either isolate. F240 enhanced the binding of CD4BS MAbs IgG1b12 and F105 and the gp41 MAb 2F5 for both R5X4 and R5 isolates. F240 also enhanced neutralization of the R5X4 isolate by 2F5, but had no effect on R5 virus. Anti-V3 MAb B4a1 did not impact 2F5 neutralization.
Cavacini2002
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, co-receptor)
-
2F5: Alanine mutations were introduced into the N- and C-terminal alpha-helices of gp41 to destabilize interhelical packing interactions in order to study their inhibitory effect on viral infectivity. These mutations were shown to inhibit viral replication though affecting the conformational transition to the fusion-active form of gp41, and allow increased inhibition by gp41 peptides. 2F5 sensitivity is increased in the mutated viruses, presumably because 2F5s neutralization activity is focused on the transition to the fusion active state. No other MAb against gp41 tested, including NC-1, 50-69D, 1281, 98-6D, 246-D and F240, neutralized the parental or the fusion-deficient mutated viruses.
Follis2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: The SOS mutant envelope protein introduces a covalent disulfide bond between gp120 surface and gp41 transmembrane proteins into the R5 isolate JR-FL by adding cysteines at residues 501 and 605. Pseudovirions bearing this protein bind to CD4 and co-receptor bearing cells, but do not fuse until treatment with a reducing agent, and are arrested prior to fusion after CD4 and co-receptor engagement. gp41 NAbs 2F5 and 4E10 are able to potently neutralize the SOS pseudovirion post-attachment, although 2F5 performed relatively poorly in the pre-attachment assay, a further support for previous studies that indicated it does not bind well to native Env, and may bind best after the virus is attached to cells.
Binley2003
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: IgG1b12 neutralized many South African (5/8) and Malawian (4/8) clade C primary HIV-1 isolates, being more effective than 2F5 which neutralized only two Malawian and no South African isolates. 2G12 did not neutralize any of the 16 isolates.
Bures2002
(subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program: 1475.
-
2F5: UK Medical Research Council AIDS reagent: ARP3063.
-
2F5: Review of NAbs that discusses mechanisms of neutralization, passive transfer of NAbs and protection in animal studies, and vaccine strategies.
Liu2002
(immunoprophylaxis, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2F5: Review of NAbs that notes that 2F5 alone or in combination with other MAbs can protect some macaques against SHIV infection, that it is safe and well tolerated in humans, and that illustrates gp41's conformational change and exposure of the 2F5 epitope in the transient pre-hairpin form.
Ferrantelli2002
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2F5: A 2F5 anti-idiotype murine MAb Ab2/3H6 was developed that blocks 2F5 binding to a synthetic epitope peptide and to gp160 in an ELISA competition assay -- Ab2/3H6 diminished the neutralizing potency of 2F5 -- Ab2/3H6 Fab fragments were capable of inducing neutralizing Abs and 2F5-epitope specific responses in immunized B6D2F1 mice.
Kunert2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: Rhesus macaques were better protected from vaginal challenge with SHIV89.6D (MAb 2G12, 2/4; MAbs 2F5/2G12, 2/5; and HIVIG/2F5/2G12, 4/5 infected) than from intravenous challenge (MAb 2G12, 0/3; MAbs 2F5/2G12, 1/3; and HIVIG/2F5/2G12, 3/6 infected)-- the animals that were infected by vaginal challenge after Ab infusion had low or undetectable viral RNA levels and modest CD4 T-cell decline.
Mascola2002
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2F5: HIV-1 gp160ΔCT (cytoplasmic tail-deleted) proteoliposomes (PLs) containing native, trimeric envelope glycoproteins from R5 strains YU2 and JRFL, and X4 strain HXBc2, were made in a physiologic membrane setting as candidate immunogens for HIV vaccines---2F5 bound to gp160ΔCT with a reconstituted membrane ten-fold better than the same protein on beads (except for the YU2 form that doesn't bind 2F5)---anti-CD4BS MAbs IgG1b12 and F105, A32 (C1-C4), C11 (C1-C5), and 39F (V3) MAbs bound gp160ΔCT PLs indistinguishably from gp160ΔCT expressed on the cell surface.
Grundner2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: A series of mutational changes were introduced into the YU2 gp120 that favored different conformations -- 375 S/W seems to favor a conformation of gp120 closer to the CD4-bound state, and is readily bound by sCD4 and CD4i MAbs (17b, 48d, 49e, 21c and 23e) but binding of anti-CD4BS MAbs (F105, 15e, IgG1b12, 21h and F91 was markedly reduced -- IgG1b12 failed to neutralize this mutant, while neutralization by 2G12 was enhanced -- 2F5 did not neutralize either WT or mutant, probably due to polymorphism in the YU2 epitope -- another mutant, 423 I/P, disrupted the gp120 bridging sheet, favored a different conformation and did not bind CD4, CCR5, or CD4i antibodies, but did bind to CD4BS MAbs.
Xiang2002
-
2F5: A combination of MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 given in multiple infusions was found to be safe and well tolerated even in high doses in a phase I study of seven HIV-1 infected healthy volunteers---the median elimination half-life was 7.94 days for 2F5, and 16.48 for 2G12---no anti-2F5 or anti-2G12 IgM or IgG responses were detected---although there was some transient increases, overall plasma viral RNA levels decreased in 6/7 volunteers, by a median of 0.62 log10.
Armbruster2002
(immunotherapy)
-
2F5: Six sera from HIV-exposed uninfected individuals(EU) had IgA neutralizing activity dominated by recognition of a distinctive epitope within gp41, QARILAV -- sera of QAFILAV-immunized BALB/c mice was neutralizing with the dose-dependent behavior similar to 2F5.
Clerici2002
(HIV exposed persistently seronegative (HEPS))
-
2F5: DP178 is a peptide derived from the C-term heptad repeat of gp41 that is a potent inhibitor of viral-mediated fusion---it contains the 2F5 epitope but fails to stimulate 2F5-like NAbs upon immunization---the peptide was extended to force an increase in helicity, and the modified peptide had an increase in affinity for 2F5, but upon guinea pig immunization although high peptide-specific Ab titers were achieved the sera were incapable of viral neutralization---the authors propose that 2F5 may bind with low affinity to a maturation intermediate, which may account for its breadth and why it is hard to recreate the epitope, but also suggests that the high concentrations required for neutralization are not relevant in vivo.
Joyce2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: A modified gp140 (gp140deltaCFI), with C-term mutations intended to mimic a fusion intermediate and stabilize trimer formation, retained antigenic conformational determinants as defined by binding to CD4 and to MAbs 2F5, 2G12, F105, and b12, and enhanced humoral immunity without diminishing the CTL response in mice injected with a DNA vaccine.
Chakrabarti2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: Passive immunization of neonate macaques with a combination of F105+2G12+2F5 conferred complete protection against oral challenge with SHIV-vpu+ or -- the combination b12+2G12+2F5 conferred partial protection against SHIV89.6 -- such combinations may be useful for prophylaxis at birth and against milk born transmission -- the synergistic combination of IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 neutralized a collection of HIV clade C primary isolates.
Xu2002
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: ELDKWAS was embedded into a beta-turn-like conformational site on a framework of an antibody specific for human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR -- this construct was recognized by 2F5, and is suggested as an adjuvant-independent vaccine candidate.
Ho2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: Expanding the minimal epitope ELDKWA to an end-capped, linear nonapeptide, Ac-LELDKWASL-amide attained maximal affinity within a set of native gp41-sequence peptides -- scanning single residue substitutions confirmed that essential recognition requirements were the central DKW core sequence and the importance of the terminal Leu residues for high-affinity binding -- high specificity binding pockets at central Lys and Trp side-chains and an absolute requirement for the carboxylate group of the Asp side chain were found -- the nine residue fragment flanked by pairs of Ser and constrained by a disulfide bridge had high affinity for 2F5.
Tian2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Ab binding characteristics of SOS gp140 were tested using SPR and RIPA -- SOS gp140 is gp120-gp41 bound by a disulfide bond -- NAbs 2G12, 2F5, IgG1b12, CD4 inducible 17b, and 19b bound to SOS gp140 better than uncleaved gp140 (gp140unc) and gp120 -- non-neutralizing MAbs 2.2B (binds to gp41 in gp140unc) and 23A (binds gp120) did not bind SOS gp140 -- SOS gp140-2F5-IgG1b12 formed multiple ring structures composed of two SOS gp140 proteins bridged by two Ab molecules, while 2F5 and 2G12 formed extended chains rather than closed rings.
Schulke2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: The fusion process was slowed by using a suboptimal temperature (31.5 C) to re-evaluate the potential of Abs targeting fusion intermediates to block HIV entry -- preincubation of E/T cells at 31.5 C enabled polyclonal anti-N-HR Ab and anti-six-helix bundle Abs to inhibit fusion, indicating six-helix bundles form prior to fusion -- the preincubation 31.5 C step did not alter the inhibitory activity of neutralizing Abs anti-gp41 2F5, or anti-gp120 2G12, IG1b12, 48d, and 17b.
GoldingH2002
-
2F5: Oligomeric gp140 (o-gp140) derived from R5 primary isolate US4 was characterized for use as a vaccine reagent -- antigen capture ELISA was used to compare the antigenicity of gp120 and o-gp140 using a panel of well characterized MAbs -- 2F5 recognized o-gp140.
Srivastava2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: Twenty HIV clade C isolates from five different countries were susceptible to neutralization by anti-clade B MAbs in a synergistic quadruple combination of mAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10.
Xu2001
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: A combination of MAbs IgG1b12, 2F5, and 2G12 was given postnatally to four neonates macaques that were then challenged with highly pathogenic SHIV89.6P -- one of the four infants remained uninfected after oral challenge, two infants had no or a delayed CD4(+) T-cell decline.
HofmannLehmann2001
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2F5: 4E10 binds proximal to 2F5 and neutralizes primary isolates of clades A, B, C, D, and E -- viruses that were resistant to 2F5 were neutralized by 4E10 and vice versa.
Stiegler2001
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: A panel of 12 MAbs was used to identify those that could neutralize the dual-tropic primary isolate HIV-1 89.6 -- six gave significant neutralization at 2 to 10 ug/ml: 2F5, 50-69, IgG1b12, 447-52D, 2G12, and 670-D six did not have neutralizing activity: 654-D, 4.8D, 450-D, 246-D, 98-6, and 1281 -- no synergy, only additive effects were seen for pairwise combinations of MAbs, and antagonism was noted between gp41 MAbs 50-69 and 98-6, as well as 98-6 and 2F5.
Verrier2001
(antibody interactions, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: A luciferase-reporter gene-expressing T-cell line was developed to facilitate neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays -- luciferase and p24 antigen neutralization titer end points were found comparable using NAb from sera from HIV+ donors, and MAbs 2F5, 2G12 and IgG1b12.
Spenlehauer2001
(assay or method development)
-
2F5: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) in combination with proteolytic protection was used to identify the functional epitope for MAb 2F5, NEQELLELDKWASLWN, in the disulfide bond associated gp120/gp41 protein SOS-gp140 (JRFL) -- this minimal epitope is much larger than the ELDKWA core epitope previously defined by peptide ELISA, and this could help explain why ELDKWA-peptides are poor immunogens in terms of eliciting a 2F5-like antibody response.
Parker2001
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Neutralizing synergy between MAbs 1b12, 2G12 and 2F5 was studied using surface plasmon resonance to determine the binding kinetics for these three mAbs with respect to monomeric and oligomeric env protein gp160 IIIB -- the 2G12 epitope is highly accessible on both monomeric and oligomeric Envs, 1b12 is highly accessible on monomers but not oligomers, and 2F5 on neither form -- binding of 2G12 exposes the 2F5 epitope on gp160 oligomers.
ZederLutz2001
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: Moore and colleagues review the data concerning the lack of a clear relationship between genetic subtype and serotype -- 2F5 is considered in some detail, as it represents a rare vulnerability from the neutralizing antibody perspective, although while it is apparently linear, attempts to present the peptide to the immune system have failed to elicit neutralizing Abs.
Moore2001
(review, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Review of studies in macaques that have shown immune control of pathogenic SHIV viremia, improved clinical outcome, and protection, and the implications of the observations for HIV vaccines.
Mascola2001
(review)
-
2F5: Neutralization synergy between anti-HIV NAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 was studied -- a classic fixed-ratio method was used, as well as a method where one Ab was fixed at a low neutralization titer and the other was varied -- using primary isolates, a two-four fold enhancement of neutralization was observed with MAb pairs, and a ten-fold enhancement with a quadruple Ab combination -- no synergy was observed with any MAb pair in the neutralization of TCLA strain HXB2.
Zwick2001c
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: This paper primarily concerns 4E10 and Z13, MAbs that both bind proximally to the 2F5 binding site to a conserved epitope, and that neutralize some primary isolates from clades B, C, and E -- the minimal 2F5 epitope is determined to be EQELLELDKWASLW, based on screening a gp160 fragment expression library, longer than previous studies -- broadly neutralizing MAbs 2F5, IgG1b12, and 4E10 and Z13 fail to neutralize different subsets of viruses.
Zwick2001b
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Abs against the V3 loop (50.1, 58.2, 59.1, 257-D, 268-D, 447-52D), CD4BS (IgG1b12, 559-64D, F105), CD4i (17b), and to gp41 (2F5, F240) each showed similar binding efficiency to Env derived from related pairs of primary and TCLA lines (primary: 168P and 320SI, and TCLA: 168C and 320SI-C3.3), but the TCLA lines were much more susceptible to neutralization suggesting that the change in TCLA lines that make them more susceptible to NAbs alters some step after binding.
York2001
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: A phage peptide library was screened with MAb 2F5, and from the peptides that bound the amino acids DKW were found to be most critical for binding -- the mimetic peptide RDWSFDRWSLSEFWL elicited a cross-reactive Ab response to gp41 when used to immunize rabbits.
Tumanova2001
-
2F5: A peptide called 5-Helix was designed that binds to the C-peptide region of gp41 -- 5-Helix is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 entry that binds immediately COOH-terminal to the C-peptide region targeted by 5-Helix -- the conformation of the bound 2F5 epitope is a hairpin turn.
Root2001a
-
2F5: Mutations in two glycosylation sites in the V2 region of HIV-1 ADA at positions 190 and 197 (187 DNTSYRLINCNTS 199) cause the virus to become CD4-independent and able to enter cells through CCR5 alone -- these same mutations tended to increase the neutralization sensitivity of the virus, including to antibody 2F5.
Kolchinsky2001
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: ELNKWA is an escape variant not recognized by the broadly neutralizing MAb 2F5, which recognizes the core epitope ELDKWA -- Abs were raised against the peptide escape variant CGELNKWAGELNKWA linked to KLH carrier -- these polyclonal antibodies, like the monoclonal antibody TH-Ab1 also raised to ELNKWA, could recognize ELDKWA and escape mutant peptide epitopes ELEKWA and ELDEWA.
Dong2001
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: SHIV-HXBc2 is a neutralization sensitive non-pathogenic virus, and several in vivo passages through monkey's yielded highly pathogenic SHIV KU-1 -- HXBc2 and the KU-1 clone HXBc2P3.2 differ in 12 amino acids in gp160 -- substitutions in both gp120 and gp41 reduced the ability of sCD4, IgG1b12, F105 and AG1121 to Env achieve saturation and full occupancy, and neutralize KU-1 -- 17b and 2F5 also bound less efficiently to HXBc2P3.2, although 2G12 was able to bind both comparably.
Si2001
-
2F5: A combination of gp41 fusion with the GNC4 trimeric sequences and disruption of the YU2 gp120-gp41 cleavage site resulted in stable gp140 trimers (gp140-GNC4) -- gp41 MAbs T4, D12, T3, and D50 bound less efficiently to gp140-GNC4 than did pooled sera, but T4 and D12 recognized the gp140-GNC4 timer equivalently to gp140(-), and T3 and D50 recognized the trimer at greater levels than gp140(-) -- 2F5 did not bind efficiently to these constructs, presumably because of the YU2 strain has a substitution in the 2F5 epitope (ALDKWA instead of ELDKWA).
Yang2000
(vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: 2F5 or sCD4-IgG chimeric immunoadhesin were transferred into 3T3 cells, incorporated into a collagen structure called the neo-organ, and transplanted into SCIDhu mice that were then challenged with MN or LAI -- the continuous production of the therapeutic molecules in this context resulted in dramatic reduction of viral load.
Sanhadji2000
(immunotherapy)
-
2F5: ELDKWAS co-crystallized bound to the Fab' 2F5 fragment showed the epitope peptide in a type I beta-turn conformation.
Pai2002
(structure)
-
2F5: 26 HIV-1 group M isolates (clades A to H) were tested for binding to 47 MAbs, including 6 cluster II anti-gp41 MAbs -- of these 2F5, 167-D, 126-6, and 1281 bound across clades, but usually weakly, while 98-6 and 1342 had poor cross reactivity -- Clade D isolates bound most consistently to cluster II MAbs.
Nyambi2000
(subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: ELDKWA peptide vaccine study.
Lu2000b
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: ELDKWA peptide vaccine study.
Lu2000a
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: A rare mutation in the neutralization sensitive R2-strain in the proximal limb of the V3 region caused Env to become sensitive to neutralization by MAbs directed against the CD4 binding site (CD4BS), CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes, soluble CD4 (sCD4), and HNS2, a broadly neutralizing sera -- 2/12 anti-V3 MAbs tested (19b and 694/98-D) neutralized R2, as did 2/3 anti-CD4BS MAbs (15e and IgG1b12), 2/2 CD4i MAbs (17b and 4.8D), and 2G12 and 2F5 -- thus multiple epitopes on R2 are functional targets for neutralization and the neutralization sensitivity profile of R2 is intermediate between the highly sensitive MN-TCLA strain and the typically resistant MN-primary strain.
Zhang2002
-
2F5: Low levels of anti-ELDKWA antibodies are observed in HIV-1+ individuals, so a C-domain P2 peptide linked to a carrier was used to immunize mice and rabbits, and stimulated a high-level anti-ELDKWA response.
Liao2000
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: 2F5 is a candidate for immunotherapy, but generally IgG1 has a longer half-life in humans than IgG3, so the isotype was switched -- rec CHO-derived MAb 2F5 IgG1kappa and hybridoma-derived MAb 2F5 IgG3kappa displayed identical specificity, in vitro function, and epitope (ELDKWA) -- it remains to be determined if isotype switching will prolongs beta-clearance.
Kunert2000
(immunotherapy)
-
2F5: MAbs 98-6 and 2F5 both bind to a peptide N51-C43 complex trimer of heterodimers that approximates the core of the fusogenic form of gp41, and to C43 alone but not to N51 alone -- 98-6 and 2F5 have comparable affinities for C43, but 98-6 has a higher affinity for the complex and 2F5 may bind to an epitope of C43 that is directly involved with complex formation --and IgG1 rec form of the Ab was used in this study.
Gorny2000a
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: A mini-review of observations of passive administration of IgG NAbs conferring protection against intervenous or vaginal SHIV challenge, that considers why IgG MAbs might protect against mucosal challenge. Database note: First author "RobertGuroff" is also found as "Robert-Guroff" on annotated papers in this database.
RobertGuroff2000
(review)
-
2F5: Paper uses IgG1 form of 2F5 -- a triple combination of 2F5, F105 and 2G12 effectively neutralized perinatal infection of macaque infants when challenged with SHIV-vpu+ -- the plasma half-life was 4.2 +/- 0.8 days.
Baba2000
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2F5: Because HIV-1 is most often transmitted across mucosal surfaces, the ability of passive transfer of infused HIVIG/2F5/2G12 to protect against mucosal exposure of macaques to pathogenic SHIV 89.6PD was studied -- HIVIG/2F5/2G12 protected 4/5 animals against vaginal challenge, 2F5/2G12 combined protected 2/5 animals, and 2G12 alone protected 2/4 animals -- in contrast, Mascola and co-workers had previously shown single MAbs could not protect against intervenous challenge -- Ab treated animals that got infected through vaginal inoculation had low viral loads and only modest declines in CD4 counts -- the infused Abs were detected in the nasal, vaginal, and oral mucosa.
Mascola2000a
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
2F5: Combinations of HIVIG, 2F5, 2G12 were administered in passive-transfer experiments 24 hours prior to challenge with pathogenic SHIV 89.6PD -- 3/6 animals given HIVIG/2F5/2G12 were completely protected, the others had reduced viremia and normal CD4 counts -- 1/3 monkeys given 2F5/2G12 showed transient infection, the other two had reduced viral load -- all monkeys that received HIVIG, 2F5, or 2G12 alone became infected and developed high-level plasma viremia, although animals that got HIVIG or 2G12 had a less profound CD4 T cell decline.
Mascola1999
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2F5: Review of the neutralizing Ab response to HIV-1.
Parren1999
(review)
-
2F5: In a study of 116 HIV-1+ individuals, Ab reactivity to a peptide encompassing the ELDKWA peptide decreased in CDC stage C patients compared with stage A patients, and longitudinal studies showed a decline in 6/8 patients, while overall Ab reactivity to rec soluble gp160 stayed constant.
Muhlbacher1999
-
2F5: Hu-PBL-SCID mice were infected with HIV-1s JRCSF and SF162 to study the effect of NAbs on an established infection -- no significant differences in the initial rate of decrease in viral load or the plateau levels of viral RNA between the b12 treated and control mice were seen -- in most of the Ab treated mice b12 escape mutants were observed with varying patterns of mutations -- a combination of b12, 2G12 and 2F5 protected 1/3 mice, and an isolate from one of the other two was resistant to neutralization by all three MAbs.
Poignard1999
(immunotherapy)
-
2F5: A meeting summary presented results regarding neutralization --MAbs 2G12 and 2F5 tested for their ability to neutralize primary isolate infection of genetically engineered cell lines (cMAGI and others, presented by T. Matthews, A. Trkola, J. Bradac) -- an advantage of such cells lines over PBMCs is that markers (X-Gal) can be added for staining to simplify the assay -- the consensus of the meeting was that these engineered cell lines did not improve the sensitivity of detection of primary isolate neutralization -- D. Burton and J. Mascola presented results concerning passive immunization and protection of hu-PBL-SCID mice and macaques, respectively, and both found combinations of MAbs that were able to achieve 99% neutralization in vitro corresponded to efficacy in vivo.
Montefiori1999
(review)
-
2F5: rgp120 derived from a R5X4 subtype B virus was used to vaccinate healthy volunteers and the resulting sera were compared with sera from HIV-1 positive subjects and neutralizing MAbs.
Beddows1999
-
2F5: Infection of dendritic cells cultured from CD14+ blood cells or from cadaveric human skin was blocked by neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, or 2F5 and 2G12 delivered together, but not by control non-neutralizing anti-gp120 MAb 4.8D, indicating that NAbs could interrupt early mucosal transmission events.
Frankel1998
(genital and mucosal immunity)
-
2F5: The complete V, J and D(H) domain was sequenced -- unlike non-neutralizing anti-gp41 MAb 3D6, five neutralizing MAbs (2F5, 2G12, 1B1, 1F7, and 3D5) showed extensive somatic mutations giving evidence of persistent antigenic pressure over long periods -- in contrast to Geffin98, where multiple pediatric sera were found to compete with 2F5, cross-competition was noted to be very rare in sera from HIV+ adults -- Kunert et al. propose that because there is a binding site of human complement factor H which overlaps the 2F5 binding site, it may generally be masked from the immune system -- 2F5 also has a remarkably long CDR3 loop of 22 amino acids, and this region could not be readily assigned to any described D(H) fragment, leading to the suggestion of recombination of two fragments from novel regions.
Kunert1998
(antibody sequence)
-
2F5: The natural immune response to the epitope of 2F5, ELDKWA, was studied in perinatally infected children and levels of reactivity to this epitope were correlated with absolute CD4 numbers over time and health status -- 3/10 children who had no antibody reactivity to ELDKWA had substitutions in the epitope (ALDKWA, ELDQWA, and KLDKWA) -- 2F5 competed with the ELDKWA-reactive sera depending on the serum titer.
Geffin1998
-
2F5: MAbs 2G12, 2F5 and b12 are broadly neutralizing, as are some human polyconal sera, but this paper describes a set of primary isolates that are resistant to all three MAbs and 2 broadly neutralizing sera -- results indicate that resistance levels of pediatric isolates might be higher than adult isolates -- resistance in general did not seem to be conferred by a loss of binding affinity for gp120 or gp41, rather by a more global perturbation of oligomeric Envelope.
Parren1998a
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Used as a control in the study of anti-gp41 MAb NC-1 -- 2F5 does not react with HIV-2 gp41 or gp160.
Jiang1998
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Neutralization synergy was observed when the MAbs 694/98-D (V3), 2F5 (gp41), and 2G12 (gp120 discontinuous) were used in combination, and even greater neutralizing potential was seen with the addition of a fourth MAb, F105 (CD4 BS).
Li1998
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: Induces complement-mediated lysis in MN but not primary isolates -- primary isolates are refractive to CML.
Takefman1998
(complement)
-
2F5: The ELDKWA epitope was inserted into the antigenic site B of influenza hemagglutinin and expressed on baculovirus infected insect cells, flanked by 3 additional random amino acids, xELDKWAxx -- FACS was used to isolate the clone that displayed the epitope with the most markedly increased binding capacity for 2F5, to identify particularly specific immunogenic constructs -- PELDKWAPP was a high affinity form selected by FACS.
Ernst1998
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: Points out that 2G12 and 2F5, potent neutralizing antibodies, were identified by screening for cell surface (oligomeric Envelope) reactivity.
Fouts1998
-
2F5: A wide range of neutralizing titers was observed that was independent of co-receptor usage -- 2F5 was the most potent of the MAbs tested.
Trkola1998
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: A neutralization assay was developed based on hemi-nested PCR amplification of the LTR (HNPCR) -- LTR-HNPCR consistently revealed HIV DNA and was shown to be a rapid, specific and reliable neutralization assay based on tests with 6 MAbs and 5 isolates.
Yang1998
(assay or method development)
-
2F5: Ab from gp120 vaccinated individuals prior to infection, who subsequently became HIV infected, could not achieve 90% neutralization of the primary virus by which the individuals were ultimately infected -- these viruses were not particularly refractive to neutralization, as determined by their susceptibility to neutralization by MAbs 2G12, IgG1b12, 2F5 and 447-52D.
Connor1998
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: This MAb and the results of Ugolini1997 are discussed -- the authors propose that an Ab bound to gp41 would typically project less from the surface of the virion and so be unable to interfere with attachment Parren1998.
Ugolini1997,Parren1998
(review)
-
2F5: Post-exposure prophylaxis was effective when MAb 694/98-D was delivered 15 min post-exposure to HIV-1 LAI in hu-PBL-SCID mice, but declined to 50% if delivered 60 min post-exposure, and similar time constraints have been observed for HIVIG, 2F5 and 2G12, in contrast to MAb BAT123 that could protect delivered 4 hours post infection.
Andrus1998
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2F5: This review summarizes results about 2F5: it binds extracellularly, near the transmembrane domain, it is the only gp41 MAb that is neutralizing, it reacts with many non-B clade viruses and has a paradoxically weak binding to virus, given the neutralizing titers.
Burton1997
(review)
-
2F5: The only MAb out of a large panel to show no correlation between viral binding inhibition and neutralization.
Ugolini1997
-
2F5: Used to standardize polyclonal response to CD4 BS.
Turbica1997
-
2F5: Using concentrations of Abs achievable in vivo, the triple combination of 2F5, 2G12 and HIVIG was found to be synergistic to have the greatest breadth and magnitude of response against 15 clade B primary isolates.
Mascola1997
(antibody interactions, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Binding of anti-gp120 MAbs IgG1b12 or 654-30D does not mediate significant exposure of the gp41 epitopes for MAbs 2F5 and 50-69.
Stamatatos1997
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: Review: MAbs 2F5, 2G12 and IgG1b12 have potential for use in combination with CD4-IgG2 as an immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic -- homologous MAbs to these are rare in humans and vaccine strategies should consider including constructs that may enhance exposure of these MAbs' epitopes.
Moore1997
(review)
-
2F5: IgG1b12 was more potent with greater breadth than MAb 2F5 in an infection reduction assay including 35 primary isolates.
Kessler1997
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: One of 14 human MAbs tested for ability to neutralize a chimeric SHIV-vpu+, which expressed HIV-1 IIIB Env -- strong neutralizer of SHIV-vpu+ -- all Ab combinations tested showed synergistic neutralization -- 2F5 has synergistic response with MAbs 694/98-D (anti-V3), 2G12, b12, and F105.
Li1997
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: A JRCSF variant that was selected for IgG1b12 resistance remained sensitive to MAbs 2G12 and 2F5, for combination therapy.
Mo1997
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: In a multilab evaluation of monoclonal antibodies, only IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5 could neutralize at least half of the 9 primary test isolates at a concentration of < 25 mug per ml for 90% viral inhibition -- the isolates with no 2F5 neutralizing susceptibility had the sequences ALGQWA or ELDTWA instead of EDLKWA -- 7/9 primary isolates were neutralized, and ALDKWQ and ALDKWA were susceptible to neutralization.
DSouza1997
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Of three neutralizing MAbs (257-D, IgG1b12, and 2F5), 2F5 was the only one to inhibit the entry of all viruses studied, both SI and NSI, with a potency proportional to its affinity for monomeric gp126.
Schutten1997
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Called IAM 2F5 -- antibody mediated enhancement or inhibition seemed to be determined by isolate rather than antibody specificity -- in this study, only 2F5 inhibited the entry of all the viruses studied, irrespective of their phenotype, and directly proportional to its affinity to monomeric HIV-1 gp160.
Schutten1997
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: A panel of immunotoxins were generated by linking Env MAbs to ricin A -- immunotoxins mediated cell killing, but killing was not directly proportional to binding.
Pincus1996
(immunotoxin)
-
2F5: 2F5 was infused into two chimpanzees which were then given an intravenous challenge with a primary HIV-1 isolate -- both became infected, but with delayed detection and prolonged decrease in viral load relative to controls, indicating that preexisting, neutralizing antibodies (passively administered or actively elicited) affect the course of acute-phase virus replication and can be influential after the Ab can no longer be detected in the peripheral circulation.
Conley1996
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2F5: Review: only four epitopes have been described which can stimulate a useful neutralizing response to a broad spectrum of primary isolates, represented by the binding sites of MAbs: 447-52-D, 2G12, Fab b12, and 2F5.
Sattentau1996
(review)
-
2F5: Review: one of three MAbs (IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5) generally accepted as having significant potency against primary isolates.
Poignard1996
(review)
-
2F5: Neutralizes HXB2, primary isolates, and chimeric virus with gp120 from primary isolates in an HXB2 background.
McKeating1996b
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Primary isolates from clade A, B, and E are neutralized by 2F5 -- neutralization requires the LDKW motif -- neutralization resistant isolates or 2F5 selected variants all had substitutions in the D or K.
Purtscher1996
(subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: ELDKWAS is in a gp41 binding region for the negative regulator of complement factor H (CFH) -- Abs to HIV generally do not cause efficient complement-mediated lysis, but binding of 2F5 can interfere with CHF binding, facilitating HIV destruction by complement.
Stoiber1996
(complement)
-
2F5: Only 4/20 Argentinian and 3/43 Swedish HIV+ sera reacted with LLELDKWASL -- sera reacting with peptides that contained ELDKWA tended to have high neutralization titers -- the region carboxyl terminal to EDLKWA was found to be more important for polyclonal sera AB binding, 670-675 WNWFDI -- 2F5 bound most strongly to the peptide QELLELDKWA.
Calarota1996
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Broad cross-clade neutralization of primary isolates -- additive neutralization in combination with anti-CD4BS MAb IgG1b12 (Called BM12).
Kessler1995
(subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: MAb binding decreases the accessibility or alters the conformation of the gp41 fusion domain and of gp120 domains, including the binding site for the CD4 cell receptor.
Neurath1995
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Review: binds to the only generally accepted strong neutralizing epitope outside of gp120, one of only 3 MAbs with strong broad activity against primary viruses, the others are 2G12 and IgG1b12 -- unique member of epitope cluster Moore1995c and John Moore, per comm 1996.
Moore1995c
(review)
-
2F5: Called IAM 41-2F5 -- exposed in the presence of gp120 on the cell surface, while most of gp41 is masked -- binds proximal to transmembrane region.
Sattentau1995
(antibody binding site)
-
2F5: Cross-clade primary virus neutralizing activity -- LDKW defined as the core epitope.
Trkola1995a
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: Found to neutralize MN, JRCSF, and two B subtype primary isolates, but not a D subtype primary isolate, by most labs in a multi-laboratory study involving 11 labs.
DSouza1995
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2F5: 2F5 epitope ELDKWA inserted into an immunogenic loop in influenza virus hemagglutinin can elicit IIIB, MN and RF neutralizing sera in immunized mice.
Muster1994
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2F5: gp41 mutation (582 A/T) that reduces neutralization of anti-CD4 binding site MAbs does not alter 2F5's ability to neutralize.
Thali1994
-
2F5: Called IAM-41-2F5 -- neutralized lab and primary isolates -- t 1/2 dissociation 122 min for the peptide, and 156 min for gp41 -- core D(K/R)W -- Ab resistant isolate had the sequence KLDNWA.
Conley1994a
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Included in a multi-lab study for antibody characterization binding and neutralization assay comparison.
DSouza1994
(assay or method development)
-
2F5: MAb generated by electrofusion of PBL from HIV-1 positive volunteers with CB-F7 cells.
Buchacher1994
(antibody generation)
-
2F5: Failed to show synergy with anti-CD4 binding site IIIB neutralizing antibodies.
Laal1994
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: Broadly reactive neutralizing activity, ELDKWA is relatively conserved -- neutralized 2 primary isolates.
Purtscher1994
(neutralization)
-
2F5: Called IAM-41-2F5 -- reports MAb to be IgG1 -- the gp41 mutation 582(Ala to Thr) results in conformational changes in gp120 that confer neutralization resistance to conformationally sensitive neutralizing MAbs -- neutralization efficiency of 2F5 is not affected.
Klasse1993b
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2F5: Synergy with combinations of CD4-based molecules in inhibition of HIV-1 Env mediated cell fusion.
Allaway1993
(antibody interactions)
-
2F5: DKWA defined as the core sequence -- highly conserved epitope neutralizing MAb.
Buchacher1992,Muster1993
(antibody binding site)
References
Showing 602 of
602 references.
Isolation Paper
Buchacher1994
A. Buchacher, R. Predl, K. Strutzenberger, W. Steinfellner, A. Trkola, M. Purtscher, G. Gruber, C. Tauer, F. Steindl, A. Jungbauer, and H. Katinger. Generation of Human Monoclonal Antibodies against HIV-1 Proteins; Electrofusion and Epstein-Barr Virus Transformation for Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Immortalization. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 10:359-369, 1994. A panel of 33 human monoclonal antibodies were produced. Linear epitopes for some of this set of MAbs were mapped using peptide ELISA. Linear epitopes were mapped in gp41, and a single epitope was mapped in p24. While multiple gp120 specific MAbs were generated, all seemed to be conformational or carbohydrate dependent, or both. PubMed ID: 7520721.
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Alam2007
S. Munir Alam, Mildred McAdams, David Boren, Michael Rak, Richard M. Scearce, Feng Gao, Zenaido T. Camacho, Daniel Gewirth, Garnett Kelsoe, Pojen Chen, and Barton F. Haynes. The Role of Antibody Polyspecificity and Lipid Reactivity in Binding of Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Envelope Human Monoclonal Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 to Glycoprotein 41 Membrane Proximal Envelope Epitopes. J. Immunol., 178(7):4424-4435, 1 Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17372000.
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Alam2008
S. Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, Robert J. Parks, Kelly Plonk, Steven G. Plonk, Laura L. Sutherland, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Stacie VanLeeuwen, M. Anthony Moody, Shi-Mao Xia, David C. Montefiori, Georgia D. Tomaras, Kent J. Weinhold, Salim Abdool Karim, Charles B. Hicks, Hua-Xin Liao, James Robinson, George M. Shaw, and Barton F. Haynes. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Antibodies That Mask Membrane Proximal Region Epitopes: Antibody Binding Kinetics, Induction, and Potential for Regulation in Acute Infection. J. Virol., 82(1):115-125, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 17942537.
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Alam2009
S. Munir Alam, Marco Morelli, S. Moses Dennison, Hua-Xin Liao, Ruijun Zhang, Shi-Mao Xia, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Li Sun, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, and Bing Chen. Role of HIV Membrane in Neutralization by Two Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106(48):20234-20239, 1 Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19906992.
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Alam2011
S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Moses Dennison, Frederick Jaeger, Robert Parks, Kara Anasti, Andrew Foulger, Michele Donathan, Judith Lucas, Laurent Verkoczy, Nathan Nicely, Georgia D. Tomaras, Garnett Kelsoe, Bing Chen, Thomas B. Kepler, and Barton F. Haynes. Differential Reactivity of Germ Line Allelic Variants of a Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody to a gp41 Fusion Intermediate Conformation. J Virol, 85(22):11725-11731, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21917975.
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G. P. Allaway, A. M. Ryder, G. A. Beaudry, and P. J. Madden. Synergistic inhibition of HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell fusion by CD4-based molecules in combination with antibodies to gp120 or gp41. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 9:581-587, 1993. PubMed ID: 8369162.
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Alving2006
Carl R. Alving, Zoltan Beck, Nicos Karasavva, Gary R. Matyas, and Mangala Rao. HIV-1, Lipid Rafts, and Antibodies to Liposomes: Implications for Anti-Viral-Neutralizing Antibodies. Mol. Membr. Biol., 23(6):453-465, Nov-Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 17127618.
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Alving2008
Carl R. Alving and Mangala Rao. Lipid A and Liposomes Containing Lipid A as Antigens and Adjuvants. Vaccine, 26(24):3036-3045, 6 Jun 2008. PubMed ID: 18226433.
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L. Andrus, A. M. Prince, I. Bernal, P. McCormack, D. H. Lee, M. K. Gorny, and S. Zolla-Pazner. Passive immunization with a human immunodeficiency virus type 1- neutralizing monoclonal antibody in Hu-PBL-SCID mice: isolation of a neutralization escape variant. J. Infect. Dis., 177:889-97, 1998. PubMed ID: 9534960.
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Apellaniz2010
Beatriz Apellaniz, Ana J. García-Sáez, Nerea Huarte, Renate Kunert, Karola Vorauer-Uhl, Hermann Katinger, Petra Schwille, and José L. Nieva. Confocal Microscopy of Giant Vesicles Supports the Absence of HIV-1 Neutralizing 2F5 Antibody Reactivity to Plasma Membrane Phospholipids. FEBS Lett., 584(8):1591-1596, 16 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20302863.
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Armbruster2002
Christine Armbruster, Gabriela M. Stiegler, Brigitta A. Vcelar, Walter Jager, Nelson L. Michael, Norbert Vetter, and Hermann W. D. Katinger. A phase I trial with two human monoclonal antibodies (hMAb 2F5, 2G12) against HIV-1. AIDS, 16(2):227-233, 25 Jan 2002. PubMed ID: 11807307.
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Arnold2009
Gail Ferstandig Arnold, Paola K. Velasco, Andrew K. Holmes, Terri Wrin, Sheila C. Geisler, Pham Phung, Yu Tian, Dawn A. Resnick, Xuejun Ma, Thomas M. Mariano, Christos J. Petropoulos, John W. Taylor, Hermann Katinger, and Eddy Arnold. Broad Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Elicited from Human Rhinoviruses That Display the HIV-1 gp41 ELDKWA Epitope. J. Virol., 83(10):5087-5100, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19279101.
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Azoitei2014
M. L. Azoitei, Y. A. Ban, O. Kalyuzhny, J. Guenaga, A. Schroeter, J. Porter, R. Wyatt, and William R. Schief. Computational Design of Protein Antigens That Interact with the CDR H3 Loop of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5. Proteins, 82(10):2770-2782, Oct 2014. PubMed ID: 25043744.
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Baan2013
Elly Baan, Anthony de Ronde, Martijn Stax, Rogier W. Sanders, Stanley Luchters, Joseph Vyankandondera, Joep M. Lange, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. HIV-1 Autologous Antibody Neutralization Associates with Mother to Child Transmission. PLoS One, 8(7):e69274, 2013. PubMed ID: 23874931.
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Baba2000
T. W. Baba, V. Liska, R. Hofmann-Lehmann, J. Vlasak, W. Xu, S. Ayehunie, L. A. Cavacini, M. R. Posner, H. Katinger, G. Stiegler, B. J. Bernacky, T. A. Rizvi, R. Schmidt, L. R. Hill, M. E. Keeling, Y. Lu, J. E. Wright, T. C. Chou, and R. M. Ruprecht. Human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies of the IgG1 subtype protect. Nat. Med., 6:200-6, 2000. PubMed ID: 10655110.
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S. W. Barnett, S. Lu, I. Srivastava, S. Cherpelis, A. Gettie, J. Blanchard, S. Wang, I. Mboudjeka, L. Leung, Y. Lian, A. Fong, C. Buckner, A. Ly, S. Hilt, J. Ulmer, C. T. Wild, J. R. Mascola, and L. Stamatatos. The ability of an oligomeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope antigen to elicit neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV-1 isolates is improved following partial deletion of the second hypervariable region. J. Virol., 75(12):5526--40, Jun 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/12/5526. PubMed ID: 11356960.
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Linda L. Baum. Role of Humoral Immunity in Host Defense Against HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep, 7(1):11-18, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 20425053.
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Beauparlant2017
David Beauparlant, Peter Rusert, Carsten Magnus, Claus Kadelka, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Osvaldo Zagordi, Corinna Oberle, Maria J. Duenas-Decamp, Paul R. Clapham, Karin J. Metzner, Huldrych F. Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. Delineating CD4 Dependency of HIV-1: Adaptation to Infect Low Level CD4 Expressing Target Cells Widens Cellular Tropism But Severely Impacts on Envelope Functionality. PLoS Pathog., 13(3):e1006255, Mar 2017. PubMed ID: 28264054.
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Beddows1999
S. Beddows, S. Lister, R. Cheingsong, C. Bruck, and J. Weber. Comparison of the Antibody Repertoire Generated in Healthy Volunteers following Immunization with a Monomeric Recombinant gp120 Construct Derived from a CCR5/CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate with Sera from Naturally Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 73:1740-1745, 1999. PubMed ID: 9882391.
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Beddows2005a
Simon Beddows, Natalie N. Zheng, Carolina Herrera, Elizabeth Michael, Kelly Barnes, John P. Moore, Rod S. Daniels, and Jonathan N. Weber. Neutralization Sensitivity of HIV-1 Env-Pseudotyped Virus Clones is Determined by Co-Operativity between Mutations Which Modulate the CD4-Binding Site and Those That Affect gp120-gp41 Stability. Virology, 337(1):136-148, 20 Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15914227.
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Beddows2007
Simon Beddows, Michael Franti, Antu K. Dey, Marc Kirschner, Sai Prasad N. Iyer, Danielle C. Fisch, Thomas Ketas, Eloisa Yuste, Ronald C. Desrosiers, Per Johan Klasse, Paul J. Maddon, William C. Olson, and John P. Moore. A Comparative Immunogenicity Study in Rabbits of Disulfide-Stabilized, Proteolytically Cleaved, Soluble Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp140, Trimeric Cleavage-Defective gp140 and Monomeric gp120. Virology, 360(2):329-340, 10 Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17126869.
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A. Beretta and A.G. Dalgleish. B-Cell Epitopes. AIDS, 8(suppl 1):S133-S145, 1994.
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Elisabetta Bianchi, Joseph G. Joyce, Michael D. Miller, Adam C. Finnefrock, Xiaoping Liang, Marco Finotto, Paolo Ingallinella, Philip McKenna, Michael Citron, Elizabeth Ottinger, Robert W. Hepler, Renee Hrin, Deborah Nahas, Chengwei Wu, David Montefiori, John W. Shiver, Antonello Pessi, and Peter S. Kim. Vaccination with Peptide Mimetics of the gp41 Prehairpin Fusion Intermediate Yields Neutralizing Antisera against HIV-1 Isolates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(23):10655-10660, 8 Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20483992.
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Binley2003
James M. Binley, Charmagne S. Cayanan, Cheryl Wiley, Norbert Schülke, William C. Olson, and Dennis R. Burton. Redox-Triggered Infection by Disulfide-Shackled Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pseudovirions. J. Virol., 77(10):5678-5684, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12719560.
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Binley2004
James M. Binley, Terri Wrin, Bette Korber, Michael B. Zwick, Meng Wang, Colombe Chappey, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Hermann Katinger, Christos J. Petropoulos, and Dennis R. Burton. Comprehensive Cross-Clade Neutralization Analysis of a Panel of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 78(23):13232-13252, Dec 2004. PubMed ID: 15542675.
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Binley2008
James M. Binley, Elizabeth A. Lybarger, Emma T. Crooks, Michael S. Seaman, Elin Gray, Katie L. Davis, Julie M. Decker, Diane Wycuff, Linda Harris, Natalie Hawkins, Blake Wood, Cory Nathe, Douglas Richman, Georgia D. Tomaras, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, James E. Robinson, Lynn Morris, George M. Shaw, David C. Montefiori, and John R. Mascola. Profiling the Specificity of Neutralizing Antibodies in a Large Panel of Plasmas from Patients Chronically Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes B and C. J. Virol., 82(23):11651-11668, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18815292.
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Binley2009
James Binley. Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Sera. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):364-372, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048699.
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Binley2010
James M Binley, Yih-En Andrew Ban, Emma T. Crooks, Dirk Eggink, Keiko Osawa, William R. Schief, and Rogier W. Sanders. Role of Complex Carbohydrates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Resistance to Antibody Neutralization. J. Virol., 84(11):5637-5655, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20335257.
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Biron2005
Zohar Biron, Sanjay Khare, Sabine R. Quadt, Yehezkiel Hayek, Fred Naider, and Jacob Anglister. The 2F5 Epitope is Helical in the HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor T-20. Biochemistry, 44(41):13602-13611, 18 Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16216084.
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Blay2007
Wendy M. Blay, Theresa Kasprzyk, Lynda Misher, Barbra A. Richardson, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Mutations in Envelope gp120 Can Impact Proteolytic Processing of the gp160 Precursor and Thereby Affect Neutralization Sensitivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pseudoviruses. J. Virol., 81(23):13037-13049, Dec 2007. PubMed ID: 17855534.
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Blish2007
Catherine A. Blish, Wendy M. Blay, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Julie Overbaugh. Transmission of HIV-1 in the Face of Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):578-587, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045114.
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Blish2008
Catherine A Blish, Minh-An Nguyen, and Julie Overbaugh. Enhancing Exposure of HIV-1 Neutralization Epitopes through Mutations in gp41. PLoS Med., 5(1):e9, 3 Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18177204.
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Blish2009
Catherine A. Blish, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Stephanie Rainwater, Minh-An Nguyen, Ozge C. Dogan, and Julie Overbaugh. Cross-Subtype Neutralization Sensitivity Despite Monoclonal Antibody Resistance among Early Subtype A, C, and D Envelope Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 83(15):7783-7788, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19474105.
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Bontjer2010
Ilja Bontjer, Mark Melchers, Dirk Eggink, Kathryn David, John P. Moore, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers Lacking the V1V2 Domain, Obtained by Virus Evolution. J. Biol. Chem, 285(47):36456-36470, 19 Nov 2010. PubMed ID: 20826824.
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Borggren2011
Marie Borggren, Johanna Repits, Jasminka Sterjovski, Hannes Uchtenhagen, Melissa J. Churchill, Anders Karlsson, Jan Albert, Adnane Achour, Paul R. Gorry, Eva Maria Fenyö, and Marianne Jansson. Increased Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies of End-Stage Disease R5 HIV-1 Correlates with Evolution in Env Glycosylation and Charge. PLoS One, 6(6):e20135, 2011. PubMed ID: 21698221.
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Bouvin-Pley2014
M. Bouvin-Pley, M. Morgand, L. Meyer, C. Goujard, A. Moreau, H. Mouquet, M. Nussenzweig, C. Pace, D. Ho, P. J. Bjorkman, D. Baty, P. Chames, M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Poignard, F. Barin, and M. Braibant. Drift of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Toward Increased Neutralization Resistance over the Course of the Epidemic: A Comprehensive Study Using the Most Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(23):13910-13917, Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25231299.
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Bradley2016a
Todd Bradley, Ashley Trama, Nancy Tumba, Elin Gray, Xiaozhi Lu, Navid Madani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, Amanda Eaton, Shi-Mao Xia, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy M. Bowman, Susan Barnett, Salim S. Abdool-Karim, Scott D. Boyd, Bruno Melillo, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., Joseph Sodroski, Thomas B. Kepler, S. Munir Alam, Feng Gao, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, M Anthony Moody, David Montefiori, Sampa Santra, Lynn Morris, and Barton F. Haynes. Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity. EBioMedicine, 12:196-207, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27612593.
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Braibant2006
Martine Braibant, Sylvie Brunet, Dominique Costagliola, Christine Rouzioux, Henri Agut, Hermann Katinger, Brigitte Autran, and Francis Barin. Antibodies to Conserved Epitopes of the HIV-1 Envelope in Sera from Long-Term Non-Progressors: Prevalence and Association with Neutralizing Activity. AIDS, 20(15):1923-30, 3 Oct 2006. PubMed ID: 16988513.
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Braibant2013
Martine Braibant, Eun-Yeung Gong, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Thierry Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, and Francis Barin. Cross-Group Neutralization of HIV-1 and Evidence for Conservation of the PG9/PG16 Epitopes within Divergent Groups. AIDS, 27(8):1239-1244, 15 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23343910.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Brown2005a
Bruce K. Brown, Janice M. Darden, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Tamara Oblander, Julie Frost, Eric Sanders-Buell, Mark S. de Souza, Deborah L. Birx, Francine E. McCutchan, and Victoria R. Polonis. Biologic and Genetic Characterization of a Panel of 60 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates, Representing Clades A, B, C, D, CRF01\_AE, and CRF02\_AG, for the Development and Assessment of Candidate Vaccines. J. Virol., 79(10):6089-6101, May 2005. PubMed ID: 15857994.
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Bryson2008
Steve Bryson, Jean-Philippe Julien, David E. Isenman, Renate Kunert, Hermann Katinger, and Emil F. Pai. Crystal Structure of the Complex Between the Fab' Fragment of the Cross-Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibody 2F5 and the Fab Fragment of Its Anti-Idiotypic Antibody 3H6. J. Mol. Biol., 382(4):910-919, 17 Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18692506.
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Bryson2009
Steve Bryson, Jean-Philippe Julien, Rosemary C. Hynes, and Emil F. Pai. Crystallographic Definition of the Epitope Promiscuity of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2F5: Vaccine Design Implications. J. Virol., 83(22):11862-11875, Nov 2009. PubMed ID: 19740978.
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Buchacher1992
Andrea Buchacher, Renate Predl, Christa Tauer, Martin Purtscher, Gerhard Gruber, Renate Heider, Fraz Steindl, Alexandra Trkola, Alois Jungbauer, and Herman Katinger. Human Monoclonal Antibodies against gp41 and gp120 as Potential Agent for Passive Immunization. Vaccines, 92:191-195, 1992.
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Bunnik2007
Evelien M Bunnik, Esther D Quakkelaar, Ad C. van Nuenen, Brigitte Boeser-Nunnink, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Increased Neutralization Sensitivity of Recently Emerged CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains Compared to Coexisting CCR5-Using Variants from the Same Patient. J. Virol., 81(2):525-531, Jan 2007. PubMed ID: 17079299.
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Bunnik2009
Evelien M. Bunnik, Marit J. van Gils, Marilie S. D. Lobbrecht, Linaida Pisas, Ad C. van Nuenen, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Changing Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 of Primary Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants in the Natural Course of Infection. Virology, 390(2):348-355, 1 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19539340.
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Bunnik2010
Evelien M. Bunnik, Marit J. van Gils, Marilie S. D. Lobbrecht, Linaida Pisas, Nening M. Nanlohy, Debbie van Baarle, Ad C. van Nuenen, Ann J. Hessell, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Emergence of Monoclonal Antibody b12-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants during Natural Infection in the Absence of Humoral Or Cellular Immune Pressure. J. Gen. Virol., 91(5):1354-1364, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20053822.
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Bunnik2010a
Evelien M. Bunnik, Zelda Euler, Matthijs R. A. Welkers, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Adaptation of HIV-1 Envelope gp120 to Humoral Immunity at a Population Level. Nat. Med., 16(9):995-997, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20802498.
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Bures2002
Renata Bures, Lynn Morris, Carolyn Williamson, Gita Ramjee, Mark Deers, Susan A Fiscus, Salim Abdool-Karim, and David C. Montefiori. Regional Clustering of Shared Neutralization Determinants on Primary Isolates of Clade C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from South Africa. J. Virol., 76(5):2233-2244, Mar 2002. PubMed ID: 11836401.
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Burrer2005
Renaud Burrer, Sandrine Haessig-Einius, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Neutralizing as Well as Non-Neutralizing Polyclonal Immunoglobulin (Ig)G from Infected Patients Capture HIV-1 via Antibodies Directed against the Principal Immunodominant Domain of gp41. Virology, 333(1):102-113, 1 Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15708596.
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D. R. Burton and D. C. Montefiori. The antibody response in HIV-1 infection. AIDS, 11 Suppl A:S87-S98, 1997. An excellent review of Ab epitopes and the implications for Envelope structure, neutralization of HIV, the distinction between primary and TCLA strains, ADCC and its role in clearance, and the Ab response during the course of infection. PubMed ID: 9451972.
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Burton2005
Dennis R. Burton, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Antibody vs. HIV in a Clash of Evolutionary Titans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102(42):14943-14948, 18 Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16219699.
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Burton2012
Dennis R. Burton, Pascal Poignard, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Present New Prospects to Counter Highly Antigenically Diverse Viruses. Science, 337(6091):183-186, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22798606.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Victor Buzon, Ganesh Natrajan, David Schibli, Felix Campelo, Michael M. Kozlov, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Crystal Structure of HIV-1 gp41 Including Both Fusion Peptide and Membrane Proximal External Regions. PLoS Pathog, 6(5):e1000880, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20463810.
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S. Calarota, M. Jansson, M. Levi, K. Broliden, O. Libonatti, H. Wigzell, and B. Wahren. Immunodominant Glycoprotein 41 Epitope Identified by Seroreactivity in HIV Type 1-Infected Individuals. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 12:705-713, 1996. PubMed ID: 8744581.
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Lisa A. Cavacini, Mark Duval, James Robinson, and Marshall R. Posner. Interactions of Human Antibodies, Epitope Exposure, Antibody Binding and Neutralization of Primary Isolate HIV-1 Virions. AIDS, 16(18):2409-2417, 6 Dec 2002. Erratum in AIDS. 2003 Aug 15;17(12):1863. PubMed ID: 12461414.
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Chakrabarti2002
Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Wing-pui Kong, Bei-yue Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Jacques Friborg, Xu Ling, Steven R. King, David C. Montefiori, and Gary J. Nabel. Modifications of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Enhance Immunogenicity for Genetic Immunization. J. Virol., 76(11):5357-5368, Jun 2002. PubMed ID: 11991964.
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Chakrabarti2005
Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Xu Ling, Zhi-Yong Yang, David C. Montefiori, Amos Panet, Wing-Pui Kong, Brent Welcher, Mark K. Louder, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Expanded Breadth of Virus Neutralization after Immunization with a Multiclade Envelope HIV Vaccine Candidate. Vaccine, 23(26):3434-3445, 16 May 2005. PubMed ID: 15837367.
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B. K. Chakrabarti, L. M. Walker, J. F. Guenaga, A. Ghobbeh, P. Poignard, D. R. Burton, and R. T. Wyatt. Direct Antibody Access to the HIV-1 Membrane-Proximal External Region Positively Correlates with Neutralization Sensitivity. J. Virol., 85(16):8217-8226, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21653673.
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Cham2006
Fatim Cham, Peng Fei Zhang, Leo Heyndrickx, Peter Bouma, Ping Zhong, Herman Katinger, James Robinson, Guido van der Groen, and Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr. Neutralization and Infectivity Characteristics of Envelope Glycoproteins from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Donors Whose Sera Exhibit Broadly Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Virology, 347(1):36-51, 30 Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16378633.
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Cheeseman2017
Hannah M. Cheeseman, Natalia J. Olejniczak, Paul M. Rogers, Abbey B. Evans, Deborah F. L. King, Paul Ziprin, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and Robin J. Shattock. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 91(1), 1 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27795431.
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Chen1994
Y.-H. Chen, A. Susanna, G. Bock, F. Steindl, H. Katinger, and M. P. Dierich. HIV-1 gp41 Shares a Common Immunologic Determinant with Human T, B and Monocyte Cell Lines. Immunol. Lett., 39:219-222, 1994. The MAb 3D6 binds to HIV gp41, and to a 43 kd protein found in human T, B and monocyte cell lines. The authors suggest the possibility of molecular mimicry. PubMed ID: 7518416.
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Chen2007
Ping Chen, Wolfgang Hübner, Matthew A. Spinelli, and Benjamin K. Chen. Predominant Mode of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transfer between T Cells Is Mediated by Sustained Env-Dependent Neutralization-Resistant Virological Synapses. J. Virol., 81(22):12582-12595, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 17728240.
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Chen2008a
Hongying Chen, Xiaodong Xu, Hsin-Hui Lin, Ssu-Hsien Chen, Anna Forsman, Marlen Aasa-Chapman, and Ian M. Jones. Mapping the Immune Response to the Outer Domain of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Clade C gp120. J. Gen. Virol., 89(10):2597-2604, Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18796729.
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Chen2009b
Weizao Chen and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Engineered Antibody Domains as HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(2):112-117, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19339949.
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Chen2013
Yao Chen, Jinsong Zhang, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Hilary Bouton-Verville, Shi-Mao Xia, Amanda Newman, Ying-Bin Ouyang, Barton F. Haynes, and Laurent Verkoczy. Common Tolerance Mechanisms, but Distinct Cross-Reactivities Associated with gp41 and Lipids, Limit Production of HIV-1 Broad Neutralizing Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. J. Immunol., 191(3):1260-1275, Aug 1 2013. PubMed ID: 23825311.
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Chen2015
Jia Chen, James M. Kovacs, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Donghyun Park, Elise Zablowsky, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Effect of the Cytoplasmic Domain on Antigenic Characteristics of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Science, 349(6244):191-195, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26113642.
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Chenine2013
Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Maggie Wesberry, Teresa Towle, Devin M. Pillis, Sebastian Molnar, Robert McLinden, Tara Edmonds, Ivan Hirsch, Robert O'Connell, Francine E. McCutchan, David C. Montefiori, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Impact of HIV-1 Backbone on Neutralization Sensitivity: Neutralization Profiles of Heterologous Envelope Glycoproteins Expressed in Native Subtype C and CRF01\_AE Backbone. PLoS One, 8(11):e76104, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312165.
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Chenine2018
Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Melanie Merbah, Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Brendan Mann, Jenica Lee, Anne-Marie O'Sullivan, Meera Bose, Eric Sanders-Buell, Gustavo H. Kijak, Carolina Herrera, Robert McLinden, Robert J. O'Connell, Nelson L. Michael, Merlin L. Robb, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Neutralization Sensitivity of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Panel of Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 78(3):348-355, 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29528942.
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Ching2010
Lance Ching and Leonidas Stamatatos. Alterations in the Immunogenic Properties of Soluble Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Proteins Induced by Deletion or Heterologous Substitutions of the V1 Loop. J. Virol., 84(19):9932-9946, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20660181.
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Chomont2008
Nicolas Chomont, Hakim Hocini, Jean-Chrysostome Gody, Hicham Bouhlal, Pierre Becquart, Corinne Krief-Bouillet, Michel Kazatchkine, and Laurent Bélec. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Do Not Inhibit Viral Transcytosis Through Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Virology, 370(2):246-254, 20 Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 17920650.
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Chong2008
Huihui Chong, Kunxue Hong, Chuntao Zhang, Jianhui Nie, Aijing Song, Wei Kong, and Youchun Wang. Genetic and Neutralization Properties of HIV-1 env Clones from Subtype B/BC/AE Infections in China. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 47(5):535-543, 15 Apr 2008. PubMed ID: 18209676.
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Choudhry2006
Vidita Choudhry, Mei-Yun Zhang, Ilia Harris, Igor A. Sidorov, Bang Vu, Antony S. Dimitrov, Timothy Fouts, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Increased Efficacy of HIV-1 Neutralization by Antibodies at Low CCR5 Surface Concentration. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 348(3):1107-1115, 29 Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 16904645.
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Choudhry2007
Vidita Choudhry, Mei-Yun Zhang, Igor A. Sidorov, John M. Louis, Ilia Harris, Antony S. Dimitrov, Peter Bouma, Fatim Cham, Anil Choudhary, Susanna M. Rybak, Timothy Fouts, David C. Montefiori, Christopher C. Broder, Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr., and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Selected by Screening of an Immune Human Phage Library Against an Envelope Glycoprotein (gp140) Isolated from a Patient (R2) with Broadly HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies. Virology, 363(1):79-90, 20 Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17306322.
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Chuang2013
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Priyamvada Acharya, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Robert T. Bailer, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Residue-Level Prediction of HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes Based on Neutralization of Diverse Viral Strains. J. Virol., 87(18):10047-10058, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23843642.
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Chun2014
Tae-Wook Chun, Danielle Murray, Jesse S. Justement, Jana Blazkova, Claire W. Hallahan, Olivia Fankuchen, Kathleen Gittens, Erika Benko, Colin Kovacs, Susan Moir, and Anthony S. Fauci. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Suppress HIV in the Persistent Viral Reservoir. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(36):13151-13156, 9 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25157148.
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Clerici2002
Mario Clerici, Claudia Barassi, Claudia Devito, Claudia Pastori, Stefania Piconi, Daria Trabattoni, Renato Longhi, Jorma Hinkula, Kristina Broliden, and Lucia Lopalco. Serum IgA of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Individuals Inhibit HIV Through Recognition of a Region within the Alpha-Helix of gp41. AIDS, 16(13):1731-1741, 6 Sep 2002. PubMed ID: 12218383.
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Coeffier2000
E. Coeffier, J. M. Clement, V. Cussac, N. Khodaei-Boorane, M. Jehanno, M. Rojas, A. Dridi, M. Latour, R. El Habib, F. Barre-Sinoussi, M. Hofnung, and C. Leclerc. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of the HIV-1 gp41 Epitope ELDKWA Inserted into Permissive Sites of the MalE Protein. Vaccine, 19(7-8):684-693, 22 Nov 2000. PubMed ID: 11115689.
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Cognasse2009
Fabrice Cognasse, Hind Hamzeh-Cognasse, Julien Berthet, Pauline Damien, Frédéric Lucht, Bruno Pozzetto, and Olivier Garraud. Altered Release of Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-Cell Expressed and Secreted Protein from Human, Normal Platelets: Contribution of Distinct HIV-1MN gp41 Peptides. AIDS, 23(15):2057-2059, 24 Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19654498.
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Conley1994a
A. J. Conley, J. A. Kessler, II, L. J. Boots, J.-S. Tung, B. A. Arnold, P. M. Keller, A. R. Shaw, and E. A. Emini. Neutralization of Divergent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants and Primary Isolates by IAM-41-2F5, an Anti-gp41 Human Monoclonal Antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91:3348-3352, 1994. 2F5 is capable of neutralizing a broad range of primary isolates and lab strains. Susceptibility to neutralization was dependent on presence of a conserved antibody binding site. Kinetic studies were done, and 2F5 has a very long t$_1/2$ of dissociation, 156 minutes for gp41. The authors point out that LDKW core is present in highly diverged international isolates. PubMed ID: 7512731.
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Conley1996
A. J. Conley, J. A. Kessler, II, L. J. Boots, P. M. McKenna, W. A. Schleif, E. A. Emini, G. E. Mark, III, H. Katinger, E. K. Cobb, S. M. Lunceford, S. R. Rouse, and K. K. Murthy. The Consequence of Passive Administration of an Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody before Challenge of Chimpanzees with a Primary Virus Isolate. J. Virol., 70:6751-6758, 1996. The MAb 2F5 was infused into two chimpanzees which were then given an intravenous challenge with a primary HIV-1 isolate -- both became infected, but with delayed detection and prolonged decrease in viral load relative to controls, indicating that preexisting, neutralizing antibodies (passively administered or actively elicited) affect the course of acute-phase virus replication and can be influential after the Ab can no longer be detected in the peripheral circulation. PubMed ID: 8794312.
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Connor1998
R. I. Connor, B. T. Korber, B. S. Graham, B. H. Hahn, D. D. Ho, B. D. Walker, A. U. Neumann, S. H. Vermund, J. Mestecky, S. Jackson, E. Fenamore, Y. Cao, F. Gao, S. Kalams, K. J. Kunstman, D. McDonald, N. McWilliams, A. Trkola, J. P. Moore, and S. M. Wolinsky. Immunological and virological analyses of persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 while participating in trials of recombinant gp120 subunit vaccines. J. Virol., 72:1552-76, 1998. No gp120-vaccine induced antibodies in a human trial of gp120 MN and SF2 could neutralize the primary viruses that infected the vaccinees. The primary isolates from the infected vaccinees were shown not to be particularly refractive to neutralization by their susceptibility to a panel of neutralizing MAbs. PubMed ID: 9445059.
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Corti2010
Davide Corti, Johannes P. M. Langedijk, Andreas Hinz, Michael S. Seaman, Fabrizia Vanzetta, Blanca M. Fernandez-Rodriguez, Chiara Silacci, Debora Pinna, David Jarrossay, Sunita Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh, Betty Willems, Maria J. Zekveld, Hanna Dreja, Eithne O'Sullivan, Corinna Pade, Chloe Orkin, Simon A. Jeffs, David C. Montefiori, David Davis, Winfried Weissenhorn, Áine McKnight, Jonathan L. Heeney, Federica Sallusto, Quentin J. Sattentau, Robin A. Weiss, and Antonio Lanzavecchia. Analysis of Memory B Cell Responses and Isolation of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Breadth from HIV-1-Infected Individuals. PLoS One, 5(1):e8805, 2010. PubMed ID: 20098712.
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Coutant2008
Jérôme Coutant, Huifeng Yu, Marie-Jeanne Clément, Annette Alfsen, Flavio Toma, Patrick A. Curmi, and Morgane Bomsel. Both Lipid Environment and pH Are Critical for Determining Physiological Solution Structure of 3-D-Conserved Epitopes of the HIV-1 gp41-MPER Peptide P1. FASEB J., 22(12):4338-4351, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18776068.
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Crooks2005
Emma T. Crooks, Penny L. Moore, Douglas Richman, James Robinson, Jeffrey A. Crooks, Michael Franti, Norbert Schülke, and James M. Binley. Characterizing Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies and Immune Sera by Defining the Mechanism of Neutralization. Hum Antibodies, 14(3-4):101-113, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720980.
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Crooks2008
Emma T. Crooks, Pengfei Jiang, Michael Franti, Sharon Wong, Michael B. Zwick, James A. Hoxie, James E. Robinson, Penny L. Moore, and James M. Binley. Relationship of HIV-1 and SIV Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Occupation and Neutralization. Virology, 377(2):364-378, 1 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18539308.
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Crooks2011
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. Enzyme Digests Eliminate Nonfunctional Env from HIV-1 Particle Surfaces, Leaving Native Env Trimers Intact and Viral Infectivity Unaffected. J. Virol., 85(12):5825-5839, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21471242.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Dacheux2004
Laurent Dacheux, Alain Moreau, Yasemin Ataman-Önal, François Biron, Bernard Verrier, and Francis Barin. Evolutionary Dynamics of the Glycan Shield of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope during Natural Infection and Implications for Exposure of the 2G12 Epitope. J. Virol., 78(22):12625-12637, Nov 2004. PubMed ID: 15507649.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Davis2006
David Davis, Helen Donners, Betty Willems, Michel Ntemgwa, Tine Vermoesen, Guido van der Groen, and Wouter Janssens. Neutralization Kinetics of Sensitive and Resistant Subtype B Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates. J. Med. Virol., 78(7):864-786, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16721864.
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Davis2009
Katie L. Davis, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Hui Li, Julie M. Decker, Olaf Kutsch, Lynn Morris, Aidy Salomon, Abraham Pinter, James A. Hoxie, Beatrice H. Hahn, Peter D. Kwong, and George M. Shaw. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2)/HIV-1 Envelope Chimeras Detect High Titers of Broadly Reactive HIV-1 V3-Specific Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 83(3):1240-1259, Feb 2009. PubMed ID: 19019969.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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delaArada2009
Igor de la Arada, Jean-Philippe Julien, Beatriz G. de la Torre, Nerea Huarte, David Andreu, Emil F. Pai, José L. R. Arrondo, and José L. Nieva. Structural Constraints Imposed by the Conserved Fusion Peptide on the HIV-1 gp41 Epitope Recognized by the Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5. J. Phys. Chem. B, 113(41):13626-13637, 15 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19754136.
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Dennison2009
S. Moses Dennison, Shelley M. Stewart, Kathryn C. Stempel, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Stable Docking of Neutralizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Membrane-Proximal External Region Monoclonal Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 Is Dependent on the Membrane Immersion Depth of Their Epitope Regions. J. Virol., 83(19):10211-10223, Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19640992.
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Dennison2011
S. Moses Dennison, Laura L. Sutherland, Frederick H. Jaeger, Kara M. Anasti, Robert Parks, Shelley Stewart, Cindy Bowman, Shi-Mao Xia, Ruijun Zhang, Xiaoying Shen, Richard M. Scearce, Gilad Ofek, Yongping Yang, Peter D. Kwong, Sampa Santra, Hua-Xin Liao, Georgia Tomaras, Norman L. Letvin, Bing Chen, S. Munir Alam, and Barton F. Haynes. Induction of Antibodies in Rhesus Macaques That Recognize a Fusion-Intermediate Conformation of HIV-1 gp41. PLoS One, 6(11):e27824, 2011. PubMed ID: 22140469.
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Dennison2011a
S. Moses Dennison, Kara Anasti, Richard M. Scearce, Laura Sutherland, Robert Parks, Shi-Mao Xia, Hua-Xin Liao, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Nonneutralizing HIV-1 gp41 Envelope Cluster II Human Monoclonal Antibodies Show Polyreactivity for Binding to Phospholipids and Protein Autoantigens. J. Virol., 85(3):1340-1347, Feb 2011. PubMed ID: 21106741.
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Dennison2014
S. Moses Dennison, Kara M. Anasti, Frederick H. Jaeger, Shelley M. Stewart, Justin Pollara, Pinghuang Liu, Erika L. Kunz, Ruijun Zhang, Nathan Vandergrift, Sallie Permar, Guido Ferrari, Georgia D. Tomaras, Mattia Bonsignori, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H Kim, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Vaccine-Induced HIV-1 Envelope gp120 Constant Region 1-Specific Antibodies Expose a CD4-Inducible Epitope and Block the Interaction of HIV-1 gp140 with Galactosylceramide. J. Virol., 88(16):9406-9417, Aug 2014. PubMed ID: 24920809.
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Depetris2012
Rafael S Depetris, Jean-Philippe Julien, Reza Khayat, Jeong Hyun Lee, Robert Pejchal, Umesh Katpally, Nicolette Cocco, Milind Kachare, Evan Massi, Kathryn B. David, Albert Cupo, Andre J. Marozsan, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, and John P Moore. Partial Enzymatic Deglycosylation Preserves the Structure of Cleaved Recombinant HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 287(29):24239-24254, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22645128.
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Derby2006
Nina R. Derby, Zane Kraft, Elaine Kan, Emma T. Crooks, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, James M. Binley, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Antibody Responses Elicited in Macaques Immunized with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) SF162-Derived gp140 Envelope Immunogens: Comparison with Those Elicited during Homologous Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVSF162P4 and Heterologous HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 80(17):8745-8762, Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 16912322.
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Derby2007
Nina R. Derby, Sean Gray, Elizabeth Wayner, Dwayne Campogan, Giorgos Vlahogiannis, Zane Kraft, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Isolation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Elicited by Trimeric HIV-1 Env gp140 Protein Immunogens. Virology, 366(2):433-445, 30 Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17560621.
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deRosny2004
Eve de Rosny, Russell Vassell, Shibo Jiang, Renate Kunert, and Carol D. Weiss. Binding of the 2F5 Monoclonal Antibody to Native and Fusion-Intermediate Forms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41: Implications for Fusion-Inducing Conformational Changes. J. Virol., 78(5):2627-2631, Mar 2004. PubMed ID: 14963170.
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Dervillez2010
Xavier Dervillez, Volker Klaukien, Ralf Dürr, Joachim Koch, Alexandra Kreutz, Thomas Haarmann, Michaela Stoll, Donghan Lee, Teresa Carlomagno, Barbara Schnierle, Kalle Möbius, Christoph Königs, Christian Griesinger, and Ursula Dietrich. Peptide Ligands Selected with CD4-Induced Epitopes on Native Dualtropic HIV-1 Envelope Proteins Mimic Extracellular Coreceptor Domains and Bind to HIV-1 gp120 Independently of Coreceptor Usage. J. Virol., 84(19):10131-10138, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20660187.
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Dey2003
Barna Dey, Christie S. Del Castillo, and Edward A. Berger. Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by sCD4-17b, a Single-Chain Chimeric Protein, Based on Sequential Interaction of gp120 with CD4 and Coreceptor. J. Virol., 77(5):2859-2865, Mar 2003. PubMed ID: 12584309.
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Dey2007
Antu K. Dey, Kathryn B. David, Per J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. Specific Amino Acids in the N-Terminus of the gp41 Ectodomain Contribute to the Stabilization of a Soluble, Cleaved gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Virology, 360(1):199-208, 30 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17092531.
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Dey2008
Antu K. Dey, Kathryn B. David, Neelanjana Ray, Thomas J. Ketas, Per J. Klasse, Robert W. Doms, and John P. Moore. N-Terminal Substitutions in HIV-1 gp41 Reduce the Expression of Non-Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins on the Virus. Virology, 372(1):187-200, 1 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18031785.
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Dhillon2007
Amandeep K. Dhillon, Helen Donners, Ralph Pantophlet, Welkin E. Johnson, Julie M. Decker, George M. Shaw, Fang-Hua Lee, Douglas D. Richman, Robert W. Doms, Guido Vanham, and Dennis R. Burton. Dissecting the Neutralizing Antibody Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Sera from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Donors. J. Virol., 81(12):6548-6562, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17409160.
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Dieltjens2009
Tessa Dieltjens, Leo Heyndrickx, Betty Willems, Elin Gray, Lies Van Nieuwenhove, Katrijn Grupping, Guido Vanham, and Wouter Janssens. Evolution of Antibody Landscape and Viral Envelope Escape in an HIV-1 CRF02\_AG Infected Patient with 4E10-Like Antibodies. Retrovirology, 6:113, 2009. PubMed ID: 20003438.
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Dimitrov2007
Antony S. Dimitrov, Amy Jacobs, Catherine M. Finnegan, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, and Robert Blumenthal. Exposure of the Membrane-Proximal External Region of HIV-1 gp41 in the Course of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein-Mediated Fusion. Biochemistry, 46(5):1398-1401, 6 Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17260969.
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Diomede2012
L. Diomede, S. Nyoka, C. Pastori, L. Scotti, A. Zambon, G. Sherman, C. M. Gray, M. Sarzotti-Kelsoe, and L. Lopalco. Passively Transmitted gp41 Antibodies in Babies Born from HIV-1 Subtype C-Seropositive Women: Correlation between Fine Specificity and Protection. J. Virol., 86(8):4129-4138, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301151.
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Dong2001
X. N. Dong, Y. Xiao, and Y. H. Chen. ELNKWA-epitope specific antibodies induced by epitope-vaccine recognize ELDKWA- and other two neutralizing-resistant mutated epitopes on HIV-1 gp41. Immunol. Lett., 75(2):149--52, 1 Jan 2001. PubMed ID: 11137140.
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Dong2005
Xiao-Nan Dong, Yi Wu, and Ying-Hua Chen. The Neutralizing Epitope ELDKWA on HIV-1 gp41: Genetic Variability and Antigenicity. Immunol. Lett., 101(1):81-86, 15 Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 15951025.
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Dong2006
Xiao-Nan Dong and Ying-Hua Chen. Neutralizing Epitopes in the Membrane-Proximal Region of HIV-1 gp41: Genetic Variability and Co-Variation. Immunol. Lett., 106(2):180-186, 15 Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16859756.
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Doria-Rose2010
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Rachel M. Klein, Marcus G. Daniels, Sijy O'Dell, Martha Nason, Alan Lapedes, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Stephen A. Migueles, Richard T. Wyatt, Bette T. Korber, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Breadth of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Neutralizing Activity in Sera: Clustering Analysis and Association with Clinical Variables. J. Virol., 84(3):1631-1636, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 19923174.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Dorosko2008
Stephanie M. Dorosko, Sandra L. Ayres, and Ruth I. Connor. Induction of HIV-1 MPR(649-684)-Specific IgA and IgG Antibodies in Caprine Colostrum Using a Peptide-Based Vaccine. Vaccine, 26(42):5416-5422, 3 Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18708113.
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Drummer2013
Heidi E. Drummer, Melissa K. Hill, Anne L. Maerz, Stephanie Wood, Paul A. Ramsland, Johnson Mak, and Pantelis Poumbourios. Allosteric Modulation of the HIV-1 gp120-gp41 Association Site by Adjacent gp120 Variable Region 1 (V1) N-Glycans Linked to Neutralization Sensitivity. PLoS Pathog., 9(4):e1003218, 2013. PubMed ID: 23592978.
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DSouza1994
M. P. D'Souza, S. J. Geyer, C. V. Hanson, R. M. Hendry, G. Milman, and Collaborating Investigators. Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies to HIV-1 Envelope by Neutralization and Binding Assays: An International Collaboration. AIDS, 8:169-181, 1994. PubMed ID: 7519019.
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DSouza1995
M. P. D'Souza, G. Milman, J. A. Bradac, D. McPhee, C. V. Hanson, and R. M. Hendry. Neutralization of Primary HIV-1 Isolates by Anti-Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies. AIDS, 9:867-874, 1995. Eleven labs tested the 6 human MAbs 1125H, TH9, 4.8D, 257-D-IV, TH1, 2F5, and also HIVIG for neutralization of MN, JRCSF, the two B clade primary isolates 301657 and THA/92/026, and the D clade isolate UG/92/21. 2F5 was the most broadly neutralizing, better than HIVIG. The other MAbs showed limited neutralization of only MN (anti-CD4BS MAbs 1125H, TH9, and 4.8D), or MN and JRCSF (anti-V3 MAbs 257-D-IV and TH1). PubMed ID: 7576320.
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DSouza1997
M. P. D'Souza, D. Livnat, J. A. Bradac, S. H. Bridges, the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Antibody Selection Working Group, and Collaborating Investigators. Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates by neutralization assays: performance criteria for selecting candidate antibodies for clinical trials. J. Infect. Dis., 175:1056-1062, 1997. Five laboratories evaluated neutralization of nine primary B clade isolates by a coded panel of seven human MAbs to HIV-1 subtype B envelope. IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 showed potent and broadly cross-reactive neutralizing ability; F105, 447/52-D, 729-D, 19b did not neutralize the primary isolates. PubMed ID: 9129066.
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Du2009
Sean X. Du, Rebecca J. Idiart, Ellaine B. Mariano, Helen Chen, Peifeng Jiang, Li Xu, Kristin M. Ostrow, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, James M. Binley, Christos J. Petropoulos, John A. Ballantyne, and Robert G. Whalen. Effect of Trimerization Motifs on Quaternary Structure, Antigenicity, and Immunogenicity of a Noncleavable HIV-1 gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein. Virology, 395(1):33-44, 5 Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19815247.
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Dunfee2007
Rebecca L. Dunfee, Elaine R. Thomas, Jianbin Wang, Kevin Kunstman, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Loss of the N-Linked Glycosylation Site at Position 386 in the HIV Envelope V4 Region Enhances Macrophage Tropism and Is Associated with Dementia. Virology, 367(1):222-234, 10 Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17599380.
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Earl1997
P. L. Earl, C. C. Broder, R. W. Doms, and B. Moss. Epitope map of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 derived from 47 monoclonal antibodies produced by immunization with oligomeric envelope protein. J. Virol., 71:2674-84, 1997. PubMed ID: 9060620.
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Edmonds2010
Tara G. Edmonds, Haitao Ding, Xing Yuan, Qing Wei, Kendra S. Smith, Joan A. Conway, Lindsay Wieczorek, Bruce Brown, Victoria Polonis, John T. West, David C. Montefiori, John C. Kappes, and Christina Ochsenbauer. Replication Competent Molecular Clones of HIV-1 Expressing Renilla Luciferase Facilitate the Analysis of Antibody Inhibition in PBMC. Virology, 408(1):1-13, 5 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 20863545.
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Ernst1998
W. Ernst, R. Grabherr, D. Wegner, N. Borth, A. Grassauer, and H. Katinger. Baculovirus surface display: construction and screening of a eukaryotic epitope library. Nucl. Acids Res., 26:1718-23, 1998. PubMed ID: 9512544.
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Euler2011
Zelda Euler, Evelien M. Bunnik, Judith A. Burger, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Activity of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Including PG9, PG16, and VRC01, against Recently Transmitted Subtype B HIV-1 Variants from Early and Late in the Epidemic. J. Virol., 85(14):7236-7245, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21561918.
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Falkowska2012
Emilia Falkowska, Alejandra Ramos, Yu Feng, Tongqing Zhou, Stephanie Moquin, Laura M. Walker, Xueling Wu, Michael S. Seaman, Terri Wrin, Peter D. Kwong, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. PGV04, an HIV-1 gp120 CD4 Binding Site Antibody, Is Broad and Potent in Neutralization but Does Not Induce Conformational Changes Characteristic of CD4. J. Virol., 86(8):4394-4403, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22345481.
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Fenyo2009
Eva Maria Fenyö, Alan Heath, Stefania Dispinseri, Harvey Holmes, Paolo Lusso, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Helen Donners, Leo Heyndrickx, Jose Alcami, Vera Bongertz, Christian Jassoy, Mauro Malnati, David Montefiori, Christiane Moog, Lynn Morris, Saladin Osmanov, Victoria Polonis, Quentin Sattentau, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ruengpung Sutthent, Terri Wrin, and Gabriella Scarlatti. International Network for Comparison of HIV Neutralization Assays: The NeutNet Report. PLoS One, 4(2):e4505, 2009. PubMed ID: 19229336.
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Ferrantelli2002
Flavia Ferrantelli and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV --- Back in the Major Leagues? Curr. Opin. Immunol., 14(4):495-502, Aug 2002. PubMed ID: 12088685.
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Ferrantelli2003
Flavia Ferrantelli, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Robert A. Rasmussen, Tao Wang, Weidong Xu, Pei-Lin Li, David C. Montefiori, Lisa A. Cavacini, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies Prevented SHIV89.6P Infection or Disease in Neonatal Macaques. AIDS, 17(3):301-309, 14 Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12556683.
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Ferrantelli2004
Flavia Ferrantelli, Robert A. Rasmussen, Kathleen A. Buckley, Pei-Lin Li, Tao Wang, David C. Montefiori, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Complete Protection of Neonatal Rhesus Macaques against Oral Exposure to Pathogenic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus by Human Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Infect. Dis., 189(12):2167-2173, 15 Jun 2004. PubMed ID: 15181562.
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Ferrantelli2004a
Flavia Ferrantelli, Moiz Kitabwalla, Robert A. Rasmussen, Chuanhai Cao, Ting-Chao Chou, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Lisa A. Cavacini, Yun Bai, Joseph Cotropia, Kenneth E. Ugen, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Potent Cross-Group Neutralization of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Isolates with Monoclonal Antibodies--Implications for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 189(1):71-74, 1 Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14702155.
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Ferrantelli2007
Flavia Ferrantelli, Kathleen A. Buckley, Robert A. Rasmussen, Alistair Chalmers, Tao Wang, Pei-Lin Li, Alison L. Williams, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, David C. Montefiori, Lisa A. Cavacini, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Time Dependence of Protective Post-Exposure Prophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Pathogenic SHIV Challenge in Newborn Macaques. Virology, 358(1):69-78, 5 Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 16996554.
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Fiebig2009
Uwe Fiebig, Mirco Schmolke, Magdalena Eschricht, Reinhard Kurth, and Joachim Denner. Mode of Interaction between the HIV-1-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody 2F5 and Its Epitope. AIDS, 23(8):887-895, 15 May 2009. PubMed ID: 19414989.
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Finnegan2002
Catherine M. Finnegan, Werner Berg, George K. Lewis, and Anthony L. DeVico. Antigenic Properties of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmembrane Glycoprotein during Cell-Cell Fusion. J. Virol., 76(23):12123-12134, Dec 2002. PubMed ID: 12414953.
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Finton2013
Kathryn A. K. Finton, Kevin Larimore, H. Benjamin Larman, Della Friend, Colin Correnti, Peter B. Rupert, Stephen J. Elledge, Philip D. Greenberg, and Roland K. Strong. Autoreactivity and Exceptional CDR Plasticity (but Not Unusual Polyspecificity) Hinder Elicitation of the Anti-HIV Antibody 4E10. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003639, 2013. PubMed ID: 24086134.
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Floss2008
Doreen M. Floss, Markus Sack, Johannes Stadlmann, Thomas Rademacher, Jürgen Scheller, Eva Stöger, Rainer Fischer, and Udo Conrad. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of Anti-HIV Antibody-ELP Fusion Proteins from Transgenic Plants. Plant Biotechnol. J., 6(4):379-391, May 2008. PubMed ID: 18312505.
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Follis2002
Kathryn E. Follis, Scott J. Larson, Min Lu, and Jack H. Nunberg. Genetic Evidence that Interhelical Packing Interactions in the gp41 Core Are Critical for Transition of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein to the Fusion-Active State. J. Virol., 76(14):7356-7362, Jul 2002. PubMed ID: 12072535.
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Forthal2009
Donald N. Forthal and Christiane Moog. Fc Receptor-Mediated Antiviral Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):388-393, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048702.
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Fouts1998
T. R. Fouts, A. Trkola, M. S. Fung, and J. P. Moore. Interactions of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Anti-Glycoprotein 120 Antibodies with Oligomeric Glycoprotein 120-Glycoprotein 41 Complexes of a Primary HIV Type 1 Isolate: Relationship to Neutralization. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:591-597, 1998. Ab reactivity to oligomeric forms of gp120 were compared to neutralization of the macrophage tropic primary virus JRFL, and did not always correlate. This builds upon studies which have shown that oligomer binding while required for neutralization, is not always sufficient. MAb 205-46-9 and 2G6 bind oligomer with high affinity, comparable to IgG1b12, but unlike IgG1b12, cannot neutralize JRFL. Furthermore, neutralizing and non-neutralizing sera from HIV-1 infected people are similar in their reactivities to oligomeric JRFL Envelope. PubMed ID: 9591713.
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Frankel1998
S. S. Frankel, R. M. Steinman, N. L. Michael, S. R. Kim, N. Bhardwaj, M. Pope, M. K. Louder, P. K. Ehrenberg, P. W. Parren, D. R. Burton, H. Katinger, T. C. VanCott, M. L. Robb, D. L. Birx, and J. R. Mascola. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Block Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Dendritic Cells and Transmission to T Cells. J. Virol., 72:9788-9794, 1998. Investigation of three human MAbs to elicit a neutralizing effect and block HIV-1 infection in human dendritic cells. Preincubation with NAbs IgG1b12 or a combination of 2F5/2G12 prevented infection of purified DC and transmission in DC/T-cell cultures. PubMed ID: 9811714.
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Franquelim2011
Henri G. Franquelim, Salvatore Chiantia, Ana Salomé Veiga, Nuno C. Santos, Petra Schwille, and Miguel A. R. B. Castanho. Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 Interact Differently with Lipids to Bind Their Epitopes. AIDS, 25(4):419-428, 20 Feb 2011. PubMed ID: 21245727.
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Frey2008
Gary Frey, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Marco Morelli, Yifan Cheng, and Bing Chen. A Fusion-Intermediate State of HIV-1 gp41 Targeted by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(10):3739-3744, 11 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18322015.
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Frey2010
Gary Frey, Jia Chen, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Michael M. Freeman, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Bing Chen. Distinct Conformational States of HIV-1 gp41 Are Recognized by Neutralizing and Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 17(12):1486-1491, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21076402.
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Fu2018
Qingshan Fu, Md Munan Shaik, Yongfei Cai, Fadi Ghantous, Alessandro Piai, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Zhijun Liu, Stephen C. Harrison, Michael S. Seaman, Bing Chen, and James J. Chou. Structure of the Membrane Proximal External Region of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 115(38):E8892-E8899, 18 Sep 2018. PubMed ID: 30185554.
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Gach2007a
Johannes S. Gach, Heribert Quendler, Robert Weik, Hermann Katinger, and Renate Kunert. Partial Humanization and Characterization of an Anti-Idiotypic Antibody against Monoclonal Antibody 2F5, a Potential HIV Vaccine? AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 23(11):1405-1415, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18184084.
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Gach2008
Johannes Simon Gach, Heribert Quendler, Boris Ferko, Hermann Katinger, and Renate Kunert. Expression, Purification, and In Vivo Administration of a Promising Anti-Idiotypic HIV-1 Vaccine. Mol. Biotechnol., 39(2):119-125, Jun 2008. PubMed ID: 18327550.
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Gach2008a
Johannes Simon Gach, Heribert Quendler, Stefanie Strobach, Hermann Katinger, and Renate Kunert. Structural Analysis and In Vivo Administration of an Anti-Idiotypic Antibody against mAb 2F5. Mol. Immunol., 45(4):1027-1034, Feb 2008. PubMed ID: 17804071.
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Gach2013
Johannes S. Gach, Heribert Quendler, Tommy Tong, Kristin M. Narayan, Sean X. Du, Robert G. Whalen, James M. Binley, Donald N. Forthal, Pascal Poignard, and Michael B. Zwick. A Human Antibody to the CD4 Binding Site of gp120 Capable of Highly Potent but Sporadic Cross Clade Neutralization of Primary HIV-1. PLoS One, 8(8):e72054, 2013. PubMed ID: 23991039.
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Gach2014
Johannes S. Gach, Chad J. Achenbach, Veronika Chromikova, Baiba Berzins, Nina Lambert, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Christine Katlama, Barbara H. Jung, and Robert L. Murphy. HIV-1 Specific Antibody Titers and Neutralization among Chronically Infected Patients on Long-Term Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One, 9(1):e85371, 2014. PubMed ID: 24454852.
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Gao2005a
Feng Gao, Eric A. Weaver, Zhongjing Lu, Yingying Li, Hua-Xin Liao, Benjiang Ma, S Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, Laura L. Sutherland, Jae-Sung Yu, Julie M. Decker, George M. Shaw, David C. Montefiori, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Barton F. Haynes. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of a Synthetic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M Consensus Envelope Glycoprotein. J. Virol., 79(2):1154-1163, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15613343.
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Gao2007
Feng Gao, Hua-Xin Liao, Beatrice H. Hahn, Norman L. Letvin, Bette T. Korber, and Barton F. Haynes. Centralized HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens and Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):572-577, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045113.
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Gao2009
Feng Gao, Richard M. Scearce, S. Munir Alam, Bhavna Hora, Shimao Xia, Julie E. Hohm, Robert J. Parks, Damon F. Ogburn, Georgia D. Tomaras, Emily Park, Woodrow E. Lomas, Vernon C. Maino, Susan A. Fiscus, Myron S. Cohen, M. Anthony Moody, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Cross-reactive Monoclonal Antibodies to Multiple HIV-1 Subtype and SIVcpz Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 394(1):91-98, 10 Nov 2009. PubMed ID: 19744690.
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Geffin1998
R. B. Geffin, G. B. Scott, M. Melenwick, C. Hutto, S. Lai, L. J. Boots, P. M. McKenna, JA 2nd. Kessler, and A. J. Conley. Association of Antibody Reactivity to ELDKWA, a Glycoprotein 41 Neutralization Epitope, with Disease Progression in Children Perinatally Infected with HIV Type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:579-590, 1998. PubMed ID: 9591712.
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Geonnotti2010
Anthony R. Geonnotti, Miroslawa Bilska, Xing Yuan, Christina Ochsenbauer, Tara G. Edmonds, John C. Kappes, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and David C. Montefiori. Differential Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and TZM-bl Cells by Endotoxin-Mediated Chemokine and Gamma Interferon Production. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 26(3):279-291, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20218881.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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GoldingH2002
Hana Golding, Marina Zaitseva, Eve de Rosny, Lisa R. King, Jody Manischewitz, Igor Sidorov, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, and Carol D. Weiss. Dissection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry with Neutralizing Antibodies to gp41 Fusion Intermediates. J. Virol., 76(13):6780-6790, Jul 2002. PubMed ID: 12050391.
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Gonzalez2010
Nuria Gonzalez, Amparo Alvarez, and Jose Alcami. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and their Significance for HIV-1 Vaccines. Curr. HIV Res., 8(8):602-612, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21054253.
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Gorny1997
Miroslaw K. Gorny, Thomas C. VanCott, Catarina Hioe, Zimra R. Israel, Nelson L. Michael, Anthony J. Conley, Constance Williams, Joseph A. Kessler II, Padmasree Chigurupati, Sherri Burda, and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Human Monoclonal Antibodies to the V3 Loop of HIV-1 With Intra- and Interclade Cross-Reactivity. J. Immunol., 159:5114-5122, 1997. PubMed ID: 9366441.
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Gorny2000a
M. K. Gorny and S. Zolla-Pazner. Recognition by Human Monoclonal Antibodies of Free and Complexed Peptides Representing the Prefusogenic and Fusogenic Forms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41. J. Virol., 74:6186-6192, 2000. PubMed ID: 10846104.
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Gorny2003
Miroslaw K. Gorny and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Human Monoclonal Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1. In Bette T. M. Korber and et. al., editors, HIV Immunology and HIV/SIV Vaccine Databases 2003. pages 37--51. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology \& Biophysics, Los Alamos, N.M., 2004. URL: http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/immunology/pdf/2003/zolla-pazner_article.pdf. LA-UR 04-8162.
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Gorny2009
Miroslaw K. Gorny, Xiao-Hong Wang, Constance Williams, Barbara Volsky, Kathy Revesz, Bradley Witover, Sherri Burda, Mateusz Urbanski, Phillipe Nyambi, Chavdar Krachmarov, Abraham Pinter, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Arthur Nadas. Preferential Use of the VH5-51 Gene Segment by the Human Immune Response to Code for Antibodies against the V3 Domain of HIV-1. Mol. Immunol., 46(5):917-926, Feb 2009. PubMed ID: 18952295.
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Gorry2002
Paul R. Gorry, Joann Taylor, Geoffrey H. Holm, Andrew Mehle, Tom Morgan, Mark Cayabyab, Michael Farzan, Hui Wang, Jeanne E. Bell, Kevin Kunstman, John P. Moore, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Increased CCR5 Affinity and Reduced CCR5/CD4 Dependence of a Neurovirulent Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate. J. Virol., 76(12):6277-6292, Jun 2002. PubMed ID: 12021361.
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Gray2006
Elin Solomonovna Gray, Tammy Meyers, Glenda Gray, David Charles Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Insensitivity of Paediatric HIV-1 Subtype C Viruses to Broadly Neutralising Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Subtype B. PLoS Med., 3(7):e255, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16834457.
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Gray2009a
Elin S. Gray, Maphuti C. Madiga, Penny L. Moore, Koleka Mlisana, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, and Lynn Morris. Broad Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mediated by Plasma Antibodies against the gp41 Membrane Proximal External Region. J. Virol., 83(21):11265-11274, Nov 2009. PubMed ID: 19692477.
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Grundner2002
Christoph Grundner, Tajib Mirzabekov, Joseph Sodroski, and Richard Wyatt. Solid-Phase Proteoliposomes Containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 76(7):3511-3521, Apr 2002. PubMed ID: 11884575.
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Grundner2005
Christoph Grundner, Yuxing Li, Mark Louder, John Mascola, Xinzhen Yang, Joseph Sodroski, and Richard Wyatt. Analysis of the Neutralizing Antibody Response Elicited in Rabbits by Repeated Inoculation with Trimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 331(1):33-46, 5 Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15582651.
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Guenaga2011
Javier Guenaga, Pia Dosenovic, Gilad Ofek, David Baker, William R. Schief, Peter D. Kwong, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, and Richard T. Wyatt. Heterologous Epitope-Scaffold Prime: Boosting Immuno-Focuses B Cell Responses to the HIV-1 gp41 2F5 Neutralization Determinant. PLoS One, 6(1):e16074, 2011. PubMed ID: 21297864.
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Guenaga2012
Javier Guenaga and Richard T Wyatt. Structure-Guided Alterations of the gp41-Directed HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5 Reveal New Properties Regarding Its Neutralizing Function. PLoS Pathog, 8(7):e1002806, 2012. PubMed ID: 22829767.
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Gupta2013
Sandeep Gupta, Johannes S. Gach, Juan C. Becerra, Tran B. Phan, Jeffrey Pudney, Zina Moldoveanu, Sarah B. Joseph, Gary Landucci, Medalyn Jude Supnet, Li-Hua Ping, Davide Corti, Brian Moldt, Zdenek Hel, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Dennis R. Burton, Jiri Mestecky, Deborah J. Anderson, and Donald N. Forthal. The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Transcytosis across Epithelial Cells. PLoS Pathog., 9(11):e1003776, Nov 2013. PubMed ID: 24278022.
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Gustchina2007
Elena Gustchina, John M. Louis, Son N. Lam, Carole A. Bewley, and G. Marius Clore. A Monoclonal Fab Derived from a Human Nonimmune Phage Library Reveals a New Epitope on gp41 and Neutralizes Diverse Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains. J. Virol., 81(23):12946-12953, Dec 2007. PubMed ID: 17898046.
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Gustchina2008
Elena Gustchina, Carole A. Bewley, and G. Marius Clore. Sequestering of the Prehairpin Intermediate of gp41 by Peptide N36Mut(e,g) Potentiates the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralizing Activity of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against the N-Terminal Helical Repeat of gp41. J. Virol., 82(20):10032-10041, Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18667502.
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Habte2015
Habtom H. Habte, Saikat Banerjee, Heliang Shi, Yali Qin, and Michael W. Cho. Immunogenic Properties of a Trimeric gp41-Based Immunogen Containing an Exposed Membrane-Proximal External Region. Virology, 486:187-197, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26454663.
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Haim2007
Hillel Haim, Israel Steiner, and Amos Panet. Time Frames for Neutralization during the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry Phase, as Monitored in Synchronously Infected Cell Cultures. J. Virol., 81(7):3525-3534, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17251303.
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Haim2011
Hillel Haim, Bettina Strack, Aemro Kassa, Navid Madani, Liping Wang, Joel R. Courter, Amy Princiotto, Kathleen McGee, Beatriz Pacheco, Michael S. Seaman, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., and Joseph Sodroski. Contribution of Intrinsic Reactivity of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins to CD4-Independent Infection and Global Inhibitor Sensitivity. PLoS Pathog., 7(6):e1002101, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21731494.
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Hammond2010
Philip W. Hammond. Accessing the Human Repertoire for Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. MAbs, 2(2):157-164, Mar-Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20168075.
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Hardy2012
Gregory J. Hardy, Yee Lam, Shelley M. Stewart, Kara Anasti, S. Munir Alam, and Stefan Zauscher. Screening the Interactions between HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies and Model Lipid Surfaces. J. Immunol. Methods, 376(1-2):13-19, 28 Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22033342.
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Hart2003
Melanie L. Hart, Mohammed Saifuddin, and Gregory T. Spear. Glycosylation Inhibitors and Neuraminidase Enhance Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Binding and Neutralization by Mannose-Binding Lectin. J. Gen. Virol., 84(Pt 2):353-360, Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12560567.
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Haynes2005
Barton F. Haynes, Judith Fleming, E. William St. Clair, Herman Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, James Robinson, Richard M. Scearce, Kelly Plonk, Herman F. Staats, Thomas L. Ortel, Hua-Xin Liao, and S. Munir Alam. Cardiolipin Polyspecific Autoreactivity in Two Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. Science, 308(5730):1906-1908, 24 Jun 2005. Comment in Science 2005 Jun 24;308(5730):1878-9. PubMed ID: 15860590.
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Haynes2005a
Barton F. Haynes, M. Anthony Moody, Laurent Verkoczy, Garnett Kelsoe, and S. Munir Alam. Antibody Polyspecificity and Neutralization of HIV-1: A Hypothesis. Hum. Antibodies, 14(3-4):59-67, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720975.
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Haynes2006a
Barton F. Haynes and David C. Montefiori. Aiming to Induce Broadly Reactive Neutralizing Antibody Responses with HIV-1 Vaccine Candidates. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 5(4):579-595, Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16989638.
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Haynes2008
Barton F. Haynes and Robin J. Shattock. Critical Issues in Mucosal Immunity for HIV-1 Vaccine Development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 122(1):3-9, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18468671.
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Haynes2010
Barton F. Haynes, Nathan I. Nicely, and S. Munir Alam. HIV-1 Autoreactive Antibodies: Are They Good or Bad for HIV-1 Prevention? Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 17(5):543-545, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20442740.
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Haynes2012
Barton F. Haynes, Garnett Kelsoe, Stephen C. Harrison, and Thomas B. Kepler. B-Cell-Lineage Immunogen Design in Vaccine Development with HIV-1 as a Case Study. Nat. Biotechnol., 30(5):423-433, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22565972.
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Haynes2012a
Barton F. Haynes, Peter B. Gilbert, M. Juliana McElrath, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Georgia D. Tomaras, S. Munir Alam, David T. Evans, David C. Montefiori, Chitraporn Karnasuta, Ruengpueng Sutthent, Hua-Xin Liao, Anthony L. DeVico, George K. Lewis, Constance Williams, Abraham Pinter, Youyi Fong, Holly Janes, Allan DeCamp, Yunda Huang, Mangala Rao, Erik Billings, Nicos Karasavvas, Merlin L. Robb, Viseth Ngauy, Mark S. de Souza, Robert Paris, Guido Ferrari, Robert T. Bailer, Kelly A. Soderberg, Charla Andrews, Phillip W. Berman, Nicole Frahm, Stephen C. De Rosa, Michael D. Alpert, Nicole L. Yates, Xiaoying Shen, Richard A. Koup, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Nelson L. Michael, and Jerome H. Kim. Immune-Correlates Analysis of an HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy Trial. N. Engl. J. Med., 366(14):1275-1286, 5 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22475592.
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Haynes2013
Barton F. Haynes and M. Juliana McElrath. Progress in HIV-1 Vaccine Development. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 8(4):326-332, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23743722.
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Haynes2016
Barton F. Haynes, George M. Shaw, Bette Korber, Garnett Kelsoe, Joseph Sodroski, Beatrice H. Hahn, Persephone Borrow, and Andrew J. McMichael. HIV-Host Interactions: Implications for Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 19(3):292-303, 9 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26922989.
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Henderson2019
Rory Henderson, Brian E. Watts, Hieu N. Ergin, Kara Anasti, Robert Parks, Shi-Mao Xia, Ashley Trama, Hua-Xin Liao, Kevin O. Saunders, Mattia Bonsignori, Kevin Wiehe, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Selection of Immunoglobulin Elbow Region Mutations Impacts Interdomain Conformational Flexibility in HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 10(1):654, 8 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30737386.
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Herrera2005
Carolina Herrera, Per Johan Klasse, Elizabeth Michael, Shivani Kake, Kelly Barnes, Christopher W. Kibler, Lila. Campbell-Gardener, Zhihai Si, Joseph Sodroski, John P. Moore, and Simon Beddows. The Impact of Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage on the Antigenicity, Infectivity, and Neutralization Sensitivity of Env-Pseudotyped Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particles. Virology, 338(1):154-172, 20 Jul 2005. PubMed ID: 15932765.
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Herrera2006
Carolina Herrera, Per Johan Klasse, Christopher W. Kibler, Elizabeth Michael, John P. Moore, and Simon Beddows. Dominant-Negative Effect of Hetero-Oligomerization on the Function of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex. Virology, 351(1):121-132, 20 Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16616288.
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Hessell2010
Ann J. Hessell, Eva G. Rakasz, David M. Tehrani, Michael Huber, Kimberly L. Weisgrau, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, David I. Watkins, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 Directed Against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Membrane-Proximal External Region Protect against Mucosal Challenge by Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVBa-L. J. Virol., 84(3):1302-1313, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 19906907.
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Hicar2010
Mark D. Hicar, Xuemin Chen, Bryan Briney, Jason Hammonds, Jaang-Jiun Wang, Spyros Kalams, Paul W. Spearman, and James E. Crowe, Jr. Pseudovirion Particles Bearing Native HIV Envelope Trimers Facilitate a Novel Method for Generating Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Against HIV. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 54(3):223-235, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20531016.
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Hildgartner2009
Alexander Hildgartner, Doris Wilflingseder, Christoph Gassner, Manfred P. Dierich, Heribert Stoiber, and Zoltán Bánki. Induction of Complement-Mediated Lysis of HIV-1 by a Combination of HIV-Specific and HLA Allotype-Specific Antibodies. Immunol. Lett., 126(1-2):85-90, 22 Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19698750.
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Hinz2009
Andreas Hinz, Guy Schoehn, Heribert Quendler, David Lutje Hulsik, Gabi Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, Michael S. Seaman, David Montefiori, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Characterization of a Trimeric MPER Containing HIV-1 gp41 Antigen. Virology, 390(2):221-227, 1 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19539967.
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Ho2002
Jason Ho, Kelly S. MacDonald, and Brian H. Barber. Construction of Recombinant Targeting Immunogens Incorporating an HIV-1 Neutralizing Epitope into Sites of Differing Conformational Constraint. Vaccine, 20(7-8):1169-1180, 15 Jan 2002. PubMed ID: 11803079.
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Ho2005
Jason Ho, Robert A. Uger, Michael B. Zwick, Mark A. Luscher, Brian H. Barber, and Kelly S. MacDonald. Conformational Constraints Imposed on a Pan-Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody Epitope Result in Increased Antigenicity but not Neutralizing Response. Vaccine, 23(13):1559-1573, 18 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15694508.
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Hoffenberg2013
Simon Hoffenberg, Rebecca Powell, Alexei Carpov, Denise Wagner, Aaron Wilson, Sergei Kosakovsky Pond, Ross Lindsay, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Sanjay Phogat, Pascal Poignard, Steven P. Fling, Melissa Simek, Celia LaBranche, David Montefiori, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, Dennis Burton, Wayne Koff, C. Richter King, Christopher L. Parks, and Michael J. Caulfield. Identification of an HIV-1 Clade A Envelope That Exhibits Broad Antigenicity and Neutralization Sensitivity and Elicits Antibodies Targeting Three Distinct Epitopes. J. Virol., 87(10):5372-5383, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23468492.
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HofmannLehmann2001
R. Hofmann-Lehmann, J. Vlasak, R. A. Rasmussen, B. A. Smith, T. W. Baba, V. Liska, F. Ferrantelli, D. C. Montefiori, H. M. McClure, D. C. Anderson, B. J. Bernacky, T. A. Rizvi, R. Schmidt, L. R. Hill, M. E. Keeling, H. Katinger, G. Stiegler, L. A. Cavacini, M. R. Posner, T. C. Chou, J. Andersen, and R. M. Ruprecht. Postnatal passive immunization of neonatal macaques with a triple combination of human monoclonal antibodies against oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge. J. Virol., 75(16):7470--80, Aug 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/16/7470. PubMed ID: 11462019.
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Hogan2018
Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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Holl2006
Vincent Holl, Maryse Peressin, Thomas Decoville, Sylvie Schmidt, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Nonneutralizing Antibodies Are Able To Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Macrophages and Immature Dendritic Cells. J. Virol., 80(12):6177-6181, Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16731957.
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Holl2006a
Vincent Holl, Maryse Peressin, Sylvie Schmidt, Thomas Decoville, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Efficient Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication in Human Immature Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells by Purified Anti-HIV-1 IgG without Induction of Maturation. Blood, 107(11):4466-4474, 1 Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16469871.
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Holl2014
T. Matt Holl, Guang Yang, Masayuki Kuraoka, Laurent Verkoczy, S. Munir Alam, M. Anthony Moody, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Enhanced Antibody Responses to an HIV-1 Membrane-Proximal External Region Antigen in Mice Reconstituted with Cultured Lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 192(7):3269-3279, 1 Apr 2014. PubMed ID: 24591365.
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Hoxie2010
James A. Hoxie. Toward an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine. Annu. Rev. Med., 61:135-52, 2010. PubMed ID: 19824826.
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Hraber2014
Peter Hraber, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, and Bette T. Korber. Prevalence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic HIV-1 Infection. AIDS, 28(2):163-169, 14 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24361678.
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Hrin2008
Renee Hrin, Donna L. Montgomery, Fubao Wang, Jon H. Condra, Zhiqiang An, William R. Strohl, Elisabetta Bianchi, Antonello Pessi, Joseph G. Joyce, and Ying-Jie Wang. Short Communication: In Vitro Synergy between Peptides or Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the N- and C-Terminal Heptad Repeats of HIV Type 1 gp41. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 24(12):1537-1544, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 19102685.
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Hu2007
Qinxue Hu, Naheed Mahmood, and Robin J. Shattock. High-Mannose-Specific Deglycosylation of HIV-1 gp120 Induced by Resistance to Cyanovirin-N and the Impact on Antibody Neutralization. Virology, 368(1):145-154, 10 Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 17658575.
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Hu2014
Bin Hu, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Munir Alam, and Byron Goldstein. Estimating the Probability of Polyreactive Antibodies 4E10 and 2F5 Disabling a gp41 Trimer after T Cell-HIV Adhesion. PLoS Comput. Biol., 10(1):e1003431, Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24499928.
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Huang2002
Jin Huang, Xiaonan Dong, Zuqiang Liu, Li Qin, and Ying-Hua Chen. A Predefined Epitope-Specific Monoclonal Antibody Recognizes ELDEWA-Epitope Just Presenting on gp41 of HIV-1 O Clade. Immunol. Lett., 84(3):205-209, 3 Dec 2002. PubMed ID: 12413738.
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Huang2007
Li Huang, Weihong Lai, Phong Ho, and Chin Ho Chen. Induction of a Nonproductive Conformational Change in gp120 by a Small Molecule HIV Type 1 Entry Inhibitor. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 23(1):28-32, Jan 2007. PubMed ID: 17263629.
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Huang2012a
Jinghe Huang, Gilad Ofek, Leo Laub, Mark K. Louder, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Nancy S. Longo, Hiromi Imamichi, Robert T. Bailer, Bimal Chakrabarti, Shailendra K. Sharma, S. Munir Alam, Tao Wang, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Stephen A. Migueles, Richard Wyatt, Barton F. Haynes, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 by a gp41-Specific Human Antibody. Nature, 491(7424):406-412, 15 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23151583.
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Huarte2008
Nerea Huarte, Maier Lorizate, Renate Kunert, and José L. Nieva. Lipid Modulation of Membrane-Bound Epitope Recognition and Blocking by HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies. FEBS Lett, 582(27):3798-3804, 12 Nov 2008. PubMed ID: 18930052.
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Huarte2008a
Nerea Huarte, Maier Lorizate, Rubén Maeso, Renate Kunert, Rocio Arranz, José M. Valpuesta, and José L. Nieva. The Broadly Neutralizing Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 4E10 Monoclonal Antibody Is Better Adapted to Membrane-Bound Epitope Recognition and Blocking than 2F5. J. Virol., 82(18):8986-8996, Sep 2008. PubMed ID: 18596094.
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Huarte2012
Nerea Huarte, Aitziber Araujo, Rocio Arranz, Maier Lorizate, Heribert Quendler, Renate Kunert, José M. Valpuesta, and José L. Nieva. Recognition of Membrane-Bound Fusion-Peptide/MPER Complexes by the HIV-1 Neutralizing 2F5 Antibody: Implications for Anti-2F5 Immunogenicity. PLoS One, 7(12):e52740, 2012. PubMed ID: 23285173.
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Huber2007
M. Huber and A. Trkola. Humoral Immunity to HIV-1: Neutralization and Beyond. J. Intern. Med., 262(1):5-25, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17598812.
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Janda2016
Alena Janda, Anthony Bowen, Neil S. Greenspan, and Arturo Casadevall. Ig Constant Region Effects on Variable Region Structure and Function. Front. Microbiol., 7:22, 4 Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26870003.
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Jeffs2004
S. A. Jeffs, S. Goriup, B. Kebble, D. Crane, B. Bolgiano, Q. Sattentau, S. Jones, and H. Holmes. Expression and Characterisation of Recombinant Oligomeric Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Primary Isolates of HIV-1. Vaccine, 22(8):1032-1046, 25 Feb 2004. PubMed ID: 15161081.
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Jenabian2010
Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Héla Saïdi, Charlotte Charpentier, Hicham Bouhlal, Dominique Schols, Jan Balzarini, Thomas W. Bell, Guido Vanham, and Laurent Bélec. Differential Activity of Candidate Microbicides against Early Steps of HIV-1 Infection upon Complement Virus Opsonization. AIDS Res. Ther., 7:16, 2010. PubMed ID: 20546571.
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S. Jiang, K. Lin, and M. Lu. A conformation-specific monoclonal antibody reacting with fusion-active gp41 from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol., 72:10213-7, 1998. MAb NC-1 specifically recognizes the fusogenic core of gp41, which allows for analysis of CD4-induced conformational changes in gp120 and gp41 as well as identification of mediators for HIV-1 fusion. PubMed ID: 9811763.
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Jiang2006
Pengfei Jiang, Yanxia Liu, Xiaolei Yin, Fei Yuan, YuChun Nie, Min Luo, Zheng Aihua, Du Liyin, Mingxiao Ding, and Hongkui Deng. Elicitation of Neutralizing Antibodies by Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 339(2):526-352, 13 Jan 2006. PubMed ID: 16313884.
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Joos2006
Beda Joos, Alexandra Trkola, Herbert Kuster, Leonardo Aceto, Marek Fischer, Gabriela Stiegler, Christine Armbruster, Brigitta Vcelar, Hermann Katinger, and Huldrych F. Günthard. Long-Term Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Human Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope gp120 (MAb 2G12) and gp41 (MAbs 4E10 and 2F5). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50(5):1773-1779, May 2006. PubMed ID: 16641449.
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Joshi2020
Vinita R. Joshi, Ruchi M. Newman, Melissa L. Pack, Karen A. Power, James B. Munro, Ken Okawa, Navid Madani, Joseph G. Sodroski, Aaron G. Schmidt, and Todd M. Allen. Gp41-Targeted Antibodies Restore Infectivity of a Fusion-Deficient HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog, 16(5):e1008577, May 2020. PubMed ID: 32392227.
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Joyce2002
Joseph G. Joyce, William M. Hurni, Michael J. Bogusky, Victor M. Garsky, Xiaoping. Liang, Michael P. Citron, Renee C. Danzeisen, Michael D. Miller, John W. Shiver, and Paul M. Keller. Enhancement of Alpha -Helicity in the HIV-1 Inhibitory Peptide DP178 Leads to an Increased Affinity for Human Monoclonal Antibody 2F5 but Does Not Elicit Neutralizing Responses in Vitro: Implications for Vaccine Design. J. Biol. Chem., 277(48):45811-45820, 29 Nov 2002. PubMed ID: 12237296.
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Joyner2011
Amanda S. Joyner, Jordan R. Willis, James E.. Crowe, Jr., and Christopher Aiken. Maturation-Induced Cloaking of Neutralization Epitopes on HIV-1 Particles. PLoS Pathog., 7(9):e1002234, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21931551.
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Julg2005
B. Jülg and F. D. Goebel. What's New in HIV/AIDS? Neutralizing HIV Antibodies: Do They Really Protect? Infection, 33(5-6):405-407, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16258878.
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Julien2008
Jean-Philippe Julien, Steve Bryson, Jose L. Nieva, and Emil F. Pai. Structural Details of HIV-1 Recognition by the Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody 2F5: Epitope Conformation, Antigen-Recognition Loop Mobility, and Anion-Binding Site. J. Mol. Biol., 384(2):377-392, 12 Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18824005.
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Julien2010
Jean-Philippe Julien, Nerea Huarte, Rubén Maeso, Stefka G. Taneva, Annie Cunningham, José L. Nieva, and Emil F. Pai. Ablation of the Complementarity-Determining Region H3 Apex of the Anti-HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5 Abrogates Neutralizing Capacity without Affecting Core Epitope Binding. J. Virol., 84(9):4136-4147, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20147404.
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Kalia2005
Vandana Kalia, Surojit Sarkar, Phalguni Gupta, and Ronald C. Montelaro. Antibody Neutralization Escape Mediated by Point Mutations in the Intracytoplasmic Tail of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41. J. Virol., 79(4):2097-2107, Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15681412.
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Kanduc2008
Darja Kanduc, Rosario Serpico, Alberta Lucchese, and Yehuda Shoenfeld. Correlating Low-Similarity Peptide Sequences and HIV B-Cell Epitopes. Autoimmun. Rev., 7(4):291-296, Feb 2008. PubMed ID: 18295732.
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Kang2005
Sang-Moo Kang, Fu Shi Quan, Chunzi Huang, Lizheng Guo, Ling Ye, Chinglai Yang, and Richard W. Compans. Modified HIV Envelope Proteins with Enhanced Binding to Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 331(1):20-32, 5 Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15582650.
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Kang2009
Yun Kenneth Kang, Sofija Andjelic, James M. Binley, Emma T. Crooks, Michael Franti, Sai Prasad N. Iyer, Gerald P. Donovan, Antu K. Dey, Ping Zhu, Kenneth H. Roux, Robert J. Durso, Thomas F. Parsons, Paul J. Maddon, John P. Moore, and William C. Olson. Structural and Immunogenicity Studies of a Cleaved, Stabilized Envelope Trimer Derived from Subtype A HIV-1. Vaccine, 27(37):5120-5132, 13 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19567243.
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Keele2008
Brandon F. Keele, Elena E. Giorgi, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Julie M. Decker, Kimmy T. Pham, Maria G. Salazar, Chuanxi Sun, Truman Grayson, Shuyi Wang, Hui Li, Xiping Wei, Chunlai Jiang, Jennifer L. Kirchherr, Feng Gao, Jeffery A. Anderson, Li-Hua Ping, Ronald Swanstrom, Georgia D. Tomaras, William A. Blattner, Paul A. Goepfert, J. Michael Kilby, Michael S. Saag, Eric L. Delwart, Michael P. Busch, Myron S. Cohen, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Brian Gaschen, Gayathri S. Athreya, Ha Y. Lee, Natasha Wood, Cathal Seoighe, Alan S. Perelson, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, and George M. Shaw. Identification and Characterization of Transmitted and Early Founder Virus Envelopes in Primary HIV-1 Infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(21):7552-7557, 27 May 2008. PubMed ID: 18490657.
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Kelsoe2017
Garnett Kelsoe and Barton F. Haynes. Host Controls of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Development. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):79-88, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133807.
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J. A. Kessler, II, P. M. McKenna, E. A. Emini, and A. J. Conley. In vitro assessment of the therapeutic potential of anti-HIV-1 monoclonal neutralizing antibodies. Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., 95:586, T-25, 1995. Aidsline: 96050622 Abstract.
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J. A. Kessler II, P. M. McKenna, E. A. Emini, C. P. Chan, M. D. Patel, S. K. Gupta, G. E. Mark III, C. F. Barbas III, D. R. Burton, and A. J. Conley. Recombinant human monoclonal antibody IgG1b12 neutralizes diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:575-82, 1997. Anti-CD4 binding domain antibodies generally do not neutralize primary HIV-1 isolates, with the exception of IgG1b12. Many primary isolates were shown to be neutralized by IgG1b12, including several non-B clade international isolates. Neutralization of a primary isolate with MAb IgG1b12 did not require continuous exposure to the antibody. A complete IgG1 molecule of a selected b12 FAb mutant with a > 400-fold increase in affinity was assembled and evaluated in the infectivity reduction assay in comparative studies with the parent IgG1b12 antibody. The mutant did not retain the level of primary isolate neutralization potency of IgG1b12, despite the increase in affinity for gp120. PubMed ID: 9135875.
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Kim2005
Mikyung Kim, Zhi-Song Qiao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Ellis L. Reinherz, and Hua-Xin Liao. Comparison of HIV Type 1 ADA gp120 Monomers Versus gp140 Trimers as Immunogens for the Induction of Neutralizing Antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 21(1):58-67, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15665645.
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Kim2007
Mikyung Kim, Zhisong Qiao, Jessica Yu, David Montefiori, and Ellis L. Reinherz. Immunogenicity of Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Like Particles Expressing gp41 Derivatives in a Pre-Fusion State. Vaccine, 25(27):5102-5114, 28 Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17055621.
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Kirchherr2007
Jennifer L. Kirchherr, Xiaozhi Lu, Webster Kasongo, Victor Chalwe, Lawrence Mwananyanda, Rosemary M. Musonda, Shi-Mao Xia, Richard M. Scearce, Hua-Xin Liao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, and Feng Gao. High Throughput Functional Analysis of HIV-1 env Genes Without Cloning. J. Virol. Methods, 143(1):104-111, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17416428.
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Kishko2011
Michael Kishko, Mohan Somasundaran, Frank Brewster, John L. Sullivan, Paul R. Clapham, and Katherine Luzuriaga. Genotypic and Functional Properties of Early Infant HIV-1 Envelopes. Retrovirology, 8:67, 2011. PubMed ID: 21843318.
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Moiz Kitabwalla, Flavia Ferrantelli, Tao Wang, Alistair Chalmers, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Lisa A. Cavacini, Ting-Chao Chou, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Primary African HIV Clade A and D Isolates: Effective Cross-Clade Neutralization with a Quadruple Combination of Human Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Clade B. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 19(2):125-131, Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12639248.
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P. Klasse, J. A. McKeating, M. Schutten, M. S. Reitz, Jr., and M. Robert-Guroff. An Immune-Selected Point Mutation in the Transmembrane Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HXB2-Env:Ala 582(--> Thr)) Decreases Viral Neutralization by Monoclonal Antibodies to the CD4-Binding Site. Virology, 196:332-337, 1993. PubMed ID: 8356803.
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Joshua S. Klein and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Few and Far Between: How HIV May Be Evading Antibody Avidity. PLoS Pathog., 6(5):e1000908, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20523901.
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Klein2013
Florian Klein, Ron Diskin, Johannes F. Scheid, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marie Pancera, Tongqing Zhou, Reha-Baris Incesu, Brooks Zhongzheng Fu, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Michael S. Seaman, Peter D. Kwong, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Somatic Mutations of the Immunoglobulin Framework Are Generally Required for Broad and Potent HIV-1 Neutralization. Cell, 153(1):126-138, 28 Mar 2013. PubMed ID: 23540694.
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Willie W. L. Koh, Anna Forsman, Stéphane Hué, Gisela J. van der Velden, David L. Yirrell, Áine McKnight, Robin A. Weiss, and Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Novel Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelopes Cloned Directly from Plasma: Coreceptor Usage and Neutralization Phenotypes. J. Gen. Virol., 91(9):2374-2380, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20484560.
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P. Kolchinsky, E. Kiprilov, P. Bartley, R. Rubinstein, and J. Sodroski. Loss of a single N-linked glycan allows CD4-independent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by altering the position of the gp120 V1/V2 variable loops. J. Virol., 75(7):3435--43, Apr 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/7/3435. PubMed ID: 11238869.
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Bette Korber and S. Gnanakaran. The Implications of Patterns in HIV Diversity for Neutralizing Antibody Induction and Susceptibility. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):408-417, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048705.
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Kothe2007
Denise L. Kothe, Julie M Decker, Yingying Li, Zhiping Weng, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Kenneth P. Zammit, Maria G. Salazar, Yalu Chen, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Zina Moldoveanu, Jiri Mestecky, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, George M. Shaw, Mark Muldoon, Bette T. M. Korber, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of HIV-1 Consensus Subtype B Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 360(1):218-234, 30 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17097711.
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Kovacs2012
James M. Kovacs, Joseph P. Nkolola, Hanqin Peng, Ann Cheung, James Perry, Caroline A. Miller, Michael S. Seaman, Dan H. Barouch, and Bing Chen. HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Elicits More Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses than Monomeric gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):12111-12116, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22773820.
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Krachmarov2005
Chavdar Krachmarov, Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Phillipe N. Nyambi, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. Antibodies That Are Cross-Reactive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clade A and Clade B V3 Domains Are Common in Patient Sera from Cameroon, but Their Neutralization Activity Is Usually Restricted by Epitope Masking. J. Virol., 79(2):780-790, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15613306.
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Kraft2007
Zane Kraft, Nina R. Derby, Ruth A. McCaffrey, Rachel Niec, Wendy M. Blay, Nancy L. Haigwood, Eirini Moysi, Cheryl J. Saunders, Terri Wrin, Christos J. Petropoulos, M. Juliana McElrath, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Macaques Infected with a CCR5-Tropic Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) Develop Broadly Reactive Anti-HIV Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 81(12):6402-6411, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17392364.
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Kramer2007
Victor G. Kramer, Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Passive Immunization as Tool to Identify Protective HIV-1 Env Epitopes. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):642-55, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045119.
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Krebs2019
Shelly J. Krebs, Young D. Kwon, Chaim A. Schramm, William H. Law, Gina Donofrio, Kenneth H. Zhou, Syna Gift, Vincent Dussupt, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sebastian Schätzle, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Yen-Ting Lai, Mallika Sastry, Baoshan Zhang, Marissa C. Jarosinski, Amy Ransier, Agnes L. Chenine, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Robert T. Bailer, Meera Bose, Alberto Cagigi, Evan M. Cale, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Samuel Darko, Jefferson I. Driscoll, Aliaksandr Druz, Jason Gorman, Farida Laboune, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, Letzibeth Mendez, M. Anthony Moody, Anne Marie O'Sullivan, Christopher Owen, Dongjun Peng, Reda Rawi, Eric Sanders-Buell, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Andrea R. Shiakolas, Tyler Stephens, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Courtney Tucker, Raffaello Verardi, Keyun Wang, Jing Zhou, Tongqing Zhou, George Georgiou, S Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, Morgane Rolland, Gary R. Matyas, Victoria R. Polonis, Adrian B. McDermott, Daniel C. Douek, Lawrence Shapiro, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Nelson L. Michael, John R. Mascola, Merlin L. Robb, Peter D. Kwong, and Nicole A. Doria-Rose. Longitudinal Analysis Reveals Early Development of Three MPER-Directed Neutralizing Antibody Lineages from an HIV-1-Infected Individual. Immunity, 50(3):677-691.e13, 19 Mar 2019. PubMed ID: 30876875.
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Kulkarni2009
Smita S. Kulkarni, Alan Lapedes, Haili Tang, S. Gnanakaran, Marcus G. Daniels, Ming Zhang, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Ming Li, Victoria R. Polonis, Francine E. McCutchan, Lynn Morris, Dennis Ellenberger, Salvatore T. Butera, Robert C. Bollinger, Bette T. Korber, Ramesh S. Paranjape, and David C. Montefiori. Highly Complex Neutralization Determinants on a Monophyletic Lineage of Newly Transmitted Subtype C HIV-1 Env Clones from India. Virology, 385(2):505-520, 15 Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19167740.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kunert1998
R. Kunert, F. Ruker, and H. Katinger. Molecular Characterization of Five Neutralizing Anti-HIV Type 1 Antibodies: Identification of Nonconventional D Segments in the Human Monoclonal Antibodies 2G12 and 2F5. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:1115-1128, 1998. Study identifies five human MAbs which were able to neutralize primary isolates of different clades in vitro and reports the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chain V segments of the antibodies. PubMed ID: 9737583.
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Kunert2000
R. Kunert, W. Steinfellner, M. Purtscher, A. Assadian, and H. Katinger. Stable recombinant expression of the anti HIV-1 monoclonal antibody 2F5 after IgG3/IgG1 subclass switch in CHO cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 67:97-103, 2000. PubMed ID: 10581440.
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Kunert2002
Renate E. Kunert, Robert Weik, Boris Ferko, Gabriela Stiegler, and Hermann Katinger. Anti-Idiotypic Antibody Ab2/3H6 Mimics the Epitope of the Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibody 2F5. AIDS, 16(4):667-668, 8 Mar 2002. PubMed ID: 11873012.
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Kunert2011
Renate Kunert and Alexander Mader. Anti-Idiotypic Antibody Ab2/3H6 Mimicking gp41: A Potential HIV-1 vaccine? BMC Proc, 5(Suppl 8):P64, 22 Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 22373352.
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Kwong2009a
Peter D. Kwong and Ian A. Wilson. HIV-1 and Influenza Antibodies: Seeing Antigens in New Ways. Nat. Immunol., 10(6):573-578, Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19448659.
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Kwong2011
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Rational Design of Vaccines to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 1(1):a007278, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 22229123.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Laal1994
Suman Laal, Sherri Burda, Miroslav K. Gorny, Sylwia Karwowska, Aby Buchbinder, and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Synergistic Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Combinations of Human Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 68(6):4001-4008, Jun 1994. PubMed ID: 7514683.
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Lagenaur2010
Laurel A. Lagenaur, Vadim A. Villarroel, Virgilio Bundoc, Barna Dey, and Edward A. Berger. sCD4-17b Bifunctional Protein: Extremely Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 Env Pseudotyped Viruses from Genetically Diverse Primary Isolates. Retrovirology, 7:11, 2010. PubMed ID: 20158904.
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Lai2011
Rachel P. J. Lai, Jin Yan, Jonathan Heeney, Myra O. McClure, Heinrich Göttlinger, Jeremy Luban, and Massimo Pizzato. Nef Decreases HIV-1 Sensitivity to Neutralizing Antibodies that Target the Membrane-Proximal External Region of TMgp41. PLoS Pathog, 7(12):e1002442, Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22194689.
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Lai2012
Rachel P. J. Lai, Michael S. Seaman, Paul Tonks, Frank Wegmann, David J. Seilly, Simon D. W. Frost, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Antu K. Dey, Indresh K. Srivastava, Quentin Sattentau, Susan W. Barnett, and Jonathan L. Heeney. Mixed Adjuvant Formulations Reveal a New Combination That Elicit Antibody Response Comparable to Freund's Adjuvants. PLoS One, 7(4):e35083, 2012. PubMed ID: 22509385.
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Lambotte2009
Olivier Lambotte, Guido Ferrari, Christiane Moog, Nicole L. Yates, Hua-Xin Liao, Robert J. Parks, Charles B. Hicks, Kouros Owzar, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, and Jean-François Delfraissy. Heterogeneous Neutralizing Antibody and Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity Responses in HIV-1 Elite Controllers. AIDS, 23(8):897-906, 15 May 2009. PubMed ID: 19414990.
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Lapelosa2009
Mauro Lapelosa, Emilio Gallicchio, Gail Ferstandig Arnold, Eddy Arnold, and Ronald M. Levy. In Silico Vaccine Design Based on Molecular Simulations of Rhinovirus Chimeras Presenting HIV-1 gp41 Epitopes. J. Mol. Biol., 385(2):675-691, 16 Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19026659.
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Lapelosa2010
Mauro Lapelosa, Gail Ferstandig Arnold, Emilio Gallicchio, Eddy Arnold, and Ronald M. Levy. Antigenic Characteristics of Rhinovirus Chimeras Designed In Silico for Enhanced Presentation of HIV-1 gp41 Epitopes. J. Mol. Biol., 397(3):752-766, 2 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20138057.
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Lavine2012
Christy L. Lavine, Socheata Lao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI). High-Mannose Glycan-Dependent Epitopes Are Frequently Targeted in Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(4):2153-2164, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22156525.
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Law2007
Mansun Law, Rosa M. F. Cardoso, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Antigenic and Immunogenic Study of Membrane-Proximal External Region-Grafted gp120 Antigens by a DNA Prime-Protein Boost Immunization Strategy. J. Virol., 81(8):4272-4285, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17267498.
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Leaman2010
Daniel P. Leaman, Heather Kinkead, and Michael B. Zwick. In-Solution Virus Capture Assay Helps Deconstruct Heterogeneous Antibody Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 84(7):3382-3395, Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20089658.
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Leaman2013
Daniel P. Leaman and Michael B. Zwick. Increased Functional Stability and Homogeneity of Viral Envelope Spikes through Directed Evolution. PLoS Pathog., 9(2):e1003184, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23468626.
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Lenz2005
Oliver Lenz, Matthias T Dittmar, Andreas Wagner, Boris Ferko, Karola Vorauer-Uhl, Gabriela Stiegler, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Trimeric Membrane-Anchored gp41 Inhibits HIV Membrane Fusion. J. Biol. Chem., 280(6):4095-4101, 11 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15574416.
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Li1997
A. Li, T. W. Baba, J. Sodroski, S. Zolla-Pazner, M. K. Gorny, J. Robinson, M. R. Posner, H. Katinger, C. F. Barbas III, D. R. Burton, T.-C. Chou, and R. M Ruprecht. Synergistic Neutralization of a Chimeric SIV/HIV Type 1 Virus with Combinations of Human Anti-HIV Type 1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies or Hyperimmune Globulins. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:647-656, 1997. Multiple combinations of MAbs were tested for their ability to synergize neutralization of a SHIV construct containing HIV IIIB env. All of the MAb combinations tried were synergistic, suggesting such combinations may be useful for passive immunotherapy or immunoprophylaxis. Because SHIV can replicate in rhesus macaques, such approaches can potentially be studied in an it in vivo monkey model. PubMed ID: 9168233.
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Li1998
A. Li, H. Katinger, M. R. Posner, L. Cavacini, S. Zolla-Pazner, M. K. Gorny, J. Sodroski, T. C. Chou, T. W. Baba, and R. M. Ruprecht. Synergistic Neutralization of Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV-vpu+ by Triple and Quadruple Combinations of Human Monoclonal Antibodies and High-Titer Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Immunoglobulins. J. Virol., 72:3235-3240, 1998. PubMed ID: 9525650.
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Li2002
Hua Li, Zu-Qiang Liu, Jian Ding, and Ying-Hua Chen. Recombinant Multi-Epitope Vaccine Induce Predefined Epitope-Specific Antibodies against HIV-1. Immunol. Lett., 84(2):153-157, 1 Nov 2002. PubMed ID: 12270553.
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Li2005a
Ming Li, Feng Gao, John R. Mascola, Leonidas Stamatatos, Victoria R. Polonis, Marguerite Koutsoukos, Gerald Voss, Paul Goepfert, Peter Gilbert, Kelli M. Greene, Miroslawa Bilska, Denise L Kothe, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Xiping Wei, Julie M. Decker, Beatrice H. Hahn, and David C. Montefiori. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env Clones from Acute and Early Subtype B Infections for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 79(16):10108-10125, Aug 2005. PubMed ID: 16051804.
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Li2006a
Ming Li, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Cynthia A. Derdeyn, Lynn Morris, Carolyn Williamson, James E. Robinson, Julie M. Decker, Yingying Li, Maria G. Salazar, Victoria R. Polonis, Koleka Mlisana, Salim Abdool Karim, Kunxue Hong, Kelli M. Greene, Miroslawa Bilska, Jintao Zhou, Susan Allen, Elwyn Chomba, Joseph Mulenga, Cheswa Vwalika, Feng Gao, Ming Zhang, Bette T. M. Korber, Eric Hunter, Beatrice H. Hahn, and David C. Montefiori. Genetic and Neutralization Properties of Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Molecular env Clones from Acute and Early Heterosexually Acquired Infections in Southern Africa. J. Virol., 80(23):11776-11790, Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 16971434.
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Li2009c
Yuxing Li, Krisha Svehla, Mark K. Louder, Diane Wycuff, Sanjay Phogat, Min Tang, Stephen A. Migueles, Xueling Wu, Adhuna Phogat, George M. Shaw, Mark Connors, James Hoxie, John R. Mascola, and Richard Wyatt. Analysis of Neutralization Specificities in Polyclonal Sera Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals. J Virol, 83(2):1045-1059, Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19004942.
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Li2017
Hongru Li, Chati Zony, Ping Chen, and Benjamin K. Chen. Reduced Potency and Incomplete Neutralization of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 with Transmitted Founder Envs. J. Virol., 91(9), 1 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28148796.
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Liao2000
M. Liao, Y. Lu, Y. Xiao, M. P. Dierich, and Y. Chen. Induction of High Level of Specific Antibody Response to the Neutralizing Epitope ELDKWA on HIV-1 gp41 by Peptide-Vaccine. Peptides, 21:463-468, 2000. PubMed ID: 10822100.
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Liao2004
Hua-Xin Liao, S Munir Alam, John R. Mascola, James Robinson, Benjiang Ma, David C. Montefiori, Maria Rhein, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard Scearce, and Barton F. Haynes. Immunogenicity of Constrained Monoclonal Antibody A32-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Env gp120 Complexes Compared to That of Recombinant HIV Type 1 gp120 Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 78(10):5270-5278, May 2004. PubMed ID: 15113908.
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Liao2006
Hua-Xin Liao, Laura L. Sutherland, Shi-Mao Xia, Mary E. Brock, Richard M. Scearce, Stacie Vanleeuwen, S. Munir Alam, Mildred McAdams, Eric A. Weaver, Zenaido Camacho, Ben-Jiang Ma, Yingying Li, Julie M. Decker, Gary J. Nabel, David C. Montefiori, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette T. Korber, Feng Gao, and Barton F. Haynes. A Group M Consensus Envelope Glycoprotein Induces Antibodies That Neutralize Subsets of Subtype B and C HIV-1 Primary Viruses. Virology, 353(2):268-282, 30 Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 17039602.
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Liao2009
Hua-Xin Liao, Marc C. Levesque, Ashleigh Nagel, Ashlyn Dixon, Ruijun Zhang, Emmanuel Walter, Robert Parks, John Whitesides, Dawn J. Marshall, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Yi Yang, Xi Chen, Feng Gao, Supriya Munshaw, Thomas B. Kepler, Thomas Denny, M. Anthony Moody, and Barton F. Haynes. High-Throughput Isolation of Immunoglobulin Genes from Single Human B Cells and Expression as Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol. Methods, 158(1-2):171-179, Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19428587.
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Liao2013c
Hua-Xin Liao, Chun-Yen Tsao, S. Munir Alam, Mark Muldoon, Nathan Vandergrift, Ben-Jiang Ma, Xiaozhi Lu, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy Bowman, Robert Parks, Haiyan Chen, Julie H. Blinn, Alan Lapedes, Sydeaka Watson, Shi-Mao Xia, Andrew Foulger, Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Ron Swanstrom, David C. Montefiori, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Bette Korber. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Transmitted/Founder, Consensus, and Chronic Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 87(8):4185-4201, Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23365441.
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Lin2007
George Lin and Peter L. Nara. Designing Immunogens to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):514-541, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045109.
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Ling2004
Hong Ling, Peng Xiao, Osamu Usami, and Toshio Hattori. Thrombin Activates Envelope Glycoproteins of HIV Type 1 and Enhances Fusion. Microbes Infect., 6(5):414-420, Apr 2004. PubMed ID: 15109955.
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Liu2002
Xiao Song Liu, Wen Jun Liu, Kong Nan Zhao, Yue Hua Liu, Graham Leggatt, and Ian H. Frazer. Route of Administration of Chimeric BPV1 VLP Determines the Character of the Induced Immune Responses. Immunol. Cell Biol., 80(1):21-9, Feb 2002. PubMed ID: 11869359.
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Liu2005a
Zuqiang Liu, Zuguang Wang, and Ying-Hua Chen. Predefined Spacers between Epitopes on a Recombinant Epitope-Peptide Impacted Epitope-Specific Antibody Response. Immunol. Lett., 97(1):41-45, 15 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15626474.
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Liu2009
Jie Liu, Yiqun Deng, Antu K. Dey, John P. Moore, and Min Lu. Structure of the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane-Proximal Ectodomain Region in a Putative Prefusion Conformation. Biochemistry, 48(13):2915-2923, 7 Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19226163.
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Liu2010
Jie Liu, Yiqun Deng, Qunnu Li, Antu K. Dey, John P. Moore, and Min Lu. Role of a Putative gp41 Dimerization Domain in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Membrane Fusion. J. Virol., 84(1):201-209, Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19846514.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Lorin2004
Clarisse Lorin, Lucile Mollet, Frédéric Delebecque, Chantal Combredet, Bruno Hurtrel, Pierre Charneau, Michel Brahic, and Frédéric Tangy. A Single Injection of Recombinant Measles Virus Vaccines Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Clade B Envelope Glycoproteins Induces Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses to HIV. J. Virol., 78(1):146-157, Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14671096.
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Lorizate2006
Maier Lorizate, Antonio Cruz, Nerea Huarte, Renate Kunert, Jesús Pérez-Gil, and José L. Nieva. Recognition and Blocking of HIV-1 gp41 Pre-Transmembrane Sequence by Monoclonal 4E10 Antibody in a Raft-Like Membrane Environment. J. Biol. Chem., 281(51):39598-39606, 22 Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 17050535.
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Lorizate2006a
Maier Lorizate, Igor de la Arada, Nerea Huarte, Silvia Sánchez-Martínez, Beatriz G. de la Torre, David Andreu, José L. R. Arrondo, and José L. Nieva. Structural Analysis and Assembly of the HIV-1 Gp41 Amino-Terminal Fusion Peptide and the Pretransmembrane Amphipathic-At-Interface Sequence. Biochemistry, 45(48):14337-14346, 5 Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 17128972.
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Louder2005
Mark K. Louder, Anna Sambor, Elena Chertova, Tai Hunte, Sarah Barrett, Fallon Ojong, Eric Sanders-Buell, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Francine E. McCutchan, James D. Roser, Dana Gabuzda, Jeffrey D. Lifson, and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Envelope Pseudotyped Viral Vectors and Infectious Molecular Clones Expressing the Same Envelope Glycoprotein Have a Similar Neutralization Phenotype, but Culture in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is Associated with Decreased Neutralization Sensitivity. Virology, 339(2):226-238, 1 Sep 2005. PubMed ID: 16005039.
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Louis2005
John M. Louis, Carole A. Bewley, Elena Gustchina, Annie Aniana, and G. Marius Clore. Characterization and HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitory Properties of Monoclonal Fabs Obtained from a Human Non-Immune Phage Library Selected against Diverse Epitopes of the Ectodomain of HIV-1 gp41. J. Mol. Biol., 353(5):945-951, 11 Nov 2005. PubMed ID: 16216270.
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Lovelace2011
Erica Lovelace, Hengyu Xu, Catherine A. Blish, Roland Strong, and Julie Overbaugh. The Role of Amino Acid Changes in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmembrane Domain in Antibody Binding and Neutralization. Virology, 421(2):235-244, 20 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22029936.
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Lu2000a
Y. Lu, Y. Xiao, J. Ding, M. P. Dierich, and Y. H. Chen. Multiepitope vaccines intensively increased levels of antibodies recognizing three neutralizing epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope protein. Scand. J. Immunol., 51:497-501, 2000. PubMed ID: 10792842.
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Lu2000b
Y. Lu, Y. Xiao, J. Ding, M. Dierich, and Y. H. Chen. Immunogenicity of neutralizing epitopes on multiple-epitope vaccines against HIV-1. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol., 121:80-84, 2000. PubMed ID: 10686512.
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Luallen2009
Robert J. Luallen, Hu Fu, Caroline Agrawal-Gamse, Innocent Mboudjeka, Wei Huang, Fang-Hua Lee, Lai-Xi Wang, Robert W. Doms, and Yu Geng. A Yeast Glycoprotein Shows High-Affinity Binding to the Broadly Neutralizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody 2G12 and Inhibits gp120 Interactions with 2G12 and DC-SIGN. J. Virol., 83(10):4861-4870, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19264785.
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Luo2006
Min Luo, Fei Yuan, Yanxia Liu, Siming Jiang, Xijun Song, Pengfei Jiang, Xiaolei Yin, Mingxiao Ding, and Hongkui Deng. Induction of Neutralizing Antibody against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) by Immunization with gp41 Membrane-Proximal External Region (MPER) Fused with Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) p15E Fragment. Vaccine, 24(4):4354-4342, 23 Jan 2006. PubMed ID: 16143433.
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Lusso2005
Paolo Lusso, Patricia L. Earl, Francesca Sironi, Fabio Santoro, Chiara Ripamonti, Gabriella Scarlatti, Renato Longhi, Edward A. Berger, and Samuele E. Burastero. Cryptic Nature of a Conserved, CD4-Inducible V3 Loop Neutralization Epitope in the Native Envelope Glycoprotein Oligomer of CCR5-Restricted, but not CXCR4-Using, Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains. J. Virol., 79(11):6957-6968, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890935.
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Lynch2011
John B. Lynch, Ruth Nduati, Catherine A. Blish, Barbra A. Richardson, Jennifer M. Mabuka, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Grace John-Stewart, and Julie Overbaugh. The Breadth and Potency of Passively Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Do Not Correlate with the Risk of Infant Infection. J. Virol., 85(11):5252-5261, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21411521.
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Ma2011
Ben-Jiang Ma, S. Munir Alam, Eden P. Go, Xiaozhi Lu, Heather Desaire, Georgia D. Tomaras, Cindy Bowman, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Sampa Santra, Norman L. Letvin, Thomas B. Kepler, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Envelope Deglycosylation Enhances Antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 Epitopes for Both Broad Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Unmutated Ancestor Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 7(9):e1002200, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21909262.
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Mader2010
A. Mader and R. Kunert. Humanization Strategies for an Anti-Idiotypic Antibody Mimicking HIV-1 gp41. Protein Eng. Des. Sel., 23(12):947-954, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21037278.
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Magnus2010
Carsten Magnus and Roland R. Regoes. Estimating the Stoichiometry of HIV Neutralization. PLoS Comput. Biol., 6(3):e1000713, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20333245.
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Magnus2016
Carsten Magnus, Lucia Reh, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV-1 Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies: Determination of Antibody Concentrations Leading to Escape Mutant Evolution. Virus Res., 218:57-70, 15 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26494166.
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Malherbe2014
Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, D. Noah Sather, Biwei Guo, Shilpi Pandey, William F. Sutton, Andrew B. Stuart, Harlan Robins, Byung Park, Shelly J. Krebs, Jason T. Schuman, Spyros Kalams, Ann J. Hessell, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Envelope variants circulating as initial neutralization breadth developed in two HIV-infected subjects stimulate multiclade neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. J Virol, 88(22):12949-67 doi, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25210191
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Mann2009
Axel M. Mann, Peter Rusert, Livia Berlinger, Herbert Kuster, Huldrych F. Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV Sensitivity to Neutralization Is Determined by Target and Virus Producer Cell Properties. AIDS, 23(13):1659-1667, 24 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19581791.
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Martin2011
Grégoire Martin, Brian Burke, Robert Thaï, Antu K. Dey, Olivier Combes, Bernadette Heyd, Anthony R. Geonnotti, David C. Montefiori, Elaine Kan, Ying Lian, Yide Sun, Toufik Abache, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Hocine Madaoui, Raphaël Guérois, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, Pascal Kessler, and Loïc Martin. Stabilization of HIV-1 Envelope in the CD4-Bound Conformation through Specific Cross-Linking of a CD4 Mimetic. J. Biol. Chem., 286(24):21706-21716, 17 Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21487012.
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Martinez2009
Valérie Martinez, Marie-Claude Diemert, Martine Braibant, Valérie Potard, Jean-Luc Charuel, Francis Barin, Dominique Costagliola, Eric Caumes, Jean-Pierre Clauvel, Brigitte Autran, Lucile Musset, and ALT ANRS CO15 Study Group. Anticardiolipin Antibodies in HIV Infection Are Independently Associated with Antibodies to the Membrane Proximal External Region of gp41 and with Cell-Associated HIV DNA and Immune Activation. Clin. Infect. Dis., 48(1):123-32, 1 Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19035778.
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Marusic2009
Carla Marusic, Alessandro Vitale, Emanuela Pedrazzini, Marcello Donini, Lorenzo Frigerio, Ralph Bock, Philip J. Dix, Matthew S. McCabe, Michele Bellucci, and Eugenio Benvenuto. Plant-Based Strategies Aimed at Expressing HIV Antigens and Neutralizing Antibodies at High Levels. Nef as a Case Study. Transgenic Res., 18(4):499-512, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19169897.
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Mascola1997
J. R. Mascola, M. K. Louder, T. C. VanCott, C. V. Sapan, J. S. Lambert, L. R. Muenz, B. Bunow, D. L. Birx, and M. L. Robb. Potent and Synergistic Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Primary Isolates by Hyperimmune Anti-HIV Immunoglobulin Combined with Monoclonal Antibodies 2F5 and 2G12. J. Virol., 71:7198-7206, 1997. HIVIG derived from the plasma of HIV-1-infected donors, and MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 were tested against a panel of 15 clade B HIV-1 isolates, using a single concentration that is achievable in vivo (HIVIG, 2,500 microg/ml; MAbs, 25 microg/ml). While the three antibody reagents neutralized many of the viruses tested, potency varied. The virus neutralization achieved by double or triple combinations was generally equal to or greater than that predicted by the effect of individual antibodies, and the triple combination was shown to be synergistic and to have the greatest breadth and potency. Passive immunotherapy for treatment or prophylaxis of HIV-1 should consider mixtures of these potent neutralizing antibody reagents. PubMed ID: 9311792.
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Mascola1999
J. R. Mascola, M. G. Lewis, G. Stiegler, D. Harris, T. C. VanCott, D. Hayes, M. K. Louder, C. R. Brown, C. V. Sapan, S. S. Frankel, Y. Lu, M. L. Robb, H. Katinger, and D. L. Birx. Protection of Macaques against pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus 89.6PD by passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol., 73(5):4009--18, May 1999. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/73/5/4009. PubMed ID: 10196297.
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Mascola2000a
John R. Mascola, Gabriela Stiegler, Thomas C. VanCott, Hermann Katinger, Calvin B. Carpenter, Chris E. Hanson, Holly Beary, Deborah Hayes, Sarah S. Frankel, Deborah L. Birx, and Mark G. Lewis. Protection of Macaques against Vaginal Transmission of a Pathogenic HIV-1/SIV Chimeric Virus by Passive Infusion of Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Med., 6(2):207-210, Feb 2000. PubMed ID: 10655111.
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Mascola2001
J. R. Mascola and G. J. Nabel. Vaccines for the prevention of HIV-1 disease. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 13(4):489--95, Aug 2001. PubMed ID: 11498307.
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Mascola2002
John R. Mascola. Passive Transfer Studies to Elucidate the Role of Antibody-Mediated Protection against HIV-1. Vaccine, 20(15):1922-1925, 6 May 2002. PubMed ID: 11983246.
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Mascola2003
John R. Mascola, Mark G. Lewis, Thomas C. VanCott, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, Michael Seaman, Kristin Beaudry, Dan H. Barouch, Birgit Korioth-Schmitz, Georgia Krivulka, Anna Sambor, Brent Welcher, Daniel C. Douek, David C. Montefiori, John W. Shiver, Pascal Poignard, Dennis R. Burton, and Norman L. Letvin. Cellular Immunity Elicited by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus DNA Vaccination Does Not Augment the Sterile Protection Afforded by Passive Infusion of Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 77(19):10348-10356, Oct 2003. PubMed ID: 12970419.
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Mascola2003a
John R. Mascola. Defining the Protective Antibody Response for HIV-1. Curr. Mol. Med., 3(3):209-216, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12699358.
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Mascola2010
John R. Mascola and David C. Montefiori. The Role of Antibodies in HIV Vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28:413-444, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20192810.
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Massanella2009
Marta Massanella, Isabel Puigdomènech, Cecilia Cabrera, Maria Teresa Fernandez-Figueras, Anne Aucher, Gerald Gaibelet, Denis Hudrisier, Elisabet García, Margarita Bofill, Bonaventura Clotet, and Julià Blanco. Antigp41 Antibodies Fail to Block Early Events of Virological Synapses but Inhibit HIV Spread between T Cells. AIDS, 23(2):183-188, 14 Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19098487.
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Matoba2008
Nobuyuki Matoba, Tagan A. Griffin, Michele Mittman, Jeffrey D. Doran, Annette Alfsen, David C. Montefiori, Carl V. Hanson, Morgane Bomsel, and Tsafrir S. Mor. Transcytosis-Blocking Abs Elicited by an Oligomeric Immunogen Based on the Membrane Proximal Region of HIV-1 gp41 Target Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Curr. HIV Res., 6(3):218-229, May 2008. PubMed ID: 18473785.
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Matyas2009
Gary R. Matyas, Zoltan Beck, Nicos Karasavvas, and Carl R. Alving. Lipid Binding Properties of 4E10, 2F5, and WR304 Monoclonal Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1788(3):660-665, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19100711.
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Matyas2009a
Gary R. Matyas, Lindsay Wieczorek, Zoltan Beck, Christina Ochsenbauer-Jambor, John C. Kappes, Nelson L. Michael, Victoria R. Polonis, and Carl R. Alving. Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Liposomal HIV-1 Glycoprotein 41 Peptide Simultaneously Bind to Both the 2F5 or 4E10 Epitope and Lipid Epitopes. AIDS, 23(16):2069-2077, 23 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19710597.
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McCaffrey2004
Ruth A McCaffrey, Cheryl Saunders, Mike Hensel, and Leonidas Stamatatos. N-Linked Glycosylation of the V3 Loop and the Immunologically Silent Face of gp120 Protects Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 SF162 from Neutralization by Anti-gp120 and Anti-gp41 Antibodies. J. Virol., 78(7):3279-3295, Apr 2004. PubMed ID: 15016849.
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McCann2005
C. M. Mc Cann, R. J. Song, and R. M. Ruprecht. Antibodies: Can They Protect Against HIV Infection? Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord., 5(2):95-111, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15975016.
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McCoy2015
Laura E. McCoy, Emilia Falkowska, Katie J. Doores, Khoa Le, Devin Sok, Marit J. van Gils, Zelda Euler, Judith A. Burger, Michael S. Seaman, Rogier W. Sanders, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, and Dennis R. Burton. Incomplete Neutralization and Deviation from Sigmoidal Neutralization Curves for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 11(8):e1005110, Aug 2015. PubMed ID: 26267277.
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McGaughey2003
G. B. McGaughey, M. Citron, R. C. Danzeisen, R. M. Freidinger, V. M. Garsky, W. M. Hurni, J. G. Joyce, X. Liang, M. Miller, J. Shiver, and M. J. Bogusky. HIV-1 Vaccine Development: Constrained Peptide Immunogens Show Improved Binding to the Anti-HIV-1 gp41 MAb. Biochemistry, 42(11):3214-3223, 25 Mar 2003. PubMed ID: 12641452.
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McGaughey2004
Georgia B. McGaughey, Gaetano Barbato, Elisabetta Bianchi, Roger M. Freidinger, Victor M. Garsky, William M. Hurni, Joseph G. Joyce, Xiaoping Liang, Michael D. Miller, Antonello Pessi, John W. Shiver, and Michael J. Bogusky. Progress Towards the Development of a HIV-1 gp41-Directed Vaccine. Curr. HIV Res., 2(2):193-204, Apr 2004. PubMed ID: 15078183.
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McKeating1996b
J. A. McKeating, Y. J. Zhang, C. Arnold, R. Frederiksson, E. M. Fenyo, and P. Balfe. Chimeric viruses expressing primary envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type I show increased sensitivity to neutralization by human sera. Virology, 220:450-460, 1996. Chimeric viruses for HXB2 with primary isolate gp120 gave patterns of cell tropism and cytopathicity identical to the original primary viruses. Sera that were unable to neutralize the primary isolates were in some cases able to neutralize chimeric viruses, indicating that some of the neutralizing epitopes were in gp41. PubMed ID: 8661395.
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McKeating1996c
J. A. McKeating. Biological Consequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Polymorphism: Does Variation Matter? 1995 Fleming Lecture. J. Gen. Virol., 77:2905-2919, 1996. PubMed ID: 9000081.
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McKnight2007
Aine McKnight and Marlen M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Clade Specific Neutralising Vaccines for HIV: An Appropriate Target? Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):554-560, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045111.
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McLinden2013
Robert J. McLinden, Celia C. LaBranche, Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Victoria R. Polonis, Michael A. Eller, Lindsay Wieczorek, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Stephen Perfetto, David C. Montefiori, Nelson L. Michael, and Jerome H. Kim. Detection of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in a Human CD4+/CXCR4+/CCR5+ T-Lymphoblastoid Cell Assay System. PLoS One, 8(11):e77756, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312168.
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Mehandru2007
Saurabh Mehandru, Brigitta Vcelar, Terri Wrin, Gabriela Stiegler, Beda Joos, Hiroshi Mohri, Daniel Boden, Justin Galovich, Klara Tenner-Racz, Paul Racz, Mary Carrington, Christos Petropoulos, Hermann Katinger, and Martin Markowitz. Adjunctive Passive Immunotherapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals Treated with Antiviral Therapy during Acute and Early Infection. J. Virol., 81(20):11016-11031, Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17686878.
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Melchers2012
Mark Melchers, Ilja Bontjer, Tommy Tong, Nancy P. Y. Chung, Per Johan Klasse, Dirk Eggink, David C. Montefiori, Maurizio Gentile, Andrea Cerutti, William C. Olson, Ben Berkhout, James M. Binley, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Targeting HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers to B Cells by Using APRIL Improves Antibody Responses. J. Virol., 86(5):2488-2500, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22205734.
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Menendez2004
Alfredo Menendez, Keith C. Chow, Oscar C. C. Pan, and Jamie K. Scott. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody 2F5 is Multispecific for Sequences Flanking the DKW Core Epitope. J. Mol. Biol., 338(2):311-327, 23 Apr 2004. PubMed ID: 15066434.
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Miglietta2014
Riccardo Miglietta, Claudia Pastori, Assunta Venuti, Christina Ochsenbauer, and Lucia Lopalco. Synergy in Monoclonal Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1 Pseudoviruses and Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Transl. Med., 12:346, 2014. PubMed ID: 25496375.
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Miller2005
Michael D. Miller, Romas Geleziunas, Elisabetta Bianchi, Simon Lennard, Renee Hrin, Hangchun Zhang, Meiqing Lu, Zhiqiang An, Paolo Ingallinella, Marco Finotto, Marco Mattu, Adam C. Finnefrock, David Bramhill, James Cook, Debra M. Eckert, Richard Hampton, Mayuri Patel, Stephen Jarantow, Joseph Joyce, Gennaro Ciliberto, Riccardo Cortese, Ping Lu, William Strohl, William Schleif, Michael McElhaugh, Steven Lane, Christopher Lloyd, David Lowe, Jane Osbourn, Tristan Vaughan, Emilio Emini, Gaetano Barbato, Peter S. Kim, Daria J. Hazuda, John W. Shiver, and Antonello Pessi. A Human Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes Diverse HIV-1 Isolates By Binding a Critical gp41 Epitope. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102(41):14759-14764, 11 Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16203977.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2021
Nitesh Mishra, Sanjeev Kumar, Swarandeep Singh, Tanu Bansal, Nishkarsh Jain, Sumedha Saluja, Rajesh Kumar, Sankar Bhattacharyya, Jayanth Kumar Palanichamy, Riyaz Ahmad Mir, Subrata Sinha, and Kalpana Luthra. Cross-Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by HIV-1 Specific Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Polyclonal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 17(9):e1009958, Sep 2021. PubMed ID: 34559854.
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Mo1997
H. Mo, L. Stamatatos, J. E. Ip, C. F. Barbas, P. W. H. I. Parren, D. R. Burton, J. P. Moore, and D. D. Ho. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutants That Escape Neutralization by Human Monoclonal Antibody IgG1b12. J. Virol., 71:6869-6874, 1997. A JRCSF resistant variant was selected by culturing in the presence of IgG1b12. The resistant virus remained sensitive to 2G12 and 2F5 and to CD4-IgG, encouraging for the possibility of combination therapy. PubMed ID: 9261412.
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Mohr2010
Emma L. Mohr, Jinhua Xiang, James H. McLinden, Thomas M. Kaufman, Qing Chang, David C. Montefiori, Donna Klinzman, and Jack T. Stapleton. GB Virus Type C Envelope Protein E2 Elicits Antibodies That React with a Cellular Antigen on HIV-1 Particles and Neutralize Diverse HIV-1 Isolates. J. Immunol., 185(7):4496-4505, 1 Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20826757.
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Molinos-Albert2023
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Mondor1998
I. Mondor, S. Ugolini, and Q. J. Sattentau. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Attachment to HeLa CD4 Cells Is CD4 Independent and Gp120 Dependent and Requires Cell Surface Heparans. J. Virol., 72:3623-3634, 1998. PubMed ID: 9557643.
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Montefiori1999
D. Montefiori and T. Evans. Toward an HIV Type 1 Vaccine That Generates Potent Broadly Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 15:689-698, 1999. PubMed ID: 10357464.
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Montefiori2003
David C. Montefiori, Marcus Altfeld, Paul K. Lee, Miroslawa Bilska, Jintao Zhou, Mary N. Johnston, Feng Gao, Bruce D. Walker, and Eric S. Rosenberg. Viremia Control Despite Escape from a Rapid and Potent Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Response after Therapy Cessation in an HIV-1-Infected Individual. J. Immunol., 170(7):3906-3914, Apr 2003. PubMed ID: 12646660.
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Montefiori2005
David C. Montefiori. Neutralizing Antibodies Take a Swipe at HIV In Vivo. Nat. Med., 11(6):593-594, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15937465.
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Montefiori2009
David C. Montefiori and John R. Mascola. Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV-1: Can We Elicit Them with Vaccines and How Much Do We Need? Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):347-351, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048696.
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Montero2012
Marinieve Montero, Naveed Gulzar, Kristina-Ana Klaric, Jason E. Donald, Christa Lepik, Sampson Wu, Sue Tsai, Jean-Philippe Julien, Ann J. Hessell, Shixia Wang, Shan Lu, Dennis R. Burton, Emil F. Pai, William F. DeGrado, and Jamie K. Scott. Neutralizing Epitopes in the Membrane-Proximal External Region of HIV-1 gp41 Are Influenced by the Transmembrane Domain and the Plasma Membrane. J. Virol., 86(6):2930-2941, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22238313.
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Moody2010
M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, M. Kelly Plonk, Daniel M. Kozink, Mark S. Drinker, Ruijun Zhang, Shi-Mao Xia, Laura L. Sutherland, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ian P. Giles, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer-Jambor, Tara G. Edmonds, Melina Soares, Gustavo Barbero, Donald N. Forthal, Gary Landucci, Connie Chang, Steven W. King, Anita Kavlie, Thomas N. Denny, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Pojen P. Chen, Philip E. Thorpe, David C. Montefiori, and Barton F. Haynes. Anti-Phospholipid Human Monoclonal Antibodies Inhibit CCR5-Tropic HIV-1 and Induce beta-Chemokines. J. Exp. Med., 207(4):763-776, 12 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20368576.
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Moog2014
C. Moog, N. Dereuddre-Bosquet, J.-L. Teillaud, M. E. Biedma, V. Holl, G. Van Ham, L. Heyndrickx, A. Van Dorsselaer, D. Katinger, B. Vcelar, S. Zolla-Pazner, I. Mangeot, C. Kelly, R. J. Shattock, and R. Le Grand. Protective Effect of Vaginal Application of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Inhibitory Antibodies Against Vaginal SHIV Challenge in Macaques. Mucosal Immunol., 7(1):46-56, Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 23591718.
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Moore1995c
J. P. Moore and D. D. Ho. HIV-1 Neutralization: The Consequences of Adaptation to Growth on Transformed T-Cells. AIDS, 9(suppl A):S117-S136, 1995. This review considers the relative importance of a neutralizing antibody response for the development of a vaccine, and for disease progression during the chronic phase of HIV-1 infection. It suggests that T-cell immunity may be more important. The distinction between MAbs that can neutralize primary isolates, and those that are effective at neutralizing only laboratory adapted strains is discussed in detail. Alternative conformations of envelope and non-contiguous interacting domains in gp120 are discussed. The suggestion that soluble monomeric gp120 may serve as a viral decoy that diverts the humoral immune response it in vivo is put forth. PubMed ID: 8819579.
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Moore1997
J. Moore and A. Trkola. HIV Type 1 Coreceptors, Neutralization Serotypes and Vaccine Development. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:733-736, 1997. PubMed ID: 9171216.
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Moore2001
J. P. Moore, P. W. Parren, and D. R. Burton. Genetic subtypes, humoral immunity, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine development. J. Virol., 75(13):5721--9, Jul 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/13/5721. PubMed ID: 11390574.
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Moore2006
Penny L. Moore, Emma T. Crooks, Lauren Porter, Ping Zhu, Charmagne S. Cayanan, Henry Grise, Paul Corcoran, Michael B. Zwick, Michael Franti, Lynn Morris, Kenneth H. Roux, Dennis R. Burton, and James M. Binley. Nature of Nonfunctional Envelope Proteins on the Surface of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 80(5):2515-2528, Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16474158.
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Moore2009
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, and Lynn Morris. Specificity of the Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Response. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):358-363, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048698.
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Morgand2015
Marion Morgand, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Alain Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, Craig S. Pace, Marie Pancera, David D. Ho, Pascal Poignard, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Peter D. Kwong, Daniel Baty, Patrick Chames, Martine Braibant, and Francis Barin. A V1V2 Neutralizing Epitope Is Conserved in Divergent Non-M Groups of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26413851.
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Morris2011
Lynn Morris, Xi Chen, Munir Alam, Georgia Tomaras, Ruijun Zhang, Dawn J. Marshall, Bing Chen, Robert Parks, Andrew Foulger, Frederick Jaeger, Michele Donathan, Mira Bilska, Elin S. Gray, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Thomas B. Kepler, John Whitesides, David Montefiori, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Isolation of a Human Anti-HIV gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Neutralizing Antibody by Antigen-Specific Single B Cell Sorting. PLoS One, 6(9):e23532, 2011. PubMed ID: 21980336.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Muhlbacher1999
M. Muhlbacher, M. Spruth, F. Siegel, R. Zangerle, and M. P. Dierich. Longitudinal Study of Antibody Reactivity against HIV-1 Envelope and a Peptide Representing a Conserved Site on Gp41 in HIV-1-Infected Patients. Immunobiology, 200:295-305, 1999. PubMed ID: 10416136.
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Muhle2013
Michael Mühle, Kerstin Hoffmann, Martin Löchelt, and Joachim Denner. Construction and Characterisation of Replicating Foamy Viral Vectors Expressing HIV-1 Epitopes Recognised by Broadly Neutralising Antibodies. Antiviral Res., 100(2):314-320, Nov 2013. PubMed ID: 24055836.
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Muster1993
T. Muster, F. Steindl, M. Purtscher, A. Trkola, A. Klima, G. Himmler, F. Ruker, and H. Katinger. A conserved neutralizing epitope on gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol., 67:6642-6647, 1993. Peptides containing the amino acid sequence LDKWAS or DKWASL showed reduced reactivity. The peptides LELDKW and KWASLW showed no significant reaction. These data suggest that the epitope of the MAb 2F5 comprises the amino acid sequence ELDKWA, with DKWA being the core sequence. PubMed ID: 7692082.
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Muster1994
T. Muster, R. Guinea, A. Trkola, M. Purtscher, A. Klima, F. Steindl, P. Palese, and H. Katinger. Cross-Neutralization Activity against Divergent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates Induced by the gp41 Sequence ELDKWAS. J. Virol., 68:4031-4034, 1994. PubMed ID: 7514684.
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Nabatov2004
Alexey A. Nabatov, Georgios Pollakis, Thomas Linnemann, Aletta Kliphius, Moustapha I. M. Chalaby, and William A. Paxton. Intrapatient Alterations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 V1V2 and V3 Regions Differentially Modulate Coreceptor Usage, Virus Inhibition by CC/CXC Chemokines, Soluble CD4, and the b12 and 2G12 Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 78(1):524-530, Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14671134.
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Nabel2005
Gary J. Nabel. Close to the Edge: Neutralizing the HIV-1 Envelope. Science, 308(5730):1878-1879, 24 Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15976295.
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Nakowitsch2005
Sabine Nakowitsch, Heribert Quendler, Helga Fekete, Renate Kunert, Hermann Katinger, and Gabriela Stiegler. HIV-1 Mutants Escaping Neutralization by the Human Antibodies 2F5, 2G12, and 4E10: In Vitro Experiments Versus Clinical Studies. AIDS, 19(17):1957-1966, 18 Nov 2005. PubMed ID: 16260901.
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Nandi2010
Avishek Nandi, Christine L. Lavine, Pengcheng Wang, Inna Lipchina, Paul A. Goepfert, George M. Shaw, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Philippa Easterbrook, James E. Robinson, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology. Epitopes for Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Virology, 396(2):339-348, 20 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19922969.
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Narayan2013
Kristin M. Narayan, Nitish Agrawal, Sean X. Du, Janelle E. Muranaka, Katherine Bauer, Daniel P. Leaman, Pham Phung, Kay Limoli, Helen Chen, Rebecca I. Boenig, Terri Wrin, Michael B. Zwick, and Robert G. Whalen. Prime-Boost Immunization of Rabbits with HIV-1 gp120 Elicits Potent Neutralization Activity against a Primary Viral Isolate. PLoS One, 8(1):e52732, 9 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23326351.
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Nelson2007
Josh D. Nelson, Florence M. Brunel, Richard Jensen, Emma T. Crooks, Rosa M. F. Cardoso, Meng Wang, Ann Hessell, Ian A. Wilson, James M. Binley, Philip E. Dawson, Dennis R. Burton, and Michael B. Zwick. An Affinity-Enhanced Neutralizing Antibody against the Membrane-Proximal External Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Recognizes an Epitope between Those of 2F5 and 4E10. J. Virol., 81(8):4033-4043, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17287272.
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Nelson2008
Josh D. Nelson, Heather Kinkead, Florence M. Brunel, Dan Leaman, Richard Jensen, John M. Louis, Toshiaki Maruyama, Carole A. Bewley, Katherine Bowdish, G. Marius Clore, Philip E. Dawson, Shana Frederickson, Rose G. Mage, Douglas D. Richman, Dennis R. Burton, and Michael B. Zwick. Antibody Elicited against the gp41 N-Heptad Repeat (NHR) Coiled-Coil Can Neutralize HIV-1 with Modest Potency but Non-Neutralizing Antibodies Also Bind to NHR Mimetics. Virology, 377(1):170-183, 20 Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18499210.
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Nie2010
Jianhui Nie, Chuntao Zhang, Wei Liu, Xueling Wu, Feng Li, Suting Wang, Fuxiong Liang, Aijing Song, and Youchun Wang. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE env Molecular Clones from Infections in China. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 53(4):440-450, 1 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20090544.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Tamara Nora, Francine Bouchonnet, Béatrice Labrosse, Charlotte Charpentier, Fabrizio Mammano, François Clavel, and Allan J. Hance. Functional Diversity of HIV-1 Envelope Proteins Expressed by Contemporaneous Plasma Viruses. Retrovirology, 5:23, 2008. PubMed ID: 18312646.
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P. N. Nyambi, H. A. Mbah, S. Burda, C. Williams, M. K. Gorny, A. Nadas, and S. Zolla-Pazner. Conserved and Exposed Epitopes on Intact, Native, Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions of Group M. J. Virol., 74:7096-7107, 2000. PubMed ID: 10888650.
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Ofek2004
Gilad Ofek, Min Tang, Anna Sambor, Hermann Katinger, John R. Mascola, Richard Wyatt, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure and Mechanistic Analysis of the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2F5 in Complex with Its gp41 Epitope. J. Virol., 78(19):10724-10737, Oct 2004. PubMed ID: 15367639.
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Ofek2010
Gilad Ofek, Krisha McKee, Yongping Yang, Zhi-Yong Yang, Jeff Skinner, F. Javier Guenaga, Richard Wyatt, Michael B. Zwick, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Relationship between Antibody 2F5 Neutralization of HIV-1 and Hydrophobicity of Its Heavy Chain Third Complementarity-Determining Region. J Virol, 84(6):2955-2962, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20042512.
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Ofek2010a
Gilad Ofek, F. Javier Guenaga, William R. Schief, Jeff Skinner, David Baker, Richard Wyatt, and Peter D. Kwong. Elicitation of Structure-Specific Antibodies by Epitope Scaffolds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(42):17880-17887, 19 Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20876137.
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Ofek2014
Gilad Ofek, Brett Zirkle, Yongping Yang, Zhongyu Zhu, Krisha McKee, Baoshan Zhang, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sijy O'Dell, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Basis for HIV-1 neutralization By 2F5-Like Antibodies m66 and m66.6. J. Virol., 88(5):2426-2441, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24335316.
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Ohagen2003
Asa Ohagen, Amy Devitt, Kevin J. Kunstman, Paul R. Gorry, Patrick P. Rose, Bette Korber, Joann Taylor, Robert Levy, Robert L. Murphy, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Genetic and Functional Analysis of Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env Genes Derived from Brain and Blood of Patients with AIDS. J. Virol., 77(22):12336-12345, Nov 2003. PubMed ID: 14581570.
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Opalka2004
David Opalka, Antonello Pessi, Elisabetta Bianchi, Gennaro Ciliberto, William Schleif, Michael McElhaugh, Renee Danzeisen, Romas Geleziunas, Michael Miller, Debra M. Eckert, David Bramhill, Joseph Joyce, James Cook, William Magilton, John Shiver, Emilio Emini, and Mark T. Esser. Analysis of the HIV-1 gp41 Specific Immune Response Using a Multiplexed Antibody Detection Assay. J. Immunol. Methods, 287(1-2):49-65, Apr 2004. PubMed ID: 15099755.
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Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, William G. Scott, Terri Wrin, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Faruk Sinangil, and Phillip W. Berman. Novel Ring Structure in the gp41 Trimer of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 That Modulates Sensitivity and Resistance to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 83(15):7728-7738, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19474108.
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ORourke2010
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Karianne Terry, Terri Wrin, Faruk Sinangil, and Phillip W. Berman. Mutation at a Single Position in the V2 Domain of the HIV-1 Envelope Protein Confers Neutralization Sensitivity to a Highly Neutralization-Resistant Virus. J. Virol., 84(21):11200-11209, Nov 2010. PubMed ID: 20702624.
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Wu Ou, Ning Lu, Sloane S. Yu, and Jonathan Silver. Effect of Epitope Position on Neutralization by Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Monoclonal Antibody 2F5. J. Virol., 80(5):2539-2547, Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16474160.
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Julie Overbaugh and Lynn Morris. The Antibody Response against HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2(1):a007039, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22315717.
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Beatriz Pacheco, Stephane Basmaciogullari, Jason A. Labonte, Shi-Hua Xiang, and Joseph Sodroski. Adaptation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins to New World Monkey Receptors. J. Virol., 82(1):346-357, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 17959679.
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Bapi Pahar, Mayra A. Cantu, Wei Zhao, Marcelo J. Kuroda, Ronald S. Veazey, David C. Montefiori, John D. Clements, Pyone P. Aye, Andrew A. Lackner, Karin Lovgren-Bengtsson, and Karol Sestak. Single Epitope Mucosal Vaccine Delivered via Immuno-Stimulating Complexes Induces Low Level of Immunity Against Simian-HIV. Vaccine, 24(47-48):6839-6849, 17 Nov 2006. PubMed ID: 17050045.
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Pancera2013
Marie Pancera, Syed Shahzad-ul-Hussan, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Jason S. McLellan, Robert T. Bailer, Kaifan Dai, Sandra Loesgen, Mark K. Louder, Ryan P. Staupe, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Robert Parks, Joshua Eudailey, Krissey E. Lloyd, Julie Blinn, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, Mohammed N. Amin, Lai-Xi Wang, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, Carole A. Bewley, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Basis for Diverse N-Glycan Recognition by HIV-1-Neutralizing V1-V2-Directed Antibody PG16. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 20(7):804-813, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23708607.
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Ralph Pantophlet. Antibody Epitope Exposure and Neutralization of HIV-1. Curr. Pharm. Des., 16(33):3729-3743, 2010. PubMed ID: 21128886.
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C. E. Parker, L. J. Deterding, C. Hager-Braun, J. M. Binley, N. Schulke, H. Katinger, J. P. Moore, and K. B. Tomer. Fine definition of the epitope on the gp41 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 for the neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2F5. J. Virol., 75(22):10906--11, Nov 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/22/10906. PubMed ID: 11602730.
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P. W. Parren, I. Mondor, D. Naniche, H. J. Ditzel, P. J. Klasse, D. R. Burton, and Q. J. Sattentau. Neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by antibody to gp120 is determined primarily by occupancy of sites on the virion irrespective of epitope specificity. J. Virol., 72:3512-9, 1998. The authors propose that the occupancy of binding sites on HIV-1 virions is the major factor in determining neutralization, irrespective of epitope specificity. Neutralization was assayed T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1 isolates. Binding of Fabs to monomeric rgp120 was not correlated with binding to functional oligomeric gp120 or neutralization, while binding to functional oligomeric gp120 was highly correlated with neutralization. The ratios of oligomer binding/neutralization were similar for antibodies to different neutralization epitopes, with a few exceptions. PubMed ID: 9557629.
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P. W. Parren, M. Wang, A. Trkola, J. M. Binley, M. Purtscher, H. Katinger, J. P. Moore, and D. R. Burton. Antibody neutralization-resistant primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol., 72:10270-4, 1998. PubMed ID: 9811774.
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P. W. Parren, J. P. Moore, D. R. Burton, and Q. J. Sattentau. The Neutralizing Antibody Response to HIV-1: Viral Evasion and Escape from Humoral Immunity. AIDS, 13(Suppl A):S137-162, 1999. PubMed ID: 10885772.
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Milloni B Patel, Noah G. Hoffman, and Ronald Swanstrom. Subtype-Specific Conformational Differences within the V3 Region of Subtype B and Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env Proteins. J. Virol., 82(2):903-916, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18003735.
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Kristina K. Peachman, Lindsay Wieczorek, Gary R. Matyas, Victoria R. Polonis, Carl R. Alving, and Mangala Rao. The Importance of Antibody Isotype in HIV-1 Virus Capture Assay and in TZM-bl Neutralization. Viral Immunol., 23(6):627-632, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21142448.
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Kristina K. Peachman, Lindsay Wieczorek, Victoria R. Polonis, Carl R. Alving, and Mangala Rao. The Effect of sCD4 on the Binding and Accessibility of HIV-1 gp41 MPER Epitopes to Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 408(2):213-223, 20 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 20961591.
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Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Adam Penn-Nicholson, Dong P. Han, Soon J. Kim, Hanna Park, Rais Ansari, David C. Montefiori, and Michael W. Cho. Assessment of Antibody Responses against gp41 in HIV-1-Infected Patients Using Soluble gp41 Fusion Proteins and Peptides Derived from M Group Consensus Envelope. Virology, 372(2):442-456, 15 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18068750.
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Maria F. Perdomo, Michael Levi, Matti Sällberg, and Anders Vahlne. Neutralization of HIV-1 by Redirection of Natural Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(34):12515-12520, 26 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18719129.
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M. Peressin, V. Holl, S. Schmidt, T. Decoville, D. Mirisky, A. Lederle, M. Delaporte, K. Xu, A. M. Aubertin, and C. Moog. HIV-1 Replication in Langerhans and Interstitial Dendritic Cells Is Inhibited by Neutralizing and Fc-Mediated Inhibitory Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(2):1077-1085, Jan 2011. PubMed ID: 21084491.
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Lautaro G. Perez, Matthew R. Costa, Christopher A. Todd, Barton F. Haynes, and David C. Montefiori. Utilization of Immunoglobulin G Fc Receptors by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: A Specific Role for Antibodies against the Membrane-Proximal External Region of gp41. J. Virol., 83(15):7397-7410, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19458010.
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Lautaro G. Perez, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and David C. Montefiori. Antibody-Dependent, Fc-gamma-RI-Mediated Neutralization of HIV-1 in TZM-bl Cells Occurs Independently of Phagocytosis. J. Virol., 87(9):5287-5290, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23408628.
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Peters2008a
Paul J. Peters, Maria J. Duenas-Decamp, W. Matthew Sullivan, Richard Brown, Chiambah Ankghuambom, Katherine Luzuriaga, James Robinson, Dennis R. Burton, Jeanne Bell, Peter Simmonds, Jonathan Ball, and Paul R. Clapham. Variation in HIV-1 R5 Macrophage-Tropism Correlates with Sensitivity to Reagents that Block Envelope: CD4 Interactions But Not with Sensitivity to Other Entry Inhibitors. Retrovirology, 5:5, 2008. PubMed ID: 18205925.
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John Pietzsch, Johannes F. Scheid, Hugo Mouquet, Michael S. Seaman, Christopher C. Broder, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Anti-gp41 Antibodies Cloned from HIV-Infected Patients with Broadly Neutralizing Serologic Activity. J. Virol., 84(10):5032-5042, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20219932.
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Pilewski2023
Kelsey A. Pilewski, Steven Wall, Simone I. Richardson, Nelia P. Manamela, Kaitlyn Clark, Tandile Hermanus, Elad Binshtein, Rohit Venkat, Giuseppe A. Sautto, Kevin J. Kramer, Andrea R. Shiakolas, Ian Setliff, Jordan Salas, Rutendo E. Mapengo, Naveen Suryadevara, John R. Brannon, Connor J. Beebout, Rob Parks, Nagarajan Raju, Nicole Frumento, Lauren M. Walker, Emilee Friedman Fechter, Juliana S. Qin, Amyn A. Murji, Katarzyna Janowska, Bhishem Thakur, Jared Lindenberger, Aaron J. May, Xiao Huang, Salam Sammour, Priyamvada Acharya, Robert H. Carnahan, Ted M. Ross, Barton F. Haynes, Maria Hadjifrangiskou, James E. Crowe, Jr., Justin R. Bailey, Spyros Kalams, Lynn Morris, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Functional HIV-1/HCV Cross-Reactive Antibodies Isolated from a Chronically Co-Infected Donor. Cell Rep., 42(2):112044, 27 Jan 2023. PubMed ID: 36708513.
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Pinter2004
Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Yuxian He, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. The V1/V2 Domain of gp120 Is a Global Regulator of the Sensitivity of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates to Neutralization by Antibodies Commonly Induced upon Infection. J. Virol., 78(10):5205-5215, May 2004. PubMed ID: 15113902.
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Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Paul D'Agostino, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. The C108g Epitope in the V2 Domain of gp120 Functions as a Potent Neutralization Target When Introduced into Envelope Proteins Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates. J. Virol., 79(11):6909-6917, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890930.
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Emily J. Platt, Michelle M. Gomes, and David Kabat. Kinetic Mechanism for HIV-1 Neutralization by Antibody 2G12 Entails Reversible Glycan Binding That Slows Cell Entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(20):7829-7834, 15 May 2012. PubMed ID: 22547820.
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P. Poignard, P. J. Klasse, and Q. J. Sattentau. Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1. Immunol. Today, 17:239-246, 1996. Comprehensive review of HIV envelope gp120 and gp41 antibody binding domains, and different cross-reactivity groups of MAbs ability to neutralize primary isolates. The distinction between neutralization of laboratory strains and primary isolates is discussed. The only three epitopes that have confirmed broad neutralization against a spectrum of isolates are gp120 epitopes for IgG1b12 and 2G12, and the gp41 epitope of 2F5. PubMed ID: 8991386.
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P. Poignard, R. Sabbe, G. R. Picchio, M. Wang, R. J. Gulizia, H. Katinger, P. W. Parren, D. E. Mosier, and D. R. Burton. Neutralizing Antibodies Have Limited Effects on the Control of Established HIV-1 Infection In Vivo. Immunity, 10:431-438, 1999. PubMed ID: 10229186.
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Justin Pollara, Mattia Bonsignori, M. Anthony Moody, Marzena Pazgier, Barton F. Haynes, and Guido Ferrari. Epitope Specificity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Responses. Curr. HIV Res., 11(5):378-387, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 24191939.
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Victoria R. Polonis, Bruce K. Brown, Andrew Rosa Borges, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Mei-Yun Zhang, Susan W. Barnett, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Gabriella Scarlatti, Eva-Maria Fenyö, David C. Montefiori, Francine E. McCutchan, and Nelson L. Michael. Recent Advances in the Characterization of HIV-1 Neutralization Assays for Standardized Evaluation of the Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination. Virology, 375(2):315-320, 5 Jun 2008. PubMed ID: 18367229.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Nicholas M. Provine, Valerie Cortez, Vrasha Chohan, and Julie Overbaugh. The Neutralization Sensitivity of Viruses Representing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Diverse Subtypes from Early in Infection Is Dependent on Producer Cell, as Well as Characteristics of the Specific Antibody and Envelope Variant. Virology, 427(1):25-33, 25 May 2012. PubMed ID: 22369748.
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Pavel Pugach, Shawn E. Kuhmann, Joann Taylor, Andre J. Marozsan, Amy Snyder, Thomas Ketas, Steven M. Wolinsky, Bette T. Korber, and John P. Moore. The Prolonged Culture of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Primary Lymphocytes Increases its Sensitivity to Neutralization by Soluble CD4. Virology, 321(1):8-22, 30 Mar 2004. PubMed ID: 15033560.
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Pavel Pugach, Thomas J. Ketas, Elizabeth Michael, and John P. Moore. Neutralizing Antibody and Anti-Retroviral Drug Sensitivities of HIV-1 Isolates Resistant to Small Molecule CCR5 Inhibitors. Virology, 377(2):401-407, 1 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18519143.
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M. Purtscher, A. Trkola, G. Gruber, A. Buchacher, R. Predl, F. Steindl, C. Tauer, R. Berger, N. Barrett, A. Jungbauer, and H. Katinger. A broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 10:1651-1658, 1994. PubMed ID: 7888224.
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M. Purtscher, A. Trkola, A. Grassauer, P. M. Schulz, A. Klima, S. Dopper, G. Gruber, A. Buchacher, T. Muster, and H. Katinger. Restricted Antigenic Variability of the Epitope Recognized by the Neutralizing gp41 Antibody 2F5. AIDS, 10:587-593, 1996. Binding and neutralization to gp41 ELDKWA variants by anti-gp41 MAb 2F5 were studied. LDKW is the core binding motif. PubMed ID: 8780812.
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Esther D. Quakkelaar, Evelien M. Bunnik, Floris P. J. van Alphen, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Ad C. van Nuenen, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Escape of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Is Not Associated with a Reduction of Viral Replicative Capacity In Vitro. Virology, 363(2):447-453, 5 Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17355886.
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Esther D. Quakkelaar, Floris P. J. van Alphen, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Ad C. van Nuenen, Ralph Pantophlet, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Susceptibility of Recently Transmitted Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 81(16):8533-8542, Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17522228.
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Ramesh Rathinakumar, Moumita Dutta, Ping Zhu, Welkin E. Johnson, and Kenneth H. Roux. Binding of Anti-Membrane-Proximal gp41 Monoclonal Antibodies to CD4-Liganded and -Unliganded Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Virions. J. Virol., 86(3):1820-1831, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22090143.
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Patrick N. Reardon, Harvey Sage, S. Moses Dennison, Jeffrey W. Martin, Bruce R. Donald, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, and Leonard D. Spicer. Structure of an HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody Target, the Lipid-Bound gp41 Envelope Membrane Proximal Region Trimer. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A., 111(4):1391-1396, 28 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24474763.
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Jacqueline D. Reeves, Fang-Hua Lee, John L. Miamidian, Cassandra B. Jabara, Marisa M. Juntilla, and Robert W. Doms. Enfuvirtide Resistance Mutations: Impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Function, Entry Inhibitor Sensitivity, and Virus Neutralization. J. Virol., 79(8):4991-4999, Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 15795284.
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Xinping Ren, Joseph Sodroski, and Xinzhen Yang. An Unrelated Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Binding to an Artificial Epitope Engineered in a Functionally Neutral Region of the Viral Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 79(9):5616-5624, May 2005. PubMed ID: 15827176.
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Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Revilla2011
Ana Revilla, Elena Delgado, Elizabeth C. Christian, Justin Dalrymple, Yolanda Vega, Cristina Carrera, Maria González-Galeano, Antonio Ocampo, Rafael Ojea de Castro, Maria J. Lezaún, Raúl Rodriguez, Ana Mariño, Patricia Ordóñez, Gustavo Cilla, Ramón Cisterna, Juan M. Santamaria, Santiago Prieto, Aza Rakhmanova, Anna Vinogradova, Maritza Ríos, Lucía Pérez-Álvarez, Rafael Nájera, David C. Montefiori, Michael S. Seaman, and Michael M. Thomson. Construction and Phenotypic Characterization of HIV Type 1 Functional Envelope Clones of subtypes G and F. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 27(8):889-901, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21226626.
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Douglas D. Richman, Terri Wrin, Susan J. Little, and Christos J. Petropoulos. Rapid Evolution of the Neutralizing Antibody Response to HIV Type 1 Infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100(7):4144-4149, 1 Apr 2003. PubMed ID: 12644702.
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Ringe2010
Rajesh Ringe, Madhuri Thakar, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Variations in Autologous Neutralization and CD4 Dependence of b12 Resistant HIV-1 Clade C env Clones Obtained at Different Time Points from Antiretroviral Naïve Indian Patients with Recent Infection. Retrovirology, 7:76, 2010. PubMed ID: 20860805.
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RobertGuroff2000
Marjorie Robert-Guroff. IgG Surfaces as an Important Component in Mucosal Protection. Nat. Med., 6(2):129-130, Feb 2000. PubMed ID: 10655090.
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M. J. Root, M. S. Kay, and P. S. Kim. Protein design of an HIV-1 entry inhibitor. Science, 291(5505):884--8, 2 Feb 2001. PubMed ID: 11229405.
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Ruprecht2011
Claudia R. Ruprecht, Anders Krarup, Lucy Reynell, Axel M. Mann, Oliver F. Brandenberg, Livia Berlinger, Irene A. Abela, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Peter Rusert, and Alexandra Trkola. MPER-Specific Antibodies Induce gp120 Shedding and Irreversibly Neutralize HIV-1. J. Exp. Med., 208(3):439-454, 14 Mar 2011. PubMed ID: 21357743.
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Rusert2005
Peter Rusert, Herbert Kuster, Beda Joos, Benjamin Misselwitz, Cornelia Gujer, Christine Leemann, Marek Fischer, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, William C Olson, Rainer Weber, Leonardo Aceto, Huldrych F Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. Virus Isolates during Acute and Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Show Distinct Patterns of Sensitivity to Entry Inhibitors. J. Virol., 79(13):8454-8469, Jul 2005. PubMed ID: 15956589.
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Rusert2009
Peter Rusert, Axel Mann, Michael Huber, Viktor von Wyl, Huldrych F. Günthar, and Alexandra Trkola. Divergent Effects of Cell Environment on HIV Entry Inhibitor Activity. AIDS, 23(11):1319-1327, 17 Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19579289.
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Elizabeth S. Russell, Jesse J. Kwiek, Jessica Keys, Kirston Barton, Victor Mwapasa, David C. Montefiori, Steven R. Meshnick, and Ronald Swanstrom. The Genetic Bottleneck in Vertical Transmission of Subtype C HIV-1 Is Not Driven by Selection of Especially Neutralization-Resistant Virus from the Maternal Viral Population. J Virol, 85(16):8253-8262, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21593171.
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M. Sabalza, L. Madeira, C. van Dolleweerd, J. K. Ma, T. Capell, and P. Christou. Functional Characterization of the Recombinant HIV-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody 2F5 Produced in Maize Seeds. Plant. Mol. Biol., 80(4-5):477-488, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22965278.
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Sabin2010
Charles Sabin, Davide Corti, Victor Buzon, Mike S. Seaman, David Lutje Hulsik, Andreas Hinz, Fabrizia Vanzetta, Gloria Agatic, Chiara Silacci, Lara Mainetti, Gabriella Scarlatti, Federica Sallusto, Robin Weiss, Antonio Lanzavecchia, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Crystal Structure and Size-Dependent Neutralization Properties of HK20, a Human Monoclonal Antibody Binding to the Highly Conserved Heptad Repeat 1 of gp41. PLoS Pathog., 6(11):e1001195, 2010. PubMed ID: 21124990.
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Sack2007
Markus Sack, Antje Paetz, Renate Kunert, Michael Bomble, Friedemann Hesse, Gabriela Stiegler, Rainer Fischer, Hermann Katinger, Eva Stoeger, and Thomas Rademacher. Functional Analysis of the Broadly Neutralizing Human Anti-HIV-1 Antibody 2F5 Produced in Transgenic BY-2 Suspension Cultures. FASEB J., 21(8):1655-1664, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17327362.
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Kristen Sadler, Ying Zhang, Jiaxi Xu, Qitao Yu, and James P. Tam. Quaternary Protein Mimetics of gp41 Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV Fusion-Active Intermediate State. Biopolymers, 90(3):320-329, 2008. PubMed ID: 18338371.
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Safrit2004
Jeffrey T. Safrit, Ruth Ruprecht, Flavia Ferrantelli, Weidong Xu, Moiz Kitabwalla, Koen Van Rompay, Marta Marthas, Nancy Haigwood, John R. Mascola, Katherine Luzuriaga, Samuel Adeniyi Jones, Bonnie J. Mathieson, Marie-Louise Newell, and Ghent IAS Working Group on HIV in Women Children. Immunoprophylaxis to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 35(2):169-177, 1 Feb 2004. PubMed ID: 14722451.
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Sagar2012
Manish Sagar, Hisashi Akiyama, Behzad Etemad, Nora Ramirez, Ines Freitas, and Suryaram Gummuluru. Transmembrane Domain Membrane Proximal External Region but Not Surface Unit-Directed Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Can Restrict Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Trans-Infection. J. Infect. Dis., 205(8):1248-1257, 15 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22396600.
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Sanchez-Martinez2006
Silvia Sánchez-Martínez, Maier Lorizate, Hermann Katinger, Renate Kunert, and José L. Nieva. Membrane Association and Epitope Recognition by HIV-1 Neutralizing Anti-gp41 2F5 and 4E10 Antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 22(10):998-1006, Oct 2006. PubMed ID: 17067270.
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Sanchez-Martinez2006a
Silvia Sánchez-Martínez, Maier Lorizate, Hermann Katinger, Renate Kunert, Gorka Basañez, and José L. Nieva. Specific Phospholipid Recognition by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Neutralizing Anti-gp41 2F5 Antibody. FEBS Lett., 580(9):2395-2399, 17 Apr 2006. PubMed ID: 16616522.
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Sanchez-Merino2016
V. Sanchez-Merino, A. Fabra-Garcia, N. Gonzalez, D. Nicolas, A. Merino-Mansilla, C. Manzardo, J. Ambrosioni, A. Schultz, A. Meyerhans, J. R. Mascola, J. M. Gatell, J. Alcami, J. M. Miro, and E. Yuste. Detection of Broadly Neutralizing Activity within the First Months of HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 90(11):5231-5245, 1 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26984721.
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Sanders2002a
Rogier W. Sanders, Mika Vesanen, Norbert Schuelke, Aditi Master, Linnea Schiffner, Roopa Kalyanaraman, Maciej Paluch, Ben Berkhout, Paul J. Maddon, William C. Olson, Min Lu, and John P. Moore. Stabilization of the Soluble, Cleaved, Trimeric Form of the Envelope Glycoprotein Complex of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 76(17):8875-8889, Sep 2002. PubMed ID: 12163607.
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K. Sanhadji, L. Grave, J. L. Touraine, P. Leissner, C. Rouzioux, R. Firouzi, L. Kehrli, J. C. Tardy, and M. Mehtali. Gene transfer of anti-gp41 antibody and CD4 immunoadhesin strongly reduces the HIV-1 load in humanized severe combined immunodeficient mice. AIDS, 14(18):2813--22, 22 Dec 2000. PubMed ID: 11153662.
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D. Noah Sather and Leonidas Stamatatos. Epitope Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Plasmas from HIV-1 Infected Subjects. Vaccine, 28 Suppl 2:B8-B12, 26 May 2010. PubMed ID: 20510750.
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Sather2014
D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, Andrew B. Stuart, Ann J. Hessell, Mathew D. Gray, Iliyana Mikell, Spyros A. Kalams, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Emergence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Viral Coevolution in Two Subjects during the Early Stages of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 88(22):12968-12981, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25122781.
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Q. J. Sattentau, S. Zolla-Pazner, and P. Poignard. Epitope Exposure on Functional, Oligomeric HIV-1 gp41 Molecules. Virology, 206:713-717, 1995. Most gp41 epitopes are masked when associated with gp120 on the cell surface. Weak binding of anti-gp41 MAbs can be enhanced by treatment with sCD4. MAb 2F5 binds to a membrane proximal epitope which binds in the presence of gp120 without sCD4. PubMed ID: 7530400.
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Q. J. Sattentau. Neutralization of HIV-1 by Antibody. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 8:540-545, 1996. Review. PubMed ID: 8794008.
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Quentin J. Sattentau and Andrew J. McMichael. New Templates for HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. F1000 Biol. Rep., 2:60, 2010. PubMed ID: 21173880.
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Scheid2009
Johannes F. Scheid, Hugo Mouquet, Niklas Feldhahn, Michael S. Seaman, Klara Velinzon, John Pietzsch, Rene G. Ott, Robert M. Anthony, Henry Zebroski, Arlene Hurley, Adhuna Phogat, Bimal Chakrabarti, Yuxing Li, Mark Connors, Florencia Pereyra, Bruce D. Walker, Hedda Wardemann, David Ho, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, Jeffrey V. Ravetch, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Broad Diversity of Neutralizing Antibodies Isolated from Memory B Cells in HIV-Infected Individuals. Nature, 458(7238):636-640, 2 Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19287373.
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Scherer2010
Erin M. Scherer, Daniel P. Leaman, Michael B. Zwick, Andrew J. McMichael, and Dennis R. Burton. Aromatic Residues at the Edge of the Antibody Combining Site Facilitate Viral Glycoprotein Recognition through Membrane Interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(4):1529-1534, 26 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 20080706.
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William R. Schief, Yih-En Andrew Ban, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Challenges for Structure-Based HIV Vaccine Design. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):431-440, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048708.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Norbert Schulke, Mika S. Vesanen, Rogier W. Sanders, Ping Zhu, Min Lu, Deborah J. Anselma, Anthony R. Villa, Paul W. H. I. Parren, James M. Binley, Kenneth H. Roux, Paul J. Maddon, John P. Moore, and William C. Olson. Oligomeric and Conformational Properties of a Proteolytically Mature, Disulfide-Stabilized Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein. J. Virol., 76(15):7760-76, Aug 2002. PubMed ID: 12097589.
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Anke Schultz, Anja Germann, Martina Fuss, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Daniel A. Ozaki, David C. Montefiori, Heiko Zimmermann, and Hagen von Briesen. Validation of an Automated System for Aliquoting of HIV-1 Env-Pseudotyped Virus Stocks. PLoS One, 13(1):1-20, Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29300769.
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M. Schutten, A. C. Andeweg, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, and A. D. Osterhaus. Modulation of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated entry by human antibodies. J. Gen. Virol., 78:999-1006, 1997. A series of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from related primary virus isolates of different SI phenotypes, together with chimeras of these proteins, were tested in an envelope trans-complementation assay for their sensitivity to either antibody mediated inhibition or enhancement of HIV-1 entry. In contrast to the inhibition of HIV-1 entry, antibody mediated enhancement was not temperature dependent and could not be mediated by F(ab) fragments, implicating cross-linking as an important step. Enhancement or inhibition seemed to be determined by virus isolate rather than by the specificity of the antiserum used. 2F5 was the only MAb that inhibited the entry of all viruses. PubMed ID: 9152416.
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Schweighardt2007
Becky Schweighardt, Yang Liu, Wei Huang, Colombe Chappey, Yolanda S. Lie, Christos J. Petropoulos, and Terri Wrin. Development of an HIV-1 Reference Panel of Subtype B Envelope Clones Isolated from the Plasma of Recently Infected Individuals. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 46(1):1-11, 1 Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17514017.
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George Sellhorn, Zane Kraft, Zachary Caldwell, Katharine Ellingson, Christine Mineart, Michael S. Seaman, David C. Montefiori, Eliza Lagerquist, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Engineering, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Stable Clade A/B Recombinant Soluble Heterotrimeric gp140 Proteins. J. Virol., 86(1):128-142, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22031951.
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Serrano2014
Soraya Serrano, Aitziber Araujo, Beatriz Apellániz, Steve Bryson, Pablo Carravilla, Igor de la Arada, Nerea Huarte, Edurne Rujas, Emil F. Pai, José L. R. Arrondo, Carmen Domene, María Angeles Jiménez, and José L. Nieva. Structure and Immunogenicity of a Peptide Vaccine, Including the Complete HIV-1 gp41 2F5 Epitope: Implications for Antibody Recognition Mechanism and Immunogen Design. J. Biol. Chem., 289(10):6565-6580, 7 Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24429284.
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Shang2011
Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Xuanling Shi, Teng Zuo, Mark Goldin, Dan Chen, Bing Han, Wei Sun, Hao Wu, Xinquan Wang, and Linqi Zhang. Genetic and Neutralization Sensitivity of Diverse HIV-1 env Clones from Chronically Infected Patients in China. J. Biol. Chem., 286(16):14531-14541, 22 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21325278.
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Shen2009
Xiaoying Shen, Robert J. Parks, David C. Montefiori, Jennifer L. Kirchherr, Brandon F. Keele, Julie M. Decker, William A. Blattner, Feng Gao, Kent J. Weinhold, Charles B. Hicks, Michael L. Greenberg, Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. In Vivo gp41 Antibodies Targeting the 2F5 Monoclonal Antibody Epitope Mediate Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralization Breadth. J. Virol., 83(8):3617-3625, Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19193787.
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Shen2010
Xiaoying Shen, S. Moses Dennison, Pinghuang Liu, Feng Gao, Frederick Jaeger, David C. Montefiori, Laurent Verkoczy, Barton F. Haynes, S. Munir Alam, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Prolonged Exposure of the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region with L669S Substitution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(13):5972-5977, 30 Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20231447.
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Shen2010a
Ruizhong Shen, Ernesto R. Drelichman, Diane Bimczok, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Jamie A. Cannon, Daniela Tudor, Morgane Bomsel, Lesley E. Smythies, and Phillip D. Smith. GP41-Specific Antibody Blocks Cell-Free HIV Type 1 Transcytosis through Human Rectal Mucosa and Model Colonic Epithelium. J. Immunol., 184(7):3648-3655, 1 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20208001.
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Shi2010
Wuxian Shi, Jen Bohon, Dong P. Han, Habtom Habte, Yali Qin, Michael W. Cho, and Mark R. Chance. Structural Characterization of HIV gp41 with the Membrane-Proximal External Region. J. Biol. Chem., 285(31):24290-24298, 30 Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20525690.
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Si2001
Zhihai Si, Mark Cayabyab, and Joseph Sodroski. Envelope Glycoprotein Determinants of nEutralization Resistance in a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2) Derived by Passage in Monkeys. J. Virol., 75(9):4208-4218, May 2001. PubMed ID: 11287570.
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Siddappa2010
Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, Jennifer D. Watkins, Klemens J. Wassermann, Ruijiang Song, Wendy Wang, Victor G. Kramer, Samir Lakhashe, Michael Santosuosso, Mark C. Poznansky, Francis J. Novembre, François Villinger, James G. Else, David C. Montefiori, Robert A. Rasmussen, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. R5 Clade C SHIV Strains with Tier 1 or 2 Neutralization Sensitivity: Tools to Dissect Env Evolution and to Develop AIDS Vaccines in Primate Models. PLoS One, 5(7):e11689, 2010. PubMed ID: 20657739.
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Simek2009
Melissa D. Simek, Wasima Rida, Frances H. Priddy, Pham Pung, Emily Carrow, Dagna S. Laufer, Jennifer K. Lehrman, Mark Boaz, Tony Tarragona-Fiol, George Miiro, Josephine Birungi, Anton Pozniak, Dale A. McPhee, Olivier Manigart, Etienne Karita, André Inwoley, Walter Jaoko, Jack DeHovitz, Linda-Gail Bekker, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Robert Paris, Laura M. Walker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, Patricia E. Fast, Dennis R. Burton, and Wayne C. Koff. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Elite Neutralizers: Individuals with Broad and Potent Neutralizing Activity Identified by Using a High-Throughput Neutralization Assay together with an Analytical Selection Algorithm. J. Virol., 83(14):7337-7348, Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19439467.
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Simonich2016
Cassandra A. Simonich, Katherine L. Williams, Hans P. Verkerke, James A. Williams, Ruth Nduati, Kelly K. Lee, and Julie Overbaugh. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell, 166(1):77-87, 30 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27345369.
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Singh2011
Harvir Singh, Kevin A. Henry, Sampson S. T. Wu, Andrzej Chruscinski, Paul J. Utz, and Jamie K. Scott. Reactivity Profiles of Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Are Distinct from Those of Pathogenic Autoantibodies. AIDS, 25(10):1247-1257, 19 Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21508803.
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Smalls-Mantey2012
Adjoa Smalls-Mantey, Nicole Doria-Rose, Rachel Klein, Andy Patamawenu, Stephen A. Migueles, Sung-Youl Ko, Claire W. Hallahan, Hing Wong, Bai Liu, Lijing You, Johannes Scheid, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against Primary HIV-Infected CD4+ T Cells Is Directly Associated with the Magnitude of Surface IgG Binding. J. Virol., 86(16):8672-8680, Aug 2012. PubMed ID: 22674985.
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Likai Song, Zhen-Yu J. Sun, Kate E. Coleman, Michael B. Zwick, Johannes S. Gach, Jia-huai Wang, Ellis L. Reinherz, Gerhard Wagner, and Mikyung Kim. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Disrupt a Hinge-Related Function of gp41 at the Membrane Interface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106(22):9057-9062, 2 Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19458040.
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Spencer2021
David A. Spencer, Delphine C. Malherbe, Nestor Vazquez Bernat, Monika Adori, Benjamin Goldberg, Nicholas Dambrauskas, Heidi Henderson, Shilpi Pandey, Tracy Cheever, Philip Barnette, William F. Sutton, Margaret E. Ackerman, James J. Kobie, D. Noah Sather, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Ann J. Hessell. Polyfunctional Tier 2-Neutralizing Antibodies Cloned following HIV-1 Env Macaque Immunization Mirror Native Antibodies in a Human Donor. J Immunol, 206(5):999-1012 doi, Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33472907
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C. Spenlehauer, C. A. Gordon, A. Trkola, and J. P. Moore. A luciferase-reporter gene-expressing T-cell line facilitates neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays that use either R5 or X4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology, 280(2):292--300, 15 Feb 2001. PubMed ID: 11162843.
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Srisurapanon2005
Surangrat Srisurapanon, Suda Louisirirotchanakul, Kwonchit Sumransurp, Monthaswad Ratanasrithong, Thippawan Chuenchitra, Siriporn Jintakatkorn, and Chantapong Wasi. Binding Antibody to Neutralizing Epitope gp41 in HIV-1 Subtype CRF 01\_AE Infection Related to Stage of Disease. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 36(1):221-227, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15906673.
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Srivastava2002
Indresh K. Srivastava, Leonidas Stamatatos, Harold Legg, Elaine Kan, Anne Fong, Stephen R. Coates, Louisa Leung, Mark Wininger, John J. Donnelly, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, and Susan W. Barnett. Purification and Characterization of Oligomeric Envelope Glycoprotein from a Primary R5 Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol., 76(6):2835-2847, Mar 2002. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/76/6/2835. PubMed ID: 11861851.
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Indresh K. Srivastava, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, and Susan W. Barnett. Role of Neutralizing Antibodies in Protective Immunity Against HIV. Hum. Vaccin., 1(2):45-60, Mar-Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 17038830.
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Srivastava2008
Indresh K. Srivastava, Elaine Kan, Yide Sun, Victoria A. Sharma, Jimna Cisto, Brian Burke, Ying Lian, Susan Hilt, Zohar Biron, Karin Hartog, Leonidas Stamatatos, Ruben Diaz-Avalos, R Holland Cheng, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, and Susan W. Barnett. Comparative Evaluation of Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Subtype C and B HIV-1 R5 Isolates. Virology, 372(2):273-290, 15 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18061231.
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L. Stamatatos, S. Zolla-Pazner, M. K. Gorny, and C. Cheng-Mayer. Binding of Antibodies to Virion-Associated gp120 Molecules of Primary-Like Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Isolates: Effect on HIV-1 Infection of Macrophages and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Virology, 229:360-369, 1997. PubMed ID: 9126249.
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Leonidas Stamatatos, Lynn Morris, Dennis R. Burton, and John R. Mascola. Neutralizing Antibodies Generated during Natural HIV-1 Infection: Good News for an HIV-1 Vaccine? Nat. Med., 15(8):866-870, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19525964.
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Robyn L. Stanfield and Ian A. Wilson. Structural Studies of Human HIV-1 V3 Antibodies. Hum Antibodies, 14(3-4):73-80, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720977.
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Jonathan D. Steckbeck, Chengqun Sun, Timothy J. Sturgeon, and Ronald C. Montelaro. Topology of the C-Terminal Tail of HIV-1 gp41: Differential Exposure of the Kennedy Epitope on Cell and Viral Membranes. PLoS One, 5(12):e15261, 2010. PubMed ID: 21151874.
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Kathryn E. Stephenson and Dan H. Barouch. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Eradication. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 13(1):31-37, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26841901.
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G. Stiegler, R. Kunert, M. Purtscher, S. Wolbank, R. Voglauer, F. Steindl, and H. Katinger. A potent cross-clade neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against a novel epitope on gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 17(18):1757--65, 10 Dec 2001. PubMed ID: 11788027.
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Gabriela Stiegler, Christine Armbruster, Brigitta Vcelar, Heribert Stoiber, Renate Kunert, Nelson L. Michael, Linda L. Jagodzinski, Christoph Ammann, Walter Jäger, Jeffrey Jacobson, Norbert Vetter, and Hermann Katinger. Antiviral Activity of the Neutralizing Antibodies 2F5 and 2G12 in Asymptomatic HIV-1-Infected Humans: A Phase I Evaluation. AIDS, 16(15):2019-2025, 18 Oct 2002. PubMed ID: 12370500.
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H. Stoiber, C. Pinter, A. G. Siccardi, A. Clivio, and M. P. Dierich. Efficient Destruction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Human Serum by Inhibiting the Protective Action of Complement Factor H and Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF, CD55). J. Exp. Med., 183:307-310, 1996. HIV and HIV-infected cells are not subject to efficient complement-mediated lysis, even in the presence of HIV-specific antibodies. HIV is intrinsically resistant to human complement. Decay accelerating factor (DAF) and human complement factor H (CFH), a humoral negative regulator of complement which binds to gp41 are critical for this resistance. MAb 2F5 can inhibit CHF binding and facilitate complement mediated lysis. PubMed ID: 8551237.
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Zhen-Yu J. Sun, Kyoung Joon Oh, Mikyung Kim, Jessica Yu, Vladimir Brusic, Likai Song, Zhisong Qiao, Jia-huai Wang, Gerhard Wagner, and Ellis L. Reinherz. HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Extracts Its Epitope from a Kinked gp41 Ectodomain Region on the Viral Membrane. Immunity, 28(1):52-63, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18191596.
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D. M. Takefman, B. L. Sullivan, B. E. Sha, and G. T. Spear. Mechanisms of Resistance of HIV-1 Primary Isolates to Complement-Mediated Lysis. Virology, 246:370-378, 1998. PubMed ID: 9657955.
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Tang2023
Wenqi Tang, Zhenzhen Yuan, Zheng Wang, Li Ren, Dan Li, Shuhui Wang, Yanling Hao, Jing Li, Xiuli Shen, Yuhua Ruan, Yiming Shao, and Ying Liu. Neutralization Sensitivity and Evolution of Virus in a Chronic HIV-1 Clade B Infected Patient with Neutralizing Activity against Membrane-Proximal External Region. Pathogens, 12(3), 22 Mar 2023. PubMed ID: 36986419.
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Tasca2008
Silvana Tasca, Siu-Hong Ho, and Cecilia Cheng-Mayer. R5X4 Viruses Are Evolutionary, Functional, and Antigenic Intermediates in the Pathway of a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coreceptor Switch. J. Virol., 82(14):7089-7099, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18480460.
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M. Thali, M. Charles, C. Furman, L. Cavacini, M. Posner, J. Robinson, and J. Sodroski. Resistance to Neutralization by Broadly Reactive Antibodies to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Glycoprotein Conferred by a gp41 Amino Acid Change. J. Virol., 68:674-680, 1994. A T->A amino acid substitution at position 582 of gp41 conferred resistance to neutralization to 30\% of HIV positive sera (Wilson et al. J Virol 64:3240-48 (1990)). Monoclonal antibodies that bound to the CD4 binding site were unable to neutralize this virus, but the mutation did not reduce the neutralizing capacity of a V2 region MAb G3-4, V3 region MAbs, or gp41 neutralizing MAb 2F5. PubMed ID: 7507184.
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Thenin2012a
Suzie Thenin, Emmanuelle Roch, Tanawan Samleerat, Thierry Moreau, Antoine Chaillon, Alain Moreau, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Naturally Occurring Substitutions of Conserved Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Different Clades Are Involved in PG9 and PG16 Resistance to Neutralization. J. Gen. Virol., 93(7):1495-1505, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22492917.
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Y. Tian, C. V. Ramesh, X. Ma, S. Naqvi, T. Patel, T. Cenizal, M. Tiscione, K. Diaz, T. Crea, E. Arnold, G. F. Arnold, and J. W. Taylor. Structure-Affinity Relationships in the gp41 ELDKWA Epitope for the HIV-1 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody 2F5: Effects of Side-Chain and Backbone Modifications and Conformational Constraints. J Pept Res, 59(6):264-276, Jun 2002. PubMed ID: 12010517.
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Todd2012
Christopher A. Todd, Kelli M. Greene, Xuesong Yu, Daniel A. Ozaki, Hongmei Gao, Yunda Huang, Maggie Wang, Gary Li, Ronald Brown, Blake Wood, M. Patricia D'Souza, Peter Gilbert, David C. Montefiori, and Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe. Development and Implementation of an International Proficiency Testing Program for a Neutralizing Antibody Assay for HIV-1 in TZM-bl Cells. J. Immunol. Methods, 375(1-2):57-67, 31 Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 21968254.
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Tomaras2008
Georgia D. Tomaras, Nicole L. Yates, Pinghuang Liu, Li Qin, Genevieve G. Fouda, Leslie L. Chavez, Allan C. Decamp, Robert J. Parks, Vicki C. Ashley, Judith T. Lucas, Myron Cohen, Joseph Eron, Charles B. Hicks, Hua-Xin Liao, Steven G. Self, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Kent J. Weinhold, Brandon F. Keele, Beatrice H. Hahn, Michael L. Greenberg, Lynn Morris, Salim S. Abdool Karim, William A. Blattner, David C. Montefiori, George M. Shaw, Alan S. Perelson, and Barton F. Haynes. Initial B-Cell Responses to Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Virion-Binding Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG Antibodies Followed by Plasma Anti-gp41 Antibodies with Ineffective Control of Initial Viremia. J. Virol., 82(24):12449-12463, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18842730.
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Georgia D. Tomaras and Barton F. Haynes. Strategies for Eliciting HIV-1 Inhibitory Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 5(5):421-427, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20978384.
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Tomaras2011
Georgia D. Tomaras, James M. Binley, Elin S. Gray, Emma T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, Penny L. Moore, Nancy Tumba, Tommy Tong, Xiaoying Shen, Nicole L. Yates, Julie Decker, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Philippa Easterbrook, Salim Abdool Karim, Gift Kamanga, John A. Crump, Myron Cohen, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Polyclonal B Cell Responses to Conserved Neutralization Epitopes in a Subset of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 85(21):11502-11519, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21849452.
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Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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A. Trkola, T. Ketas, V. N. Kewalramani, F. Endorf, J. M. Binley, H. Katinger, J. Robinson, D. R. Littman, and J. P. Moore. Neutralization Sensitivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates to Antibodies and CD4-Based Reagents Is Independent of Coreceptor Usage. J. Virol., 72:1876-1885, 1998. PubMed ID: 9499039.
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Alexandra Trkola, Herbert Kuster, Peter Rusert, Beda Joos, Marek Fischer, Christine Leemann, Amapola Manrique, Michael Huber, Manuela Rehr, Annette Oxenius, Rainer Weber, Gabriela Stiegler, Brigitta Vcelar, Hermann Katinger, Leonardo Aceto, and Huldrych F. Günthard. Delay of HIV-1 Rebound after Cessation of Antiretroviral Therapy through Passive Transfer of Human Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Med., 11(6):615-622, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15880120.
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D. Tudor, M. Derrien, L. Diomede, A.-S. Drillet, M. Houimel, C. Moog, J.-M. Reynes, L. Lopalco, and M. Bomsel. HIV-1 gp41-Specific Monoclonal Mucosal IgAs Derived from Highly Exposed but IgG-Seronegative Individuals Block HIV-1 Epithelial Transcytosis and Neutralize CD4+ Cell Infection: An IgA Gene and Functional Analysis. Mucosal Immunol., 2(5):412-426, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19587640.
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Daniela Tudor and Morgane Bomsel. The Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 IgG 2F5 Elicits gp41-Specific Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity in a FcgammaRI-Dependent Manner. AIDS, 25(6):751-759, 27 Mar 2011. PubMed ID: 21330910.
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Daniela Tudor, Huifeng Yu, Julien Maupetit, Anne-Sophie Drillet, Tahar Bouceba, Isabelle Schwartz-Cornil, Lucia Lopalco, Pierre Tuffery, and Morgane Bomsel. Isotype Modulates Epitope Specificity, Affinity, and Antiviral Activities of Anti-HIV-1 Human Broadly Neutralizing 2F5 Antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(31):12680-12685, 31 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22723360.
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Utachee2009
Piraporn Utachee, Piyamat Jinnopat, Panasda Isarangkura-na-ayuthaya, U. Chandimal de Silva, Shota Nakamura, Uamporn Siripanyaphinyo, Nuanjun Wichukchinda, Kenzo Tokunaga, Teruo Yasunaga, Pathom Sawanpanyalert, Kazuyoshi Ikuta, Wattana Auwanit, and Masanori Kameoka. Phenotypic Studies on Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Containing CRF01\_AE env Gene Derived from HIV-1-Infected Patient, Residing in Central Thailand. Microbes Infect., 11(3):334-343, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19136072.
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vandenKerkhof2013
Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, K. Anton Feenstra, Zelda Euler, Marit J. van Gils, Linda W. E. Rijsdijk, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Jaap Heringa, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and Rogier W. Sanders. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures That Correlate with the Development of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Retrovirology, 10:102, 23 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24059682.
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Marit J. van Gils, Evelien M. Bunnik, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Judith A. Burger, Marijke Terlouw-Klein, Naomi Verwer, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Longer V1V2 Region with Increased Number of Potential N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Protects against HIV-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(14):6986-6995, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21593147.
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Marit J. van Gils, Diana Edo-Matas, Emma J. Bowles, Judith A. Burger, Guillaume B. Stewart-Jones, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in a Patient with Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity in Serum. J. Virol., 85(16):8443-8438, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21653664.
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Thijs van Montfort, Alexey A. Nabatov, Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Efficient Capture of Antibody Neutralized HIV-1 by Cells Expressing DC-SIGN and Transfer to CD4+ T Lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 178(5):3177-85, 1 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17312166.
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Thijs van Montfort, Adri A. M. Thomas, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Dendritic Cells Preferentially Transfer CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants to CD4+ T Lymphocytes in trans. J. Viro.l, 82(16):7886-7896, Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18524826.
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Thijs van Montfort, Mark Melchers, Gözde Isik, Sergey Menis, Po-Ssu Huang, Katie Matthews, Elizabeth Michael, Ben Berkhout, William R. Schief, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. A Chimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer with an Embedded Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Domain Induces Enhanced Antibody and T Cell Responses. J. Biol. Chem., 286(25):22250-22261, 24 Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21515681.
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Vcelar2007
Brigitta Vcelar, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann M. Wolf, Wolfgang Muntean, Bettina Leschnik, Saurabh Mehandru, Martin Markowitz, Christine Armbruster, Renate Kunert, Martha M. Eibl, and Hermann Katinger. Reassessment of Autoreactivity of the Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies 4E10 and 2F5 and Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Safety Data. AIDS, 21(16):2161-2170, 18 Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 18090042.
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Ana Salomé Veiga and Miguel A. R. B. Castanho. The Membranes' Role in the HIV-1 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody 2F5 Mode of Action Needs Re-Evaluation. Antiviral Res., 71(1):69-72, Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16530275.
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Ana S. Veiga, Leonard K. Pattenden, Jordan M. Fletcher, Miguel A. R. B. Castanho, and Marie Isabel Aguilar. Interactions of HIV-1 Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 with a gp41 Epitope Prebound to Host and Viral Membrane Model Systems. ChemBioChem, 10(6):1032-1044, 17 Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19283693.
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Venditto2013
Vincent J. Venditto, Douglas S. Watson, Michael Motion, David Montefiori, and Francis C. Szoka, Jr. Rational Design of Membrane Proximal External Region Lipopeptides Containing Chemical Modifications for HIV-1 Vaccination. Clin Vaccine Immunol, 20(1):39-45, Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23114698.
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Laurent Verkoczy, M. Anthony Moody, T. Matt Holl, Hilary Bouton-Verville, Richard M. Scearce, Jennifer Hutchinson, S. Munir Alam, Garnett Kelsoe, and Barton F. Haynes. Functional, Non-Clonal IgMa-Restricted B Cell Receptor Interactions with the HIV-1 Envelope gp41 Membrane Proximal External Region. PLoS One, 4(10):e7215, 2009. PubMed ID: 19806186.
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Verkoczy2010
Laurent Verkoczy, Marilyn Diaz, T. Matt Holl, Ying-Bin Ouyang, Hilary Bouton-Verville, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, Garnett Kelsoe, and Barton F. Haynes. Autoreactivity in an HIV-1 Broadly Reactive Neutralizing Antibody Variable Region Heavy Chain Induces Immunologic Tolerance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(1):181-186, 5 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 20018688.
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Verkoczy2011
Laurent Verkoczy, Yao Chen, Hilary Bouton-Verville, Jinsong Zhang, Marilyn Diaz, Jennifer Hutchinson, Ying-Bin Ouyang, S. Munir Alam, T. Matt Holl, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Garnett Kelsoe, and Barton F. Haynes. Rescue of HIV-1 Broad Neutralizing Antibody-Expressing B Cells in 2F5 VH x VL Knockin Mice Reveals Multiple Tolerance Controls. J. Immunol., 187(7):3785-3797, 1 Oct 2011. PubMed ID: 21908739.
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Vincent2005
Nadine Vincent, Jean-Claude Tardy, Jean-Michel Livrozet, Frédéric Lucht, Anne Frésard, Christian Genin, and Etienne Malvoisin. Depletion in Antibodies Targeted to the HR2 Region of HIV-1 Glycoprotein gp41 in Sera of HIV-1-Seropositive Patients Treated with T20. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 38(3):254-262, 1 Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15735441.
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Vincent2008
Nadine Vincent, Amadou Kone, Blandine Chanut, Frédéric Lucht, Christian Genin, and Etienne Malvoisin. Antibodies Purified from Sera of HIV-1-Infected Patients by Affinity on the Heptad Repeat Region 1/Heptad Repeat Region 2 Complex of gp41 Neutralize HIV-1 Primary Isolates. AIDS, 22(16):2075-2085, 18 Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18832871.
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Virnik2018
Konstantin Virnik, Edmund Nesti, Cody Dail, Aaron Scanlan, Alexei Medvedev, Russell Vassell, Andrew T. McGuire, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Ira Berkower. Live Rubella Vectors Can Express Native HIV Envelope Glycoproteins Targeted by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Prime the Immune Response to an Envelope Protein Boost. Vaccine, 36(34):5166-5172, 16 Aug 2018. PubMed ID: 30037665.
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vonBredow2016
Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Vu2006
John R. Vu, Timothy Fouts, Katherine Bobb, Jennifer Burns, Brenda McDermott, David I. Israel, Karla Godfrey, and Anthony DeVico. An Immunoglobulin Fusion Protein Based on the gp120-CD4 Receptor Complex Potently Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vitro. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 22(6):477-490, Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16796521.
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Walker2009a
Laura M. Walker, Sanjay K. Phogat, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Denise Wagner, Pham Phung, Julie L. Goss, Terri Wrin, Melissa D. Simek, Steven Fling, Jennifer L. Mitcham, Jennifer K. Lehrman, Frances H. Priddy, Ole A. Olsen, Steven M. Frey, Phillip W . Hammond, Protocol G Principal Investigators, Stephen Kaminsky, Timothy Zamb, Matthew Moyle, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibodies from an African Donor Reveal a new HIV-1 Vaccine Target. Science, 326(5950):285-289, 9 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19729618.
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Walker2010
Laura M. Walker, Melissa D. Simek, Frances Priddy, Johannes S. Gach, Denise Wagner, Michael B. Zwick, Sanjay K. Phogat, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals. PLoS Pathog., 6(8), 2010. PubMed ID: 20700449.
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Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Rational Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine Design: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22(3):358-366, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20299194.
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Aaron Wallace and Leonidas Stamatatos. Introduction of Exogenous Epitopes in the Variable Regions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein: Effect on Viral Infectivity and the Neutralization Phenotype. J. Virol., 83(16):7883-7893, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19494007.
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Lai-Xi Wang. Bioorganic Approaches towards HIV Vaccine Design. Curr. Pharm. Des., 9(22):1771-87, 2003. PubMed ID: 12871196.
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Zuguang Wang, Zuqiang Liu, Xiwen Cheng, and Ying-Hua Chen. The Recombinant Immunogen with High-Density Epitopes of ELDKWA and ELDEWA Induced Antibodies Recognizing Both Epitopes on HIV-1 gp41. Microbiol. Immunol., 49(8):703-709, 2005. PubMed ID: 16113499.
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Wang2006
Shixia Wang, Ranajit Pal, John R. Mascola, Te-Hui W. Chou, Innocent Mboudjeka, Siyuan Shen, Qin Liu, Stephen Whitney, Timothy Keen, B. C. Nair, V. S. Kalyanaraman, Philip Markham, and Shan Lu. Polyvalent HIV-1 Env Vaccine Formulations Delivered by the DNA Priming Plus Protein Boosting Approach Are Effective in Generating Neutralizing Antibodies against Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates From Subtypes A, B, C, D and E. Virology, 350(1):34-47, 20 Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16616287.
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Wang2010
Pengcheng Wang and Xinzhen Yang. Neutralization Efficiency Is Greatly Enhanced by Bivalent Binding of an Antibody to Epitopes in the V4 Region and the Membrane-Proximal External Region within One Trimer of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 84(14):7114-7123, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20463081.
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Wang2011
Ji Wang, Liling Xu, Pei Tong, and Ying-Hua Chen. Mucosal Antibodies Induced by Tandem Repeat of 2F5 Epitope Block Transcytosis of HIV-1. Vaccine, 29(47):8542-8548, 3 Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21939723.
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Ji Wang, Pei Tong, Lu Lu, Leilei Zhou, Liling Xu, Shibo Jiang, and Ying-hua Chen. HIV-1 gp41 Core with Exposed Membrane-Proximal External Region Inducing Broad HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS One, 6(3):e18233, 2011. PubMed ID: 21483871.
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Wang2011b
Suting Wang, Jianhui Nie, and Youchun Wang. Comparisons of the Genetic and Neutralization Properties of HIV-1 Subtype C and CRF07/08\_BC env Molecular Clones Isolated from Infections in China. Virus Res., 155(1):137-146, Jan 2011. PubMed ID: 20875470.
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Wang2012
Shixia Wang, Michael Kishko, Shengqin Wan, Yan Wang, Frank Brewster, Glenda E. Gray, Avye Violari, John L. Sullivan, Mohan Somasundaran, Katherine Luzuriaga, and Shan Lu. Pilot Study on the Immunogenicity of Paired Env Immunogens from Mother-to-Child Transmitted HIV-1 Isolates. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 8(11):1638-1647, 1 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23151449.
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Wang2013
Wenbo Wang, Jianhui Nie, Courtney Prochnow, Carolyn Truong, Zheng Jia, Suting Wang, Xiaojiang S. Chen, and Youchun Wang. A Systematic Study of the N-Glycosylation Sites of HIV-1 Envelope Protein on Infectivity and Antibody-Mediated Neutralization. Retrovirology, 10:14, 2013. PubMed ID: 23384254.
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Hongye Wang, Ting Yuan, Tingting Li, Yanpeng Li, Feng Qian, Chuanwu Zhu, Shujia Liang, Daniel Hoffmann, Ulf Dittmer, Binlian Sun, and Rongge Yang. Evaluation of Susceptibility of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Variants to Neutralization by a Panel of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Arch. Virol., 163(12):3303-3315, Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30196320.
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Webb2015
Nicholas E. Webb, David C. Montefiori, and Benhur Lee. Dose-Response Curve Slope Helps Predict Therapeutic Potency and Breadth of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 6:8443, 29 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26416571.
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Anthony P. West, Jr., Ron Diskin, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Structural Basis for Germ-Line Gene Usage of a Potent Class of Antibodies Targeting the CD4-Binding Site of HIV-1 gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):E2083-E2090, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22745174.
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West2013
Anthony P. West, Jr., Louise Scharf, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Computational Analysis of Anti-HIV-1 Antibody Neutralization Panel Data to Identify Potential Functional Epitope Residues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(26):10598-10603, 25 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23754383.
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Wiehe2018
Kevin Wiehe, Todd Bradley, R. Ryan Meyerhoff, Connor Hart, Wilton B. Williams, David Easterhoff, William J. Faison, Thomas B. Kepler, Kevin O. Saunders, S. Munir Alam, Mattia Bonsignori, and Barton F. Haynes. Functional Relevance of Improbable Antibody Mutations for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Development. Cell Host Microbe, 23(6):759-765.e6, 13 Jun 2018. PubMed ID: 29861171.
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Willey2008
Suzanne Willey and Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Humoral Immunity to HIV-1: Neutralisation and Antibody Effector Functions. Trends Microbiol., 16(12):596-604, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18964020.
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Wolbank2003
Susanne Wolbank, Renate Kunert, Gabriela Stiegler, and Hermann Katinger. Characterization of Human Class-Switched Polymeric (Immunoglobulin M [IgM] and IgA) Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibodies 2F5 and 2G12. J. Virol., 77(7):4095-4103, Apr 2003. PubMed ID: 12634368.
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Wu2010
Xueling Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Yuxing Li, Carl-Magnus Hogerkorp, William R. Schief, Michael S. Seaman, Tongqing Zhou, Stephen D. Schmidt, Lan Wu, Ling Xu, Nancy S. Longo, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Mark K. Louder, Diane L. Wycuff, Yu Feng, Martha Nason, Nicole Doria-Rose, Mark Connors, Peter D. Kwong, Mario Roederer, Richard T. Wyatt, Gary J. Nabel, and John R. Mascola. Rational Design of Envelope Identifies Broadly Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies to HIV-1. Science, 329(5993):856-861, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20616233.
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Xiang2002
Shi-Hua. Xiang, Peter D. Kwong, Rishi Gupta, Carlo D. Rizzuto, David J. Casper, Richard Wyatt, Liping Wang, Wayne A. Hendrickson, Michael L. Doyle, and Joseph Sodroski. Mutagenic Stabilization and/or Disruption of a CD4-Bound State Reveals Distinct Conformations of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein. J. Virol., 76(19):9888-9899, Oct 2002. PubMed ID: 12208966.
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Xiao2000a
Y. Xiao, Y. Zhao, Y. Lu, and Y. H. Chen. Epitope-Vaccine Induces High Levels of ELDKWA-Epitope-Specific Neutralizing Antibody. Immunol. Invest., 29:41-50, 2000. PubMed ID: 10709845.
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Xiao2009
Xiaodong Xiao, Weizao Chen, Yang Feng, Zhongyu Zhu, Ponraj Prabakaran, Yanping Wang, Mei-Yun Zhang, Nancy S. Longo, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Germline-Like Predecessors of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Lack Measurable Binding to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins: Implications for Evasion of Immune Responses and Design of Vaccine Immunogens. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 390(3):404-409, 18 Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19748484.
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Xu2001
W. Xu, B. A. Smith-Franklin, P. L. Li, C. Wood, J. He, Q. Du, G. J. Bhat, C. Kankasa, H. Katinger, L. A. Cavacini, M. R. Posner, D. R. Burton, T. C. Chou, and R. M. Ruprecht. Potent neutralization of primary human immunodeficiency virus clade C isolates with a synergistic combination of human monoclonal antibodies raised against clade B. J Hum Virol, 4(2):55--61, Mar-Apr 2001. PubMed ID: 11437315.
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Xu2002
Weidong Xu, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Passive Immunization with Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies: Correlates of Protective Immunity against HIV. Vaccine, 20(15):1956-1960, 6 May 2002. PubMed ID: 11983253.
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Yamamoto2008
Hiroyuki Yamamoto and Tetsuro Matano. Anti-HIV Adaptive Immunity: Determinants for Viral Persistence. Rev. Med. Virol., 18(5):293-303, Sep-Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18416450.
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Yang1998
G. Yang, M. P. D'Souza, and G. N. Vyas. Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV Determined by Amplification of Viral Long Terminal Repeat Sequences from Cells Infected In Vitro by Nonneutralized Virions. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol., 17:27-34, 1998. A neutralization assay was developed based on heminested PCR amplification of the LTR (HNPCR) -- LTR-HNPCR consistently revealed HIV DNA and was shown to be a rapid, specific and reliable neutralization assay based on tests with 6 MAbs and 5 HIV isolates. PubMed ID: 9436755.
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Yang2000
Xinzhen Yang, Michael Farzan, Richard Wyatt, and Joseph Sodroski. Characterization of Stable, Soluble Trimers Containing Complete Ectodomains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 74(12):5716-5725, Jun 2000. PubMed ID: 10823881.
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Yang2005b
Xinzhen Yang, Svetla Kurteva, Sandra Lee, and Joseph Sodroski. Stoichiometry of Antibody Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 79(6):3500-3508, Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15731244.
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Yang2006
Xinzhen Yang, Inna Lipchina, Simon Cocklin, Irwin Chaiken, and Joseph Sodroski. Antibody Binding Is a Dominant Determinant of the Efficiency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralization. J. Virol., 80(22):11404-11408, Nov 2006. PubMed ID: 16956933.
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Yang2013
Guang Yang, T. Matt Holl, Yang Liu, Yi Li, Xiaozhi Lu, Nathan I. Nicely, Thomas B. Kepler, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, Derek W. Cain, Leonard Spicer, John L. VandeBerg, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Identification of Autoantigens Recognized by the 2F5 and 4E10 Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Exp. Med., 210(2):241-256, 11 Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23359068.
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Yang2014
Lili Yang and Pin Wang. Passive Immunization against HIV/AIDS by Antibody Gene Transfer. Viruses, 6(2):428-447, Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24473340.
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Yang2018
Zheng Yang, Xi Liu, Zehua Sun, Jingjing Li, Weiguo Tan, Weiye Yu, and Meiyun Zhang. Identification of a HIV gp41-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody with Potent Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front. Immunol., 9:2613, 2018. PubMed ID: 30519238.
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Yates2018
Nicole L. Yates, Allan C. deCamp, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, Carmela Irene, Abraham Pinter, James Peacock, Linda J. Harris, Sheetal Sawant, Peter Hraber, Xiaoying Shen, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Sorachai Nitayapan, Phillip W. Berman, Merlin L. Robb, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Barton F. Haynes, S. Munir Alam, David C. Montefiori, and Georgia D. Tomaras. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins from Diverse Clades Differentiate Antibody Responses and Durability among Vaccinees. J. Virol., 92(8), 15 Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29386288.
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Ye2006
Ling Ye, Yuliang Sun, Jianguo Lin, Zhigao Bu, Qingyang Wu, Shibo Jiang, David A. Steinhauer, Richard W. Compans, and Chinglai Yang. Antigenic Properties of a Transport-Competent Influenza HA/HIV Env Chimeric Protein. Virology, 352(1):74-85, 15 Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16725170.
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Yee2011
Michael Yee, Krystyna Konopka, Jan Balzarini, and Nejat Düzgüneş. Inhibition of HIV-1 Env-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion by Lectins, Peptide T-20, and Neutralizing Antibodies. Open Virol. J., 5:44-51, 2011. PubMed ID: 21660189.
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York2001
J. York, K. E. Follis, M. Trahey, P. N. Nyambi, S. Zolla-Pazner, and J. H. Nunberg. Antibody binding and neutralization of primary and T-cell line-adapted isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol., 75(6):2741--52, Mar 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/6/2741. PubMed ID: 11222697.
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Yuan2005
Wen Yuan, Stewart Craig, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Inter-Subunit Disulfide Bonds in Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. Virology, 332(1):369-383, 5 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15661168.
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Yuan2009
Wen Yuan, Xing Li, Marta Kasterka, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Joseph Sodroski. Oligomer-Specific Conformations of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) gp41 Envelope Glycoprotein Ectodomain Recognized by Human Monoclonal Antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 25(3):319-328, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19292593.
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Yuste2006
Eloisa Yuste, Hannah B. Sanford, Jill Carmody, Jacqueline Bixby, Susan Little, Michael B. Zwick, Tom Greenough, Dennis R. Burton, Douglas D. Richman, Ronald C. Desrosiers, and Welkin E. Johnson. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Engrafted with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific Epitopes: Replication, Neutralization, and Survey of HIV-1-Positive Plasma. J. Virol., 80(6):3030-3041, Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16501112.
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ZederLutz2001
G. Zeder-Lutz, J. Hoebeke, and M. H. Van Regenmortel. Differential recognition of epitopes present on monomeric and oligomeric forms of gp160 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by human monoclonal antibodies. Eur. J. Biochem., 268(10):2856--66, May 2001. PubMed ID: 11358501.
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Zhang2002
Peng Fei Zhang, Peter Bouma, Eun Ju Park, Joseph B. Margolick, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Michael N. Flora, and Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr. A Variable Region 3 (V3) Mutation Determines a Global Neutralization Phenotype and CD4-Independent Infectivity of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Associated with a Broadly Cross-Reactive, Primary Virus-Neutralizing Antibody Response. J. Virol., 76(2):644-655, Jan 2002. PubMed ID: 11752155.
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Zhang2005
Geng Zhang, Hong Lu, Yun Lu, ShiBo Jiang, and Ying-Hua Chen. Neutralization of HIV-1 Primary Isolate by ELDKWA-Specific Murine Monoclonal Antibodies. Immunobiology, 210(9):639-645, 2005. PubMed ID: 16323702.
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Zhang2006a
Mei-Yun Zhang, Vidita Choudhry, Igor A. Sidorov, Vladimir Tenev, Bang K Vu, Anil Choudhary, Hong Lu, Gabriela M. Stiegler, Hermann W. D. Katinger, Shibo Jiang, Christopher C. Broder, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Selection of a Novel gp41-Specific HIV-1 Neutralizing Human Antibody by Competitive Antigen Panning. J. Immunol. Methods, 317(1-2):21-30, 20 Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 17078964.
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Zhang2007
Mei-Yun Zhang and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Novel Approaches for Identification of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Improvement of Their Potency. Curr. Pharm. Des., 13(2):203-212, 2007. PubMed ID: 17269928.
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Zhang2008
Mei-Yun Zhang, Bang K. Vu, Anil Choudhary, Hong Lu, Michael Humbert, Helena Ong, Munir Alam, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Gerald Quinnan, Shibo Jiang, David C. Montefiori, John R. Mascola, Christopher C. Broder, Barton F. Haynes, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Cross-Reactive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Recognizes a Novel Conformational Epitope on gp41 and Lacks Reactivity against Self-Antigens. J. Virol., 82(14):6869-6879, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18480433.
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Zhang2010
Mei-Yun Zhang, Andrew Rosa Borges, Roger G. Ptak, Yanping Wang, Antony S. Dimitrov, S. Munir Alam, Lindsay Wieczorek, Peter Bouma, Timothy Fouts, Shibo Jiang, Victoria R. Polonis, Barton F. Haynes, Gerald V. Quinnan, David C. Montefiori, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Potent and Broad Neutralizing Activity of a Single Chain Antibody Fragment against Cell-Free and Cell-Associated HIV-1. mAbs, 2(3):266-274, May-Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20305395.
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Zhang2010a
Hong Zhang, Marzena Rola, John T. West, Damien C. Tully, Piotr Kubis, Jun He, Chipepo Kankasa, and Charles Wood. Functional Properties of the HIV-1 Subtype C Envelope Glycoprotein Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission. Virology, 400(2):164-174, 10 May 2010. PubMed ID: 20096914.
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Zhang2014
Jinsong Zhang, S. Munir Alam, Hilary Bouton-Verville, Yao Chen, Amanda Newman, Shelley Stewart, Frederick H. Jaeger, David C. Montefiori, S. Moses Dennison, Barton F. Haynes, and Laurent Verkoczy. Modulation of Nonneutralizing HIV-1 gp41 Responses by an MHC-Restricted TH Epitope Overlapping Those of Membrane Proximal External Region Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Immunol., 192(4):1693-1706, 15 Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24465011.
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Zhang2014a
Yuan Zhang and Celeste Sagui. The gp41(659-671) HIV-1 Antibody Epitope: A Structurally Challenging Small Peptide. J. Phys. Chem. B, 118(1):69-80, 9 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24359409.
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Zhang2016
Ruijun Zhang, Laurent Verkoczy, Kevin Wiehe, S. Munir Alam, Nathan I. Nicely, Sampa Santra, Todd Bradley, Charles W. Pemble, 4th, Jinsong Zhang, Feng Gao, David C. Montefiori, Hilary Bouton-Verville, Garnett Kelsoe, Kevin Larimore, Phillip D. Greenberg, Robert Parks, Andrew Foulger, Jessica N. Peel, Kan Luo, Xiaozhi Lu, Ashley M. Trama, Nathan Vandergrift, Georgia D. Tomaras, Thomas B. Kepler, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Initiation of Immune Tolerance-Controlled HIV gp41 Neutralizing B Cell Lineages. Sci. Transl. Med., 8(336):336ra62, 27 Apr 2016. PubMed ID: 27122615.
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Zhang2019a
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Zhou2010
Tongqing Zhou, Ivelin Georgiev, Xueling Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Kaifan Dai, Andrés Finzi, Young Do Kwon, Johannes F. Scheid, Wei Shi, Ling Xu, Yongping Yang, Jiang Zhu, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Joseph Sodroski, Lawrence Shapiro, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Basis for Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 by Antibody VRC01. Science, 329(5993):811-817, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20616231.
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Zhu2011
Zhongyu Zhu, Haiyan Rebekah Qin, Weizao Chen, Qi Zhao, Xiaoying Shen, Robert Schutte, Yanping Wang, Gilad Ofek, Emily Streaker, Ponraj Prabakaran, Genevieve G. Fouda, Hua-Xin Liao, John Owens, Mark Louder, Yongping Yang, Kristina-Ana Klaric, M. Anthony Moody, John R. Mascola, Jamie K. Scott, Peter D. Kwong, David Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Georgia D. Tomaras, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Cross-Reactive HIV-1-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies Identified from a Patient with 2F5-Like Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(21):11401-11408, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21880764.
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Zwick2001b
M. B. Zwick, A. F. Labrijn, M. Wang, C. Spenlehauer, E. O. Saphire, J. M. Binley, J. P. Moore, G. Stiegler, H. Katinger, D. R. Burton, and P. W. Parren. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeted to the membrane-proximal external region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein gp41. J. Virol., 75(22):10892--905, Nov 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/22/10892. PubMed ID: 11602729.
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Zwick2001c
M. B. Zwick, M. Wang, P. Poignard, G. Stiegler, H. Katinger, D. R. Burton, and P. W. Parren. Neutralization synergy of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates by cocktails of broadly neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol., 75(24):12198--208, Dec 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/24/12198. PubMed ID: 11711611.
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Zwick2004a
Michael B. Zwick, H. Kiyomi Komori, Robyn L. Stanfield, Sarah Church, Meng Wang, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Renate Kunert, Hermann Katinger, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. The Long Third Complementarity-Determining Region of the Heavy Chain is Important in the Activity of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2F5. J. Virol., 78(6):3155-3161, Mar 2004. PubMed ID: 14990736.
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Zwick2005
Michael B. Zwick, Richard Jensen, Sarah Church, Meng Wang, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, Hermann Katinger, and Dennis R. Burton. Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 Require Surprisingly Few Crucial Residues in the Membrane-Proximal External Region of Glycoprotein gp41 to Neutralize HIV-1. J. Virol., 79(2):1252-1261, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15613352.
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Rudometova2022
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Wieczorek2023
Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Michelle Zemil, Eric Lewitus, Erin Kavusak, Jonah Heller, Sebastian Molnar, Mekhala Rao, Gabriel Smith, Meera Bose, Amy Nguyen, Adwitiya Dhungana, Katherine Okada, Kelly Parisi, Daniel Silas, Bonnie Slike, Anuradha Ganesan, Jason Okulicz, Tahaniyat Lalani, Brian K. Agan, Trevor A. Crowell, Janice Darden, Morgane Rolland, Sandhya Vasan, Julie Ake, Shelly J. Krebs, Sheila Peel, Sodsai Tovanabutra, and Victoria R. Polonis. Evolution of HIV-1 envelope towards reduced neutralization sensitivity, as demonstrated by contemporary HIV-1 subtype B from the United States. PLoS Pathog, 19(12):e1011780 doi, Dec 2023. PubMed ID: 38055771
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Wang2019
Qian Wang, Lihong Liu, Wuze Ren, Agegnehu Gettie, Hua Wang, Qingtai Liang, Xuanling Shi, David C. Montefiori, Tongqing Zhou, and Linqi Zhang. A Single Substitution in gp41 Modulates the Neutralization Profile of SHIV during In Vivo Adaptation. Cell Rep., 27(9):2593-2607.e5, 28 May 2019. PubMed ID: 31141685.
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Sliepen2019
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Displaying record number 846
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
4E10 |
HXB2 Location |
Env(671-676) DNA(8235..8252) |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp41( MN) |
Research Contact |
Herman Katinger, Inst. Appl. Microbiol. University of Agricultural Science, Vienna, Austria, or Polymum Scientific Inc., |
Epitope |
NWFDIT
|
Epitope Alignment
|
Subtype |
B |
Ab Type |
gp41 MPER (membrane proximal external region) |
Neutralizing |
P (tier2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG3κ) |
Patient |
|
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, adjuvant comparison, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, contact residues, dendritic cells, drug resistance, dynamics, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, enhancing activity, escape, genital and mucosal immunity, germline, glycosylation, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, isotype switch, kinetics, memory cells, mimics, mimotopes, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, NK cells, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, supervised treatment interruptions (STI), therapeutic vaccine, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 405 of
405 notes.
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4E10: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
4E10: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. 4E10 was used as a reference control IgG. 4E10, 2F5 and 10E8 were used as positive controls, and mGO53 as a negative control in determining reactivity of IgG Abs and conserved neutralizing epitopes in the autologous virus isolated from PTC-005002.
Molinos-Albert2023
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
4E10: This study reports the glycan binding specificities and atomic level details of PG16 epitope and somatic mechanisms of clonal antibody diversification. MAb 4E10 was positive in assays of reactivity to cardiolipin and some antinuclear antigens.
Pancera2013
(autoantibody or autoimmunity)
-
4E10: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
4E10: A naturally occurring H681 mutation in gp41 MPER of a clade C Env conferred increased sensitivity to autologous and heterologous plasma antibodies. Env-pseudotyped viruses expressing H681 showed increased sensitivity to sCD4, b12 and 4E10 mAbs, both in related and unrelated Envs, and was corroborated with increased Env susceptibility and binding to cellular CD4 as well as with prolonged exposure of MPER epitopes. The increased gp120-CD4 interaction was further associated with relative exposure of CD4-induced epitopes and macrophage infectivity. The Y681H substitution exposes neutralizing epitopes in CD4bs and MPER towards comprehensive interference in HIV-1 entry.
Ringe2012a
(neutralization)
-
4E10: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
4E10: This study generated a variant version of 10E8, termed 10E8-R3, in which 3 basic residues were introduced at solvent-exposed positions, thus allowing 10E8 to interact more effectively with lipid bilayers. The increased positive charge at the paratope surface strengthened the electrostatic interaction between the antibody and lipid bilayers, enabling 10E8-R3 to interact spontaneously with membranes. The modified 10E8 antibody didn’t gain polyreactivity, and it neutralized virus with a significantly greater potency. 10E8-R3 bound with a higher affinity to the MPER peptide anchored in lipid bilayers and to Env spikes on virions. A similarly engineered anti-MPER antibody, 4E10-3R, did not show gains in binding or neutralization potency compared to 4E10, thus showing possible limitations of this strategy. 4E10 was used as a positive control for polyreactivity. These results emphasize the crucial role played by the viral membrane in the antigenicity of the MPER-transmembrane domain.
Rujas2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
4E10: This study used directed evolution to overcome the instability and heterogeneity of a primary Env isolate (ADA) in order to design better immunogens. HIV-1 virions were subjected to iterative cycles of destabilization and replication to select for Envs with enhanced stability. Several mutations in Env were associated with increased trimer stability, primarily in the heptad repeat regions of gp41 and V1 of gp120. Mutations from the most stable Envs were combined into a variant Env, termed "comb-mut", with superior homogeneity and stability. Comb-mut had greater binding affinity for PGT128, PG9, PG16, 2G12, VRC01, b12, and CD4-IgG2, but decreased binding to 4E10, 2F5, b6, 19b, 17b, 7B2, and D50. Comb-mut was more sensitive to neutralization by PG9. One specific mutation (K574) was shown to decrease the neutralization IC50 of mAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10, b6, 2G12, 8K8 and inhibitors sCD4, T-20, and PF-68742. Several of the Env substitutions were shown to stabilize Env spikes from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. Spike stabilizing mutations may be useful in the development of Env immunogens that stably retain native, trimeric structure.
Leaman2013
(mimics, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Persistent (VP-1) and Non-persistent (VP-2) viruses were compared in a longitudinal study of a cross-reactive neutralizing serum-possessing patient, Patient B (H19554) over 9 years. Persisting VP-1 viral clones had more mutations in variable loops V1V2 and constant region C3 of Env, particularly in the number of PNGS (potential N-linked glycosylation sites) in V1V2. While VP-1 in vitro virus chimeras showed slower replication kinetics than VP-2, there was no neutralization sensitivity change based on whether they were R5 or X4 variants. The gp160 Env was longer in the VP-2 population; but both VP-1 and VP-2 chimeras had widely varying sensitivities to bnAb 4E10.
vanGils2011a
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, escape)
-
4E10: 4E10 was included in assays of autoreactivity, and it was autoreactive in both assays.
Liu2019
(autoantibody or autoimmunity)
-
4E10: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
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4E10: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
4E10: A chronic HIV-1 infected patient (CBJC504) had neutralizing activity against Env MPER. Fifty full-length HIV-1 env genes were isolated from the patient’s plasma at 2 time points (2006 and 2009). The neutralization sensitivity of 14 Env pseudoviruses to autologous plasma and mAbs 4E10, 2F5, and 10E8 was evaluated. Env sequencing revealed that the diversity of Env increased over time, and 4 mutation positions in MPER acquired mutations (659D, 662K, 671S, and 677N/R). The K677R mutation increased the IC50 values of pseudoviruses approximately twofold for 4E10 and 2F5, and E659D increased the IC50 up to ninefold for 4E10 and fourfold for 2F5. These 2 mutations also decreased the contact between gp41 and mAbs. Almost all mutant pseudoviruses were resistant to autologous plasma at both time points. These findings shed light on MPER evolution.
Tang2023
(autologous responses, mutation acquisition, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
-
4E10: The study looked at the neutralization of subtype C Env sequences from 9 South African individuals followed longitudinally. A total of 43 Env sequences were cloned and assayed for neutralization by 12 bnAbs of various binding types (VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074 and PGT121, 10E8, 3BNC117, CAP256.VRC26.25, 4E10, PGDM1400, and N123-VRC34.01). Features associated with resistance to bNAbs were higher potential glycosylation sites, relatively longer V1 and V4 domains, and known signature mutations. The study found significant variability in the breadth and potency of bnAbs against circulating HIV-1 subtype C envelopes. In particular, VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074, and PGT121 display broad activity against subtype C variants. The results suggest that these 6 bnAbs are potent antibodies that should be considered for future antibody therapy and treatment studies targeting HIV-1 subtype C.
Mandizvo2022
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
4E10: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); 4E10 had 10 improbable mutations out of 30 total AA mutations, and 0 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
-
4E10: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
4E10: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
4E10: This study assessed cross-reactivity of anti-HIV-1 antibodies with SARS-CoV-2. In binding ELISA and surface binding assays, several nAbs showed significant binding with the RBD and S2P regions of SARS-CoV-2 (VRC07.523LS, N6, NIH45-46G54W, Z13e1, 4E10, 2F5). VRC07.523LS (but not VRC01 or VRC03) cross-reacted with the RBD and S2P of SARS-CoV-2. In a neutralization assay, these nAbs showed weak neutralization of a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. BnAb N6 had the highest potency, with an IC50 of approximately 1.0 μg/ml, but N6 failed to neutralize live SARS-CoV-2 virus. Polyclonal sera from 10 HIV-1-infected children were tested for binding and neutralization; all 10 showed significant binding to both RBD and S2P, and 3 children showed potent and near-complete neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses (AIIMS329, AIIMS330, AIIMS346). The study suggests that human Abs that tolerate extensive epitope variability can be leveraged to neutralize pathogens with related antigenic profiles.
Mishra2021
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
4E10: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
4E10: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
4E10: This report characterizes an additional antiviral activity of some bnAbs to block HIV-1 release by tethering viral particles at the surface of infected cells in vitro in a bivalency-dependent manner. After cultivation of infected primary CD4+ T cells with individual bnAbs, supernatant p24 levels were negatively correlated with cell-associated Gag levels, Env binding and neutralization potency while cell-associated Gag levels and Env binding positively correlated with each other and individually with neutralization potency. The capacity to mediate this tethering activity varied among different classes of mAbs: 0/3 non-neutralizing mAbs, 1/5 bnAbs targeting the MPER or gp120/gp41 interface and 9/9 of the bnAbs targeting the V3 and V1/V1 loops or the CD4bs demonstrated this activity against at least 1/3 diverse viral strains (AD8, CH058 and vKB18). Five of these latter 9 bnAbs, including bnAb 10-1074 which had the most potent effect observed in study when cultivated with vKB18-infected CD4+ T cells, displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains. Surface aggregation of mature virions and bnAb 10-1074 was observed in CH058-infected primary CD4+ T cells and CHME macrophage-like cells. MPER-targeting bnAb 4E10 failed to display tethering activity against any of the 3 HIV-1 strains.
Dufloo2022
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: Five novel functional HIV-1/HCV monoclonal cross-reactive antibodies (180, 692, 688, 803, and KP1-8) with diverse epitope specificities were isolated from a chronically HIV-1/HCV co-infected donor, VC10014, and characterized. MAb 4E10 was used as a positive control for autoreactivity assays.
Pilewski2023
-
4E10: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
4E10: Novel Env clones of subtypes G (n=15) and F (n=7) were produced and tested for neutralization and coreceptor usage. All 15 subtype G-enveloped pseudoviruses were resistant to neutralization by MAbs b12 and 2G12, while a majority were neutralized by 2F5 and 4E10. All 7 subtype F pseudoviruses were resistant to 2F5 and b12, 6 were resistant to 2G12, and 6 were neutralized by 4E10. Coreceptor usage testing revealed that 21 of 22 envelopes were CCR5-tropic, including all 15 subtype G envelopes, 7 of which were from patients with CD4 T cell counts <200/ml. TriMab (a mixture of b12 + 2G12 + 2F5) neutralized only four (27%) viruses, and this activity correlated with that of the 2F5 component. These results confirm the broadly neutralizing activity of 4E10 on envelope clones across all tested group M clades, including subtypes G and F, reveal the resistance of most subtype F pseudoviruses to broadly neutralizing MAbs b12, 2G12, and 2F5, and suggest that, similarly to subtype C, CXCR4 tropism is uncommon in subtype G, even at advanced stages of infection.
Revilla2011
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: In an effort to identify new Env immunogens able to elicit bNAbs, this study looked at Envs derived from rare individuals who possess bNAbs and are elite viral suppressors, hypothesizing that in at least some people the antibodies may mediate durable virus control. The Env proteins recovered from these individuals may more closely resemble the Envs that gave rise to bNAbs compared to the highly diverse viruses isolated from normal progressors. This study identified a treatment-naive elite suppressor, EN3 (patient record #4929), whose serum had broad neutralization. The Env sequences of EN3 had much fewer polymorphisms, compared to those of a normal progressor, EN1 (patient record #4928), who also had broad serum neutralization. This result confirmed other reports of slower virus evolution in elite suppressors. EN3 Envelope proteins were unusual in that most possessed two extra cysteines within an elongated V1 region. The impact of the extra cysteines on the binding to bNAbs, virus infectivity, and sensitivity to neutralization suggested that structural motifs in V1 can affect infectivity, and that rare viruses may be prevented from developing escape. As part of this study, the neutralization of pseudotype viruses for EN3 Env clones was assayed for several bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, VRC01, 4E10, and 35O22).
Hutchinson2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
4E10: The study identified a primary HIV-1 Env variant from patient 653116 (GenBank MT023027) that consistently supports >300% increased viral infectivity in the presence of autologous or heterologous HIV-positive plasma. In the absence of HIV-positive plasma, viruses with this Env exhibited reduced infectivity that was not due to decreased CD4 binding. This phenotype was mapped to a change Q563R, in the gp41 heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region. The authors provide evidence that Q563R reduces viral infection by disrupting formation of the gp41 six-helix bundle required for virus-cell membrane fusion. Anti-cluster I monoclonal antibodies (240-D, 246-D, F240, T32) targeting HR1 and the C-C loop of gp41 restored infectivity defects observed with Q563R. Viruses with the Q563R mutation were shown to have increased sensitivity to MPER mAbs (10E8, 7H6, 2F5, Z13e1, 4E10).
Joshi2020
(mutation acquisition, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
4E10: Plasma from donor PG13 was found to have MPER neutralization activity, and mAb PGZL1 was isolated. When compared to a 4E10, PGZL1 was found to share similar crystal structure, contacts, and some common germline genes, but its neutralization and polyreactivity were less strong. Its structure and germline gene usage also shared commonality with VRC42.01 and 4E10.
Zhang2019a
(antibody binding site, neutralization, structure, contact residues, germline)
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4E10: An ART-naive HIV-controlling patient SA003 was found to have a high level of serum bNAb activity, and broadly neutralizing mAb LN01 IgG3 was isolated from patient serum. MAb 4E10 was used as a comparison in assays of autoreactivity, ADCC, neutralization, binding, and structural analyses.
Pinto2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, structure)
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4E10: An R5 virus isolated from chronic patient NAB01 (Patient Record# 4723) was adapted in culture to growth in the presence of target cells expressing reduced levels of CD4. Entry kinetics of the virus were altered, and these alterations resulted in extended exposure of CD4-induced neutralization-sensitive epitopes to CD4. Adapted and control viruses were assayed for their neutralization by a panel of neutralizing antibodies targeting several different regions of Env (PGT121, PGT128, 1-79, 447-52d, b6, b12, VRC01, 17b, 4E10, 2F5, Z13e1). Adapted viruses showed greater sensitivity to antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site and the V3 loop. This evolution of Env resulted in increased CD4 affinity but decreased viral fitness, a phenomenon seen also in the immune-privileged CNS, particularly in macrophages.
Beauparlant2017
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion, dynamics, kinetics)
-
4E10: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: Pseudoviruses were produced from 37 Env clones of BC subtypes from chronically-infected patients from several regions of China. Neutralization was tested for mAbs 4E10 and 2F5. Three signature sites were identified in association with sensitivity to neutralization: L22, S29, and N706.
Wang2011b
(neutralization)
-
4E10: This study characterized 3 lineages of MPER-targeting mAbs (VRC42, VRC43 & VRC46) isolated from subject RV217-40512 plasma 646 days after the first HIV RNA+ sample (pRNA+), but detectable by next-generation sequencing (NGS) by day 154 pRNA+ which was prior to superinfection between days 330 & 401 pRNA+. The authors suggest that the most potent lineage, VRC42, should be in the same bnAb class as mAb 4E10 due to numerous similarities including structural mode of recognition, heavy chain gene usage, modest SHM, minimum epitope (C-terminus MPER 671-676, NWFDIT) & neutralization fingerprints. Potent reconstructed bnAb VRC42.N1 has a 4E10-like CDRH3 with a length of 18 aa and a GWGW motif. In this study, 4E10 neutralized 98.6% of 208 diverse pseudoviruses with a median IC50 of 1.81 μg/ml against sensitive viruses and was able to bind to founder MPER in various forms. 4E10 was able to recognize the clade C and clade B MPER epitope and required the smallest contiguous epitope of only 6 aa (C-terminus MPER 671-675, NWFDIT). 4E10 was used as a positive control for mild (a "1" on scale of 0-3) polyspecific autoreactivity (staining HEp-2 cells and binding to phospholipids, glycolipids, cardiolipin & nuclear antigens). Alanine scanning confirmed the importance of residues W672 & F673 for MPER epitope binding.
Krebs2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer, contact residues, germline)
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4E10: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
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4E10: HIV Env glycoproteins were expressed by incorporation into live attenuated rubella viral vectors strain RA27/3. These vectors can stably express Env core derived glycoproteins ranging in size up to 363 amino acids from HIV clade C strain 426c. By themselves, the vectors elicited modest Ab titers to the Env insert. But the combination of rubella/env prime followed by a homologous protein boost gave a strong response. MAb 4E10 was used as a negative control for the IgG1 isotype.
Virnik2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
4E10: The authors used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to define the structure of the HIV-1 MPER when linked to the transmembrane domain (MPER-TMD) in the context of a lipid bilayer. In particular, they looked at the accessibility of the MPER-TMD to 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 and DH570. The MPER appears to be accessible up to ∼10% of the time to the 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8 Fabs but ∼40% of time to the DH570 Fab. To assess possible functional roles for the MPER in membrane fusion, they generated 17 Env mutants using the sequence of a clade A isolate, 92UG037.8, mutating each of the three structural elements: hydrophobic core, turn, and kink. Mutants W670A (hydrophobic core), F673A (turn), and W680A (kink), while still sensitive to VRC01, became much more resistant to the trimer-specific bNAbs and also gained sensitivity to b6, 3791, and 17b. All mutants with changes at W666 in the hydrophobic core and K683 at the kink lost infectivity almost completely. For the rest of the mutants, infectivity ranged from 4.3 to 50.8% of that of the wild type, showing that key residues important for stabilizing the MPER structure are also critical for Env-induced membrane fusion activity, especially in the context of viral infection.
Fu2018
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity, structure)
-
4E10: Isolation of human MPER-targeting mAb, E10, from an HIV-1-infected patient sample by single B cell sorting and single cell PCR has been reported. E10 is similar to mAb 4E10: both are specific to linear MPER epitopes, able to mediate ADCC activity and share the same germline gene family on both VH (IGHV1-69) and VL (IGKV3-20). However, the amino acid similarities are only 66.14% (VH) and 78.18% (VL), excluding the possibility of E10 as a variant of 4E10, and E10 is less potent in neutralization (though no direct comparison was made).
Yang2018
(antibody sequence)
-
4E10: Two HIV-1-infected individuals, VC10014 and VC20013, were monitored from early infection until well after they had developed broadly neutralizing activity. The bNAb activity developed about 1 year after infection and mapped to a single epitope in both subjects. Isolates from each subject, taken at five different time points, were tested against monoclonal bNAbs: VRC01, B12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, and 2F5. In subject VC10014, the bNAb activity developed around 1 year postinfection and targeted an epitope that overlaps the CD4-BS and is similar to (but distinct from) bNAb HJ16. In the case of VC20013, the bNAb activity targeted a novel epitope in the MPER that is critically dependent on residue 677 (mutation K677N). All of the isolates from VC20013 were sensitive to both 2F5 and 4E10. All of the isolates from VC10014 were sensitive to neutralization by 4E10.
Sather2014
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
4E10: The authors engineered 10E8-surface mutants to improve its potency and screened for improved neutralization against a 9-virus panel. Two mutations, V5RHC and S100cFHC that were found to improve neutralization using this method, were spatially separated from the 10E8 paratope. Arg5HC and Phe100cHC, were added to 10E8v4 to create an optimized 10E8 antibody, 10E8v4-5R+100cF, which retained the extraordinary breadth of 10E8 but with ˜10-fold increased potency. The new antibody was also tested in two-antibody combinations with other monoclonals, and the best overall performance was shown by the combination of 10E8v4-5R+100cF with N6, neutralizing all strains in a 208-isolate HIV-1 panel at < 1µg/mL. 4E10 was compared to 10E8 with respect to Phe100cHC, as both bind the same region of MPER, and they were found to co-recognize membrane and MPER peptide.
Kwon2018
(neutralization)
-
4E10: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. The 4 MPER bNAbs studied were grouped by epitope, either 2F5 or 4E10/10E8/DH511.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
10E8: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. 4E10 used as a reference Ab. 10E8 was 1 of 2 reference 10E8-like bNAbs - 4E10 and 10E8.
Crooks2015
-
4E10: Improvements to the standardization of the HIV-1 pseudovirus production procedure by implementing an automated system for aliquoting of HIV-1 pseudovirus stocks up to liter-scale are described. The automated platform and the aliquoting process were validated on as accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. Lot-to-lot variations and virus stock integrity were assessed through two parallel neutralization assays run with the automatically aliquoted HIV pseudovirus and a manually aliquoted reference virus of the same type, by using five control reagents: sCD4, b12, 2F5, 4E10 and TriMab consisting of 2G12, IgG1b12 and 2F5.
Schultz2018
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
4E10: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. 4E10 is polyreactive, but not autoreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
4E10: Panels of C clade pseudoviruses were computationally downselected from the panel of 200 C clade viruses defined by Rademeyer et al. 2016. A 12-virus panel was defined for the purpose of screening sera from vaccinees. Panels of 50 and 100 viruses were defined as smaller sets for use in testing magnitude and breadth against C clade. Published neutralization data for 16 mAbs was taken from CATNAP for the computational selections: 10-1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128, VRC26.25, VRC26.08, PGDM1400, PG9, PGT145, VRC07-523, 10E8, VRC13, 3BNC117, VRC07, VRC01, 4E10.
Hraber2017
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers. Envs with or without the TM1 mutations were expressed in HEK 293T cells and analyzed for the relative expression of Ab epitopes including the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) in gp41 for 4E10.
Hogan2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: Nanodiscs (discoidal lipid bilayer particles of 10-17 nm surrounded by membrane scaffold protein) were used to incorporate Env complexes for the purpose of vaccine platform generation. The Env-NDs (Env-NDs) were characterized for antigenicity and stability by non-NAbs and NAbs. Most NAb epitopes in gp41 MPER and in the gp120:gp41 interface were well exposed while non-NAb cell surface epitopes were generally masked. Anti-MPER NAb 4E10, binds as well as (Kd = 15.8 nM) the binding of 2G12 to Env-ND, and this binding is insensitive to glutaraldehyde treatment .
Witt2017
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs, regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Mice twice-primed with DNA plasmids encoding HIV-1 gp120 and gag and given a double boost with HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) i.e. DDVV immunization, elicited Env-specific antibody responses as well as Env- and Gag-specific CTL responses. In vivo electroporation (EP) was used to increase breadth and potency of response. Human anti-MPER 4E10 was used to prove that the VLP spike included the broad neutralization epitope recognized by it.
Huang2017a
(therapeutic vaccine, variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: A panel of mAbs (2G12, VRC01, HJ16, 2F5, 4E10, 35O22, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074) was tested to compare their efficacy in cell-free versus cell-cell transmission. Almost all bNAbs (with the exception of anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a) blocked cell-free infection with greater potency than cell-cell infection, and showed greater potency in neutralization of cell-free viruses. The lower effectiveness on neutralization was particularly pronounced for transmitted/founder viruses, and less pronounced for chronic and lab-adapted viruses. The study highlights that the ability of an antibody to inhibit cell-cell transmission may be an important consideration in the development of Abs for prophylaxis.
Li2017
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization)
-
4E10: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
4E10: This review discusses host controls of bNAb responses and why highly antigenic vaccine Envs do not induce bNAbs when used as vaccine immunogens. 4E10 is polyreactive for human host lipids and proteins and binds to RNA splicing factor 3b subunit 3 (SF3B3). Kl mice expressing VDJ rearrangements of 4E10, exhibit severe defects in B-cell development with 95% of immature bone marrow B cells lost at the first tolerance checkpoint and peripheral B cells anergic.
Kelsoe2017
(review, antibody polyreactivity)
-
4E10: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
4E10: A weakly neutralizing antibody was isolated, CAP248-2B. The glycan dependence of CAP248-2B was compared to other known gp120-gp41 interface targeting bNAbs (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, 3BC315). CAP248-2B blocks the binding of 35O22, 3BC315, and PGT151 (but not 8ANC195 or 4E10) to cell surface envelope trimers.
Wibmer2017
(antibody interactions)
-
4E10: The ability of neutralizing and nonneutralizing mAbs to block infection in models of mucosal transmission was tested. Neutralization potency did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4bs-specific bNAbs, in particular VRC01, blocked HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. MPER (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bNAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while bNAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) were more variable. Non-nAbs alone and in combinations, were poorly protective against mucosal infection. The protection provided by specific bNAbs demonstrates their potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing mucosal entry. 2F5 and 4E10 were selected as representative mAbs of the MPER class.
Cheeseman2017
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
4E10: To understand HIV neutralization mediated by the MPER, antibodies and viruses were studied from CAP206, a patient known to produce MPER-targeted neutralizing mAbs. 41 human mAbs were isolated from CAP206 at various timepoints after infection, and 4 macaque mAbs were isolated from animals immunized with CAP206 Env proteins. Two rare, naturally-occuring single-residue changes in Env were identified in transmitted/founder viruses (W680G in CAP206 T/F and Y681D in CH505 T/F) that made the viruses less resistant to neutralization. The results point to the role of the MPER in mediating the closed trimer state, and hence the neutralization resistance of HIV. 4E10 neutralized CAP206 viruses from all timepoints; it was one of several mAbs tested for neutralization of transmitted founder viruses isolated from clade C infected individuals CAP206 and CH505, compared to T/F viruses containing MPER mutations that confer enhanced neutralization sensitivity.
Bradley2016a
(neutralization)
-
4E10: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. 4E10 used as a reference Ab. PGT4E10 was 1 of 2 reference 10E8-like bNAbs - 4E10 and 10E8.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
4E10: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
4E10: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
4E10: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. MPER Ab 4E10 did not bind cell surface whether gp160 was missing C-terminal or not, but did neutralize 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate weakly.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
4E10: This review discusses the application of bNAbs for HIV treatment and eradication, focusing on bnAbs that target key epitopes, specifically: 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, VRC26.08, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, and 10-1074. Antibodies 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 were among the first bnAbs available for clinical testing, and a cocktail of these 3 Abs was assessed in human trials.
Stephenson2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
4E10: Crystallography was used to examine two nonneutralizing 4E10 Fabs mutated to decrease the hydrophobicity of the CDR-H3 loop. Although the mutations did not affect the affinity for the 4E10 epitope in solution, the two nonneutralizing Fabs were unable to bind to MPER inserted into plasma membrane mimicking the in vivo binding environment. This supports the hypothesis that neutralization by 4E10 requires an antigenic structure more complex than just the linear epitope, and likely constrained by viral membrane lipids.
Rujas2015
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
4E10: Crystallography was used to show that 4E10 interacts with an extended target that includes both the gp41 MPER and viral membrane lipids. The 4E10 CDRH1 loop bound to the lipid head groups, while the CDRH3 interacted with the hydrophobic lipid tails. Vaccines targeting the MPER may require a lipid component, so these results will aid in the design of vaccine immunogens that more effectively target the MPER.
Irimia2016
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
4E10: The gp41 MPER region targeted by 4E10 and 10E8 is an attractive target for vaccine development. Habte2015 developed a gp41 immunogen, gp41-HR1-54Q, consisting of shortened heptad repeat (HR) regions 1 and 2 and MPER in the context of a 6-helix bundle. Four putative fusion intermediates were engineered by introducing mutations into HR1 of this construct in order to destabilize the 6-helix bundle. One variant elicited antibodies in rabbits that targeted residues W672, I675 and L679, critical for 4E10/10E8 recognition.
Banerjee2016
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
4E10: This review discusses an array of methods to engineer more effective bNAbs for immunotherapy. Antibody 4E10 is an example of engineering through rational mutations; it has been combined with 10E8 as part of a strategy to combine the CDRs of bnAbs targeting similar epitopes.
Hua2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
4E10: This review discusses the breakthroughs in understanding of the biology of the transmitted virus, the structure and nature of its envelope trimer, vaccine-induced CD8 T cell control in primates, and host control of bnAb elicitation.
Haynes2016
(review)
-
4E10: Neutralization breadth in 157 antiretroviral-naive individuals infected for less than 1 year post-infection was studied and compared to a cohort of 170 untreated chronic patients. A range of neutralizing activities was observed with a panel of six recombinant viruses from five different subtypes. Some sera were broadly reactive, predominantly targeting envelope epitopes within the V2 glycan-dependent region. The Env neutralization breadth was positively associated with time post infection. 4E10 has been used as a control in testing CD4 binding site neutralizing specificity of the sera.
Sanchez-Merino2016
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
4E10: A new, current, mostly tier2 panel of 200 C-clade Env-psuedotyped viruses from early (< 100d) infection in southern Africa was used to assess antibody responses to natural infection and to vaccines. Viruses were assayed with bNAbs targeting the V2 glycan (PG9, VRC26.25), the MPER site (4E10), the CD4 binding site (VRC01), and the V3/C3 glycan site (PGT128). For 4E10 (and all other Abs besides PGT128) there was no significant difference in neutralization between pre-seroconversion and post-seroconversion viruses. Viruses collected pre-seroconversion were more resistant to neutralization by serum than those post-seroconversion. As the epidemic matured over 13 years, viruses also became more resistant to mAbs tested.
Rademeyer2016
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. MPER-binding, first-generation mAb, 4E10 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=10.3 µg/ml for the 6/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 50%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
4E10: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti-MPER bNAb 4E10 was unable to neutralize any of the 16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 10µg/ml.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. 4E10, a gp41 MPER bnAb belonged to a group with slopes <1 (like others 10E8 and 2F5), but 10E8 had a significantly lower IC50.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
4E10: A gp41 immunogen, gp41-HR1-54Q, was developed, consisting of shortened heptad repeat regions 1 and 2 and the MPER. It was efficiently recognized by 3 MPER-binding Abs (2F5, Z13e1 and 4E10). In rabbits, the antigen was highly immunogenic but failed to develop neutralization ability.
Habte2015
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: Mice and guinea pigs were immunized with Norovirus P particles displaying conformational 4E10 and 10E8 epitopes. Both mice and guinea pigs developed high levels of MPER-binding antibodies. The sera of guinea pigs, but not mice, showed modest neutralizing ability against HIV Env pseudoviruses, suggesting that Norovirus may be useful as a platform to present epitopes for vaccination strategies.
Yu2015
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: A panel of antibodies was tested for binding, stability, and ADCC activity on HIV-infected cells. The differences in killing efficiency were linked to changes in binding of the antibody and the accessibility of the Fc region when bound to infected cells. Ab 4E10 lacked ADCC.
Bruel2016
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: To test whether NAbs can inhibit viral transmission through mucosal tissue, 4 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, 4E10) were tested in tissue culture models of human colonic and ectocervical tissues. All 4 nAbs reduced HIV transmission, with a relative efficacy of PG16 > PG9 > VRC01 >> 4E10. The nAbs had a good safety profile and were not affected by the presence of semen.
Scott2015
(immunotherapy)
-
4E10: The ontogeny of 4E10 was delineated through structural and biophysical comparisons of the mature antibody with multiple potential precursors. 4E10 gained affinity through a small number of mutations to a highly conserved recognition surface. Results suggested that neutralization by 4E10 may involve mechanisms beyond simply binding, also requiring the ability of the antibody to induce conformational changes distant from its binding site. 4E10 is, therefore, unlikely to be re-elicited by conventional vaccination strategies. Pre-binding of 4E10 at the MPER affects the binding of b12 at the CD4 binding site.
Finton2014
(antibody interactions, structure, antibody lineage)
-
4E10: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. 4E10 neutralized 97% of the 199 viruses tested.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
4E10: This study aim to develop a replicating vector system for the delivery of HIV-1 antigens on the basis of an apathogenic foamy virus. This consists of the MPER and the fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR). By stepwise shortening of distinct linker residues between both the domains lead to enhanced recognition by 4E10. This indicates that a specific positioning of FPPR and MPER domains is critical for improved Ab binding.
Muhle2013
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: A subset of bNAbs that inhibit both cell-free and cell-mediated infection in primary CD4+ lymphocytes have been identified. These antibodies target either the CD4-binding site or the glycan/V3 loop on HIV-1 gp120 and act at low concentrations by inhibiting multiple steps of viral cell to cell transmission. This property of blocking viral transmission to plasmacytoid DCs and interfering with type-I IFN production should be considered an important characteristic defining the potency for therapeutic or prophylactic antiviral strategies. 4E10 was not effective in blocking cell to cell transmission of virus.
Malbec2013
-
4E10: The effect of PNGS on viral infectivity and antibody neutralization (2F5, 4E10, b12, VRC01, VRC03, PG9, PG16, 3869) was evaluated through systemic mutations of each PNGS on CRF07_BC strain. Mutations at N197 (C2), N301 (V3), N442 (C4), and N625 (gp41) rendered the virus more susceptible to neutralization by MAbs that recognize the CD4 binding site or gp41. Generally, mutations on V4/V5 loops, C2/C3/C4 regions, and gp41 reduced the neutralization sensitivity to PG16. However, mutation of N289 (C2) made the virus more sensitive to both PG9 and PG16. Mutations at N142 (V1), N355 (C3) and N463 (V5) conferred resistance to neutralization by anti-gp41 MAbs. Available structural information of HIV Env and homology modeling was used to provide a structural basis for the observed biological effects of these mutations.
Wang2013
(neutralization, structure)
-
4E10: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10).
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Autoreactivity and polyspecificity of 4E10 using a synthetic human peptidome has been reported. 4E10 was shown to be polyreactive, binding peptides from various proteins, but only in a limited manner. Analysis of B cell development in 4E10 heavy-chain knock-in mice confirmed that 4E10 does recognize self-antigens. Three of the top five hits are from types 1, 2 and 3 inositol trisphosphate receptors, with high scoring peptides sharing a conserved sequence motif. Validation of the top hits was performed by binding analyses and staining of tissue sections, which combined to identify the type 1 inositol trisphosphate receptor as the most likely 4E10 physiological autoantigen.
Finton2013
(structure, antibody polyreactivity)
-
4E10: This paper showed that FcγRI occasionally potentiates neutralization by Abs against the V3 loop of gp120 and cluster I of gp41. FcγRI providing a kinetic advantage for neutralizing Abs against partially cryptic epitopes independent of phagocytosis has been reported. The antibiotic bafilomycin A1 and the weak base chloroquine were used as lysosomotropic agents to block phagocytosis in TZM-bl and TZM-bl/FcγRI cells. These treated cells and 2 HIV-1 subtype B Env-pseudotyped viruses (6535.3 and QH0692.42) were assayed with 4E10. Expression of FcγRI dramatically improved the neutralizing activity of 4E10 against both viruses in the absence of lysosomotropic agents. Moreover, neither lysosomotropic agent showed any evidence of reversing the FcγRI-mediated effect on 4E10.
Perez2013
(antibody interactions)
-
4E10: This study reported profound negative selection of B cells in 4E10 “knock-in” mice. C57BL/6 embryonic stem cells were modified by gene targeting to introduce HIV antibody H- and L-chain variable exons, replacing the respective J clusters. 4E10H and HL mice had significantly reduced splenic B cell numbers. Results showed that 4E10 is, to a physiologically significant extent, autoreactive. Negative selection occurred by various mechanisms including receptor editing, clonal deletion and receptor downregulation.
Doyle-Cooper2013
-
4E10: Galactosyl ceramide (Galcer), a glycosphingolipid, is a receptor for the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein. This study has mimicked this interaction by using an artificial membrane containing synthetic Galcer and recombinant HIV-1 Env proteins to identify antibodies that would block the HIV-1 Env-Galcer interaction. HIV-1 ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccinee-derived MAbs specific for the gp120 C1 region blocked Galcer binding of a transmitted/founder HIV-1 Env gp140. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating CH38 IgG and its natural IgA isotype were the most potent blocking antibodies.4E10 did not block Env-Galcer binding.
Dennison2014
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
4E10: This review surveyed the Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP) strategy, which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Recently published studies in humanized mice and macaques were discussed as well as the pros and cons of VIP towards clinical applications to control HIV endemics. A single injection of AAV8 vector achieved peak Ab production in serum at week 6 and offered moderate protection. 4E10 (˜25 μg/mL) yielded partial protection.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
4E10: Pairwise combinations of 6 NAbs (4E10, 2F5, 2G12, b12, PG9, PG16) were tested for neutralization of pseudoviruses and transmitted/founder viruses. Each of the NAbs tested targets a different region of gp120 or gp41. Some pairwise combinations enhanced neutralization synergistically, suggesting that combinations of NAbs may enhance clinical effectiveness.
Miglietta2014
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Cross-group neutralization of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, O, and P was tested with diverse patient sera and bNAbs PG9, PG16, 4E10, b12, 2F5, 2G12, VRC01, VRC03, and HJ16. The primary isolates displayed a wide spectrum of sensitivity to neutralization by the human sera, with some cross-group neutralization clearly observed. Among the bNAbs, only PG9 and PG16 showed any cross-group neutralization. The group N prototype strain YBF30 was highly sensitive to neutralization by PG9, and the interaction between their key residues was confirmed by molecular modeling. The conservation of the PG9/PG16 epitope within groups M and N suggests its relevance as a vaccine immunogen.
Braibant2013
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: A mutant of 4E10 (G100A) was designed to rigidify the CRF H3, decreasing its binding to membranes, and it was consistently able to neutralize viruses with higher potency than wild type 4E10. MPER antibodies, including 4E10 and 10E8, are likely to neutralize by a common mechanism: targeting the fusion-intermediate state of gp41 with the help of their lipid-binding activity. The greater neutralization by 10E8, compared to 4E10, may be due to its preference for cholesterol-rich HIV-1-like membranes and weaker association with cellular membranes.
Chen2014
(neutralization, structure)
-
4E10: Tolerance deletion due to mAb autoreactivity limits 2F5 bNAb induction. Autoantigen recognized by 4E10 is splicing factor 3b subunit 3 (SF3B3), so that most 2F5-bearing B cells are deleted in the bone marrow and a minor population survives as anergic B cells. 4E10 binds MPER and uses only VH1-69 and Vκ3-20 just as mAb Cap206-CH12 does even though they are derived from two separate individuals, showing that only a few VH and VL pairs suffice its (and other Ab) production. These are reasons why bNAbs are not readily made and their response is subdominant to other non-neutralizing Env responses.
Haynes2013
(review)
-
4E10:This study identified human kynureninase (KYNU) and splicing factor 3b subunit 3 (SF3B3) as the primary conserved, vertebrate self-antigens recognized by the 2F5 and 4E10 antibodies, respectively. 2F5 binds the H4 domain of KYNU which contains the complete 2F5 linear epitope (ELDKWA). 4E10 recognizes an epitope of SF3B3 that is strongly dependent on hydrophobic interactions. Opossums carry a rare KYNU H4 domain that abolishes 2F5 binding, but they retain the SF3B3 4E10 epitope. Immunization of opossums with HIV-1 gp140 induced extraordinary titers of serum antibody to the 2F5 ELDKWA epitope but little or nothing to the 4E10 determinant. Identification of structural motifs shared by vertebrates and HIV-1 provides direct evidence that immunological tolerance can impair humoral responses to HIV-1.
Yang2013
-
4E10: A model that predicts the concentrations at which MAbs 2F5 and 4E10 effectively neutralize HIV is presented. The model predicts that for these antibodies to be effective at neutralization, the time to disable an epitope must be shorter than the time the antibody remains bound in this conformation, about five minutes or less for 4E10 and 2F5. 2F5 IgG, but not 4E10, is much more effective at neutralization than its Fab fragment.
Hu2014
(neutralization)
-
4E10: The effect of low pH and HIV-1 Abs which increased the transcytosis of the virus by 20 fold, has been reported. This enhanced transcytosis was due to the Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn), which facilitates HIV-1's own transmission by usurping Ab responses directed against itself. Both infectious and noninfectious viruses were transcytosed by 4E10.
Gupta2013
-
4E10: The molecular features, immunoreactivity, and functional avidity of 4E10 were studied.
Kunert2004
(antibody sequence)
-
4E10: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. 4E10 showed high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirus in a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions)
-
4E10: The neutralization profile of 1F7, a human CD4bs mAb, is reported and compared to other bnNAbs. 1F7 exhibited extreme potency against primary HIV-1, but limited breadth across clades. 4E10 neutralized 98% of a cross-clade panel of 157 HIV-1 isolates (Fig. S1) while 1F7 neutralized only 20% of the isolates.
Gach2013
(neutralization)
-
4E10: This study reported the Ab binding titers and neutralization of 51 patients with chronic HIV-1 infection on supressive ART for 3 yrs. A high titer of Ab against gp120, gp41, and MPER was found. Patient sera, 4E10 and a serum control were evaluated for binding against recombinant gp120JR-FL mutants lacking either the V1/V2 loop or the V3 loop. Significantly higher end point binding titers and HIV1JR-FL neutralization were noticed in patients with >10 compared to <10 yrs of detectable HIV RNA.
Gach2014
(neutralization, HAART, ART)
-
4E10: MHC Class II-restricted TH activation was shown to be a key determinant controlling nonneutralizing MPER Ab responses. TH H2d epitope KWASLWNWF, partially overlapping the 2F5 MPER epitope, was required for MPER Ab induction.
Zhang2014
-
4E10: This study reports development of a new cell line, A3R5-based highly sensitive Ab detection assay. This T-lymphoblastoid cell line stably expresses CCR5 and recognize CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1. A3R5 cells showed greater neutralization potency compared to the current cell line of choice TZM-bl. 4E10 was used as a reference Ab in neutralization assay comparing A3R5 and TZM-bl.
McLinden2013
(assay or method development)
-
4E10: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. 4E10 is an MPER Ab, with breadth 88%, IC50 9.98 μg per ml, and its unique feature listed is presence of a pre-transmembrane domain sequence.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
4E10: Biosynthesis and structure determination of a micelle-bound MPER trimer, designated as gp41-M-MAT, is reported to highlight the importance of this binding site in designing the vaccines. NMR analysis showed that MPER peptides adopt symmetric α helical conformations exposing binding sites. The helical conformation of 4E10 epitope in gp41-M-MAT is similar to that observed in the co-crystal structure of MPER bopund to 4E10. Contact residues F49, W56 and K59 played major roles in conferring binding affinity in the nanomolar range.
Reardon2014
(antibody binding site, structure, contact residues)
-
4E10: 2 HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMCs) derived from subtypes C and CRF01_AE HIV-1 primary isolates expressing LucR (IMC.LucR) were engineered to express heterologous gp160 Envs. There was a trend towards increased sensitivity in a subtype mismatched-backbone with 4E10 for both AE and C Envs, indicating possible structural changes in Env imposed by the backbone genes on the MPER.
Chenine2013
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: Knockin (KI) mice models expressing H chains from MAbs 4E10 and 48d were generated, in addition to previously used KI mice expressing 2F5. Only KI mice expressing MPER+ BnAb HCs triggered a profound early BM developmental blockade, consistent with the self-reactivity of both the 2F5 and 4E10 BnAb HCs being sufficient to trigger clonal B cell deletion.
Chen2013
-
4E10: Env pseudo-typed viruses generated from 7 transmitting and 4 non-transmitting mothers and their children were used to identify phenotypes that associate with the risk of mother to child transmission. There were no differences in neutralization with 2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and b12, but transmitting mothers had higher autologous NAb responses against gp120/gp41, suggesting that strong autologous neutralization activity can associate with risk of transmission.
Baan2013
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. This small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including this one, 4E10. The small panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
4E10: A computational method to predict Ab epitopes at the residue level, based on structure and neutralization panels of diverse viral strains has been described. This method was evaluated using 19 Env-Ab including 4E10, against 181 diverse HIV-1 strains with available Ab-Ag complex structures.
Chuang2013
(computational prediction)
-
4E10: A panel of NAbs and non-neutralizing Abs (NoNAbs) displaying the highest Fc γR-mediated inhibitory activity and significant ADCC were selected and formulated in a microbicidal gel and tested for their antiviral activity against SHIVSF162P3 vaginal challenge in non-human primates. Combination of 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 fully prevented vaginal transmission. Two NoNAbs 246-D and 4B3 had no impact on viral acquisition, but reduced plasma viral load.
Moog2014
(effector function, SIV)
-
4E10: The complexity of the epitopes recognized by ADCC responses in HIV-1 infected individuals and candidate vaccine recipients is discussed in this review. 4E10 is discussed as the MPER region-targeting,, potent and broadly neutralizing anti-gp41 mAb exhibiting ADCC activity and having a linear epitope.
Pollara2013
(effector function, review)
-
4E10: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to 10E8-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
4E10: This paper reported the nature of junk Env glycan that undermine the development of Ab responses against gp120/gp41 trimers and evaluated enzyme digestion as a way to remove aberrant Env to produce "trimer VLPs". 4E10 was used in the anti-gp41 Ab cocktail in SDS-PAGE and western blot experiments to prove that enzymes removed junk Env from VLPs and inactivated virus.
Crooks2011
(glycosylation)
-
4E10: Generation of a series of chemically modified MPER immunogens through derivatization of amino acid side chains and evaluation of the binding affinity to their cognate mAbs is described. The modification of peptides has little effect on binding to the antibodies. A selected immunogen containing both 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes and a threonine at T676 elicited the highest anti-peptide IgG titer but not high neutralization. 4E10 has been used as a bnAb directed to MPER.
Venditto2013
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
4E10: The role of NK cells and NK cell receptor polymorphisms in the assessment of HIV-1 neutralization is reported. 4E10 was used in viral inhibition assay as a control to compare NK cells participation and activity.
Brown2012
(neutralization, NK cells)
-
4E10: Immunogenicity of gp120 immunogens from two pairs of clade B and two pairs of clade C mother-to-child transmitted HIV-1 variants was studied in rabbits. While high level Env-specific antibody responses were elicited by all immunogens, their abilities to NAb responses differed and neutralization-resistant variants elicited broader NAb. None of the selected Env antigens exhibited mutations in the critical recognition determinants of 4E10
Wang2012
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: Molecular mechanism of how MPER permeates lipid monolayers containing cholesterol, a main component of the viral envelope, was studied using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity. MPER did not affect the lateral packing order of lipids, but changed its membrane insertion depth and topology in cholesterol-enriched membranes. This correlated with an increment of the surface area occupied by MPER helices, and the optimal exposure of the 4E10 epitope.
Ivankin2012
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
4e10: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
4E10: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp41 MPER, pre-TM helix, 4E10 class, 4E10 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
4E10: This review discusses the new research developments in bnAbs for HIV-1, Influenza, HCV. Models of the HIV-1 Env spike and of Influenza visrus spike with select bnAbs bound are shown.
Burton2012
(review)
-
4E10: Different adjuvants, including Freund's adjuvant (FCA/FIA), MF59, Carbopol-971P and 974P were compared on their ability to elicit antibody responses in rabbits. Combination of Carbopol-971P and MF59 induced potent adjuvant activity with significantly higher titer nAbs than FCA/FIA. There was no difference in binding of this MAb to gp140 SF162 with FIA adjuvant, but there was 3-fold decrease of antigenicity with MF59, C971, C974, C971+MF59 C971+MF59 as compared to the unadjuvanted sample.
Lai2012
(adjuvant comparison)
-
4E10: Somatic hypermutations are preferably found in CDR loops, which alter the Ab combining sites, but not the overall structure of the variable domain. FWR of CDR are usually resistant to and less tolerant of mutations. This study reports that most bnAbs require somatic mutations in the FWRs which provide flexibility, increasing Ab breadth and potency. To determine the consequence of FWR mutations the framework residues were reverted to the Ab's germline counterpart (FWR-GL) and the binding and neutralizing properties were evaluated. 4E10, an MPER Ab, was among the 17 bnAbs which were used in to study the mutations in FWR. Fig S4C described the comparison of Ab framework amino acid replacement vs. interactive surface area on 4E10.
Klein2013
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage)
-
4E10: Antigenic properties of 2 biochemically stable and homogeneous gp140 trimers (A clade 92UG037 and C clade CZA97012) were compared with the corresponding gp120 monomers derived from the same percursor sequences. The trimers had nearly all the antigenic properties expected for native viral spikes and were markedly different from monomeric gp120. 4E10 has been referred as NAb against MPER.
Kovacs2012
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Crystal structure and mechanistic analysis of 2F5-gp41 complex is reported. 4E10 has been referred as a BnAb directed against the transmembrane gp41 envelope glycoprotein. Studies with protoliposome confirms the importance of lipid membrane and hydrophobic context in the binding of 4E10 to gp41.
Ofek2004
(antibody interactions, structure)
-
4E10: The study used the swarm of quasispecies representing Env protein variants to identify mutants conferring sensitivity and resistance to BnAbs. Libraries of Env proteins were cloned and in vitro mutagenesis was used to identify the specific AA responsible for altered neutralization/resistance, which appeared to be associated with conformational changes and exposed epitopes in different regions of gp160. The result showed that sequences in gp41, the CD4bs, and V2 domain act as global regulator of neutralization sensitivity. 4E10 was used as BnAb to screen Env clones. wtR clone was resistant to 4E10, but N197H mutation caused 6 fold increase and Y384H and L702P caused 21 fold increase in neutralization in neutralization.
ORourke2012
(neutralization)
-
4E10: The goal of this study was to improve the humoral response to HIV-1 by targeting trimeric Env gp140 to B cells. The gp140 was fused to a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B cell activation factor (BAFF) and CD40 ligand (CD40L). These fusion proteins increased the expression of activation-induced-cytidine deaminase (AID) responsible for somatic hypermutation, Ab affinity maturation, and Ab class switching. The Env-APRIL induced high anti-Env responses against tier1 viruses. 4E10 was used in BN-PAGE trimer shift assay.
Melchers2012
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Existing structural and sequence data was analyzed. A set of signature features for potent VRC01-like (PVL) and almost PVL abs was proposed and verified by mutagenesis. 4E10 has been referred in discussing the breadth and potency of antiCD4 abs.
West2012a
(antibody lineage)
-
4E10: Synthesis of an engineered soluble heterotrimeric gp140 is described. These gp140 protomers were designed against clade A and clade B viruses. The heterotrimer gp140s exhibited broader anti-tier1 isolate neutralizing antibody responses than homotrimer gp140. 4E10 was used to determine and compare the immunogenicity of homo and heterotrimers gp140s. 2F5 and 4E10 bound similarly to the homotrimeric clade A and B Q168/SF162L, Q259/SF162NL and Q461/SF1621 heretotrimers and the corresponding homotrimers.
Sellhorn2012
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: This study shows that epitope mapping of plasma antibodies followed by the rational design of MPER peptide tetramer can successfully isolate antigen-reactive single B cells for Ig rescue. Recombinant mAb CAP206-CH12 was isolated using the peptide tetramer antigen. This is a polyreactive mAb and used the same VH and Vk Ig family as mAb 4E10 and overlapped the epitopes. Comparison of IC50 suggested that CAP206-CH12 is less potent than 4E10.
Morris2011
-
4E10: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. 4E10 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
4E10: Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes are reported. Cross-reactive plasma samples were identified and evaluated from 308 subjects tested. 4E10 was used as a control mAb in the comprehensive set of assays performed. Plasma samples C1-0269, C1-0534 and C1-0536 showed activities similar to 4E10. C1-0269 was sensitive to the W672A mutation, which ablated 4E10 neutralization.
Tomaras2011
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
4E10: Role of envelope deglycosylation in enhancing antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 epitopes is reported. The mechanism of induction of broad neutralizing Abs is discussed. The hypothesis of presence of "holes" in the naive B cell repertoires for unmutated B cell receptor against HIV-1 Env was tested. Native deglycosylated clade B JFRL gp140 and group M consensus gp140 Env CON-S increased 4E10 reactivity, whereas fully glycosylated gp140 env didn't bind. The authors inferred that glycan interferences control the binding of unmutated ancestor Abs of broad neutralizing mAb to Env gp41.
Ma2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
4E10:The rational design of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is discussed in relation to understanding of vaccine recognition sites, the structural basis of interaction with HIV-1 env and vaccine developmental pathways. 4E10 has been discussed regarding the sites of HIV-1 vulnerability to neutralizing antibodies and particularly recognition of highly conserved MPER region of Env.
Kwong2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
4E10: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. 4E10 was used as a control in virus neutralization assay. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: YU2 gp140 bait was used to characterize 189 new MAbs representing 51 independent IgG memory B cell clones from 3 clade A or B HIV infected patients exhibiting broad neutralizing activity. 4E10 has been used as a positive control for epitope mapping and evaluating these anti-gp-41 antibodies. Cloned anti-gp41 antibodies (n=13) did not bind to membrane proximal peptides recognized by 4E10.
Mouquet2011
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Ab-driven escape and Ab role in infection control and prevention are reviewed. Main focus is on NAbs, but Ab acting through effector mechanisms are also discussed. 4E10 (carboxy-terminal MPER) is discussed in the context of developing broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies.
Overbaugh2012
(escape, review)
-
4E10: Neutralization activity was compared against MAb 10E8 and other broad and potent neutralizers in a 181-isolate Env-pseudovirus panel. 4E10 neutralized 98% of viruses at IC50<50 μg/ml and 37% of viruses at IC50<1 μg/ml, compared with 98% and 72% of MAb 10E8, respectively.
Huang2012a
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared and 4E10 was 100-fold more sensitive to trimer VLPs than other MAbs suggesting increased exposure of the gp41 base. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was merely a trend of binding to the parent WT VLPs and uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and 4E10 neutralization, while trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Prior to this study, no one has been able to elicit potent and broad neutralizing antibodies, like 2F5 or 4E10, targeting the gp41 MPER region. To address this problem, a recombinant immunogen, designated NCM, consisting of the N- and C-terminal heptad repeats that can form a six-helix bundle (6HB) and the MPER region of gp41 was constructed and expressed. Two mutations (T569A and I675V) previously reported to expose the neutralization epitopes were introduced. NCM and its mutants could react with MAbs NC-1, 2F5, 4E10 specific for 6HB and MPER of gp41, suggesting that these antigens are in the form of a trimer of heterodimer (i.e., 6HB) with three exposed MPER tails. Antigen with double mutations elicited strong antibody response in rabbits and these antibodies exhibited broad and potent neutralizing activity.
Wang2011a
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: The ability of several broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind gp10 or gp41 to inhibit cell-cell fusion between Clone69TRevEnv cells induced to express the viral envelope proteins, gp120/gp41 and highly CD4-positive SupT1 cells was investigated. Little or no inhibitory effect on cell-cell fusion was observed. MAbs b12, m14 IgG and 2G12 had moderate inhibitory activity; MAbs 4E10 and 2F5 had no inhibitory activity.
Yee2011
(antibody interactions)
-
4E10: The role of V1V2 in the resistance of HIV-1 to neutralizing Abs was studied using a panel of neutralization-sensitive and -resistant HIV-1 variants and through exchanging regions of Env between neutralization-sensitive and -resistant viruses. An increase in the length of the V1V2 loop and/or the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) in that same region of Env was directly involved in the neutralization resistance. The virus that was sensitive to neutralization by autologous serum was also sensitive to neutralization by MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10, while the virus that was resistant to neutralization by autologous serum was also resistant to neutralization by all of these antibodies except MAb 2G12.
vanGils2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
4E10: A standardized proficiency testing program for measurements of HIV-1-specific NAbs in the TZM-bl assay was developed. Three rounds of optimization involving 21 different test laboratories were required to design the final proficiency testing kit. MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10 and TriMab (b12+2G12+2F5) were used for testing.
Todd2012
(assay or method development)
-
4E10: The inhibitory activity of HIV-1-specific Abs against HIV-1 replication in langerhans cells (LCs) and interstitial dendritic cells (IDCs) was analyzed. Five well-known NAbs 447-52D, 4E10, b12, 2G12, 2F5 strongly inhibited HIV-1BaL and HIV-1TV1 replication in LCs and IDCs, and their inhibitory activities were stronger than those measured on PBMCs. Inhibition was more efficient by IgGs than corresponding IgAs, due to an Fc receptor-dependent mechanism, where HIV-1 inhibition occurs by binding of the Fc portion of IgGs to Fc receptors.
Peressin2011
(genital and mucosal immunity, dendritic cells)
-
4E10: The reactivity profiles of MAbs 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12 to those of four pathogenic autoAbs derived from patients with antiphospholipid-syndrome (APS), and to serum from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were compared using an autoantigen microarray comprising 106 connective tissue disease-related autoantigens. The reactivity profiles of bNt anti-HIV-1 MAbs were distinct from those of pathogenic autoAbs. Anti-HIV-1 MAb reactivity was limited mainly to HIV-1-related antigens. The APS autoAbs reacted strongly with cardiolipin (CL), yet only 4E10 bound CL at high concentrations; both 2F5 and 4E10 bound their HIV-1 epitopes with a 2-3-log higher apparent affinity than CL. Moreover, the polyreactivity of 4E10, but not CL15, could be blocked with dried milk.
Singh2011
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
4E10: Sensitivity to neutralization was studied in 107 full-length Env molecular clones from multiple risk groups in various locations in China. Neutralization sensitivity to plasma pools and bNAbs was not correlated. 4E10 and sCD4 were active against all viruses tested. Observed substitutions at positions 671,674, 675, 676 had minimal effect on viral sensitivity to 4E10.
Shang2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: The long-term effect of broadly bNAbs on cell-free HIV particles and their capacity to irreversibly inactivate virus was studied. MPER-specific MAbs potently induced gp120 shedding upon prolonged contact with the virus, rendering neutralization irreversible. The kinetic and thermodynamic requirements of the shedding process were virtually identical to those of neutralization, identifying gp120 shedding as a key process associated with HIV neutralization by MPER bNAbs. Neutralizing and shedding capacity of 7 MPER-, CD4bs- and V3 loop-directed MAbs were assessed against 14 divergent strains. 4E10 neutralized all 14 viruses and shedding activity was high against 13/14 viruses.
Ruprecht2011
(neutralization, kinetics)
-
4E10: Anti-MPER MAbs 4E10, 2F5 and Z13e1 were probed for binding to HIV-1 and SIV virions with protein A-conjugated gold (PAG) nanoparticles using negative-stain electron microscopy. The MAbs moderately associated with virions, including those devoid of MPER epitopes, and this interaction was strong enough to resist washout. MPER epitope-bearing virions liganded with CD4 showed a much higher association of anti-MPER antibodies compared to the unliganded virions. The results are consistent with a two-stage binding model where these anti-MPER MAbs bind first to the viral lipid bilayer and then to the MPER epitopes following spontaneous or induced exposure.
Rathinakumar2012
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: MPER antigenicity was analyzed in the context of the plasma membrane and a role for the gp41 transmembrane domain (TM) in exposing the epitopes of three bNt MAbs (2F5, 4E10, and Z13e1) was identified. Critical binding residues for the three Nt MAbs were identified using a panel of 24 MPER-TM1 mutants bearing single amino acid substitutions in the MPER; many were previously shown to affect MAb-mediated viral neutralization. Non-Nt mutants of MAbs 2F5 and 4E10 exhibited a reduction in binding to MPER-TM1 and yet maintained binding to synthetic MPER peptides, indicating that MPER-TM1 better approximates the MPER neutralization-competent structure (NCS) than peptides. Replacement of the gp41 TM and CT of MPER-TM1 with the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) TM reduced binding by MAb 4E10, but not 2F5, indicating that the gp41 TM plays a pivotal role in orienting the 4E10 epitope, and more globally, in affecting MPER exposure.
Montero2012
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: A novel function for lentiviral Nef is reported: it renders the HIV-1 virion refractory to the broadly-neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. Nef conferred 50-fold resistance to 2F5 and 4E10, but had no effect on HIV-1 neutralization by MPER-specific NAb Z13e1, by the peptide inhibitor T20, nor by a panel of nAbs and other reagents targeting gp120. Given the membrane-dependence of MPER-recognition by 2F5 and 4E10, in contrast to the membrane-independence of Z13e1, it is suggested that Nef alters MPER recognition in the context of the virion membrane.
Lai2011
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Deglycosylations were introduced into the 24 N-linked glycosylation sites of a R5 env MWS2 cloned from semen. Mutants N156-T158A, N197-S199A, N262-S264A and N410-T412A conferred decreased infectivity and enhanced sensitivity to a series of antibodies and entry inhibitors. Mutant N156-T158A showed enhanced neutralization sensitivity to MAb 17b in the absence of soluble CD4, suggesting that deglycosylation in these sites on gp120 may be beneficial for the exposure of a CD4 induced epitope which only exists in the CD4-liganded form of gp120.
Huang2012
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
4E10: A screening platform was developed that chemically mimics viral and host membrane lipids and replicated NAb membrane interactions. The assay is based on a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy and monitors antibody binding to thiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). By simply mimicking lipid chemistry, these thiol SAMs allowed to isolate and distinguish chemical groups that could potentially contribute to specific antibody–lipid interactions. Only 2F5 and 4E10 bound strongly to hydrophobic thiols, correlated with findings that suggest that 2F5 and 4E10 embed into the hydrophobic membrane core. This translates to vaccine design by suggesting that immunogens designed to elicit 2F5/4E10-like antibodies may require an accessible hydrophobic component available for B-cell receptor recognition.
Hardy2012
(assay or method development)
-
4E10: 2F5 and 4E10 molecular interactions with epitope cores in MPER and lipid bilayers were studied using combined atomic force and confocal microscopies. Both mAbs form lipid-segregated aggregates on supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) and do not induce other significant membrane perturbations. Furthermore, the affinity of MPER toward membranes is differently affected by both mAbs and correlates with the mAbs-epitope core lipid interactions. 2F5 is able to dock the MPER peptide on the membrane, whereas 4E10 extracts the MPER from the lipid bilayer.
Franquelim2011
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: The sensitivity to PG9 and PG16 of pseudotyped viruses was analysed carrying envelope glycoproteins from the viral quasispecies of three HIV-1 clade CRF01_AE-infected patients. It was confirmed that an acidic residue or a basic residue at position 168 in the V2 loop is a key element determining the sensitivity to PG9 and PG16. In addition, evidence is provided of the involvement of a conserved residue at position 215 of the C2 region in the PG9/PG16 epitopes. Both wild-type and mutated clones of each subtype were found to be highly sensitive to 4E10. A trend towards a higher resistance of mutated clones compared to wild-type clones was nevertheless observed for 0377-I1, 0978-M1 and 1021-I1 CRF01-AE clones. However, the opposite was observed for 5008CL2, 11005CL3 and 11005CL7 clade B clones with a trend towards a higher sensitivity of the mutated counterparts. Collectively, comparing 2F5/4E10 IC50 toward wild-type or mutated clones did not reveal any significant difference.
Thenin2012a
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Given the potential importance of cell-associated virus during mucosal HIV-1 transmission, sensitivity of bNAbs targeting HIV-1 envelope surface unit gp120 (VRCO1, PG16, b12, and 2G12) and transmembrane domain gp41 (4E10 and 2F5) was examined for both cell-free and mDC-mediated infections of TZM-bl and CD4+ T cells. It was reported that higher gp120-bNAb concentrations, but not gp41-directed bNAb concentrations, are required to inhibit mDC-mediated virus spread, compared with cell-free transmission. Blocking the FcRs expressed on mDCs prior to antibody exposure had negligible impact on the ability of 4E10 to inhibit mDC-mediated trans-infection 4E10 and 2F5 bound a significantly greater percentage of mDCs, compared with b12. All abs bound a significantly greater percentage of mDCs, compared with the secondary antibody alone. Lai and Lai/Balenv required significantly higher 4E10 concentrations to block mDC-mediated versus cell-free infection of autologous T cells. 4E10 localized at DC–T cell synaptic junctions in the absence of Gag-eGFP VLPs.
Sagar2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: To overcome the many limitations of current systems for HIV-1 virus-like particle (VLP) production, a novel strategy was developed to produce HIV-1 VLP using stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells by cotransfecting S2 cells with plasmids encoding an envelope glycoprotein (consensus B or consensus C), a Rev-independent Gag (Pr55) protein, and a Rev protein, along with a pCoBlast selection marker. Except for antigenic epitope PG16, all other broadly neutralizing antigenic epitopes 2G12, b12, VRC01, and 4E10 tested are preserved on spikes of HIV-1 VLP produced by S2 clones.
Yang2012
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: A way to produce conformationally intact, deglycosylated soluble, cleaved recombinant Env trimers by inhibition of the synthesis of complex N-glycans during Env production, followed by treatment with glycosidases under conditions that preserve Env trimer integrity is described to facilitate crystallography and immunogenicity studies. Deglycosylation had no apparent difference in the binding of the gp41-MPER directed MAb 2F5.
Depetris2012
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
4E10: MAbs 4E10 and b12 were examined for antibody-dependent neutralization, or antibody-dependent complement (C)-mediated neutralization, of infection of PBMC by either free HIV-1 or trans infection by HIV bound to erythrocytes. Neutralization of free HIV-1 by b12 was stronger than by 4E10, but b12 neutralized erythrocyte-bound HIV-1 less efficiently than cell-free virus. 4E10 did not neutralize erythrocyte-bound HIV-1 and at a low concentration it caused enhancement of infection. Antibody (4E10)-dependent C activation inhibited trans infection by erythrocyte-bound HIV-1, but caused enhanced infection with cell-free HIV-1 in the presence of erythrocytes. No effects of C were observed with b12.
Beck2011
(neutralization)
-
4E10: To test whether HIV-1 particle maturation alters the conformation of the Env proteins, a sensitive and quantitative imaging-based Ab-binding assay was used to probe the conformations of full-length and cytoplasmic tail (CT) truncated Env proteins on mature and immature HIV-1 particles. Binding of MPER-specific MAb 4E10 to immature particles was greater than to mature virions and the increase was abolished by truncation of the gp41 CT. 4E10 bound immature particles approximately 1.5 to 2 times as well as mature particles when the median binding signals were compared indicating that the recognized neutralization-sensitive epitopes undergo conformational masking during HIV-1 particle maturation.
Joyner2011
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: 162 full-length envelope (env) clones were generated from plasma RNA obtained from 5 HIV-1 Clade B infected mother-infant pairs and their V1-V5 genotypes and phylogeny were extensively characterized. Only one clone was resistant to 4E10 (P1046 J1).
Kishko2011
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: Two HCDR2 allelic variants of the VH2-5 inferred unmutated ancestor germ line of the 2F5 bNAb (2F5 UAs) are described. Both variant putative germ line Abs bound to gp41 peptide and protein antigens and are thus capable of recognizing either linear or conformational gp41 epitopes. However, their binding affinities for the gp41-inter protein are an order of magnitude weaker than those of 4E10.
Alam2011
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: The role of envelope expression context and producer cell type was characterized for nine novel replication-competent chimeric HIV-1 isolates from the dominant circulating HIV-1 subtypes in Africa, where most new HIV-1 infections are occurring. Pseudoviruses generated in 293T cells were the most sensitive to antibody neutralization. Replicating viruses generated in primary lymphocytes were most resistant to neutralization by most monoclonal antibodies including 4E10. PBMC-derived chimeras displayed increased neutralization resistance compared to 293T-derived chimeras for 4E10.
Provine2012
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Epitope accessibility of the gp41 neutralizing antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, is explored either on the functional spike or during receptor-mediated entry and it is determined if these antibodies bind to the static spike on the surface of the HIV-1 or require target cell/receptor engagement to gain access to their MPER binding sites. The neutralization activity of 4E10 against lab-adapted viruses and sensitive and moderately resistant viruses was largely unaffected by relatively rapid antibody-virus washing, suggesting direct interaction with the “static” spike. However, for more neutralization-resistant viruses, the 4E10 could neutralize only under the “no antibody-virus wash” conditions, implying that the MPER epitopes were not accessible prior to receptor engagement.
Chakrabarti2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
4E10: HIV-1 adaptation to neutralization by MAbs VRC01, PG9, PG16 was studied using HIV-1 variants from historic (1985-1989) and contemporary (2003-2006) seroconverters. 4E10 was included for comparison and neutralized 19% of contemporary viruses at IC50 < 1 μ g/ml and 81% at IC50 < 5 μ g/ml. TriMab construct, consisting of MAbs b12, 2F5 and 2G12 in equal concentrations, showed the highest neutralization correlation with 2F5 and TriMab and 2F5 clustered with 4E10, most likely due to the proximal localization of the epitopes.
Euler2011
(neutralization)
-
4E10: The neutralization potency of PG9, PG16, VRC01 and PGV04 was approximately 10-fold greater than that of MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10.
Falkowska2012
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. Although 4E10 neutralized 96% of 162 isolates at IC50<50 μg/ml, it was almost 100-fold less potent than several new antibodies, PGT 121-123 and 125-128, for which median antibody concentration required to inhibit HIV activity by 50% or 90% (IC50 and IC90 values) was almost 100-fold lower that of b12, 2G12 and 4E10.
Walker2011
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
4E10: The characteristics of HIV-1-specific NAbs were evaluated in 100 breast-fed infants of HIV-1-positive mothers who were HIV-1 negative at birth and they were monitored until age 2. A panel of eight viruses that included variants representative of those in the study region as well as more diverse strains was used to determine the breadth of the infant NAbs. 4E10 had low neutralization potency for 2 (BF535.A1 and Q842d16) out of 8 pseudoviruses in the panel, no neutralization potency for 1 (BJ613.E1) and high for the rest of them.
Lynch2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: HIV-1 subtype C env genes from 19 mother-infant pairs: 10 transmitting in utero (IU) and 9 transmitting intrapartum (IP) were analyzed. A severe genetic bottleneck during transmission was confirmed in all pairs. Compared to the maternal viral population, viruses transmitted IP tended to have shorter variable loops and fewer putative N-linked glycosylation sites than viruses transmitted IU. The pseudotyped viruses displayed some sensitivity to 4E10 and soluble CD4 but were resistant to 2G12, 2F5, and IgG1b12.
Russell2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: The impact of specific changes at distal sites on antibody binding and neutralization was examined on Q461 variants. The changes at position 675 in conjunction with Thr to Ala at position 569 increased the 4E10 neutralization sensitivity by ∼6-fold compared to viruses with only mutation at position 675. There was detectable but modest neutralization by 4E10 with only T569A change. Little to no detectable binding was observed for 4E10.
Lovelace2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
-
4E10: A monostratified epithelium using HT-29 cells transduced to express CCR5 was constructed to model the transcytosis of HIV-1 across columnar epithelial cells because CCR5-tropic viruses are the dominant viruses transmitted in vivo and are preferentially transcytosed across intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. 4E10 displayed no inhibitory effect against transcytosis of NL4-3.Balecto.
Shen2010a
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: The development and characterization of a tier 1 R5 SHIV, termed SHIV-1157ipEL is reported. SHIV-1157ipEL is a chimera of the "early", neutralization-sensitive SHIV-1157ip envelope and the "late", neutralization-resistant engineered backbone of SHIV-1157ipd3N4. Molecular modeling revealed a possible mechanism for the increased neutralization resistance of SHIV-1157ipd3N4 Env: V2 loops hindering access to the CD4 binding site, shown experimentally with NAb b12. 4E10 only neutralized SHIV-SF162P4 (clade B) out of 4 clade C and 2 clade B SHIV strains tested.
Siddappa2010
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: A high resolution gp41 structure, termed HR1-54Q was presented consisting of the N-terminal helical heptad repeat (HR1), the C-terminal helical heptad repeat (HR2), and the (membrane-proximal external region) MPER. HR1-54Q bound to 3 broadly neutralizing Abs that target gp41: 2F5, 4E10, Z13e1, as well as 98-6 MAb that recognizes the six-helix bundle. The binding epitope of 4E10 superimposed very well on the MPER in HR1-54Q and binds tightly to HR1-54Q. HR1-54Q possesses several structural characteristics required for induction of 4E10 including the correct conformation and exposure to solvent that both triggers the immune system and generates Abs that appropriately recognize gp41.
Shi2010
(structure)
-
4E10: This review discusses current understanding of Env neutralization by antibodies in relation to epitope exposure and how this insight might benefit vaccine design strategies. This MAb is in the list of current MAbs with notable cross-neutralizing activity.
Pantophlet2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
4E10: The two distinct and conflicting models of C-terminal tail (CTT) topology for HIV-1 gp41 were tested by characterizing the accessibility of KE (Kennedy epitope) sequences of gp41 to Ab binding on the surface of Env-expressing cells and intact mature virions. 4E10 binds effectively to KE in the context of intact virions.
Steckbeck2010
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: This review outlines the general structure of the gp160 viral envelope, the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response, the mechanisms of viral escape and the characterization of broadly neutralizing Abs. It is noted that this MAb shows a remarkable breadth of reactivity. 4E10 can provide complete protection against SHIV challenge in macaques when administered alone or in combination with other mAbs.
Gonzalez2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, review)
-
4E10: This review discusses recent rational structure-based approaches in HIV vaccine design that helped in understanding the link between Env antigenicity and immunogenicity. This MAb was mentioned in the context of immunogens based on the epitopes recognized by bNAbs.
Walker2010a
(review)
-
4E10: This review discusses the types of B-cell responses desired by HIV-1 vaccines and various methods used for eliciting HIV-1 inhibitory antibodies that include induction and characterization of vaccine-induces B-cell responses. 4E10 was mentioned when discussing virus-like particles and liposomes, as 4E10 requires lipid binding in addition to gp41 MPER recognition for neutralization breadth.
Tomaras2010
(review)
-
4E10: 37 Indian clade C HIV-1 Env clones obtained at different time points from five patients with recent infection, were studied in neutralization assays for sensitivities to their autologous plasma antibodies and mAbs. 33 out of 37 Env clones were neutralized by 4E10 possibly due to the presence of WFXI motif in gp41. The other 4 Env clones were moderately resistant to 4E10 despite having minimum WFXI motif.
Ringe2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: This review discusses strategies for design of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines against HIV-1 and recent major advances in the field regarding isolation of potent broadly neutralizing Abs.
Sattentau2010
(review)
-
4E10: The effect of absence and presence of sCD4 on accessibility and binding of HIV-1 gp41 MPER-binding epitopes on CCR5-tropic pseudoviruses from five different clades to the mAbs was studied. The 4E10 epitopes for all the viruses used are provided. 4E10 showed moderate to high binding affinity to pseudoviruses from clade A (epitope mutants:tWFDIs, NWFDIs), clade B (NWFDIT) and clade D (NWFsIT), weak binding to clade B (sWFsIT), clade C (sWFsIT) and clade CRF01_AE (NWFDIT, NWFDIs), and no binding to clade C (sWFsIT). Pseudoviruses from clade A (NWFDIs), clade B (NWFDIT), clade C, clade D and clade CRF01_AE were neutralized by 4E10. The presence of sCD4 significantly increased the binding affinity of 4E10 to clade A (tWFDIs) and clade C (sWFsIT), although no significant increase in binding affinity was observed for the other pseudoviruses.
Peachman2010a
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: The crystal structure for VRC01 in complex with an HIV-1 gp120 core from a clade A/E recombinant strain was analyzed to understand the structural basis for its neutralization breadth and potency. Two mutations in the gp41 ectodomain (I595F and K655E) and one in the CD4 binding pocket (F423Y) were selected by treatment of viruses with attachment inhibitors BMS-313216 and BMS-378806. Pseudotyped viruses containing all three mutations showed enhanced neutralization sensitivity to MAbs 2F5 and 4E10. The three mutations were shown not to affect the rate of HIV entry into cells indicating that the observed level of sensitivity of the viruses to the two bNAbs was not due to this effect.
Zhou2010a
(enhancing activity, neutralization)
-
4E10: This paper shows that a highly neutralization-resistant virus is converted to a neutralization sensitive virus with a rare single mutation D179N in the C-terminal portion of the V2 domain. A panel of mutants were tested to determine whether they can improve the neutralization sensitivity of an extremely neutralization-resistant clinical isolate. 4E10 neutralized wild-type sensitive clone and 11/16 mutants tested (D179N, N179D, D179E, D179Q, D179H, D179S, D179A, D179N-P182S, V1/V2_006, V2_006 and V1_005).
ORourke2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: MAb m9 showed superior neutralization potency compared to 4E10 in a TZM-bl assay including subtypes A, B, C, D, AE and AG where it neutralized 89% of the isolates tested while 4E10 neutralized 53%. 4E10 also showed lower inhibition potency of cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 compared to m9.
Zhang2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: This review focuses on recent vaccine design efforts and investigation of broadly neutralizing Abs and their epitopes to aid in the improvement of immunogen design. NAb epitopes, NAbs response to HIV-1, isolation of novel mAbs, and vaccine-elicited NAb responses in human clinical trials are discussed in this review.
Mascola2010
(review)
-
4E10: Naturally occurring human and experimentally induced murine and rabbit GBV-C E2 Abs were studied for their ability to neutralize diverse HIV-isolates and showed that broadly neutralizing HIV Abs were elicited on immunization with GBV-C E2. MAb 4E10 neutralized a dual-tropic R5-X4 HIV-1 isolate in primary human PBMCs. The TriMAb control including 4E10 did not neutralize the HIV-1 R5 isolate in TZM-bl cells but did in PBMCs. Ag interaction with Anti-GBV-C E2 Abs is similar to that of with 4E10, that reacts with HIV-1 gp41 peptides and permeabilized cells.
Mohr2010
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Cross-reactive NAb responses were characterized in 39 acute and chronically HIV-1 infected individuals. Abs targeting the 4E10 epitope were found in three of the patients, and one of those also had Abs targeting the 2F5 epitope.
Sather2010
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: Four human anti-phospholipid mAbs were reported to inhibit HIV-1 infection of human PBMC's by binding to monocytes and releasing soluble chemokines. The ability of different anti-phospholid mAbs to inhibit pseudovirus infection was studied. 4E10 neutralized all three viruses tested in a TZM-bl assay, and inhibited fusion induced by Aldrithiol-2 inactivated HIV-1 in Sup-T1 T cells. Lipid binding of 4E10 was not dependent on the presence of β2GP1.
Moody2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Targeted neutralizing epitopes have been identified based on the change in sensitivity to neutralization due to variations in known immunoepitopes studied in 17 subjects. There was no neutralizing activity that targeted the 4E10 epitope in any of the patient sera when the K665N/W672 mutant was used for screening of neutralizing activity.
Nandi2010
(neutralization, escape)
-
4E10: The antigenic structure of Gag-Env pseudovirions was characterized and it was shown that these particles can recapitulate native HIV virion epitope structures. 4E10 bound to the BaL Gag-Env pseudovirions, indicating presence of native trimers. The Gag-Env pseudovirions were further used to identify a subset of antigen-specific B cells in chronically infected HIV subjects.
Hicar2010
(binding affinity, structure)
-
4E10: 4E10 was shown to capture virion particles completely devoid of HIV-1 Env. Virus capture assay was modified with added incubation of virions and MAbs in solution followed by removal of unbound MAbs, which nearly eliminated the Env-independent binding by this Ab. This modification also allowed for relative affinity of 4E10 for virions to be quantified. There was an overall reduction in the efficiency of capture of molecular clones (MC) relative to pseudotyped virions by 4E10. In addition, nontrimeric Envs from JR-CSF MC virus were more efficiently captured by 4E10 than trimeric JR-FL. It is suggested that the capture of virions by 4E10 is mostly mediated by nonfunctional Env. It was also shown that soluble Env and MPER peptides can associate with Env-deficient particles and mediate 4E10-specific virion capture.
Leaman2010
(assay or method development, binding affinity)
-
4E10: The role of HIV-1 envelope spike density on the virion and the effect it has on MAb avidity, and neutralization potencies of MAbs presented as different isotypes, are reviewed. Engineering approaches and design of immunogens able to elicit intra-spike cross-linking Abs are discussed.
Klein2010
(review)
-
4E10: 18 unique Env clones of subtype C HIV-1 derived from six African countries and Scotland were tested for their neutralization susceptibility by MAbs. Five of the gp160 chimeras tested for their neutralization by 4E10 were susceptible to neutralization by this Ab as their core WFXI MPER motif was conserved.
Koh2010a
(neutralization)
-
4E10: The effect of presence and absence of V1 loop was assessed using two approaches: remove V1 loop from the soluble trimeric gp140 construct (ΔV1SF162gp140) and second, substitute the V1 loop on SF162gp140 construct with four different V1 loops from 89.6, YU2, JRFL, and HxB2 (heterologous HIV-1 viruses). Deletion or substitution of V1 loop did not affect neutralization by 4E10 and there was only a small change in binding affinity to 4E10. gp41 immunogenicity was increased by V1 loop deletion, although gp41 antibodies did not bind to the 4E10 epitope. D368R modification to SF162gp120 did not affect the binding and neutralization by 4E10.
Ching2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: A new computational design of epitope-scaffolds was introduced to design immunogens in which the 4E10 epitope was transplanted into many different small scaffold proteins. 103 4E10 epitope scaffolds were designed that presented a stabilized 4E10 epitope in an immunogenic format of similar structural specificity as MAb 4E10. There was high affinity for 4E10 by the designed epitope-scaffolds when assessed for binding affinity and kinetics. Assessment of crystal structures of epitope-scaffolds showed excellent epitope structural mimicry.
Correia2010
(mimotopes, vaccine antigen design, kinetics, binding affinity, structure)
-
4E10: MPER peptide analogs with charged helical C-terminal Api or Aib tails displayed enhanced binding to 4E10 and Z13e1 MAbs. When replacement of Phe673 with residues Phe(2-F)-OH or Phe(β-OH)-OH was combined with the helical Api tail, the peptide analogs were found to bind 4E10 with high affinity.
Ingale2010
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: Clustering analysis was performed to find patterns of neutralization reactivity for the dataset of 103 patients sera against 20 viruses. The clustering by five MAbs (including 4E10) against the 20 isolates was less statistically robust than that with serum titers, resulting in three clusters for both cases. The membership in an isolate cluster defined by serum titers was compared with its sensitivity to every MAb to understand the relationship of serum and MAb reactivity. Membership in all the three clusters did not correlate with sensitivity to 4E10.
Doria-Rose2010
(neutralization)
-
4E10: The review describes several different methods that have been used to isolate and characterize HIV MAbs within the human Ab repertoire. Relative advantages and limitations of methods such as EBV transformation, human hybridoma, non-immortalized B cell culture, combinatorial libraries from B cells and clonal sorting are discussed.
Hammond2010
(review)
-
4E10: Addition of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) had no effect on the potency of 4E10 neutralization in TZM-bl assay but addition of LPS in PBMC assay increased neutralization potency of 4E10. Endotoxin contamination was shown to mediate release of antiviral chemokines in PBMCs and is thus suggested to be able to cause false-positive results in PBMC-based neutralization assays.
Geonnotti2010
(neutralization)
-
4E10: In order to overcome problems of the PBMC-based neutralization assay a novel approach was developed utilizing a platform based on Renilla luciferase (LucR) expressing HIV-1 proviral backbone. Env-IMC-LucR reporter viruses expressing HIV-1 envs from different virus strains were incubated with NAbs, such as 4E10, and used to infect donor PBMCs. The inhibition was assessed by measuring virus-encoded LucR activity in the cell lysates. There was a dosage dependent effect of 4E10 on virus infectivity. Significant variation in sensitivity to 4E10 was observed among different donor PBMCs, and this high variability was suggested to be a real biological effect attributable to use of different donor PBMCs, rather than assay-to-assay variability.
Edmonds2010
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: Crystal structure of the extracellular domain of gp41 has been solved including fusion peptide proximal region (FPPR) heptad repeat 1 and MPER to examine their influence on gp41 post fusion conformation. Their presence increased the melting temperature of gp41 complex greatly compared to the core structure of gp41. Comparison of the solved crystal structure with the MPER conformation in complex with 4E10 suggests that 4E10 epitope is present throughout gp41 refolding from a native conformation, and that 4E10 could present its CDR3 loop implicated in bilayer interaction towards the membrane.
Buzon2010
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
4E10: 21c binding, autoreactivity, polyreactivity and protective benefits are discussed and compared to other autoreactive MAbs, such as 2F5 and 4E10. Regulation of CD4i MAbs, such as 21c and 17b, by tolerance mechanisms is discussed.
Haynes2010
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
4E10: Subtype B HIV-1 variants from contemporary seroconverters (individuals that seroconverted between 2003 and 2006) showed a trend toward decreased sensitivity to neutralization by 4E10 compared to the variants isolated from historical seroconverters (individuals that seroconverted between 1985 and 1989).
Bunnik2010a
(neutralization, dynamics)
-
4E10: 17b was linked with sCD4 and the construct was tested for its neutralization breadth and potency. sCD4-17b showed significantly greater neutralization breadth and potency compared to 4E10, neutralizing 100% of HIV-1 primary isolates of subtypes A, B, C, D, F, CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG, while 4E10 neutralized some isolates of subtypes A and D, and all isolates of subtypes B, C, CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG. Unlike sCD4-17b, 4E10 was not equivalently active against virus particles generated from different producer cell types.
Lagenaur2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: A set of Env variants with deletions in V1/V2 was constructed. Replication competent Env variants with V1/V2 deletions were obtained using virus evolution of V1/V2 deleted variants. Sensitivity of the evolved ΔV1V2 viruses was evaluated to study accessibility of their neutralization epitopes. 4E10 bound more efficiently to all uncleaved ΔV1V2 variant trimers compared to the full-length trimer, although the differences were minor.
Bontjer2010
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: Various UV-activatable azido- and iodo-based hydrophobic compounds have been studied for their ability to inactivate HIV-1 virus while preserving their surface antigenic structures. The virus was inactivated by treating it with azido-containing hydrophobic compounds and UV irradiation. The preservation of known neutralizing epitopes on the viral surface was tested using the known neutralizing Abs. There was no significant effect on 4E10 recognition and capture of the virus treated with azido-compounds and irradiated with UV for 2 or 15 minutes compared to the untreated virus, hence no damage to its epitopes.
Belanger2010
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: Review discusses the recent research done to improve the production, quality, and cross-reactivity of binding Abs, neutralizing Abs, monoclonal Abs with broad neutralizing activity, ADCC, and ADCVI Abs, and catalytic Abs. Studies focusing on several aspects of bnAb roles in vaccine development, and studies done to better understand the broad binding capacity and the exposure of epitopes of bnAbs are reviewed.
Baum2010
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, review)
-
4E10: Neutralizing activities of 4E10 were similar against parent and GnTI (complex glycans of the neutralizing face are replaced by fully trimmed oligomannose stumps) viruses, and the N301Q mutant virus (glycan at position 301 is removed). This suggests that the antennae of the complex glycans of gp120 and the upper part pf gp41 have little or no influence on 4E10 access to MPER. Removing terminal sialic acid moieties on complex glycans by neuraminidase did not affect virus neutralization sensitivity to 4E10. The ability of 4E10 to complex with and deplete Env trimers on blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) correlated with its ability to neutralize.
Binley2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: GPI-anchored and secretory scFvs of 4E10 were generated. GPI-scFvs were localized in the lipid raft of the plasma membrane. Cells transduced with the secretory 4E10 scFv showed more than 50% neutralization activity against all 11 pseudotype viruses belonging to clades A, B, B', C and E. Cells transduced with 4E10 GPI-scFv neutralized all 11 pseudotype viruses with increased potency compared to secretory scFvs (more than 90% neutralization activity).
Wen2010
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Four subjects were found infected with viruses carrying MPER polymorphisms associated with resistance to neutralization by 4E10. In two of the subjects (a mother and child pair), clones resistant to neutralization by 4E10 carried W680G substitution. Another subject had W680R viruses, with varying range of susceptibility to 4E10 neutralization. W680 substitutions in the above subjects were found highly associated with substitutions at positions 677 and 683, where the presence of a charged residue at position 680 resulted in a change in the charge distribution at positions 677 and 683. Substitutions in the resistant viruses were not associated with fitness cost, as a resistant virus was fit enough to be transmitted from the mother to her child. In the fourth subject, F673L substitution was found in one of the viral clones, conferring resistance to 4E10 neutralization.
Nakamura2010
(neutralization, escape, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: L669S substitution in gp41 dramatically increased (>250-fold) neutralization sensitivity of mutant virus to 4E10. Binding affinity of 4E10 to linear peptide with the L669S mutation was higher compared to its binding affinity to the wild type peptide. 4E10 binding affinity was also significantly increased for L669S mutation in peptide-lipid complex compared to the wild type. The lifetime of 2F5 neutralization was shown to be ∼3 fold longer for the L669S virus compared to wild type, indicating that the L669S mutation altered the MPER structure such that 4E10 and 2F5 epitopes were exposed for a longer time.
Shen2010
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics)
-
4E10: Neutralization potency of 4E10 was compared to that of HK20 scFv in TZM-based assay using 45 Tier 1 and Tier 2 HIV isolates. 4E10 neutralized 44/45 isolates.
Sabin2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: Prefusion (gp140), prehairpin intermediate (gp41-inter) and postfusion (gp41-post) constructs were developed to define conformational states recognized by non-neutralizing cluster II Abs. gp41-inter was re-constructed replacing the six helix bundle with GCN4. 4E10 bound to, and showed the same kinetic profile, for both gp41-inter and GCN4-gp41-inter constructs, suggesting identical MPER conformation of the two constructs.
Frey2010
(kinetics, binding affinity, structure)
-
4E10: Unlike for b12, decreasing neutralization sensitivity during the course of infection was not observed for 4E10 in 15 patients studied.
Bunnik2010
(neutralization)
-
4E10: 4E10 was used in competition assays with gp41 Abs cloned from B cells from patients with broadly neutralizing sera. None of the Abs from these patients competed for binding with 4E10. 4E10 competed for binding with MAbs 2F5 and D17.
Pietzsch2010
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
4E10: 4E10 wild type, Fv 4E10, and two Fv 4E10 mutants (4E10-W100A and 4E10-G50E) all bound with comparable affinities to peptides and monomeric and trimeric gp140. However, the affinities for gp140 were about 10-fold weaker than for peptides. W100A and G50E mutations reduced interactions of 4E10 with viral membranes but did not affect binding of 4E10 to peptides or gp140. W100A mutation was shown to reduce the ability of 4E10 to lift the MPER up from the membrane, while G50E had no such effect. In neutralization assays, W100A mutation reduced 4E10 potency while the G50E mutation increased the overall neutralization potency of 4E10. It is suggested that 4E10 primarily interacts with its peptide epitope but that the optimal interaction requires partial lifting of MPER out of the viral membrane, mediated by tryptophan 100.
Xu2010
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Variants of IgG1 4E10 with nonconservative substitutions of tryptophan in the CDRH3 region exhibited similar affinities for epitope peptide compared to 4E10 wild type. However, binding of the variants to viral membrane surfaces and epitope in a membrane context were diminished compared to 4E10 wild type, and correlated with their markedly diminished neutralization activities. Single Asp substitutions had a more deleterious effect on neutralization than single Ala substitutions, and double substitutions acted cooperatively. It is suggested that Trp residues in the CDRH3 region play a crucial role in 4E10 neutralization by enabling 4E10-lipid interactions.
Scherer2010
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: A dimerization domain is described in the C-terminal domain of gp41 (C54), where two C54 monomers form an asymmetric, antiparallel coiled coil. 2F5 and 4E10 bind to C54 with higher affinity compared to linear MPER peptides, and the interaction is biphasic described by a two-step conformational change model. 2F5 formed a more stable complex with C54 than 4E10. A conformational change accompanied the interaction of 2F5 and 4E10 with C54. It is suggested that the conformation of C54 dimer is a potential intermediate, capable of interacting with 2F5 and 4E10.
Liu2010
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
4E10: The specificities of 4E10 binding to MPER peptides and phospholipids on the viral membrane are reviewed. Implications of 4E10 anti-host cell activity are discussed. This review also summarizes data on the evolution of HIV neutralizing Abs, principles of Env immunogen design to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs, and future critical areas of research for development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine.
Hoxie2010
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
4E10: 6 male Indian rhesus macaques were given a dose of 4E10 one day prior and one day after challenge with SHIVBa-L, which was chosen because it was reasonably neutralization sensitive to both 2F5 and 4E10. All animals but one showed the absence of viral replication. Sera of all animals showed no gp120-specific responses, and no cellular immune responses were observed in any animals but one. 4E10 serum half-life was estimated to 4.1 days. 4E10 was shown poor at mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI) compared to b12.
Hessell2010
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
4E10: 58 mAbs, including 3 broadly neutralizing mAbs, were isolated from memory B cells of HIV-1 infected donors using an improved EBV immortalization method combined with a broad screening strategy. 4E10 neutralization activity was compared to the three new broadly neutralizing mAbs. 4E10 did not compete for binding to gp41 with any of the new mAbs. 4E10 neutralized 100% of Tier 1 and 99% of Tier 2 viruses, being superior to the new mAbs.
Corti2010
(neutralization)
-
4E10: 433 Abs were cloned from HIV envelope-binding memory B cells from 6 patients with broadly neutralizing sera. The Abs had neutralizing activity directed against several epitopes on gp120 and the majority neutralized Tier 1 viruses. Tier-2 neutralization was observed only with mixtures of MAbs, but only at high concentrations. 4E10 was used as a control and it neutralized 5/5 Tier 1 and 5/5 Tier 2 viruses.
Scheid2009
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Exogenous epitope tags were introduced in different parts of three variable regions, V1, V2 and V4, of two HIV isolates, SF162 and SF33. In the majority of the cases, tags did not have any effect on the susceptibility of the isolates to neutralization by 4E10. Only two viruses with tags in their V1 and V2 regions were more sensitive to neutralization by 4E10 compared to wild type.
Wallace2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
4E10: This review discusses obstacles to elicitation of protective NAbs, recent data on viral epitopes vulnerable to broadly NAbs, qualitative and quantitative implications of NAb response for vaccine development, and possible future areas of investigation to improve understanding of Env structure and stimulation of appropriate B cell responses.
Stamatatos2009
(review)
-
4E10: The structure and dynamic of the virion spike and the MPERe are discussed. Data revealing MPER steric barriers to Ab access, and recent results on the model for the structure and accessibility of the MPER on the native spike and the mechanisms of action for 4E10 are reviewed. Implications of the data for immunogen design is discussed.
Schief2009
(antibody binding site, review)
-
4E10: TZM-bl and PBMC systems were compared to investigate the influence of target cell environment on HIV entry inhibition. 4E10 was shown to be significantly less active on TZM-bl cells. HIV isolates were less sensitive to inhibition by 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, with up to 100-fold lower sensitivity in the TZM-bl assay.
Rusert2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: This review summarizes targets of autologous neutralizing Abs (AnAbs) in early and chronic infections. V1V2 is a frequent target of AnAbs, while V4 and V5 have marginal role and anti-V3 Abs do not contribute to autologous neutralization. In addition to variable regions, C3 is a neutralization target in subtype C viruses, and is thought to interact with V4. gp41 is thought to have marginal effect as a target of AnAbs, with only one study showing 4E10-resistant variants suggesting escape from AnAbs targeting this region. AnAb specificities and sequential development, and their role in preventing superinfection is also reviewed. The relatively high Ab titer required for prevention of superinfection and control of viremia, and the low inhibitory potential of b12, 2F5, 4E10 and 2G12 compared to antiretroviral drugs is discussed.
Moore2009
(antibody binding site, autologous responses, review)
-
4E10: This review describes obstacles that have been encountered in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine that induces broadly neutralizing Abs, and unusual features of existing broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 4E10. Importance of identification and characterization of new epitopes, and of B-cell stimulation, is discussed.
Montefiori2009
(review)
-
4E10: Isolates of 12 viruses were shown to be sensitive to neutralization by 4E10 in both PBMC and TZM-bl assays, but the potency of 4E10 against several isolates was considerably lower in the TZM-bl assay. The study suggests that TZM-bl assay can fail to detect neutralizing activity of in vivo relevance. Causes of the observed differences between the PBMC and TZM-bl assays were due to virus producer cells and target cells, that could influence virus entry inhibition.
Mann2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: Ab specificities of a panel of HIV sera were systematically analyzed by selective adsorption with native gp120 and specific mutant variants. To test sera for presence of 4E10-like Abs, MPER peptides overlapping the core epitopes of 2F5 and 4E10 were used. Neutralization of HXB2, SF162 and JRFL by some of the sera was inhibited by the 4E10 peptide, indicating presence of 4E10-like Abs. Sera with limited neutralizing activity were mapped to V3. In some of the broadly neutralizing sera, the gp120-directed neutralization was mapped to CD4bs. Some sera were positive for NAbs against coreceptor binding region.
Li2009c
(assay or method development)
-
4E10: 4E10 membrane-binding mode of epitope recognition is reviewed in detail. The review also summarizes on how different modes of Ab binding and recognition are used to overcome viral evasion tactics and how this knowledge may be used to re-elicit responses in vivo.
Kwong2009a
(antibody binding site, review)
-
4E10: The review discusses the implications of HIV-1 diversity on vaccine design and induction of neutralizing Abs, and possible novel approaches for rational vaccine design that can enhance coverage of HIV diversity. Patterns of within-clade and between-clade diversity in core epitopes of known potent neutralizing Abs, including 4E10, is displayed.
Korber2009
(review)
-
4E10: HA-gp41, an antigen representing the trimeric fusion-intermediate conformation of gp41, was constructed and shown to bind to 4E10 with high nanomolar affinity. Rabbits immunized with HA-gp41 produced gp41-specific Abs that recognized epitopes overlapping with 4E10. Sera from immunized animals lacked neutralizing activity.
Hinz2009
(vaccine-induced immune responses, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
4E10: 4E10 alone was not able to trigger complement-mediated lysis (CML) of 93BR020 and 92UG037 strains, however, it did so in combination with 2G12. CML was more pronounced when HLA-B44 allo-specific serum was combined with 4E10. Lysis experiments of viruses from three donors showed that 4E10 in combination with allotype-specific Abs B44, B8, A11, Cw4 or Cw7 significantly increased CML. 4E10 in combination with Abs against HLA A1 and Cw3 resulted in significant reduction in CML.
Hildgartner2009
(complement)
-
4E10: FcγR-mediated inhibition and neutralization of HIV by 4E10 and other MAbs is reviewed. The review also summarizes the role of ADCC and ADCVI Abs on HIV infection inhibition and neutralization.
Forthal2009
(review)
-
4E10: A set of Env variants with deletions in V1/V2 were constructed. Replication competent Env variants with V1/V2 deletions were obtained using virus evolution of V1/V2 deleted variants. All variants were found more sensitive to neutralization by 4E10 than the wild type, indicating that deletion of V1/V2 increases MPER accessibility.
Bontjer2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
4E10: This review summarizes novel approaches to mapping broad neutralizing activities in sera and novel technologies for targeted MAb retrieval.
Binley2009
(assay or method development, review)
-
4E10: The crystal structure for VRC01 in complex with an HIV-1 gp120 core from a clade A/E recombinant strain was analyzed to understand the structural basis for its neutralization breadth and potency. The number of mutations from the germline and the number of mutated contact residues for 4E10 were smaller than those for VRC01.
Zhou2010
(neutralization, structure)
-
4E10: Broadly neutralizing sera from elite neutralizers exhibited significant sensitivities to mutations I165A, N332A, and N160K. 4E10 neutralization activity was tested for pseudoviruses with the mutations relative to the WT. 4E10 neutralization was not affected by the three mutations. Unlike PG9 and PG16, 4E10 neutralized kifunensine-treated pseudoviruses with similar potency as wild type pseudoviruses.
Walker2010
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Two formats of Ab libraries displayed on the surface of yeast were combined to construct the first scFab yeast display Ab library. 4E10 was used to validate the new display system. 4E10 in the scFab format had a 4-fold higher affinity to ag than 4E10 expressed in the scFv format. 4E10 scFab also exhibited similar binding and neutralization profiles as 4E10 scFv.
Walker2009b
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: EPR and NMR were used to define 4E10-induced MPER conformational changes. Large conformational changes of the MPER were observed upon binding of 4E10, where the Ab straddled the helix-hinge-helix MPER segment and extracted residues W672 and F673. It is suggested that the initial interaction of 4E10 CDRH3 loop with W680 residue allows the MPER to wrap around the base of 4E10 and bring the key residues closer to the hydrophobic CDRH2 loop for extraction.
Song2009
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: Patient sera from 13 HIV controllers and 75 chronic viremic patients were tested for levels of Ab binding to the 4E10 epitope. HIV controllers had the same levels of direct binding Abs to 4E10 peptide epitopes as viremic HIV-1 infected individuals. There was a higher level of binding to the 2F5 peptide than the 4E10 peptide. The NAb response was significantly lower in controllers, while ADCC was detected in all controllers but in only 40% of viremic patients.
Lambotte2009
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors)
-
4E10: One functional Env clone from each of 10 HIV-1 infected seroconverting individuals from India were analyzed for their sensitivity to MAbs and plasma pools of subtypes B, C and D. All ten Indian Envs were sensitive to 4E10, consistent with the presence of a WFXI motif important for 4E10 recognition. Two of the clones contained a PNLG in the 4E10 epitope. HIVIG neutralized all 10 Envs, and the Envs were most sensitive to neutralization by subtype C pool, followed by subtype D and B pools, respectively. Amino acid signature patterns that associated with neutralization clusters were found, but none of those occurred in the 4E10 epitope.
Kulkarni2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
4E10: This MAb was shown to bind to the E2 (656-670) peptide, containing the MAb epitope, but not to E1 (532-546) peptide derived from the FPPR of gp41. Binding of 4E10 to the E2 peptide showed rapid dissociation. Core epitope was shown to be WFNIT.
Fiebig2009
(kinetics, binding affinity)
-
4E10: A review about the in vivo efficacy of 4E10 and other MAbs against HIV-1, and about inhibition of HIV-1 infection by Ab fragments Fab, scFv and engineered human Ab variable domains or "domain antibodies" (dAbs).
Chen2009b
(neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
4E10: 4E10 neutralization breadth and potency was compared to that of two broadly neutralizing Abs PG9 and PG16 in a panel of 162 multi-clade viruses. 4E10 exhibited lower neutralization potency than PG9 and PG16.
Walker2009a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: 4E10 recognition of model cell or viral membranes with or without the presence of the peptide containing the MAb epitope was examined. 4E10 bound to both membranes with high affinity, binding better to the viral membrane, suggesting that involvement of the antigen-binding site is present. Binding of 4E10 increased significantly and exhibited almost irreversible binding in the presence of the membrane bound peptide epitope complex. It is suggested that 4E10 binds specifically to both the membrane and the peptide, most likely in combination, and that the composition of the membrane is important for recognition.
Veiga2009
(antibody binding site, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Glyco-engineered tobacco plants were used for efficient expression of recombinant 4E10 with quantitative β1,4-galactosylation (AA structure). Antigen binding capacity of 4E10 glycoforms compared to CHO-derived 4E10 was 115-140%. Neutralization activity of fully galactosylated 4E10 was more than 3 times higher than that of other plant-derived glycoforms and CHO-derived 4E10.
Strasser2009
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: C2EB5 MAb was isolated from mice immunized with a peptide from C2 region. C2EB5 neutralization and binding affinity to virions of clades A, B, C, D and CRF01_AE was compared to that of 4E10.
Sreepian2009
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Four IgA MAb were isolated from Cambodian exposed but uninfected women through a construction of phage libraries and selection by gp41-ΔMPR and P1. These MAbs were correlated to protection from HIV-1 infection in HEPS. 4E10 could not compete with IgA Fab 43 for binding to P1.
Tudor2009
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: An analytical selection algorithm and a reduced virus screening panel were created for assessment of serum neutralizing activity. It is suggested that selection of pseudoviruses for neutralization assays should focus on the overall resistance profile of the pseudovirus and against MAbs b12, 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12. Neutralization profiles of all viruses used for screenings were determined for 4E10.
Simek2009
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Substantial increase in neutralization potency (∼5000-fold) of 4E10 was observed in cells expressing FcγRI, and a moderate increase in cells expressing FcγRIIb. Cells expressing FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa did not have any effect on the neutralization potency of this Ab. None of the FcγRs increased the neutralization potency of 4E10 Fab, but FcγRI had a stronger effect on the IgG1 version of 4E10 than on the IgG3 version. The effect of the FcγRs was observed only for MPER-specific Abs. Thus, FcγRI and FcγRIIb facilitated antibody-mediated neutralization of HIV-1 that was dependent on the Fc region, IgG subclass, and Ab epitope specificity.
Perez2009
(isotype switch, neutralization)
-
4E10: Aqueous two-phase partition system (ATPS) was used to successfully separate 4E10 from unclarified tobacco extract with a yield of 84%. ATPS was successfully combined with affinity chromatography and yielded Ab was stable without any major contaminating proteins or degraded Ab variants.
Platis2009a
(assay or method development)
-
4E10: High purity (95%) and high yield (60-80%) of 4E10 purification from transgenic tobacco plants was achieved by using a biomimetic ligand (4E10lig) which mimics both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions of 4E10-binding sequence. 4E10lig was specific for 4E10 and competed with the 4E10-peptide epitope for the same binding site on the MAb. Yielded MAb was fully active and free of degraded variants.
Platis2009
(assay or method development)
-
4E10: Δ9-12a, a mutant virus derived from an in-vitro passaged virus with four residues removed from the V3 stem, was shown to be completely resistant to CCR5 inhibitors but was 10-fold more sensitive to neutralization by 4E10 compared to the parental R3A virus. TA1, a mutant with a 15 amino acid deletion of the distal half of V3, also exhibited a 10-fold increase in neutralization sensitivity to 4E10 compared to R3A.
Nolan2009
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Swarm analysis of viruses from one patient resulted in isolation of several different clones with different neutralization sensitivities against four HIV-1 positive sera. Comparison of sequences from two clones, one neutralization resistant and the other one not, revealed seven amino acid differences of which only Q655R showed increase in neutralization sensitivity to 4E10. This mutation disrupted a ring of hydrogen bonds in gp41 trimer and favored prehairpin intermediate structure. When 655R was introduced into two other neutralization resistant, unrelated viruses it also significantly increased sensitivity to neutralization by 4E10.
ORourke2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
4E10: Binding of 4E10 to lipid antigens was studied. 4E10 bound to a variety of phospholipids, cardiolipin, a sulfated glycolipid, sulfogalactosyl ceramide, and to two neutral glycolipids. 4E10 also bound to cholesterol, squalene, and lipid A derived from Gram-negative bacteria.
Matyas2009
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: Unlike b12, 4E10 was not able to inhibit formation of virological synapses, it did not block the transfer of HIV particles from infected to target cells, and it did not block the trogocytic transfer of CD4 molecules from target to infected cells. Analysis of late events of HIV transmission showed, however, that 4E10 was able to block infection of target cells, indicating that HIV infection is transmitted by a neutralization-sensitive mechanism.
Massanella2009
-
4E10: There was an association between 4E10 Abs and anticardiolipin in serum samples from slow progressors.
Martinez2009
(autoantibody or autoimmunity)
-
4E10: Crystal structure of a MPER subdomain was determined. The structure suggests that the four hydrophobic residues critical for the neutralization activity of 4E10 are buried within the MPER trimer interface. In experiments, 4E10 was able to bind to monomeric MPER but failed to bind to trimeric MPER.
Liu2009
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: A REMD solution simulation of a 21-amino acid MPER peptide including both 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes showed increased epitope exposure upon reduction of hydrophobic character of the peptide. The 21-aa peptide adopted a favorable conformation for Ab binding in solution, but when inserted into the VP2 puff of the HRV14 it adopted a less favorable conformation.
Lapelosa2009
(computational prediction)
-
4E10: Monovalent and bivalent structures of 4E10 differing in size, valency, and flexibility were compared. All of the 4E10 reagents exhibited high antigen binding affinities but the bivalent 4E10 bound to gp41 with higher affinities. All of the 4E10 constructs neutralized a panel of subtype B virus isolates, with the bivalent forms exhibiting only modest improvements in neutralization potency compared to the monovalent forms, suggesting that cross-linking HIV-1 epitopes does not contribute to the neutralizing mechanism of 4E10. Increased distance and flexibility between Ab combining sites did correlate with enhanced neutralization for 4E10, suggesting restricted mobility of the trimeric spikes in the viral surface. The size of construct also correlated with neutralization potency of 4E10, suggesting that the 4E10 epitope on gp41 is presented in a sterically constrained environment.
Klein2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
4E10: The Ig usage for variable heavy chain of this Ab was as follows: IGHV:1-69, IGHD:3-16, D-RF:nd, IGHJ:1. Non-V3 mAbs preferentially used the VH1-69 gene segment. In contrast to V3 mAbs, these non-V3 mAbs used several VH4 gene segments and the D3-9 gene segment. Similarly to the V3 mAbs, the non-V3 mAbs used the VH3 gene family in a reduced manner.
Gorny2009
(antibody sequence)
-
4E10: Three plasmas with broadly cross-neutralizing activities and high titers of MPER Abs were identified among 156 chronically infected patients. Viruses were neutralized 10-fold more efficiently by MPER Abs eluted from one of the plasmas than by 4E10. JR-FL virus was better neutralized by these MPER abs than by 2F5, 4E10 and Z13e1. Alanine scanned mutants of the MPER showed increased sensitivity to neutralization by 4E10 and the three plasmas. Neutralization by 4E10 was ablated by residues with changes at W672, F673, T676 and W680.
Gray2009a
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Ten new non-neutralizing, cross-reactive mAbs were found in immunized mice. 4E10 only reacted with a subset of different Env subtypes tested due to amino acid substitutions in the epitope. Positive control V3 mAb F39F and gp41 mAb 4E10 and 7B2 were used to assess the activity of gp140 proteins following immobilization.
Gao2009
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: An international collaboration (NeutNet) was organized to compare the performance of a wide variety of HIV-1 neutralization assays performed in different laboratories. Four neutralizing agents were evaluated: 4E10, 447-52D, sCD4 and TriMab (equal mixture of 2F5, 2G12 and b12). 4E10 neutralized some viruses better in the virus infectivity assays compared to pseudovirus assays. In general, there were clear differences in assay sensitivities that were dependent on both the neutralizing agent and the virus. No single assay was capable of detecting the entire spectrum of neutralizing activities.
Fenyo2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: Four groups of Abs were detected in a patient directed against mimotopes of MPER, V3, C1 and LLP2. The MPER mimotope shared key amino acid residues with the 4E10 epitope. The mimotope was able to bind 4E10-like Abs, and a peptide presenting the 4E10 epitope strongly competed for 4E10 binding. Plasma from this patient also showed high reactivity against cardiolipine. This indicated presence of 4E10-like Abs in this patient. There were no mutations in the key amino acids of the 4E10 epitope of the patient virus, but D674 and N677K mutations were observed at latter time points that may have impact on 4E10 neutralization sensitivity. Indeed, the earliest virus from the patient as very sensitive to neutralization by 4E10, while the second time point isolate showed 50-fold decrease in sensitivity, and the late viruses demonstrated low or no sensitivity to 4E10.
Dieltjens2009
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, mutation acquisition, neutralization, dynamics)
-
4E10: Binding of 4E10 to its nominal epitope, and to a longer biepitope peptide-liposome conjugate was best described by a two step encounter-docking model. Less efficient docking of 4E10 to its nominal epitope compared to 2F5 correlated with the less exposed nature of 4E10 nominal epitope on the membrane surface. Both 2F5 and 4E10 showed a more efficient docking to the biepitope peptide-liposome structures than to nominal epitopes, indicating that the conjugate provides a more favorable MPER orientation. 4E10 nominal epitope also had higher helical content than the biepitope conjugate. Anchoring of the MPER peptides to the membrane via a hydrophobic anchor sequence was shown to be required for efficient 4E10 binding.
Dennison2009
(antibody binding site, kinetics)
-
4E10: Two chimeras were constructed from a new HIV-2KR.X7 proviral scaffold where the V3 region was substituted with the V3 from HIV-1 YU2 and Ccon, generating subtype B and C HIV-2 V3 chimera. 4E10 inhibited both chimeras to an extent similar to 4E10 inhibition of the wildtype derived HIV-2KR.X7 virus.
Davis2009
(neutralization)
-
4E10: Neutralization profiles of cloned Envs derived from recent heterosexual infections by subtypes A, C, D, and A/D from Kenya were determined. 4E10 neutralized 7/31 variants from 4/14 subjects. Presence of mutations in the 4E10 epitope was common but did not predict neutralization sensitivity of the variants.
Blish2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
4E10: Two MPER derived peptides (N-preTM and PreTM-C) containing the full 4E10 epitope were used to analyze lipid bilayer perturbation. Both peptides had comparable capacities in associating with, inserting into, and permeabilizing the membrane, however, N-preTM-induced permeabilization was specifically blocked by 4E10 while PreTM-C was not, indicating different accessibility of the 4E10 epitope on the two peptides. It was also shown that N-preTM induced graded release of vesicular contents while PreTM-C followed an all-or-none mechanism of permeabilization, supporting the existence of different MPER membrane-bound lytic structures.
Apellaniz2009
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: Three 4E10 mutants, with Ala substitutions in their CDR H3 loops, bound to gp41 with somewhat reduced affinity compared to wildtype, indicating that CD3 loop does not make major contribution to contact with gp41. However, the three 4E10 mutants did not bind, or bound weakly, to lipid bilayers, indicating that the hydrophobic residues of CDR H3 loop are necessary for 4E10 interaction with viral membrane. Two of the 4E10 mutants also failed to neutralize BG1168 and SF162 strains, both which are neutralized by wildtype 4E10. The third mutant neutralized the two viruses with lower potency compared to wildtype Ab. In addition, it was shown that gp41-inter effectively blocks neutralization of HIV-1 by 4E10. These results indicate a two-step mechanism of 4E10 binding and neutralization: 1) 4E10 attaches to the viral membrane through CDR H3 loops. 2) 4E10 binds to the MPER after gp41 has undergone conformational changes and assumes its prehairpin intermediate conformation. The results also indicate the importance of the HIV-1 membrane in binding and neutralization by 4E10 and that a lipid component may be required for an immunogen to induce 4E10-like Ab responses.
Alam2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
4E10: HIV-1 variants derived from 5 patients at different timepoints during chronic infection were analysed for their sensitivity to neutralization by b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. In three of the patients, virus variants were moderately sensitive to neutralization by 4E10, while in two of the patients, viruses from all time points had higher levels of resistance to 4E10 neutralization. In two patients, increasing number of virus variants were resistant to 4E10 neutralization during the course of infection. Mutations in the 4E10 epitope were found in all patients at all time points, but only one, at position 667, was suggested to play a role in the resistance to 4E10 neutralization.
Bunnik2009
(neutralization, escape)
-
4E10: A buried surface area analysis of gp41 revealed that core epitope residues of 2F5 and 4E10 MAbs are more conserved than those of Z13, explaining the greater neutralization breadth of 2F5 and 4E10.
Bryson2009
(structure)
-
4E10: The lipid binding properties of 4E10, and the similarity to binding properties of anti-PIP mAbs, are discussed. Potential role of liposomes containing lipid A for induction of NAbs to lipids of HIV-1 is reviewed.
Alving2008
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, review)
-
4E10: A reference panel of recently transmitted Tier 2 HIV-1 subtype B envelope viruses was developed representing a broad spectrum of genetic diversity and neutralization sensitivity. The panel includes viruses derived from male-to-male, female-to-male, and male-to-female sexual transmissions, and CCR5 as well as CXCR4 using viruses. The envelopes displayed varying degrees of neutralization sensitivity to 4E10, with 18 of 19 envelopes sensitive to neutralization by this Ab.
Schweighardt2007
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: This review summarizes data on possible vaccine targets for elicitation of neutralizing Abs and discusses whether it is more practical to design a clade-specific than a clade-generic HIV-1 vaccine. Development of a neutralizing Ab response in HIV-1 infected individuals is reviewed, including data that show no apparent division of different HIV-1 subtypes into clade-related neutralization groups. Also, a summary of the neutralizing activity of MAb 4E10 in different HIV-1 clades is provided.
McKnight2007
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: This review provides information on the HIV-1 glycoprotein properties that make it challenging to target with neutralizing Abs. 4E10 structure and binding to HIV-1 envelope and current strategies to develop versions of the Env spike with functional trimer properties for elicitation of broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 4E10, are discussed. In addition, approaches to target cellular molecules, such as CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, and MHC molecules, with therapeutic Abs are reviewed.
Phogat2007
(review)
-
4E10: This review summarizes current knowledge on the various functional properties of antibodies in HIV-1 infection, including 4E10 MAb, in vivo and in vitro activity of neutralizing Abs, the importance and downfalls of non-neutralizing Abs and antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and the complement system, and summarizes data on areas that need future investigation on Ab-mediated immune control.
Huber2007
(review)
-
4E10: A new high throughput method was developed for neutralization analyses of HIV-1 env genes by adding cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate enhancer/promoter to the 5' end of the HIV-1 rev/env gene PCR products. The PCR method eliminates cloning, transformation, and plasmid DNA preparation steps in the generation of HIV-1 pseudovirions and allows for sufficient amounts of pseudovirions to be obtained for a large number of neutralization assays. Pseudovirions generated with the PCR method showed similar sensitivity to 4E10 Ab, indicating that the neutralization properties are not altered by the new method.
Kirchherr2007
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: 4E10 structure, binding, neutralization, and strategies that can be used for vaccine antigen design to elicit anti-gp41 Abs, are reviewed in detail. The effect of the autoreactivity of 4E10 on vaccine antigen design is discussed.
Lin2007
(vaccine antigen design, review, structure)
-
4E10: This review summarizes 4E10 Ab epitope, properties and neutralization activity. 4E10 use in passive immunization studies in primates and possible mechanisms explaining protection against infection are discussed. Also, 4E10 autoreactivity and its implications for active immunizations are discussed.
Kramer2007
(immunotherapy, review)
-
4E10: The various effects that neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-envelope Abs have on HIV infection are reviewed, such as Ab-mediated complement activation and Fc-receptor mediated activities, that both can, through various mechanisms, increase and decrease the infectivity of the virus. The importance of these mechanisms in vaccine design is discussed. The unusual features of the 4E10 MAb are described.
Willey2008
(review)
-
4E10: Current insights into CTLs and NAbs, and their possible protective mechanisms against establishment of persistent HIV/SIV infection are discussed. Pre- and post-infection sterile and non-sterile protection of NAbs against viral challenge, and potential role of NAbs in antibody-mediated antigen presentation in modification of cellular immunity, are reviewed. Use of 4E10 in immunization experiments and its in vivo anti-viral activity in suppression of viral rebound in HIV-1 infected humans undergoing structured treatment interruptions are described.
Yamamoto2008
(immunotherapy, supervised treatment interruptions (STI), review)
-
4E10: A mathematical model was developed and used to derive transmitted or founder Env sequences from individuals with acute HIV-1 subtype B infection. All of the transmitted or early founder Envs were sensitive to neutralization by 4E10, but there was a modest heightened resistance of acute Envs compared to chronic Envs to neutralization by 4E10.
Keele2008
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
4E10: This review summarizes the obstacles that stand in the way of making a successful preventive HIV-1 vaccine, such as masked or transiently expressed Ab epitopes, polyclonal B-cell class switching, and inefficient, late, and not sufficiently robust mucosal IgA and IgG responses. Possible reasons why HIV-1 envelope constructs expressing 4E10 epitope fail to induce broadly neutralizing Abs are discussed.
Haynes2008
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
4E10: Transmission of HIV-1 by immature and mature DCs to CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher for CXCR4- than for CCR5-tropic strains. In addition, 4E10 inhibited transmission of CCR5-tropic viruses while transmission of 4E10-neutralized X4 variants increased, indicating that X4 HIV-1 has an advantage over R5 in transmission when neutralized with 4E10.
vanMontfort2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
4E10: The newly detected MAb m44 was shown to neutralize a panel of primary HIV-1 isolates with higher potency than 4E10, and the neutralization potency of the two mAbs was comparable for a subtype C SHIV strain. 4E10 did not compete with m44 for binding. A fusion protein of gp41 constructed for alanine-scanning mutagenesis bound to 4E10, indicating that its antigenic structure was intact. 4E10 bound to self antigens in lipid binding assays.
Zhang2008
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: MPER structure and interaction with 4E10 was studied by NMR, EPR and SPR techniques. The MPER region was shown to have an L-shaped structure, with the conserved C-terminal residues immersed in the membrane and the variable N-terminal residues exposed to the aqueous phase. 4E10 was shown to extract its epitope from the viral membrane in a multistep process: i) initial interaction of the Ab with N671 residue orients the peptide with the respect to Ab binding pocket, ii) the hydrophobic residues of the Ab induce rearrangement of multiple side chains of the peptide, with the F673 residue rotated into the Ab binding pocket, iii) insertion of F673 and W672 residues into the 4E10 binding pocket bends the N-terminal segment of the peptide in the opposite direction. The key requirement for neutralization is suggested to be induction of structural rearrangement of the MPER hinge by 4E10. It is also suggested that exposure of the membrane-embedded residues of the MPER region to the immune system in their native L-shaped form may elicit neutralizing Abs.
Sun2008
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
4E10: Trimeric envelope glycoproteins with a partial deletion of the V2 loop derived from subtype B SF162 and subtype C TV1 were compared. 4E10 recognized both B and C trimers, indicating that the 4E10 epitope was exposed and preserved in the subtype C trimers. Subtype C trimer had many biophysical, biochemical, and immunological characteristics similar to subtype B trimer, except for a difference in the three binding sites for CD4, which showed cooperativity of CD4 binding in subtype C but not in subtype B.
Srivastava2008
(binding affinity, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: In order to assess whether small molecule CCR5 inhibitor resistant viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by NAbs, two escape mutant viruses, CC101.19 and D1/85.16, were tested for their sensitivity to 4E10, compared to the sensitivity of CC1/85 parental isolate and the CCcon.19 control isolate. The CC101.19 escape mutant has 4 sequence changes in V3 while the D1/85.16 has no sequence changes in V3 and relies on other sequence changes for its resistance. The two escape mutant viruses were moderately more sensitive to the 4E10 neutralization than the parental isolates, which were resistant to neutralization by this Ab. There were no sequence-based explanations for the increased neutralization sensitivity of the escape viruses by 4E10. Overall, the study suggests that CCR5 inhibitor-resistant viruses are likely to be somewhat more sensitive to neutralization than their parental viruses.
Pugach2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, escape)
-
4E10: This minireview summarizes data on differences in neutralizing activities of MAbs and pooled human sera using a traditional primary cell neutralization assay and the more standardized TZM-bl reporter cell line assay. Also, suggestions are made on how to improve and standardize neutralization assays for comparable use in different laboratories. 4E10 neutralization was tested against a panel of 60 HIV-1 primary isolates (10 each from clades A-D, CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG) in the two assays. 17 viruses from the PBMC assay and 1 virus from the TZM-assay were not neutralized by this Ab. Only 52% of concordance between the two assays were shown for 4E10, and, as observed in other studies, 4E10 displayed much broader neutralization in the TZM-assay. It is suggested that the process of endocytosis in the TZM-assay alters exposure of the MPER region allowing 4E10 to neutralize more efficiently. In total, however, the assay discordances were shown to be bi-directional and not attributable to assay sensitivity.
Polonis2008
(assay or method development, neutralization, review, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: The sensitivity of R5 envelopes derived from several patients and several tissue sites, including brain tissue, lymph nodes, blood, and semen, was tested to a range of inhibitors and Abs targeting CD4, CCR5, and various sites on the HIV envelope. All but one envelope from brain tissue were macrophage-tropic while none of the envelopes from the lymph nodes were macrophage-tropic. Macrophage-tropic envelopes were also less frequent in blood and semen. There was no clear correlation between macrophage-tropism and neutralization sensitivity to 4E10, indicating that variation in macrophage tropism is not caused by variation in the membrane proximal region of Env.
Peters2008a
(neutralization)
-
4E10: For assessment of gp41 immunogenic properties, five soluble GST-fusion proteins encompassing C-terminal 30, 64, 100, 142, or 172 (full-length) amino acids of gp41 ectodomain were generated from M group consensus env sequence. Although all five protein fragments contained the same epitope recognized by 4E10, GST-gp41-30 and -100 fragments were about 20- and 5-fold less reactive to 4E10, respectively, compared to the other three protein fragments which had similar reactivity. Patients considered as slow progressors generally exhibited larger Ab reactivity against the 30aa fragment, indicating that these Abs target MPER region and exhibit 2F5- and 4E10-like properties. Plasma from these patients also exhibited broader and more potent neutralizing activity against several HIV-1 isolates. Plasma from 4 out of 44 patients reacted with peptides that bind 4E10, indicating that these patients mounted 4E10-like Ab response.
Penn-Nicholson2008
(rate of progression)
-
4E10: 4E10 was shown to bind to Envs used in typical epitope binding assays, unlike the neutralizing Abs 8K8, DN9, and D5 used in this study. 4E10 neutralized all HIV-1 isolates tested, and its neutralization potency was 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than that one of mAbs 8K8 and D5. 4E10 displayed some cardiolipin binding activity.
Nelson2008
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: The study compared the in-membrane recognition and blocking activity of the 2F5 and 4E10 MAbs, using solution-diffusing, unstressed phospholipid vesicles with sizes that approximate to that of the HIV virion, and an MPER-derived sequences that combines the full length 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes. 2F5 MAb had lower affinity for membrane-bound species than 4E10 MAb, as defined by inhibition data together with direct electron microscopy and flow cytometry determination of the vesicle-antibody association.
Huarte2008a
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: 4E10 reacted with maltose-binding proteins MBP30 and MBP32, containing both HR1 and HR2 domains of gp41, and with MBP37 and MBP44, containing only the HR2 domain, but not with MBP-HR1, containing only the HR1 domain.
Vincent2008
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: Neutralization susceptibility of CRF01_AE Env-recombinant viruses, derived from blood samples of Thai HIV-1 infected patients in 2006, was tested to 4E10. Most CRF01_AE viruses showed high susceptibility to 4E10, including viruses with and without conserved 4E10 epitopes, suggesting that the susceptibility of CRF01_AE to 4E10 is not determined by the conservation of the core epitope sequence. Several X4R5 viruses were less susceptible to 4E10 compared with X4 or R5 viruses. There was no correlation observed between virus neutralization susceptibility to 4E10 and viral infectivity, the length of the gp120 variable regions, or the number of PNLG sites.
Utachee2009
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: CTB-MPR649-684 (cholera toxin subunit B and residues 649-684 of gp41 MPER region) peptide was developed for vaccine studies in rabbits. 4E10 affinity to the CTB-MPR peptide was equivalent to 4E10 affinity toward an MPR peptide, indicating that the fusion peptide presented antigenically competent MPR. Sera from immunized rabbits displayed no neutralizing activity, but could inhibit epithelial transcytosis of virus, indicating elicitation of non-neutralizing Abs capable of stopping mucosal transmission and infection of target cells.
Matoba2008
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: A MPER peptide, AISpreTM, overlapping 2F5 and 4E10 epitope sequences, was capable of breaching the permeability barrier of lipid vesicles. 4E10 blocked the peptide bilayer-destabilizing activity, however, inclusion of sphingomyelin raft-lipids into the membrane bilayer reduced significantly the affinity of 4E10 for AISpreTM. In contrast, inclusion of cholesterol induced higher 4E10 affinity for the AISpreTM peptide. AISpreTM appears to insert less deeply into the lipid bilayer in the presence of cholesterol, which might increase 4E10 epitope accessibility for Ab binding. Thus, 4E10 epitope accessibility is affected by envelope lipid composition.
Huarte2008
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: Comparing specific signals of selection among gp41 sequences from different HIV-1 M subtypes and circulating recombinant forms revealed presence of 12 sites evolving under positive selection across multiple major HIV-1 lineages. Nine sites detected to be under positive selection in the external exposed domains of gp41 had a significant tendency to be located within neutralizing and other Ab epitopes. Comparison of two matched datasets of HIV-1 subtype C, sampled from patients with acute or chronic infections, showed 6 gp41 sites evolving under different selection pressures during acute and chronic infection. One of those sites was within the epitope of 4E10, which evolved under strong positive selection in the chronically infected patients, but under neutral or mildly negative selection in the acutely infected patients.
Bandawe2008
(mutation acquisition, acute/early infection, escape)
-
4E10: The goal of the study was to measure NAb responses in patients infected with HIV-1 prevalent subtypes in China. g160 genes from plasma samples were used to establish a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. 4E10 neutralized all 27 Env-pseudotyped viruses.
Chong2008
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: To investigate B-cell responses immediately following HIV-1 transmission, env-specific Ab responses to autologous and consensus Envs in plasma donors were determined. Broadly neutralizing Abs with specificity similar to 4E10 did not appear during the first 40 days after plasma virus detection.
Tomaras2008
(acute/early infection)
-
4E10: The neutralization profile of early R5, intermediate R5X4, and late X4 viruses from a rhesus macaque infected with SHIV-SF162P3N was assessed. 4E10 moderately neutralized the late X4 and the intermediate R5X4 viruses, but did not neutralize the parental R5.
Tasca2008
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
4E10: pIg-tail expression system was used to construct a panel of cell-surface expression plasmids encoding the extracellular domain of gp41 with deletion of fusion peptide (FP), and/or introduction of L568P mutation. Deletion of FP resulted in significantly increased antigenicity of 4E10 epitope, indicating that FP and MPER may interact with each other, resulting in obstruction of the 4E10 epitope in MPER. L568P mutation resulted in significant enhancement of 4E10 binding to its epitope, suggesting that the mutation may destabilize the gp41 6-HB core conformation exposing the 4E10 epitope. Mice were immunized with DNA plasmids of FP-deleted and L568P mutant gp41, and with peptide containing the 4E10 epitope. Deletion of FP did not enhance the immunogenicity of the 4E10 epitope, however, the L568P mutation resulted in increased Ab response against 4E10 epitope compared to the response by peptide alone.
Li2008a
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
4E10: The IC50 for 4E10 in a standard neutralization assay is 6.3 nM but is increased 10-fold in the postattachment neutralization assay to 59 nM. The neutralization half-life for 4E10 is 15.9 minutes but is increased 4-fold to 57.9 minutes in the presence of N36Mut(e,g), peptide, which is a class 3 inhibitor that prolongates temporal window of neutralization by disrupting trimerization of the N-heptad repeat (N-HR) in the prehairpin intermediate by sequestering the N-HR into N-HR/N36Mut(e,g) heterodimers. HXB2 was neutralized synergistically by 4E10 and N36Mut(e,g), where the formation of N-HR/N36Mut(e,g) heterodimers enhances the probability of 4E10 binding and the binding of 4E10 enhances the probability of N-HR/N36Mut(e,g) heterodimer formation, greatly diminishing the probability of 6-helix bundle formation. HXB2 was also synergistically neutralized by 4E10 and sCD4.
Gustchina2008
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics)
-
4E10: Variable domains of three heavy chain Abs, the VHH, were characterized. The Abs were isolated from llamas, who produce immunoglobulins devoid of light chains, immunized with HIV-1 CRF07_BC, to gp120. It was hypothesized that the small size of the VHH, in combination with their protruding CDR3 loops, and their preference for cleft recognition and binding into active sites, may allow for recognition of conserved motifs on gp120 that are occluded from conventional Abs. 4E10 did not inhibit binding of the three neutralizing VHH Abs to gp120.
Forsman2008
(antibody interactions)
-
4E10: 3 viral quasispecies from an HIV-1 C-subtype infected child had different sensitivities to neutralization by 4E10, conferred by a rare mutation, F673L in the 4E10 epitope. Moderate changes in sensitivity were modulated by secondary positions in this epitope and motifs in the cytoplasmic tail.
Gray2008
(neutralization, escape)
-
4E10: NMR structure of P1, a minimal MPER region that permits interaction with the mucosal galactosyl ceramide HIV-receptor, was analyzed in interaction with 4E10 at different pH. The best fit between NMR P1 and crystal structures of the Ab was at pH 6 and 5. The binding of 4E10 to P1 inserted into the liposomes of different compositions mimicking various biological membranes revealed 5- to 10-fold higher affinity of 4E10 to P1 in the lipid environment compared to aqueous environment, suggesting that specific lipid environment stabilizes the appropriate structure of the HIV-1 peptide.
Coutant2008
(antibody binding site, kinetics, binding affinity, structure)
-
4E10: 24 broadly neutralizing plasmas from HIV-1 subtype B and C infected individuals were investigated using a series of mapping methods to identify viral epitopes targeted by NAbs. Three different assays were used to analyze gp41-directed neutralizing activity. MAb 4E10 was shown to neutralize equivalently in the standard and post-CD4/CCR5 assay. Weak post-CD4/CCR5 neutralization was detected in five subtype B and two subtype C plasmas. 4E10 was shown to neutralize several of the MPER-engrafted mutant viruses, but the subtype B plasmas did not exactly recapitulate this activity except in one case, where the activity of the plasma against two mutants suggested presence of 4E10-like Abs. Neutralization of four subtype B plasmas was substantially inhibited by a 4E10 peptide, suggesting presence of 4E10-like Abs.
Binley2008
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: V3 loop deletions were introduced into three different primary HIV-1 strains: R3A, DH12, and TYBE. The deletions included: ΔV3(12,12) containing the first and the last 12 residues of the V3 loop, ΔV3(9,9) containing first and last 9 residues, and ΔV3(6,6) containing first and last 6 residues. Only HIV-1 R3A ΔV3(9,9) was able to support cell fusion. Passaging of this virus resulted in a virus strain (TA1) that replicated with wildtype kinetics, and that acquired several adaptive changes in gp120 and gp41 while retaining the V3 loop truncation. 4E10 exhibited modestly enhanced neutralization activity against TA1 and a ΔV1/V2 virus, while it failed to neutralize R3A.
Laakso2007
(neutralization)
-
4E10: The ability of 4E10 to neutralize recently transmitted viruses was examined in four homosexual and two parenteral transmission couples. The vast majority of recently transmitted viruses from homosexual recipients were moderately to completely resistant to neutralization by 4E10, although viruses isolated later in the course of infection showed increased sensitivity to 4E10 in one of the patients. In the parenteral transmission, one of the recipients had early viruses resistant to 4E10 neutralization, and one had viruses sensitive to 4E10 neutralization. The neutralization sensitivity patterns of recipient viruses to 4E10 did not correlate to the neutralization sensitivity patterns of their donors in the homosexual couples, while the HIV-1 variants from the parenteral pairs were similarly resistant/sensitive to neutralization by 4E10. Resistance to 4E10 did not correlate with sequence variation within the 4E10 epitope.
Quakkelaar2007a
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: Four different co-receptor switch mutants were generated from ADA and BaL wildtype Envs (ADA-1, ADA-3, BaL-1B, and BaL2A) and the intermediate transition mutations were studied on either CCR5 or CXCR4 expressing cells for their sensitivity to 4E10 compared to wildtype. Most of the ADA-1 and ADA-3 mutants were more sensitive to 4E10 than the wildtype on both CCR5 and CXCR4 cells. BaL-1B mutants were highly sensitive to entry inhibition by 4E10 on CCR5 cells, which further increased on CXCR4 cells. BaL-2A mutants varied in their sensitivity to 4E10 inhibition, where only the final BaL-2A mutant, with all four mutations, was significantly more sensitive to 4E10 than the wildtype virus.
Pastore2007
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
4E10: Three MAbs, 2G12, 4E10 and 2F5, were administered to ten HIV-1 infected individuals treated with ART during acute and early infection, in order to prevent viral rebound after interruption of ART. MAb infusions were well tolerated with essentially no toxicity. Viral rebound was not prevented, but was significantly delayed in 8/10 patients. 2G12 activity was dominant among the MAbs used. Antiviral activity of 4E10 was not clearly demonstrated. Development of resistance to 4E10 was not observed despite ongoing viral replication. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels did not increase following cessation of Ab infusion. Plasma viremia was essentially identical between patients not receiving MAb therapy and patients receiving 4E10 and 2F5 in the face of 2G12 resistance. 4E10 also failed to accumulate with repeated infusions in patient plasma. Long-term suppression of viremia was achieved in 3/10 patients.
Mehandru2007
(escape, immunotherapy, supervised treatment interruptions (STI))
-
4E10: Five amino acids in the gp41 N-terminal region that promote gp140 trimerization (I535, Q543, S553, K567 and R588) were considered. Their influence on the function and antigenic properties of JR-FL Env expressed on the surfaces of pseudoviruses and Env-transfected cells was studied. Various non-neutralizing antibodies bind less strongly to the Env mutant, but neutralizing antibody binding is unaffected. There was no difference in 4E10 binding to wild type and mutant JR-FL, and 4E10 inhibited infection of the two pseudoviruses with comparable potencies.
Dey2008
(binding affinity)
-
4E10: This study explored features of Env that would enhance exposure of conserved HIV-1 epitopes. The changes in neutralization susceptibility, mediated by two mutations, T569A (in the HR1) and I675V (in the MPER), were unparalleled in their magnitude and breadth on diverse HIV-1 Env proteins. The variant with both TA and IV mutations was >360-fold more susceptible to 2F5, 2.8-fold more susceptible to b12, >780-fold more susceptible to sCD4 and resulted in 18-fold enhanced susceptibility to autologous plasma and >35-fold enhanced susceptibility to the plasma pool. It was also >180-fold more susceptible to 4E10. Mutants with only one IV mutation was >24-fold more susceptible to 4E10.
Blish2008
(antibody binding site, enhancing activity)
-
4E10: Molecular mechanism of neutralization by MPER antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, was studied. Preparations of trimeric HIV-1 Env protein in the prefusion, the prehairpin intermediate and postfusion conformations were used. The epitopes for 2F5 and 4E10 were found to be exposed only on a form designed to mimic an prehairpin intermediate state during viral entry, which helps to explain the rarity of 2F5- and 2E10-like antibody responses.
Frey2008
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Addition of a glycosylation site at position V295N in two different subtype C envelope clones resulted in a twofold increase in neutralization sensitivity of the corresponding viruses to 4E10.
Gray2007a
(neutralization)
-
4E10: 4E10 peptide SLWNWFNITNWLWYIK was used in MAbs 5A9 and 13H11 characterization. 4E10 showed strong binding to HIV-1 infected cells
Alam2008
(antibody interactions)
-
4E10: The potency of 4E10 was 25-fold higher than the potency of new neutralizing Fab 3674 in neutralization of laboratory and primary strains of HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C.
Gustchina2007
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: This review summarizes data on the development of HIV-1 centralized genes (consensus and ancestral) for induction of neutralizing antibody responses. Functionality and conformation of native epitopes in proteins based on the centralized genes was tested and confirmed by binding to 4E10 and other MAbs. Antibodies induced by immunization with these centralized proteins did not, however, have the breadth and potency compared to that of 4E10 and other broadly neutralizing MAbs. 4E10 physical characteristics of autoantibodies as a possible reason for lack of 4E10 broad production is also discussed.
Gao2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, review)
-
4E10: Neutralizing activity of 4E10 against a panel of HIV-1 primary isolates from different clades was assessed in a PBMC-assay. The neutralizing activity was shown to be less potent than that of the newly characterized m48 MAb.
Zhang2006a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: The epitope recognition sequence for this Ab was introduced into the corresponding region of SIVmac239 and the replication of this viral variant (SIVmac239/4E10) was similar to the parental virus. SIVmac239/4E10 was specifically neutralized by MAb 4E10. SIVmac239/4E10 was neutralized by a LTNP plasma and somewhat with three other plasmas but addition of a 4E10 Ab inhibitor did not block the neutralization suggesting that 4E10 specificity represent only small fraction of neutralizing activity in plasma.
Yuste2006
(neutralization, SIV)
-
4E10: Significant levels of 4E10 were shown to bind to HA/gp41 expressed on cell surfaces and this Ab did stain cells expressing HA/gp41 in a fluorescence assay. However, a much smaller percentage of the HIV 89.6 Env expressing cells were stained with this Ab than with 2G12, indicating that this Ab recognition site on gp41 is masked by the gp120 subunit in the HIV Env protein and that it is more easily accessible on the HA/gp41 chimeric protein.
Ye2006
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
4E10: SHIV SF162p4 virus used as challenge in ISCOM vaccinated macaques was shown to be highly sensitive to neutralization by this Ab.
Pahar2006
(neutralization)
-
E10: All subtype C env-pseudotyped clones derived from individuals in acute/early stage of HIV-1 infection were neutralized by this Ab. One clone had a slightly different motif (WFNM) than the reported required WFXI in the epitope, yet it was highly susceptible to neutralization by 4E10, indicating additional flexibility in the 4E10 core epitope.
Li2006a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: This Ab is shown to have the capacity to penetrate into the membrane interfaces and recognize isolated peptide-epitope sequence embedded into the membrane, where immersion into the lipid bilayer does not interfere with 4E10 recognition ability. The association of 4E10 with membranes is shown to be nonspecific.
Sanchez-Martinez2006
(antibody binding site)
-
E10: Binding of this Ab to pre-TM sequence was shown not to be affected by presence of FP (fusion peptide) sequence.
Lorizate2006a
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
4E10: This study showed that 4E10 Ab is able to specifically block the membrane-restructuring activity by recognizing preTM peptides inserted into the viral external membrane monolayer in the gp41 pre-fusion state. The recognition and blocking occurs in the presence of cholesterol and correlates with pore-formation blocking, suggesting interference of the formation of fusion-competent complexes.
Lorizate2006
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: This MAb was used as a positive control in the neutralization assays. It neutralized two of three subtype B and 4 of 6 non-B primary isolates.
Gorny2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: Novel approaches based on sequential (SAP) and competitive (CAP) antigen panning methodologies, and use of antigens with increased exposure of conserved epitopes, for enhanced identification of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing Abs are reviewed. Previously known broadly neutralizing human mAbs are compared to Abs identified by these methods.
Zhang2007
(review)
-
4E10: Pseudoviruses derived from gp120 Env variants that evolved in multiple macaques infected with SHIV 89.6P displayed a range of degrees of virion-associated Env cleavage. Pseudoviruses with higher amount of cleaved Env were more resistant to neutralization by 4E10. The gp41 sequence was the same in all pseudoviruses, indicating that changes in gp120 can mediate sensitivity of gp41 to neutralization.
Blay2007
(neutralization)
-
4E10: 4E10 was shown to recognize liposomes containing phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) to the same extent that it recognized anionic liposomes lacking PIP. Binding of 4E10 to pure PIP was inhibited by Ca2+. Once bound to PIP, 4E10 could not be stripped off by addition of Ca2+, indicating an irreversible bond of 4E10 to PIP phospholipid fatty acids.
Beck2007
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: To test the immunogenicity of three molecularly engineered gp41 variants on the cell surface their reactivity with 4E10 was assessed. The reactivity of 4cSSL24 variant was comparable to gp160 while the other two variants showed somewhat lower expression levels. When guinea pigs were immunized with the three variants, the level of the specific anti-gp41 Ab responses was low with the anti-gp41 response preferentially directed to the C-helical domain, away from the MPER region.
Kim2007
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
4E10: (R5)X4 viruses from early and late timepoints after X4 emergence were found to be more sensitive to neutralization by 4E10 than their coexisting R5 variants in one patient. Only early (R5)X4 viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by 4E10 in another patient.
Bunnik2007
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
4E10: 4E10-neutralized HIV-1 captured on Raji-DC-SIGN cells or immature monocyte-derived DCs (iMDDCs) was transferred to CD4+ T lymphocytes with 1.5 fold higher efficiency than non-neutralized virus.
vanMontfort2007
(enhancing activity, neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
4E10: Infusion of a MAb cocktail (4E10, 2G12 and 2F5) into HIV-1 infected subjects was shown to be associated with increased levels of serum anti-cardiolipin and anti-phosphatidylserine Ab titers, and increased coagulation times. In the absence or in the presence of adult and neonate plasma, 4E10 exhibited dose-dependent reactivity with cardiolipin and phosphatidylserine, and low binding to β2GP1 and prothrombin. 4E10 induced prolongations of clotting times in human plasma, but those were mild and did not exceed grade I toxicities.
Vcelar2007
(antibody interactions, autoantibody or autoimmunity, binding affinity, immunotherapy)
-
4E10: The structure of the 4E10 MAb, particularly its CDRH3 region's binding mechanisms to the MPER region of gp41, and possibly the cellular membrane as well, are reviewed. Engineering of Abs based on revealed structures of broadly neutralizing MAbs is discussed.
Burton2005
(antibody binding site, review, structure)
-
4E10: Why broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, are extremely rare, and their protective abilities and potential role in immunotherapy are discussed.
Julg2005
(neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
4E10: A trimeric gp41 construct comprising the env transmembrane domain and the extracellular C-terminal region (gp41ctm) was incorporated into liposomes. 4E10 bound to the liposome-incorporated gp41ctm, indicating that its extracellular region is accessible to this Ab. Sera from mice immunized with either gp41ctm alone or with gp41ctm-liposome did not show any significant neutralization activity, indicating that the construct might not properly expose its 4E10 epitope.
Lenz2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
4E10: Full-length gp160 clones were derived from acute and early human HIV-1 infections and used as env-pseudotyped viruses in neutralization assays for their characterization as neutralization reference agents. All 19 pseudotyped viruses were highly sensitive to neutralization by 4E10 as were the MN, SF162.LS and IIIB strains. All 12 Env-pseudotyped viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by 4E10 than their uncloned parental PBMC-grown viruses.
Li2005a
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: Pseudoviruses expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from BL01, BR07 and 89.6 strains were compared in neutralization assays to replication competent clone derived from transfection of 293T cells (IMC-293T) and to the IMC-293T derived from a single passage through PBMC (IMC-PBMC). The neutralization responses of pseudoviruses and corresponding IMC-293T to 4E10 were similar, while a significant decrease in viral neutralization sensitivity to 4E10 was observed for all three IMC-PBMC viruses. The decrease was associated with an increase in average virion envelope glycoprotein content on the PBMC-derived virus.
Louder2005
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: A short review of studies on 4E10 interaction with autoantigens, epitope accessibility, structure, and neutralizing capability. The reasons why 4E10 appears infrequently in nature are discussed.
Nabel2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
4E10: This short review summarizes recent findings of the role of neutralizing Abs in controlling HIV-1 infection. Certain neutralizing MAbs and their potential role in immunotherapy and vaccination, as well as the reasons for their poor immunogenicity, are discussed.
Montefiori2005
(antibody binding site, therapeutic vaccine, escape, immunotherapy)
-
4E10: Escape mutations in HR1 of gp41 that confer resistance to Enfuvirtide reduced infection and fusion efficiency and also delayed fusion kinetics of HIV-1. The mutations also conferred increased neutralization sensitivity of virus to 4E10. Enhanced neutralization correlated with reduced fusion kinetics, indicating that the mutations result in Env proteins remaining in the CD4-triggered state for a longer period of time.
Reeves2005
(antibody binding site, drug resistance, neutralization, escape, HAART, ART)
-
4E10: More that 90% of viruses from both acutely and chronically infected HIV-1 patients were inhibited by this Ab, however, viruses from acute patients were significantly more sensitive to 4E10 than viruses from chronic patients. The epitope of this Ab was highly conserved among all isolates tested suggesting that the higher susceptibility of acute viruses may be due to better epitope accessibility. The sensitivity of viruses to 4E10 was also highly correlated to their sensitivities to 2F5.
Rusert2005
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
4E10: This review summarizes data on the role of NAb in HIV-1 infection and the mechanisms of Ab protection, data on challenges and strategies to design better immunogens that may induce protective Ab responses, and data on structure and importance of MAb epitopes targeted for immune intervention. The importance of standardized assays and standardized virus panels in neutralization and vaccine studies is also discussed.
Srivastava2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, immunotherapy, review, structure)
-
4E10: Six acutely and eight chronically infected patients were passively immunized with a mix of 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 neutralizing Abs during treatment interruption. Two chronically and four acutely infected individuals showed evidence of a delay in viral rebound during Ab treatment suggesting that NAbs can contain viremia in HIV-1 infected individuals. All subjects with virus sensitive to 2G12 developed Ab escape mutants resulting in loss of viremia and failure to treatment while no escape was observed for 4E10 and 2F5. Plasma levels of 2G12 were substantially higher than those of 2F5 and 4E10, and the 2G12 levels exceeded the in vitro required 90% inhibitory doses by two orders of magnitude in subjects that responded to Ab treatment. No such differences were observed for 2F5 or 4E10, suggesting that high levels of NAbs are required for inhibition in vivo, and that the in vivo concentrations of 4E10 and 2F5 might have been too low to control viremia and exert a selective pressure.
Trkola2005
(acute/early infection, escape, immunotherapy, HAART, ART, supervised treatment interruptions (STI))
-
4E10: This review focuses on the importance of neutralizing Abs in protecting against HIV-1 infection, including mechanisms of Ab interference with the viral lifecycle, Ab responses elicited during natural HIV infection, and use of monoclonal and polyclonal Abs in passive immunization. In addition, vaccine design strategies for eliciting of protective broadly neutralizing Abs are discussed. MAbs included in this review are: 2F5, Clone 3 (CL3), 4E10, Z13, IgG1b12, 2G12, m14, 447-52D, 17b, X5, m16, 47e, 412d, E51, CM51, F105, F425, 19b, 2182, DO142-10, 697-D, 448D, 15e and Cβ1.
McCann2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, immunotherapy)
-
4E10: 4E10 was investigated in different neutralization formats, including the standard format that measures activity over the entire infection period and several formats that emphasize various stages of infection. Neutralization by 4E10 in the standard format was undetectable, which changed to modest with the gp41 tail truncation and/or addition of a disulfide bridge linking gp120 and gp41. 4E10 was also able to neutralize in post-CD4 and post-CD4/CCR5 formats, suggesting that it binds Env trimers at various stages of infection. None of the analyzed HIV-1+ human plasmas neutralized in the post-CD4/CCR5 format indicating absence of 2F5 and 4E10 - like Abs.
Crooks2005
(antibody binding site, assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: This review summarizes data on the polyspecific reactivities to host antigens by the broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. It also hypothesizes that some broadly reactive Abs might not be routinely made because they are derived from B cell populations that frequently make polyspecific Abs and are thus subjected to B cell negative selection.
Haynes2005a
(antibody interactions, review, antibody polyreactivity)
-
4E10: This review summarizes data on 447-52D and 2219 crystallographic structures when bound to V3 peptides and their corresponding neutralization capabilities. 4E10, like 447-52D and like other HIV-1 neutralizing Abs, was shown to have long CDR H3 loop, which is suggested to help Abs access recessed binding sites on the virus.
Stanfield2005
(antibody binding site, review, structure)
-
4E10: Macaques were immunized with SF162gp140, ΔV2gp140, ΔV2ΔV3gp140 and ΔV3gp140 constructs and their antibody responses were compared to the broadly reactive NAb responses in a macaque infected with SHIV SF162P4, and with pooled sera from humans infected with heterologous HIV-1 isolates (HIVIG). 4E10 was recognized less efficiently on the V2- and V3- deleted proteins than on SF162gp140. 4E10 was found to equally neutralize SF162 and Δ2F5.4E10, which is a virus with mutations in the 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes and is resistant to neutralization by 2F5 and 4E10. This indicates that 4E10-like Abs were not present in sera from the gp140-immunized animals nor in the SHIV-infected and in the HIVIG sera.
Derby2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
4E10: Sera from rabbits immunized with either monomeric gp120, trimeric cleavage-defective gp140 or disulfide-stabilized soluble trimeric gp140 were tested for neutralization of chimeric SIVmac239 viruses expressing epitope for this Ab. Little or no neutralization was observed indicating that little or no Ab activity in these rabbit sera was directed against the gp41 region.
Beddows2007
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: Env-pseudotyped viruses were constructed from the gp160 envelope genes from seven children infected with subtype C HIV-1. 4E10 alone or in combination with IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5 neutralized all of the seven viruses.
Gray2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, responses in children, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: Pharmacokinetic properties of this Ab were studied in HIV infected patients infused with high doses of 4E10. The Ab did not elicit an endogenous immune response and had distribution and systemic clearance values similar to other Abs. The elimination half-life was measured to 5.5 days.
Joos2006
(kinetics, immunotherapy)
-
4E10: The majority of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing (BCN) Envs were neutralized at lower concentrations of 4E10 than the non-BCN Envs. Amino acid variability of the 4E10 epitope was examined. The presence of T at position 662 was associated with increased sensitivity to neutralization by this Ab.
Cham2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: Neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates of different HIV-1 clades (A, B, C, D, E) by 4E10 was determined in cells expressing high or low surface concentrations of CD4 and CCR5 receptors. CD4 cell surface concentration had no effect on the inhibitory activity of this Ab while the CCR5 surface concentration had a significant effect decreasing the 50% inhibitory concentration of 4E10 in cell lines with low CCR5.
Choudhry2006
(co-receptor, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: Genetic variability and co-variation of the MAb 2F5, 4E10 and Z13 epitopes in B and non B clades was investigated. A significant shift in the predominant sequence patterns over time was observed for all three epitopes. Also, significant inter-subtype genetic variability of the three epitopes was detected. However, the 4E10 epitope displayed a more similar variability within B clade and non-B clades, concurring with the cross-clade neutralizing activity of this MAb. Epitope co-variation was also noted, as one third of the recently isolated HIV-1 strains displayed simultaneous epitope variants.
Dong2006
(antibody binding site, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: The ability of this Ab to inhibit viral growth was increased when macrophages and immature dendritic cells (iDCs) were used as target cells instead of PHA-stimulated PBMCs. It is suggested that inhibition of HIV replication by this Ab for macrophages and iDCs can occur by two distinct mechanisms, neutralization of infectivity involving only the Fab part of the IgG, and, an IgG-FcγR-dependent interaction leading to endocytosis and degradation of HIV particles.
Holl2006
(dendritic cells)
-
4E10: The antigenic determinants recognized by 4E10 were characterized using recombinant glycosylated full-length Ags, and nonglycosylated and truncated Ags. This Ab recognized three peptides located at the N-terminal region of gp120 and gp41, respectively. It is suggested that 4E10 binds to the fusogenic peptide of gp41 and the N-terminal region of gp120, inhibiting insertion of fusogenic peptide into the host cell membrane.
Hager-Braun2006
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
-
4E10: The optimal length of the 4E10 epitope was determined to the gp41 residues 671 to 683. Several residues in the epitope were shown to be essential for 4E10 recognition (W672, F673 and T676) and five more were shown to make significant contributions to 4E10 binding (N671, D674, I675, W680 and L679). When helix-promoting residues and helix-inducing tethers were incorporated, several peptides showed improved affinity over the starting peptide suggesting that they may be more likely to elicit 4E10-like neutralizing Abs.
Brunel2006
(kinetics, binding affinity, structure)
-
4E10: Inhibition of R5 HIV replication by monoclonal and polyclonal IgGs and IgAs in iMDDCs was evaluated. The HIV-neutralizing activity of 4E10 was observed to be higher in iMDDCs than in PHA-stimulated PBMCs using both HIV-1 Bx08 and BaL.
Holl2006a
(neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
4E10: This study found that, contrary to expectations, the viruses resistant to b12, 4E10, 2G12 and 2F5 neutralization did not have lower replication kinetics than viruses sensitive to neutralization. Viruses from early infection tended to have relatively low replications rates.
Quakkelaar2007
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion, escape)
-
4E10: Z13e1, a high affinity variant of Fab Z13, was identified through targeted mutagenesis and affinity selection against gp41 and an MPER peptide. Z13e1 showed 100-fold improvement in binding affinity for MPER antigens over Z13, but was still less potent than 4E10 at neutralizing several pseudotyped Envs. 4E10 was found to be less effective inhibitor of biotinylated Z13e1 than the other way around. Neutralization assays of HIV-1 JR2 MPER alanine mutants showed that mutants W666A and W672A were completely resistant to neutralization by 4E10. In contrast to a previous publication, it was also found that neutralization of HIV-1 JR-FL by 4E10 was not greatly improved in going from the Fab to IgG format.
Nelson2007
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: High levels of gp120-specific Abs were elicited when mice and rabbits were immunized by DNA priming and protein boosting with G1 and G2 grafts, consisting of 2F5 and 4E10, and 4E10 epitopes, respectively, engrafted into the V1/V2 region of gp120. A consistent NAb response against the homologous JR-FL virus was detected in rabbits but not in mice. 4E10 bound to the engrafted construct, but embedding the MPER epitopes in the immunogenic V1/V2 region did not result in eliciting anti-MPER antibodies in mice or rabbits. 4E10 binding to G2 was greater than to G1, and could be enhanced by deletion of one or two amino acid residues immediately preceding the 4E10 epitope, presumably due to rotation of the epitope along the alpha-helix in the engrafted region.
Law2007
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: This review describes the effectiveness of the current HIV-1 immunogens in eliciting neutralizing antibody responses to different clades of HIV-1. It also summarizes different evasion and antibody escape mechanisms, as well as the most potent neutralizing MAbs and their properties. MAbs reviewed in this article are: 2G12, IgG1b12, 2F5, 4E10, A32, 447-52D and, briefly, D50. Novel immunogen design strategies are also discussed.
Haynes2006a
(antibody binding site, neutralization, escape, review, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
4E10: This review summarizes current knowledge of HIV-1 lipid-protein interactions and antibodies to liposomal phospholipids and cholesterol. A potential use of Abs to lipids to neutralize HIV-1 and a potential role of the broadly neutralizing HIV-1 Abs, mainly 2F5 and 4E10, in binding to phospholipids is discussed.
Alving2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization, review)
-
4E10: The gp140δCFI protein of CON-S M group consensus protein and gp140CFI and gp140CF proteins of CON6 and WT viruses from HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C were expressed in recombinant vaccinia viruses and tested as immunogens in guinea pigs. 4E10 was shown to bind specifically to CON6, CON-S and subtype B recombinant proteins but not to subtype A and C recombinant proteins or to the two subtype B gp120 proteins. The specific binding of 4E10 to CON-S indicated that its conformational epitope was intact.
Liao2006
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: Kinetics experiments of 4E10 binding to MPER region during viral fusion showed that the 4E10 kinetics resembled those of the six-helix bundle formation and fusion blocker C34, indicating that the function of MPER in the fusion cascade is still in effect at a late stage in the fusion reaction. Binding of 4E10 was shown to decrease upon triggering HIV-1 Env-expressing cells with appropriate target cells and addition of C34 did not counteract this loss, suggesting that changes in exposure of MPER occur independently of the six-helix bundle formation.
Dimitrov2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Chimeric SIV viruses containing 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes were not neutralized by the broadly neutralizing sera from two clade B and one clade A infected asymptomatic individuals, indicating that MPER NAb epitopes did not account for the broad neutralizing activity observed.
Dhillon2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
4E10: SOSIP Env proteins are modified by the introduction of a disulfide bond between gp120 and gp41 (SOS), and an I559P (IP) substitution in gp41, and form trimers. The KNH1144 subtype A virus formed more stable trimers than did the prototype subtype B SOSIP Env, JRFL. The stability of gp140 trimers was increased for JR-FL and Ba-L SOSIP proteins by substituting the five amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of gp41 with corresponding residues from KNH1144 virus. b12, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10 and CD4-IgG2 all bound similarly to the WT and to the stabilized JRFL SOSIP timers, suggesting that the trimer-stabilizing substitutions do not impair the overall antigenic structure of gp140 trimers.
Dey2007
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: 2F5, 4E10, and m46 neutralization was more potent when tested in a HeLa cell line expressing low CCR5 than in a HeLa cell line expressing high CCR5 levels. PBMC tend to have low CCR5 expression.
Choudhry2007
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
4E10: Structural effects of both increasing peptide length and introducing helix-promoting constraints in the 4E10 epitope were investigated. Helical constraints increased binding affinity of the peptide epitope for 4E10 by increasing the stability of the complex and allowing interaction with an additional helical turn including Leu679 and Trp680. Crystal structures of the 4E10 bound to peptide epitopes revealed that the gp140 residues Trp672, Phe673, Ile675, Thr676 Leu679 and Trp680 have the most significant contact with the antibody, and the core motif was redefined as: WFX(I/L)(T/S)XX(L/I)W.
Cardoso2007
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
4E10: 7/15 and 9/15 subtype A HIV-1 envelopes from samples taken early in infection were neutralized by MAbs 4E10 and 2F5, respectively, and the potency was generally modest. Mutational patterns in the MAb binding sites did not readily explain the observed patterns of sensitivity and resistance.
Blish2007
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: The autoantibody nature of the two membrane proximal HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, was evaluated by comparison to human anti-cardiolipin mAbs derived from a primary antiphospholipid syndrome patient. Both 2F5 and 4E10 bound specifically to cardiolipin. CDR3 sequence similarities between 2F5, 4E10 and anti-cardiolipin mAbs were observed. A difference in the binding mode of both 2F5 and 4E10 when binding to peptide in solution versus peptide conjugated to lipids was observed, in that binding to the peptide-lipid conjugate was best fit by a two step conformational change model. These results suggest that these antibodies share binding and structural similarities with human autoantibodies and their induction by vaccines or natural infection therefore might be limited by immune tolerance mechanisms.
Alam2007
(kinetics, antibody sequence)
-
4E10: Four consensus B Env constructs: full length gp160, uncleaved gp160, truncated gp145, and N-linked glycosylation-site deleted (gp160-201N/S) were compared. All were packaged into virions, and all but the fusion defective uncleaved version mediated infection using the CCR5 co-receptor. Primary isolate Envs varied between completely resistant or somewhat sensitive to neutralization by membrane proximal Nabs 4E10 and 2F5. The most sensitive Con B construct was the truncated version of Con B Env with a stop codon immediately following the membrane spanning domain, suggesting that truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic domain facilitates greater accessibility of the MPER region. The Con B gp160 was quite resistant, and the gp160-201N/S more sensitive, to 4E10 and 2F5.
Kothe2007
(vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: Newborn macaques were challenged orally with the highly pathogenic SHIV89.6P and then treated intravenously with a combination of IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 one and 12 hours post-virus exposure. All control animals became highly viremic and developed AIDS. In the group treated with mAbs 1 hour post-virus exposure, 3/4 animals were protected from persistent systemic infection and one was protected from disease. In the group treated with mAbs 12 hour post-virus exposure, one animal was protected from persistent systemic infection and disease was prevented or delayed in two animals. IgG1b12, 2G12, and 4E10 were also given 24 hours after exposure in a separate study; 4/4 treated animals become viremic, but with delayed and lower peak viremia relative to controls. 3/4 treated animals did not get AIDS during the follow up period, and 1 showed a delayed progression to AIDS , while the 4 untreated animals died of AIDS. Thus the success of passive immunization with NAbs depends on the time window between virus exposure and the start of immunoprophylaxis.
Ferrantelli2007
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
4E10: This study confirmed binding of 4E10 to cardiolipin (CL) and showed that this Ab also binds to phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP). Binding of 4E10 to CL and PIP was inhibited by phosphocholine and enhanced by inositol (PIP only). Anti-PIP mouse monoclonal antibodies had neutralizing antibodies against 2 HIV primary isolates.
Brown2007
(mimics, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
4E10: Alanine scanning mutations of the 21 amino acid region between positions 660-680 showed only 3 substitutions that reduced 4E10 binding, positions lleldkwanlwnWFdisnwlW. No single Ala mutation was resistant to both 2F4 and 4E10. Ala substitutions in 11/20 positions enhanced neutralization sensitivity, LLeLdkWanLWNwfdIsNWLw. For peptides T20 and 4E10 neutralization was synergistic.
Zwick2005
(antibody binding site, escape)
-
4E10: Passive immunization of 8 HIV-1 infected patients with 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12 (day 0, 4E10; days 7, 14 and 21 4E10+2G12+2F5; virus isolated on days 0 and 77) resulted in 0/8 patients with virus that escaped all three NAbs. No viruses escaped 4E10, but only one virus in one patient had the NWFDIT epitope sequence; the W, F and I were conserved in all patients but the other amino acids varied both before and after treatment. A patient carrying the epitope sequence nwfSit had the least 4E10 sensitive virus. In a companion in vitro study, resistance to a single MAb emerged in 3-22 weeks, but triple combination resistance was slower and characterized by decreased viral fitness. In the core of the 4E10 epitope, NWFDIT, 5/11 cases had a T->I escape; 2/11 had a F->L change; and 2/11 had substantial deletions, of WNWF overlapping, or NWLWYI adjacent to the epitope. The lack of resistance to the combination of MAbs in vivo and the reduced fitness of the escape mutants selected in vitro suggests passive immunotherapy may be of value in HIV infection.
Nakowitsch2005
(escape, immunotherapy)
-
4E10: Retrovirus inactivation for vaccine antigen delivery was explored through lipid modification by hydrophobic photoinduced alkylating probe 1.5 iodonaphthylazide (INA). The viral proteins were shown to be structurally intact in the treated non-infectious virus, through the preservation of antibody binding sites for polyclonal anti-gp120 serum, and for broadly neutralizing MAbs 2G12, b12 and 4E10, although the modifications of the lipid disabled viral infection.
Raviv2005
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: gp41 and p15E of the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) share structural and functional similarities, and epitopes in the membrane proximal region of p15E are able to elicit NAbs upon immunization with soluble p15E. Rabbits immunized with a VSV recombinant expressing an HIV-1 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) fused to PERV p15E, with a fusion p15E-HIV MPER protein boost, elicited HIV specific NAbs. The MPER contains the 4E10 epitope.
Luo2006
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: 2F5 and 4E10 both bind to membrane proximal regions of gp41, and have long hydrophobic CDR3 regions characteristic of polyspecific autoreactive antibodies. Of 35 Env-specific MAbs tested, only 2F5 and 4E10 were found to be reactive with phospholipid cardiolipin. Vaccine induction of antibodies that react with these gp41 membrane proximal regions may be rare because of elimination due to autoantigen mimicry. 4E10 also reacted with systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) autoantigen SS-A/Ro, and both 4E10 and 2F5 reacted with HEp-2 cells with diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear patterns indicating polyspecific autoreactivity.
Haynes2005
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: The crystal structure of 4E10 complexed with a 13 aa peptide (KGWNWFDITNWGK) that contains the NWFDIT binding site was resolved to 2.2 A resolution. 4E10 has a canonical beta sandwich Ig-fold, with H3/H2 loop hydrophobicity and a long CDR H3 loop that mediates C-terminal base and central amino acid interactions; it extends beyond the peptide and its orientation suggests it could potentially allow hydrophobic contacts with the viral membrane. 4E10 complex formation induces a conformational change in the peptide such that it forms an amphipathic alpha-helix with a hydrophobic face that interacts with 4E10, with Trp672 primary, and Phe673, Ile675 and Thr676 secondary, contact points.
Cardoso2005
(structure)
-
4E10: Nabs against HIV-1 M group isolates were tested for their ability to neutralize 6 randomly selected HIV-1 O group strains. IgG1b12 could neutralize some O group strains when used on its own, and quadruple combination of b12, 2F5, 2G12, and 4E10, could neutralize the six Group O viruses tested between 62-97%. The linear epitope, NWFDIT, of 4E10 is conserved in 3/6 group O strains.
Ferrantelli2004a
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10; Neonatal rhesus macaques were exposed orally to a pathogenic SHIV, 89.6P. 4/8 were given an intramuscular, passive immunization consisting of NAbs 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, each given at a different body sites at 40 mg/kg per Ab, at one hour and again at 8 days after exposure to 89.6P. The four animals that were untreated all died with a mean survival time of 5.5 weeks, the four animals that got the NAb combination were protected from infection. This model suggests antibodies may be protective against mother-to-infant transmission of HIV.
Ferrantelli2004
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: 93 viruses from different clades were tested for their neutralization cross-reactivity using a panel of HIV antibodies. 4E10 was the most cross-reactive, moderately reactive in all 93 viruses tested from each subtype. WFXI was defined as the core motif, and this core is highly conserved in all M group gp41 sequences. How potent the neutralizing activity is somewhat context dependent.
Binley2004
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: This review discusses research presented at the Ghent Workshop of prevention of breast milk transmission and immunoprophylaxis for HIV-1 in pediatrics (Seattle, Oct. 2002), and makes the case for developing passive or active immunoprophylaxis in neonates to prevent mother-to-infant transmission. Macaque studies have shown that passive transfer of NAb combinations (for example, IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10) can confer partial or complete protection to infant macaques from subsequent oral SHIV challenge.
Safrit2004
(immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: A primary isolate, CC1/85, was passaged 19 times in PBMC and gradually acquired increased sensitivity to FAb b12 and sCD4 that was attributed to changes in the V1V2 loop region, in particular the loss of a potential glycosylation site. The affinity for sCD4 was unchanged in the monomer, suggesting that the structural impact of the change was manifested at the level of the trimer. The passaged virus, CCcon19, retained an R5 phenotype and its neutralization susceptibility to other Abs was essentially the same as CC1/85. The IC50 for 4E10 was greater than 50 for CCcon19, and was 44 for CC1/85, so the primary virus was weakly neutralized by 4E10.
Pugach2004
(variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
4E10: An antigen panel representing different regions of gp41 was generated, and sera from 23 individuals were screened. Anti-gp41 titers were very high, and sera bound to many regions of gp41, there were no immunologically silent regions. Many individuals had broad responses to diverse regions. High titer responses tended to focus on the N-heptad, C-heptad and 2F5-4E10 regions, but there was no correlation between neutralization capacity of sera and the particular peptides recognized. 4E10 responded to the three antigens that carried the minimal NWFNIT epitope, but was conformation and context sensitive.
Opalka2004
(assay or method development)
-
4E10: This paper reviews MAbs that bind to HIV-1 Env. 4E10 binds to a region of gp41 proximal to cluster II (aa 662-676), neighboring the binding site of the broadly neutralizing MAb 2F5 and overlapping the epitope of neutralizing Fab Z13. 4E10 is the most broadly neutralizing MAb, neutralizing primary isolates from clades A, B, C, D, and CRF01 (E), although not the most potent.
Gorny2003
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 were tested for their ability to neutralize two primary HIV-1 clade A isolates (UG/92/031 and UG/92/037) and two primary HIV-1 clade D isolates (UG/92/001 and UG/92/005). 4E10 demonstrated the most potent cross-neutralization activity. Quadruple administration of MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 induced strong synergistic neutralization of 4 clade A isolates (UG/92/031, UG/92/037, RW/92/020 and RW/92/025) as well as 5 clade D isolates (UG/92/001,UG/9/005, /93/086/RUG/94/108, UG/94/114). The authors note this combination of 4 MAbs neutralizes primary HIV A, B, C, and D isolates.
Kitabwalla2003
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis, variant cross-reactivity, mother-to-infant transmission, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: Review of current neutralizing antibody-based HIV vaccine candidates and strategies of vaccine design. Strategies for targeting of the epitopes for NAbs 2F5, 2G12, 4E10, b12, and Z13 are described.
Wang2003
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
4E10: Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVS) are a concern in the context of porcine xenotransplantation into humans; possible strategies for protection include PERV knockout animals or vaccines. Goats immunized with the PERV transmembrane protein revealed two NAb epitope, E1 and E2. E2's epitope (FEGWFN) binds to a sequence that is perfectly preserved in all PERVS and highly conserved in all gammaretroviruses: MuLV carries FEGLFN, FeLV FEGWFN, and it shares three amino acids with the core epitope for the anti-HIV human neutralizing MAb 4E10, (LWNWFN).
Fiebig2003
-
4E10: Four newborn macaques were challenged with pathogenic SHIV 89.6 and given post exposure prophylaxis using a combination of NAbs 2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and IgG1b12. 2/4 treated animals did not show signs of infection, and 2/4 macaques maintained normal CD4+ T cell counts and had a lower delayed peak viremia compared to the controls.
Ferrantelli2003
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
4E10: The SOS mutant envelope protein introduces a covalent disulfide bond between gp120 surface and gp41 transmembrane proteins into the R5 isolate JR-FL by adding cysteines at residues 501 and 605. Pseudovirions bearing this protein bind to CD4 and co-receptor bearing cells, but do not fuse until treatment with a reducing agent, and are arrested prior to fusion after CD4 and co-receptor engagement. gp41 NAbs 2F5 and 4E10 are able to potently neutralize the SOS pseudovirion post-attachment.
Binley2003
(vaccine antigen design)
-
4E10: Review of NAbs illustrating gp41's conformational change and exposure of the 4E10/Z13 epitope in the transient pre-hairpin form.
Ferrantelli2002
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: Passive immunization of neonate macaques with a combination of F105+2G12+2F5 conferred complete protection against oral challenge with SHIV-vpu+ ---the combination b12+2G12+2F5 conferred partial protection against SHIV89.6---such combinations may be useful for prophylaxis at birth and against milk born transmission---the synergistic combination of IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 neutralized a collection of HIV clade C primary isolates.
Xu2002
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: Twenty HIV clade C isolates from five different countries were susceptible to neutralization by anti-clade B MAbs in a synergistic quadruple combination of mAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10.
Xu2001
(antibody interactions, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: Neutralization synergy between anti-HIV NAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 was studied -- a classic fixed-ratio method was used, as well as a method where one Ab was fixed at a low neutralization titer and the other was varied -- using primary isolates, a two-four fold enhancement of neutralization was observed with MAb pairs, and a ten-fold enhancement with a quadruple Ab combination -- no synergy was observed with any MAb pair in the neutralization of TCLA strain HXB2.
Zwick2001c
(antibody interactions)
-
4E10: MAbs 4E10 and Z13 both bind proximally to 2F5 to a conserved linear epitope that has some conformational aspects -- both bind to MN virions, bind weakly to infected cells in a manner that is not disrupted by sCD4 and neutralize some primary isolates from clades B, C, and E -- maps minimal 4E10 epitope to NWFDIT, contrary to an earlier report -- different strains were refractive to neutralization by broadly neutralizing Abs IgG1b12, 2F5, Z13 and 4E10.
Zwick2001b
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
4E10: 4E10 binds proximal to 2F5 and neutralizes primary isolates of clades A, B, C, D, and E. Viruses that were resistant to 2F5 were neutralized by 4E10 and vice versa.
Stiegler2001
(antibody binding site)
-
4E10: Included in a multi-lab study for antibody characterization, binding and neutralization assay comparison.
DSouza1994
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
4E10: MAbs generated by hybridoma, electrofusion of PBL from HIV-1+ volunteers with CB-F7 heteromyeloma cells -- also binds to MHC class II proteins -- anti-class II Abs are only found in HIV-1 positive people -- this paper maps 4E10's binding site to AEGTDRV, gp160(823-829), but the later Zwick et al. study in 2001 revised the epitope location.
Buchacher1992,Buchacher1994
(antibody binding site, antibody generation)
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Carl R. Alving and Mangala Rao. Lipid A and Liposomes Containing Lipid A as Antigens and Adjuvants. Vaccine, 26(24):3036-3045, 6 Jun 2008. PubMed ID: 18226433.
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Elly Baan, Anthony de Ronde, Martijn Stax, Rogier W. Sanders, Stanley Luchters, Joseph Vyankandondera, Joep M. Lange, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. HIV-1 Autologous Antibody Neutralization Associates with Mother to Child Transmission. PLoS One, 8(7):e69274, 2013. PubMed ID: 23874931.
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Zoltan Beck, Nicos Karasavvas, James Tong, Gary R. Matyas, Mangala Rao, and Carl R. Alving. Calcium Modulation of Monoclonal Antibody Binding to Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 354(3):747-751, 16 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17257584.
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Zoltan Beck, Bruce K. Brown, Gary R. Matyas, Victoria R. Polonis, Mangala Rao, and Carl R. Alving. Infection of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Erythrocyte-Bound HIV-1: Effects of Antibodies and Complement. Virology, 412(2):441-447, 10 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21334707.
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Blish2008
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Blish2009
Catherine A. Blish, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Stephanie Rainwater, Minh-An Nguyen, Ozge C. Dogan, and Julie Overbaugh. Cross-Subtype Neutralization Sensitivity Despite Monoclonal Antibody Resistance among Early Subtype A, C, and D Envelope Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 83(15):7783-7788, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19474105.
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Bontjer2009
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Bontjer2010
Ilja Bontjer, Mark Melchers, Dirk Eggink, Kathryn David, John P. Moore, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers Lacking the V1V2 Domain, Obtained by Virus Evolution. J. Biol. Chem, 285(47):36456-36470, 19 Nov 2010. PubMed ID: 20826824.
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Bouvin-Pley2014
M. Bouvin-Pley, M. Morgand, L. Meyer, C. Goujard, A. Moreau, H. Mouquet, M. Nussenzweig, C. Pace, D. Ho, P. J. Bjorkman, D. Baty, P. Chames, M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Poignard, F. Barin, and M. Braibant. Drift of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Toward Increased Neutralization Resistance over the Course of the Epidemic: A Comprehensive Study Using the Most Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(23):13910-13917, Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25231299.
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Bradley2016a
Todd Bradley, Ashley Trama, Nancy Tumba, Elin Gray, Xiaozhi Lu, Navid Madani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, Amanda Eaton, Shi-Mao Xia, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy M. Bowman, Susan Barnett, Salim S. Abdool-Karim, Scott D. Boyd, Bruno Melillo, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., Joseph Sodroski, Thomas B. Kepler, S. Munir Alam, Feng Gao, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, M Anthony Moody, David Montefiori, Sampa Santra, Lynn Morris, and Barton F. Haynes. Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity. EBioMedicine, 12:196-207, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27612593.
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Braibant2013
Martine Braibant, Eun-Yeung Gong, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Thierry Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, and Francis Barin. Cross-Group Neutralization of HIV-1 and Evidence for Conservation of the PG9/PG16 Epitopes within Divergent Groups. AIDS, 27(8):1239-1244, 15 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23343910.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Brown2007
Bruce K. Brown, Nicos Karasavvas, Zoltan Beck, Gary R. Matyas, Deborah L. Birx, Victoria R. Polonis, and Carl R. Alving. Monoclonal Antibodies to Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Neutralize Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Role of Phosphate-Binding Subsites. J. Virol., 81(4):2087-2091, Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17151131.
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Brown2012
Bruce K. Brown, Lindsay Wieczorek, Gustavo Kijak, Kara Lombardi, Jeffrey Currier, Maggie Wesberry, John C. Kappes, Viseth Ngauy, Mary Marovich, Nelson Michael, Christina Ochsenbauer, David C Montefiori, and Victoria R. Polonis. The Role of Natural Killer (NK) Cells and NK Cell Receptor Polymorphisms in the Assessment of HIV-1 Neutralization. PLoS One, 7(4):e29454, 2012. PubMed ID: 22509241.
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Bruel2016
Timothée Bruel, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Sonia Amraoui, Marine Malbec, Léa Richard, Katia Bourdic, Daniel Aaron Donahue, Valérie Lorin, Nicoletta Casartelli, Nicolas Noël, Olivier Lambotte, Hugo Mouquet, and Olivier Schwartz. Elimination of HIV-1-Infected Cells by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 7:10844, 3 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26936020.
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Brunel2006
Florence M. Brunel, Michael B. Zwick, Rosa M. F. Cardoso, Josh D. Nelson, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, and Philip E. Dawson. Structure-Function Analysis of the Epitope for 4E10, a Broadly Neutralizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody. J. Virol., 80(4):1680-1687, Feb 2006. PubMed ID: 16439525.
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Bryson2009
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Buchacher1992
Andrea Buchacher, Renate Predl, Christa Tauer, Martin Purtscher, Gerhard Gruber, Renate Heider, Fraz Steindl, Alexandra Trkola, Alois Jungbauer, and Herman Katinger. Human Monoclonal Antibodies against gp41 and gp120 as Potential Agent for Passive Immunization. Vaccines, 92:191-195, 1992.
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Bunnik2007
Evelien M Bunnik, Esther D Quakkelaar, Ad C. van Nuenen, Brigitte Boeser-Nunnink, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Increased Neutralization Sensitivity of Recently Emerged CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains Compared to Coexisting CCR5-Using Variants from the Same Patient. J. Virol., 81(2):525-531, Jan 2007. PubMed ID: 17079299.
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Bunnik2009
Evelien M. Bunnik, Marit J. van Gils, Marilie S. D. Lobbrecht, Linaida Pisas, Ad C. van Nuenen, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Changing Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 of Primary Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants in the Natural Course of Infection. Virology, 390(2):348-355, 1 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19539340.
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Bunnik2010a
Evelien M. Bunnik, Zelda Euler, Matthijs R. A. Welkers, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Adaptation of HIV-1 Envelope gp120 to Humoral Immunity at a Population Level. Nat. Med., 16(9):995-997, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20802498.
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Dennis R. Burton, Pascal Poignard, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Present New Prospects to Counter Highly Antigenically Diverse Viruses. Science, 337(6091):183-186, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22798606.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Buzon2010
Victor Buzon, Ganesh Natrajan, David Schibli, Felix Campelo, Michael M. Kozlov, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Crystal Structure of HIV-1 gp41 Including Both Fusion Peptide and Membrane Proximal External Regions. PLoS Pathog, 6(5):e1000880, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20463810.
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Cai2017
Yongfei Cai, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Jia Chen, Sai Tian, Nicholas Fredette, Christine E. Linton, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Kshitij Wagh, James Theiler, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Stephen C. Harrison, Andrea Carfi, and Bing Chen. Antigenicity-Defined Conformations of an Extremely Neutralization-Resistant HIV-1 Envelope Spike. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114(17):4477-4482, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28396421.
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Cardoso2005
Rosa M. F. Cardoso, Michael B. Zwick, Robyn L. Stanfield, Renate Kunert, James M. Binley, Hermann Katinger, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody 4E10 Recognizes a Helical Conformation of a Highly Conserved Fusion-Associated Motif in gp41. Immunity, 22(2):163-173, Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15723805.
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Cardoso2007
Rosa M. F. Cardoso, Florence M. Brunel, Sharon Ferguson, Michael Zwick, Dennis R. Burton, Philip E. Dawson, and Ian A. Wilson. Structural Basis of Enhanced Binding of Extended and Helically Constrained Peptide Epitopes of the Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody 4E10. J. Mol. Biol., 365(5):1533-1544, 2 Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17125793.
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Chakrabarti2011
B. K. Chakrabarti, L. M. Walker, J. F. Guenaga, A. Ghobbeh, P. Poignard, D. R. Burton, and R. T. Wyatt. Direct Antibody Access to the HIV-1 Membrane-Proximal External Region Positively Correlates with Neutralization Sensitivity. J. Virol., 85(16):8217-8226, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21653673.
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Cham2006
Fatim Cham, Peng Fei Zhang, Leo Heyndrickx, Peter Bouma, Ping Zhong, Herman Katinger, James Robinson, Guido van der Groen, and Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr. Neutralization and Infectivity Characteristics of Envelope Glycoproteins from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Donors Whose Sera Exhibit Broadly Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Virology, 347(1):36-51, 30 Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16378633.
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Cheeseman2017
Hannah M. Cheeseman, Natalia J. Olejniczak, Paul M. Rogers, Abbey B. Evans, Deborah F. L. King, Paul Ziprin, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and Robin J. Shattock. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 91(1), 1 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27795431.
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Chen2009b
Weizao Chen and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Engineered Antibody Domains as HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(2):112-117, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19339949.
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Chen2013
Yao Chen, Jinsong Zhang, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Hilary Bouton-Verville, Shi-Mao Xia, Amanda Newman, Ying-Bin Ouyang, Barton F. Haynes, and Laurent Verkoczy. Common Tolerance Mechanisms, but Distinct Cross-Reactivities Associated with gp41 and Lipids, Limit Production of HIV-1 Broad Neutralizing Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10. J. Immunol., 191(3):1260-1275, Aug 1 2013. PubMed ID: 23825311.
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Chen2014
Jia Chen, Gary Frey, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jetta Garrity, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Mechanism of HIV-1 Neutralization by Antibodies Targeting a Membrane-Proximal Region of gp41. J. Virol., 88(2):1249-1258, Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24227838.
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Chen2015
Jia Chen, James M. Kovacs, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Donghyun Park, Elise Zablowsky, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Effect of the Cytoplasmic Domain on Antigenic Characteristics of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Science, 349(6244):191-195, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26113642.
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Chenine2013
Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Maggie Wesberry, Teresa Towle, Devin M. Pillis, Sebastian Molnar, Robert McLinden, Tara Edmonds, Ivan Hirsch, Robert O'Connell, Francine E. McCutchan, David C. Montefiori, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Impact of HIV-1 Backbone on Neutralization Sensitivity: Neutralization Profiles of Heterologous Envelope Glycoproteins Expressed in Native Subtype C and CRF01\_AE Backbone. PLoS One, 8(11):e76104, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312165.
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Chenine2018
Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Melanie Merbah, Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Brendan Mann, Jenica Lee, Anne-Marie O'Sullivan, Meera Bose, Eric Sanders-Buell, Gustavo H. Kijak, Carolina Herrera, Robert McLinden, Robert J. O'Connell, Nelson L. Michael, Merlin L. Robb, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Neutralization Sensitivity of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Panel of Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 78(3):348-355, 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29528942.
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Ching2010
Lance Ching and Leonidas Stamatatos. Alterations in the Immunogenic Properties of Soluble Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Proteins Induced by Deletion or Heterologous Substitutions of the V1 Loop. J. Virol., 84(19):9932-9946, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20660181.
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Chong2008
Huihui Chong, Kunxue Hong, Chuntao Zhang, Jianhui Nie, Aijing Song, Wei Kong, and Youchun Wang. Genetic and Neutralization Properties of HIV-1 env Clones from Subtype B/BC/AE Infections in China. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 47(5):535-543, 15 Apr 2008. PubMed ID: 18209676.
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Choudhry2006
Vidita Choudhry, Mei-Yun Zhang, Ilia Harris, Igor A. Sidorov, Bang Vu, Antony S. Dimitrov, Timothy Fouts, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Increased Efficacy of HIV-1 Neutralization by Antibodies at Low CCR5 Surface Concentration. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 348(3):1107-1115, 29 Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 16904645.
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Choudhry2007
Vidita Choudhry, Mei-Yun Zhang, Igor A. Sidorov, John M. Louis, Ilia Harris, Antony S. Dimitrov, Peter Bouma, Fatim Cham, Anil Choudhary, Susanna M. Rybak, Timothy Fouts, David C. Montefiori, Christopher C. Broder, Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr., and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Selected by Screening of an Immune Human Phage Library Against an Envelope Glycoprotein (gp140) Isolated from a Patient (R2) with Broadly HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies. Virology, 363(1):79-90, 20 Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17306322.
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Chuang2013
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Priyamvada Acharya, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Robert T. Bailer, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Residue-Level Prediction of HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes Based on Neutralization of Diverse Viral Strains. J. Virol., 87(18):10047-10058, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23843642.
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Correia2010
Bruno E. Correia, Yih-En Andrew Ban, Margaret A. Holmes, Hengyu Xu, Katharine Ellingson, Zane Kraft, Chris Carrico, Erica Boni, D. Noah Sather, Camille Zenobia, Katherine Y. Burke, Tyler Bradley-Hewitt, Jessica F. Bruhn-Johannsen, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, David Baker, Roland K. Strong, Leonidas Stamatatos, and William R. Schief. Computational Design of Epitope-Scaffolds Allows Induction of Antibodies Specific for a Poorly Immunogenic HIV Vaccine Epitope. Structure, 18(9):1116-1126, 8 Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20826338.
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Corti2010
Davide Corti, Johannes P. M. Langedijk, Andreas Hinz, Michael S. Seaman, Fabrizia Vanzetta, Blanca M. Fernandez-Rodriguez, Chiara Silacci, Debora Pinna, David Jarrossay, Sunita Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh, Betty Willems, Maria J. Zekveld, Hanna Dreja, Eithne O'Sullivan, Corinna Pade, Chloe Orkin, Simon A. Jeffs, David C. Montefiori, David Davis, Winfried Weissenhorn, Áine McKnight, Jonathan L. Heeney, Federica Sallusto, Quentin J. Sattentau, Robin A. Weiss, and Antonio Lanzavecchia. Analysis of Memory B Cell Responses and Isolation of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Breadth from HIV-1-Infected Individuals. PLoS One, 5(1):e8805, 2010. PubMed ID: 20098712.
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Coutant2008
Jérôme Coutant, Huifeng Yu, Marie-Jeanne Clément, Annette Alfsen, Flavio Toma, Patrick A. Curmi, and Morgane Bomsel. Both Lipid Environment and pH Are Critical for Determining Physiological Solution Structure of 3-D-Conserved Epitopes of the HIV-1 gp41-MPER Peptide P1. FASEB J., 22(12):4338-4351, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18776068.
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Crooks2005
Emma T. Crooks, Penny L. Moore, Douglas Richman, James Robinson, Jeffrey A. Crooks, Michael Franti, Norbert Schülke, and James M. Binley. Characterizing Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies and Immune Sera by Defining the Mechanism of Neutralization. Hum Antibodies, 14(3-4):101-113, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720980.
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Crooks2011
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. Enzyme Digests Eliminate Nonfunctional Env from HIV-1 Particle Surfaces, Leaving Native Env Trimers Intact and Viral Infectivity Unaffected. J. Virol., 85(12):5825-5839, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21471242.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Davis2009
Katie L. Davis, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Hui Li, Julie M. Decker, Olaf Kutsch, Lynn Morris, Aidy Salomon, Abraham Pinter, James A. Hoxie, Beatrice H. Hahn, Peter D. Kwong, and George M. Shaw. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2)/HIV-1 Envelope Chimeras Detect High Titers of Broadly Reactive HIV-1 V3-Specific Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 83(3):1240-1259, Feb 2009. PubMed ID: 19019969.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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Dennison2009
S. Moses Dennison, Shelley M. Stewart, Kathryn C. Stempel, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Stable Docking of Neutralizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Membrane-Proximal External Region Monoclonal Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 Is Dependent on the Membrane Immersion Depth of Their Epitope Regions. J. Virol., 83(19):10211-10223, Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19640992.
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Dennison2014
S. Moses Dennison, Kara M. Anasti, Frederick H. Jaeger, Shelley M. Stewart, Justin Pollara, Pinghuang Liu, Erika L. Kunz, Ruijun Zhang, Nathan Vandergrift, Sallie Permar, Guido Ferrari, Georgia D. Tomaras, Mattia Bonsignori, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H Kim, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Vaccine-Induced HIV-1 Envelope gp120 Constant Region 1-Specific Antibodies Expose a CD4-Inducible Epitope and Block the Interaction of HIV-1 gp140 with Galactosylceramide. J. Virol., 88(16):9406-9417, Aug 2014. PubMed ID: 24920809.
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Depetris2012
Rafael S Depetris, Jean-Philippe Julien, Reza Khayat, Jeong Hyun Lee, Robert Pejchal, Umesh Katpally, Nicolette Cocco, Milind Kachare, Evan Massi, Kathryn B. David, Albert Cupo, Andre J. Marozsan, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, and John P Moore. Partial Enzymatic Deglycosylation Preserves the Structure of Cleaved Recombinant HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 287(29):24239-24254, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22645128.
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Derby2006
Nina R. Derby, Zane Kraft, Elaine Kan, Emma T. Crooks, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, James M. Binley, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Antibody Responses Elicited in Macaques Immunized with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) SF162-Derived gp140 Envelope Immunogens: Comparison with Those Elicited during Homologous Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVSF162P4 and Heterologous HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 80(17):8745-8762, Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 16912322.
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Dey2007
Antu K. Dey, Kathryn B. David, Per J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. Specific Amino Acids in the N-Terminus of the gp41 Ectodomain Contribute to the Stabilization of a Soluble, Cleaved gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Virology, 360(1):199-208, 30 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17092531.
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Dey2008
Antu K. Dey, Kathryn B. David, Neelanjana Ray, Thomas J. Ketas, Per J. Klasse, Robert W. Doms, and John P. Moore. N-Terminal Substitutions in HIV-1 gp41 Reduce the Expression of Non-Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins on the Virus. Virology, 372(1):187-200, 1 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18031785.
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Dhillon2007
Amandeep K. Dhillon, Helen Donners, Ralph Pantophlet, Welkin E. Johnson, Julie M. Decker, George M. Shaw, Fang-Hua Lee, Douglas D. Richman, Robert W. Doms, Guido Vanham, and Dennis R. Burton. Dissecting the Neutralizing Antibody Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Sera from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Donors. J. Virol., 81(12):6548-6562, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17409160.
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Dieltjens2009
Tessa Dieltjens, Leo Heyndrickx, Betty Willems, Elin Gray, Lies Van Nieuwenhove, Katrijn Grupping, Guido Vanham, and Wouter Janssens. Evolution of Antibody Landscape and Viral Envelope Escape in an HIV-1 CRF02\_AG Infected Patient with 4E10-Like Antibodies. Retrovirology, 6:113, 2009. PubMed ID: 20003438.
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Dimitrov2007
Antony S. Dimitrov, Amy Jacobs, Catherine M. Finnegan, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, and Robert Blumenthal. Exposure of the Membrane-Proximal External Region of HIV-1 gp41 in the Course of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein-Mediated Fusion. Biochemistry, 46(5):1398-1401, 6 Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17260969.
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Dong2006
Xiao-Nan Dong and Ying-Hua Chen. Neutralizing Epitopes in the Membrane-Proximal Region of HIV-1 gp41: Genetic Variability and Co-Variation. Immunol. Lett., 106(2):180-186, 15 Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16859756.
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Doria-Rose2010
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Rachel M. Klein, Marcus G. Daniels, Sijy O'Dell, Martha Nason, Alan Lapedes, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Stephen A. Migueles, Richard T. Wyatt, Bette T. Korber, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Breadth of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Neutralizing Activity in Sera: Clustering Analysis and Association with Clinical Variables. J. Virol., 84(3):1631-1636, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 19923174.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Doyle-Cooper2013
Colleen Doyle-Cooper, Krystalyn E. Hudson, Anthony B. Cooper, Takayuki Ota, Patrick Skog, Phillip E. Dawson, Michael B. Zwick, William R. Schief, Dennis R. Burton, and David Nemazee. Immune Tolerance Negatively Regulates B Cells in Knock-In Mice Expressing Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibody 4E10. J. Immunol., 191(6):3186-3191, 15 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23940276.
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DSouza1994
M. P. D'Souza, S. J. Geyer, C. V. Hanson, R. M. Hendry, G. Milman, and Collaborating Investigators. Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies to HIV-1 Envelope by Neutralization and Binding Assays: An International Collaboration. AIDS, 8:169-181, 1994. PubMed ID: 7519019.
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Dufloo2022
Jérémy Dufloo, Cyril Planchais, Stéphane Frémont, Valérie Lorin, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Karl Stefic, Nicoletta Casartelli, Arnaud Echard, Philippe Roingeard, Hugo Mouquet, Olivier Schwartz, and Timothée Bruel. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Tether Viral Particles at the Surface of Infected Cells. Nat. Commun., 13(1):630, 2 Feb 2022. PubMed ID: 35110562.
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Edmonds2010
Tara G. Edmonds, Haitao Ding, Xing Yuan, Qing Wei, Kendra S. Smith, Joan A. Conway, Lindsay Wieczorek, Bruce Brown, Victoria Polonis, John T. West, David C. Montefiori, John C. Kappes, and Christina Ochsenbauer. Replication Competent Molecular Clones of HIV-1 Expressing Renilla Luciferase Facilitate the Analysis of Antibody Inhibition in PBMC. Virology, 408(1):1-13, 5 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 20863545.
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Euler2011
Zelda Euler, Evelien M. Bunnik, Judith A. Burger, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Activity of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Including PG9, PG16, and VRC01, against Recently Transmitted Subtype B HIV-1 Variants from Early and Late in the Epidemic. J. Virol., 85(14):7236-7245, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21561918.
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Falkowska2012
Emilia Falkowska, Alejandra Ramos, Yu Feng, Tongqing Zhou, Stephanie Moquin, Laura M. Walker, Xueling Wu, Michael S. Seaman, Terri Wrin, Peter D. Kwong, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. PGV04, an HIV-1 gp120 CD4 Binding Site Antibody, Is Broad and Potent in Neutralization but Does Not Induce Conformational Changes Characteristic of CD4. J. Virol., 86(8):4394-4403, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22345481.
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Fenyo2009
Eva Maria Fenyö, Alan Heath, Stefania Dispinseri, Harvey Holmes, Paolo Lusso, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Helen Donners, Leo Heyndrickx, Jose Alcami, Vera Bongertz, Christian Jassoy, Mauro Malnati, David Montefiori, Christiane Moog, Lynn Morris, Saladin Osmanov, Victoria Polonis, Quentin Sattentau, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ruengpung Sutthent, Terri Wrin, and Gabriella Scarlatti. International Network for Comparison of HIV Neutralization Assays: The NeutNet Report. PLoS One, 4(2):e4505, 2009. PubMed ID: 19229336.
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Ferrantelli2002
Flavia Ferrantelli and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV --- Back in the Major Leagues? Curr. Opin. Immunol., 14(4):495-502, Aug 2002. PubMed ID: 12088685.
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Ferrantelli2003
Flavia Ferrantelli, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Robert A. Rasmussen, Tao Wang, Weidong Xu, Pei-Lin Li, David C. Montefiori, Lisa A. Cavacini, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies Prevented SHIV89.6P Infection or Disease in Neonatal Macaques. AIDS, 17(3):301-309, 14 Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12556683.
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Ferrantelli2004
Flavia Ferrantelli, Robert A. Rasmussen, Kathleen A. Buckley, Pei-Lin Li, Tao Wang, David C. Montefiori, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Complete Protection of Neonatal Rhesus Macaques against Oral Exposure to Pathogenic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus by Human Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Infect. Dis., 189(12):2167-2173, 15 Jun 2004. PubMed ID: 15181562.
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Ferrantelli2004a
Flavia Ferrantelli, Moiz Kitabwalla, Robert A. Rasmussen, Chuanhai Cao, Ting-Chao Chou, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Lisa A. Cavacini, Yun Bai, Joseph Cotropia, Kenneth E. Ugen, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Potent Cross-Group Neutralization of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Isolates with Monoclonal Antibodies--Implications for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 189(1):71-74, 1 Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14702155.
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Ferrantelli2007
Flavia Ferrantelli, Kathleen A. Buckley, Robert A. Rasmussen, Alistair Chalmers, Tao Wang, Pei-Lin Li, Alison L. Williams, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, David C. Montefiori, Lisa A. Cavacini, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Time Dependence of Protective Post-Exposure Prophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Pathogenic SHIV Challenge in Newborn Macaques. Virology, 358(1):69-78, 5 Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 16996554.
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Fiebig2003
Uwe Fiebig, Oliver Stephan, Reinhard Kurth, and Joachim Denner. Neutralizing Antibodies against Conserved Domains of p15E of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses: Basis for a Vaccine for Xenotransplantation? Virology, 307(2):406-413, 15 Mar 2003. PubMed ID: 12667808.
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Fiebig2009
Uwe Fiebig, Mirco Schmolke, Magdalena Eschricht, Reinhard Kurth, and Joachim Denner. Mode of Interaction between the HIV-1-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody 2F5 and Its Epitope. AIDS, 23(8):887-895, 15 May 2009. PubMed ID: 19414989.
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Finton2013
Kathryn A. K. Finton, Kevin Larimore, H. Benjamin Larman, Della Friend, Colin Correnti, Peter B. Rupert, Stephen J. Elledge, Philip D. Greenberg, and Roland K. Strong. Autoreactivity and Exceptional CDR Plasticity (but Not Unusual Polyspecificity) Hinder Elicitation of the Anti-HIV Antibody 4E10. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003639, 2013. PubMed ID: 24086134.
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Finton2014
Kathryn A. K. Finton, Della Friend, James Jaffe, Mesfin Gewe, Margaret A. Holmes, H. Benjamin Larman, Andrew Stuart, Kevin Larimore, Philip D. Greenberg, Stephen J. Elledge, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Roland K. Strong. Ontogeny of Recognition Specificity and Functionality for the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody 4E10. PLoS Pathog., 10(9):e1004403, Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25254371.
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Forsman2008
Anna Forsman, Els Beirnaert, Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman, Bart Hoorelbeke, Karolin Hijazi, Willie Koh, Vanessa Tack, Agnieszka Szynol, Charles Kelly, Áine McKnight, Theo Verrips, Hans de Haard, and Robin A Weiss. Llama Antibody Fragments with Cross-Subtype Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Neutralizing Properties and High Affinity for HIV-1 gp120. J. Virol., 82(24):12069-12081, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18842738.
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Forthal2009
Donald N. Forthal and Christiane Moog. Fc Receptor-Mediated Antiviral Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):388-393, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048702.
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Franquelim2011
Henri G. Franquelim, Salvatore Chiantia, Ana Salomé Veiga, Nuno C. Santos, Petra Schwille, and Miguel A. R. B. Castanho. Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 Interact Differently with Lipids to Bind Their Epitopes. AIDS, 25(4):419-428, 20 Feb 2011. PubMed ID: 21245727.
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Frey2008
Gary Frey, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Marco Morelli, Yifan Cheng, and Bing Chen. A Fusion-Intermediate State of HIV-1 gp41 Targeted by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(10):3739-3744, 11 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18322015.
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Frey2010
Gary Frey, Jia Chen, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Michael M. Freeman, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Bing Chen. Distinct Conformational States of HIV-1 gp41 Are Recognized by Neutralizing and Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 17(12):1486-1491, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21076402.
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Fu2018
Qingshan Fu, Md Munan Shaik, Yongfei Cai, Fadi Ghantous, Alessandro Piai, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Zhijun Liu, Stephen C. Harrison, Michael S. Seaman, Bing Chen, and James J. Chou. Structure of the Membrane Proximal External Region of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 115(38):E8892-E8899, 18 Sep 2018. PubMed ID: 30185554.
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Gach2013
Johannes S. Gach, Heribert Quendler, Tommy Tong, Kristin M. Narayan, Sean X. Du, Robert G. Whalen, James M. Binley, Donald N. Forthal, Pascal Poignard, and Michael B. Zwick. A Human Antibody to the CD4 Binding Site of gp120 Capable of Highly Potent but Sporadic Cross Clade Neutralization of Primary HIV-1. PLoS One, 8(8):e72054, 2013. PubMed ID: 23991039.
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Gach2014
Johannes S. Gach, Chad J. Achenbach, Veronika Chromikova, Baiba Berzins, Nina Lambert, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Christine Katlama, Barbara H. Jung, and Robert L. Murphy. HIV-1 Specific Antibody Titers and Neutralization among Chronically Infected Patients on Long-Term Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One, 9(1):e85371, 2014. PubMed ID: 24454852.
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Gao2007
Feng Gao, Hua-Xin Liao, Beatrice H. Hahn, Norman L. Letvin, Bette T. Korber, and Barton F. Haynes. Centralized HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens and Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):572-577, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045113.
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Gao2009
Feng Gao, Richard M. Scearce, S. Munir Alam, Bhavna Hora, Shimao Xia, Julie E. Hohm, Robert J. Parks, Damon F. Ogburn, Georgia D. Tomaras, Emily Park, Woodrow E. Lomas, Vernon C. Maino, Susan A. Fiscus, Myron S. Cohen, M. Anthony Moody, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Cross-reactive Monoclonal Antibodies to Multiple HIV-1 Subtype and SIVcpz Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 394(1):91-98, 10 Nov 2009. PubMed ID: 19744690.
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Geonnotti2010
Anthony R. Geonnotti, Miroslawa Bilska, Xing Yuan, Christina Ochsenbauer, Tara G. Edmonds, John C. Kappes, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and David C. Montefiori. Differential Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and TZM-bl Cells by Endotoxin-Mediated Chemokine and Gamma Interferon Production. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 26(3):279-291, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20218881.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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Gonzalez2010
Nuria Gonzalez, Amparo Alvarez, and Jose Alcami. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and their Significance for HIV-1 Vaccines. Curr. HIV Res., 8(8):602-612, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21054253.
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Gorny2003
Miroslaw K. Gorny and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Human Monoclonal Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1. In Bette T. M. Korber and et. al., editors, HIV Immunology and HIV/SIV Vaccine Databases 2003. pages 37--51. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology \& Biophysics, Los Alamos, N.M., 2004. URL: http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/immunology/pdf/2003/zolla-pazner_article.pdf. LA-UR 04-8162.
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Gorny2006
Miroslaw K. Gorny, Constance Williams, Barbara Volsky, Kathy Revesz, Xiao-Hong Wang, Sherri Burda, Tetsuya Kimura, Frank A. J. Konings, Arthur Nádas, Christopher A. Anyangwe, Phillipe Nyambi, Chavdar Krachmarov, Abraham Pinter, and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Cross-Clade Neutralizing Activity of Human Anti-V3 Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from the Cells of Individuals Infected with Non-B Clades of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 80(14):6865-6872, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16809292.
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Gorny2009
Miroslaw K. Gorny, Xiao-Hong Wang, Constance Williams, Barbara Volsky, Kathy Revesz, Bradley Witover, Sherri Burda, Mateusz Urbanski, Phillipe Nyambi, Chavdar Krachmarov, Abraham Pinter, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Arthur Nadas. Preferential Use of the VH5-51 Gene Segment by the Human Immune Response to Code for Antibodies against the V3 Domain of HIV-1. Mol. Immunol., 46(5):917-926, Feb 2009. PubMed ID: 18952295.
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Gray2006
Elin Solomonovna Gray, Tammy Meyers, Glenda Gray, David Charles Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Insensitivity of Paediatric HIV-1 Subtype C Viruses to Broadly Neutralising Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Subtype B. PLoS Med., 3(7):e255, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16834457.
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Gray2007a
Elin S. Gray, Penny L. Moore, Ralph A. Pantophlet, and Lynn Morris. N-Linked Glycan Modifications in gp120 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Render Partial Sensitivity to 2G12 Antibody Neutralization. J. Virol., 81(19):10769-10776, Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17634239.
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Gray2008
Elin S. Gray, Penny L. Moore, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Hui Li, Julie M. Decker, Tammy Meyers, George M. Shaw, and Lynn Morris. 4E10-Resistant Variants in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C-Infected Individual with an Anti-Membrane-Proximal External Region-Neutralizing Antibody Response. J. Virol., 82(5):2367-2375, Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18094155.
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Gray2009a
Elin S. Gray, Maphuti C. Madiga, Penny L. Moore, Koleka Mlisana, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, and Lynn Morris. Broad Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mediated by Plasma Antibodies against the gp41 Membrane Proximal External Region. J. Virol., 83(21):11265-11274, Nov 2009. PubMed ID: 19692477.
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Gupta2013
Sandeep Gupta, Johannes S. Gach, Juan C. Becerra, Tran B. Phan, Jeffrey Pudney, Zina Moldoveanu, Sarah B. Joseph, Gary Landucci, Medalyn Jude Supnet, Li-Hua Ping, Davide Corti, Brian Moldt, Zdenek Hel, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Dennis R. Burton, Jiri Mestecky, Deborah J. Anderson, and Donald N. Forthal. The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Transcytosis across Epithelial Cells. PLoS Pathog., 9(11):e1003776, Nov 2013. PubMed ID: 24278022.
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Gustchina2007
Elena Gustchina, John M. Louis, Son N. Lam, Carole A. Bewley, and G. Marius Clore. A Monoclonal Fab Derived from a Human Nonimmune Phage Library Reveals a New Epitope on gp41 and Neutralizes Diverse Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains. J. Virol., 81(23):12946-12953, Dec 2007. PubMed ID: 17898046.
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Gustchina2008
Elena Gustchina, Carole A. Bewley, and G. Marius Clore. Sequestering of the Prehairpin Intermediate of gp41 by Peptide N36Mut(e,g) Potentiates the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralizing Activity of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against the N-Terminal Helical Repeat of gp41. J. Virol., 82(20):10032-10041, Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18667502.
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Guzzo2018
Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Habte2015
Habtom H. Habte, Saikat Banerjee, Heliang Shi, Yali Qin, and Michael W. Cho. Immunogenic Properties of a Trimeric gp41-Based Immunogen Containing an Exposed Membrane-Proximal External Region. Virology, 486:187-197, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26454663.
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Hager-Braun2006
Christine Hager-Braun, Hermann Katinger, and Kenneth B. Tomer. The HIV-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody 4E10 Recognizes N-Terminal Sequences on the Native Antigen. J. Immunol., 176(12):7471-7481, 15 Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16751393.
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Hammond2010
Philip W. Hammond. Accessing the Human Repertoire for Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. MAbs, 2(2):157-164, Mar-Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20168075.
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Hardy2012
Gregory J. Hardy, Yee Lam, Shelley M. Stewart, Kara Anasti, S. Munir Alam, and Stefan Zauscher. Screening the Interactions between HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies and Model Lipid Surfaces. J. Immunol. Methods, 376(1-2):13-19, 28 Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22033342.
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Haynes2005
Barton F. Haynes, Judith Fleming, E. William St. Clair, Herman Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, James Robinson, Richard M. Scearce, Kelly Plonk, Herman F. Staats, Thomas L. Ortel, Hua-Xin Liao, and S. Munir Alam. Cardiolipin Polyspecific Autoreactivity in Two Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. Science, 308(5730):1906-1908, 24 Jun 2005. Comment in Science 2005 Jun 24;308(5730):1878-9. PubMed ID: 15860590.
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Haynes2005a
Barton F. Haynes, M. Anthony Moody, Laurent Verkoczy, Garnett Kelsoe, and S. Munir Alam. Antibody Polyspecificity and Neutralization of HIV-1: A Hypothesis. Hum. Antibodies, 14(3-4):59-67, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720975.
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Haynes2006a
Barton F. Haynes and David C. Montefiori. Aiming to Induce Broadly Reactive Neutralizing Antibody Responses with HIV-1 Vaccine Candidates. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 5(4):579-595, Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16989638.
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Haynes2008
Barton F. Haynes and Robin J. Shattock. Critical Issues in Mucosal Immunity for HIV-1 Vaccine Development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 122(1):3-9, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18468671.
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Haynes2010
Barton F. Haynes, Nathan I. Nicely, and S. Munir Alam. HIV-1 Autoreactive Antibodies: Are They Good or Bad for HIV-1 Prevention? Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 17(5):543-545, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20442740.
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Haynes2012
Barton F. Haynes, Garnett Kelsoe, Stephen C. Harrison, and Thomas B. Kepler. B-Cell-Lineage Immunogen Design in Vaccine Development with HIV-1 as a Case Study. Nat. Biotechnol., 30(5):423-433, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22565972.
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Haynes2013
Barton F. Haynes and M. Juliana McElrath. Progress in HIV-1 Vaccine Development. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 8(4):326-332, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23743722.
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Haynes2016
Barton F. Haynes, George M. Shaw, Bette Korber, Garnett Kelsoe, Joseph Sodroski, Beatrice H. Hahn, Persephone Borrow, and Andrew J. McMichael. HIV-Host Interactions: Implications for Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 19(3):292-303, 9 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26922989.
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Hessell2010
Ann J. Hessell, Eva G. Rakasz, David M. Tehrani, Michael Huber, Kimberly L. Weisgrau, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, David I. Watkins, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 Directed Against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Membrane-Proximal External Region Protect against Mucosal Challenge by Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVBa-L. J. Virol., 84(3):1302-1313, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 19906907.
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Hicar2010
Mark D. Hicar, Xuemin Chen, Bryan Briney, Jason Hammonds, Jaang-Jiun Wang, Spyros Kalams, Paul W. Spearman, and James E. Crowe, Jr. Pseudovirion Particles Bearing Native HIV Envelope Trimers Facilitate a Novel Method for Generating Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Against HIV. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 54(3):223-235, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20531016.
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Hildgartner2009
Alexander Hildgartner, Doris Wilflingseder, Christoph Gassner, Manfred P. Dierich, Heribert Stoiber, and Zoltán Bánki. Induction of Complement-Mediated Lysis of HIV-1 by a Combination of HIV-Specific and HLA Allotype-Specific Antibodies. Immunol. Lett., 126(1-2):85-90, 22 Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19698750.
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Hinz2009
Andreas Hinz, Guy Schoehn, Heribert Quendler, David Lutje Hulsik, Gabi Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, Michael S. Seaman, David Montefiori, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Characterization of a Trimeric MPER Containing HIV-1 gp41 Antigen. Virology, 390(2):221-227, 1 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19539967.
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Hoffenberg2013
Simon Hoffenberg, Rebecca Powell, Alexei Carpov, Denise Wagner, Aaron Wilson, Sergei Kosakovsky Pond, Ross Lindsay, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Sanjay Phogat, Pascal Poignard, Steven P. Fling, Melissa Simek, Celia LaBranche, David Montefiori, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, Dennis Burton, Wayne Koff, C. Richter King, Christopher L. Parks, and Michael J. Caulfield. Identification of an HIV-1 Clade A Envelope That Exhibits Broad Antigenicity and Neutralization Sensitivity and Elicits Antibodies Targeting Three Distinct Epitopes. J. Virol., 87(10):5372-5383, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23468492.
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Hogan2018
Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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Holl2006
Vincent Holl, Maryse Peressin, Thomas Decoville, Sylvie Schmidt, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Nonneutralizing Antibodies Are Able To Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Macrophages and Immature Dendritic Cells. J. Virol., 80(12):6177-6181, Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16731957.
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Holl2006a
Vincent Holl, Maryse Peressin, Sylvie Schmidt, Thomas Decoville, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Efficient Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication in Human Immature Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells by Purified Anti-HIV-1 IgG without Induction of Maturation. Blood, 107(11):4466-4474, 1 Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16469871.
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Hoxie2010
James A. Hoxie. Toward an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine. Annu. Rev. Med., 61:135-52, 2010. PubMed ID: 19824826.
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Hraber2014
Peter Hraber, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, and Bette T. Korber. Prevalence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic HIV-1 Infection. AIDS, 28(2):163-169, 14 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24361678.
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Hraber2017
Peter Hraber, Cecilia Rademeyer, Carolyn Williamson, Michael S. Seaman, Raphael Gottardo, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Celia LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Panels of HIV-1 Subtype C Env Reference Strains for Standardized Neutralization Assessments. J. Virol., 91(19), 1 Oct 2017. PubMed ID: 28747500.
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Hu2014
Bin Hu, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Munir Alam, and Byron Goldstein. Estimating the Probability of Polyreactive Antibodies 4E10 and 2F5 Disabling a gp41 Trimer after T Cell-HIV Adhesion. PLoS Comput. Biol., 10(1):e1003431, Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24499928.
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Hua2016
Casey K. Hua and Margaret E. Ackerman. Engineering Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention and Therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 103:157-173, 1 Aug 2016. PubMed ID: 26827912.
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Huang2012
Xin Huang, Wei Jin, Kai Hu, Sukun Luo, Tao Du, George E. Griffin, Robin J. Shattock, and Qinxue Hu. Highly Conserved HIV-1 gp120 Glycans Proximal to CD4-Binding Region Affect Viral Infectivity and Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Virology, 423(1):97-106, 5 Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22192629.
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Huang2012a
Jinghe Huang, Gilad Ofek, Leo Laub, Mark K. Louder, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Nancy S. Longo, Hiromi Imamichi, Robert T. Bailer, Bimal Chakrabarti, Shailendra K. Sharma, S. Munir Alam, Tao Wang, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Stephen A. Migueles, Richard Wyatt, Barton F. Haynes, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 by a gp41-Specific Human Antibody. Nature, 491(7424):406-412, 15 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23151583.
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Huang2017a
Xun Huang, Qianqian Zhu, Xiaoxing Huang, Lifei Yang, Yufeng Song, Ping Zhu, and Paul Zhou. In Vivo Electroporation in DNA-VLP Prime-Boost Preferentially Enhances HIV-1 Envelope-Specific IgG2a, Neutralizing Antibody and CD8 T Cell Responses. Vaccine, 35(16):2042-2051, 11 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28318765.
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Huarte2008
Nerea Huarte, Maier Lorizate, Renate Kunert, and José L. Nieva. Lipid Modulation of Membrane-Bound Epitope Recognition and Blocking by HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies. FEBS Lett, 582(27):3798-3804, 12 Nov 2008. PubMed ID: 18930052.
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Huarte2008a
Nerea Huarte, Maier Lorizate, Rubén Maeso, Renate Kunert, Rocio Arranz, José M. Valpuesta, and José L. Nieva. The Broadly Neutralizing Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 4E10 Monoclonal Antibody Is Better Adapted to Membrane-Bound Epitope Recognition and Blocking than 2F5. J. Virol., 82(18):8986-8996, Sep 2008. PubMed ID: 18596094.
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Huber2007
M. Huber and A. Trkola. Humoral Immunity to HIV-1: Neutralization and Beyond. J. Intern. Med., 262(1):5-25, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17598812.
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Hutchinson2019
Jennie M. Hutchinson, Kathryn A. Mesa, David L. Alexander, Bin Yu, Sara M. O'Rourke, Kay L. Limoli, Terri Wrin, Steven G. Deeks, and Phillip W. Berman. Unusual Cysteine Content in V1 Region of gp120 from an Elite Suppressor That Produces Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Front. Immunol., 10:1021, 2019. PubMed ID: 31156622.
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Ingale2010
Sampat Ingale, Johannes S. Gach, Michael B. Zwick, and Philip E. Dawson. Synthesis and Analysis of the Membrane Proximal External Region Epitopes of HIV-1. J. Pept. Sci., 16(12):716-722, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21104968.
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Irimia2016
Adriana Irimia, Anita Sarkar, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Crystallographic Identification of Lipid as an Integral Component of the Epitope of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 4E10. Immunity, 44(1):21-31, 19 Jan 2016. PubMed ID: 26777395.
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Ivankin2012
Andrey Ivankin, Beatriz Apellániz, David Gidalevitz, and José L. Nieva. Mechanism of Membrane Perturbation by the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane-Proximal External Region and Its Modulation by Cholesterol. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1818(11):2521-2528, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22692008.
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Joos2006
Beda Joos, Alexandra Trkola, Herbert Kuster, Leonardo Aceto, Marek Fischer, Gabriela Stiegler, Christine Armbruster, Brigitta Vcelar, Hermann Katinger, and Huldrych F. Günthard. Long-Term Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Human Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope gp120 (MAb 2G12) and gp41 (MAbs 4E10 and 2F5). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50(5):1773-1779, May 2006. PubMed ID: 16641449.
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Joshi2020
Vinita R. Joshi, Ruchi M. Newman, Melissa L. Pack, Karen A. Power, James B. Munro, Ken Okawa, Navid Madani, Joseph G. Sodroski, Aaron G. Schmidt, and Todd M. Allen. Gp41-Targeted Antibodies Restore Infectivity of a Fusion-Deficient HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog, 16(5):e1008577, May 2020. PubMed ID: 32392227.
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Joyner2011
Amanda S. Joyner, Jordan R. Willis, James E.. Crowe, Jr., and Christopher Aiken. Maturation-Induced Cloaking of Neutralization Epitopes on HIV-1 Particles. PLoS Pathog., 7(9):e1002234, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21931551.
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Julg2005
B. Jülg and F. D. Goebel. What's New in HIV/AIDS? Neutralizing HIV Antibodies: Do They Really Protect? Infection, 33(5-6):405-407, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16258878.
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Keele2008
Brandon F. Keele, Elena E. Giorgi, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Julie M. Decker, Kimmy T. Pham, Maria G. Salazar, Chuanxi Sun, Truman Grayson, Shuyi Wang, Hui Li, Xiping Wei, Chunlai Jiang, Jennifer L. Kirchherr, Feng Gao, Jeffery A. Anderson, Li-Hua Ping, Ronald Swanstrom, Georgia D. Tomaras, William A. Blattner, Paul A. Goepfert, J. Michael Kilby, Michael S. Saag, Eric L. Delwart, Michael P. Busch, Myron S. Cohen, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Brian Gaschen, Gayathri S. Athreya, Ha Y. Lee, Natasha Wood, Cathal Seoighe, Alan S. Perelson, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, and George M. Shaw. Identification and Characterization of Transmitted and Early Founder Virus Envelopes in Primary HIV-1 Infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(21):7552-7557, 27 May 2008. PubMed ID: 18490657.
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Kelsoe2017
Garnett Kelsoe and Barton F. Haynes. Host Controls of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Development. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):79-88, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133807.
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Kim2007
Mikyung Kim, Zhisong Qiao, Jessica Yu, David Montefiori, and Ellis L. Reinherz. Immunogenicity of Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Like Particles Expressing gp41 Derivatives in a Pre-Fusion State. Vaccine, 25(27):5102-5114, 28 Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17055621.
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Kirchherr2007
Jennifer L. Kirchherr, Xiaozhi Lu, Webster Kasongo, Victor Chalwe, Lawrence Mwananyanda, Rosemary M. Musonda, Shi-Mao Xia, Richard M. Scearce, Hua-Xin Liao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, and Feng Gao. High Throughput Functional Analysis of HIV-1 env Genes Without Cloning. J. Virol. Methods, 143(1):104-111, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17416428.
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Kishko2011
Michael Kishko, Mohan Somasundaran, Frank Brewster, John L. Sullivan, Paul R. Clapham, and Katherine Luzuriaga. Genotypic and Functional Properties of Early Infant HIV-1 Envelopes. Retrovirology, 8:67, 2011. PubMed ID: 21843318.
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Kitabwalla2003
Moiz Kitabwalla, Flavia Ferrantelli, Tao Wang, Alistair Chalmers, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Lisa A. Cavacini, Ting-Chao Chou, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Primary African HIV Clade A and D Isolates: Effective Cross-Clade Neutralization with a Quadruple Combination of Human Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Clade B. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 19(2):125-131, Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12639248.
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Klein2009
Joshua S. Klein, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Rachel P. Galimidi, Christopher P. Foglesong, Anthony P. West, Jr., and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Examination of the Contributions of Size and Avidity to the Neutralization Mechanisms of the Anti-HIV Antibodies b12 and 4E10. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106(18):7385-7390, 5 May 2009. PubMed ID: 19372381.
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Klein2010
Joshua S. Klein and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Few and Far Between: How HIV May Be Evading Antibody Avidity. PLoS Pathog., 6(5):e1000908, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20523901.
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Klein2013
Florian Klein, Ron Diskin, Johannes F. Scheid, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marie Pancera, Tongqing Zhou, Reha-Baris Incesu, Brooks Zhongzheng Fu, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Michael S. Seaman, Peter D. Kwong, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Somatic Mutations of the Immunoglobulin Framework Are Generally Required for Broad and Potent HIV-1 Neutralization. Cell, 153(1):126-138, 28 Mar 2013. PubMed ID: 23540694.
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Koh2010a
Willie W. L. Koh, Anna Forsman, Stéphane Hué, Gisela J. van der Velden, David L. Yirrell, Áine McKnight, Robin A. Weiss, and Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Novel Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelopes Cloned Directly from Plasma: Coreceptor Usage and Neutralization Phenotypes. J. Gen. Virol., 91(9):2374-2380, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20484560.
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Korber2009
Bette Korber and S. Gnanakaran. The Implications of Patterns in HIV Diversity for Neutralizing Antibody Induction and Susceptibility. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):408-417, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048705.
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Kothe2007
Denise L. Kothe, Julie M Decker, Yingying Li, Zhiping Weng, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Kenneth P. Zammit, Maria G. Salazar, Yalu Chen, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Zina Moldoveanu, Jiri Mestecky, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, George M. Shaw, Mark Muldoon, Bette T. M. Korber, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of HIV-1 Consensus Subtype B Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 360(1):218-234, 30 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17097711.
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Kovacs2012
James M. Kovacs, Joseph P. Nkolola, Hanqin Peng, Ann Cheung, James Perry, Caroline A. Miller, Michael S. Seaman, Dan H. Barouch, and Bing Chen. HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Elicits More Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses than Monomeric gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):12111-12116, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22773820.
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Kramer2007
Victor G. Kramer, Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Passive Immunization as Tool to Identify Protective HIV-1 Env Epitopes. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):642-55, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045119.
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Krebs2019
Shelly J. Krebs, Young D. Kwon, Chaim A. Schramm, William H. Law, Gina Donofrio, Kenneth H. Zhou, Syna Gift, Vincent Dussupt, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sebastian Schätzle, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Yen-Ting Lai, Mallika Sastry, Baoshan Zhang, Marissa C. Jarosinski, Amy Ransier, Agnes L. Chenine, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Robert T. Bailer, Meera Bose, Alberto Cagigi, Evan M. Cale, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Samuel Darko, Jefferson I. Driscoll, Aliaksandr Druz, Jason Gorman, Farida Laboune, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, Letzibeth Mendez, M. Anthony Moody, Anne Marie O'Sullivan, Christopher Owen, Dongjun Peng, Reda Rawi, Eric Sanders-Buell, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Andrea R. Shiakolas, Tyler Stephens, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Courtney Tucker, Raffaello Verardi, Keyun Wang, Jing Zhou, Tongqing Zhou, George Georgiou, S Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, Morgane Rolland, Gary R. Matyas, Victoria R. Polonis, Adrian B. McDermott, Daniel C. Douek, Lawrence Shapiro, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Nelson L. Michael, John R. Mascola, Merlin L. Robb, Peter D. Kwong, and Nicole A. Doria-Rose. Longitudinal Analysis Reveals Early Development of Three MPER-Directed Neutralizing Antibody Lineages from an HIV-1-Infected Individual. Immunity, 50(3):677-691.e13, 19 Mar 2019. PubMed ID: 30876875.
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Kulkarni2009
Smita S. Kulkarni, Alan Lapedes, Haili Tang, S. Gnanakaran, Marcus G. Daniels, Ming Zhang, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Ming Li, Victoria R. Polonis, Francine E. McCutchan, Lynn Morris, Dennis Ellenberger, Salvatore T. Butera, Robert C. Bollinger, Bette T. Korber, Ramesh S. Paranjape, and David C. Montefiori. Highly Complex Neutralization Determinants on a Monophyletic Lineage of Newly Transmitted Subtype C HIV-1 Env Clones from India. Virology, 385(2):505-520, 15 Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19167740.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kunert2004
Renate Kunert, Susanne Wolbank, Gabriela Stiegler, Robert Weik, and Hermann Katinger. Characterization of Molecular Features, Antigen-Binding, and In Vitro Properties of IgG and IgM Variants of 4E10, an Anti-HIV Type 1 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 20(7):755-762, Jul 2004. PubMed ID: 15307922.
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Kwon2018
Young D. Kwon, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Baoshan Zhang, Robert T. Bailer, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tatyana S. Gindin, Bob Lin, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Amarendra Pegu, Stephen D. Schmidt, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Xuejun Chen, Misook Choe, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Vivian Jin, Marie Pancera, Reda Rawi, Keyun Wang, Rajoshi Chaudhuri, Lisa A. Kueltzo, Slobodanka D. Manceva, John-Paul Todd, Diana G. Scorpio, Mikyung Kim, Ellis L. Reinherz, Kshitij Wagh, Bette M. Korber, Mark Connors, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Surface-Matrix Screening Identifies Semi-specific Interactions that Improve Potency of a Near Pan-reactive HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody. Cell Rep., 22(7):1798-1809, 13 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29444432.
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Kwong2009a
Peter D. Kwong and Ian A. Wilson. HIV-1 and Influenza Antibodies: Seeing Antigens in New Ways. Nat. Immunol., 10(6):573-578, Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19448659.
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Kwong2011
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Rational Design of Vaccines to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 1(1):a007278, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 22229123.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Laakso2007
Meg M. Laakso, Fang-Hua Lee, Beth Haggarty, Caroline Agrawal, Katrina M. Nolan, Mark Biscone, Josephine Romano, Andrea P. O. Jordan, George J. Leslie, Eric G. Meissner, Lishan Su, James A. Hoxie, and Robert W. Doms. V3 Loop Truncations in HIV-1 Envelope Impart Resistance to Coreceptor Inhibitors and Enhanced Sensitivity to Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 3(8):e117, 24 Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17722977.
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Lagenaur2010
Laurel A. Lagenaur, Vadim A. Villarroel, Virgilio Bundoc, Barna Dey, and Edward A. Berger. sCD4-17b Bifunctional Protein: Extremely Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 Env Pseudotyped Viruses from Genetically Diverse Primary Isolates. Retrovirology, 7:11, 2010. PubMed ID: 20158904.
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Lai2011
Rachel P. J. Lai, Jin Yan, Jonathan Heeney, Myra O. McClure, Heinrich Göttlinger, Jeremy Luban, and Massimo Pizzato. Nef Decreases HIV-1 Sensitivity to Neutralizing Antibodies that Target the Membrane-Proximal External Region of TMgp41. PLoS Pathog, 7(12):e1002442, Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22194689.
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Lai2012
Rachel P. J. Lai, Michael S. Seaman, Paul Tonks, Frank Wegmann, David J. Seilly, Simon D. W. Frost, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Antu K. Dey, Indresh K. Srivastava, Quentin Sattentau, Susan W. Barnett, and Jonathan L. Heeney. Mixed Adjuvant Formulations Reveal a New Combination That Elicit Antibody Response Comparable to Freund's Adjuvants. PLoS One, 7(4):e35083, 2012. PubMed ID: 22509385.
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Lambotte2009
Olivier Lambotte, Guido Ferrari, Christiane Moog, Nicole L. Yates, Hua-Xin Liao, Robert J. Parks, Charles B. Hicks, Kouros Owzar, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, and Jean-François Delfraissy. Heterogeneous Neutralizing Antibody and Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity Responses in HIV-1 Elite Controllers. AIDS, 23(8):897-906, 15 May 2009. PubMed ID: 19414990.
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Lapelosa2009
Mauro Lapelosa, Emilio Gallicchio, Gail Ferstandig Arnold, Eddy Arnold, and Ronald M. Levy. In Silico Vaccine Design Based on Molecular Simulations of Rhinovirus Chimeras Presenting HIV-1 gp41 Epitopes. J. Mol. Biol., 385(2):675-691, 16 Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19026659.
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Law2007
Mansun Law, Rosa M. F. Cardoso, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Antigenic and Immunogenic Study of Membrane-Proximal External Region-Grafted gp120 Antigens by a DNA Prime-Protein Boost Immunization Strategy. J. Virol., 81(8):4272-4285, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17267498.
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Leaman2010
Daniel P. Leaman, Heather Kinkead, and Michael B. Zwick. In-Solution Virus Capture Assay Helps Deconstruct Heterogeneous Antibody Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 84(7):3382-3395, Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20089658.
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Leaman2013
Daniel P. Leaman and Michael B. Zwick. Increased Functional Stability and Homogeneity of Viral Envelope Spikes through Directed Evolution. PLoS Pathog., 9(2):e1003184, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23468626.
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Lenz2005
Oliver Lenz, Matthias T Dittmar, Andreas Wagner, Boris Ferko, Karola Vorauer-Uhl, Gabriela Stiegler, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Trimeric Membrane-Anchored gp41 Inhibits HIV Membrane Fusion. J. Biol. Chem., 280(6):4095-4101, 11 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15574416.
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Li2005a
Ming Li, Feng Gao, John R. Mascola, Leonidas Stamatatos, Victoria R. Polonis, Marguerite Koutsoukos, Gerald Voss, Paul Goepfert, Peter Gilbert, Kelli M. Greene, Miroslawa Bilska, Denise L Kothe, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Xiping Wei, Julie M. Decker, Beatrice H. Hahn, and David C. Montefiori. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env Clones from Acute and Early Subtype B Infections for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 79(16):10108-10125, Aug 2005. PubMed ID: 16051804.
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Li2006a
Ming Li, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Cynthia A. Derdeyn, Lynn Morris, Carolyn Williamson, James E. Robinson, Julie M. Decker, Yingying Li, Maria G. Salazar, Victoria R. Polonis, Koleka Mlisana, Salim Abdool Karim, Kunxue Hong, Kelli M. Greene, Miroslawa Bilska, Jintao Zhou, Susan Allen, Elwyn Chomba, Joseph Mulenga, Cheswa Vwalika, Feng Gao, Ming Zhang, Bette T. M. Korber, Eric Hunter, Beatrice H. Hahn, and David C. Montefiori. Genetic and Neutralization Properties of Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Molecular env Clones from Acute and Early Heterosexually Acquired Infections in Southern Africa. J. Virol., 80(23):11776-11790, Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 16971434.
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Li2008a
Jing Li, Xi Chen, Shibo Jiang, and Ying-Hua Chen. Deletion of Fusion Peptide or Destabilization of Fusion Core of HIV gp41 Enhances Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of 4E10 Epitope. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 376(1):60-64, 7 Nov 2008. PubMed ID: 18762167.
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Li2009c
Yuxing Li, Krisha Svehla, Mark K. Louder, Diane Wycuff, Sanjay Phogat, Min Tang, Stephen A. Migueles, Xueling Wu, Adhuna Phogat, George M. Shaw, Mark Connors, James Hoxie, John R. Mascola, and Richard Wyatt. Analysis of Neutralization Specificities in Polyclonal Sera Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals. J Virol, 83(2):1045-1059, Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19004942.
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Li2017
Hongru Li, Chati Zony, Ping Chen, and Benjamin K. Chen. Reduced Potency and Incomplete Neutralization of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 with Transmitted Founder Envs. J. Virol., 91(9), 1 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28148796.
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Liao2006
Hua-Xin Liao, Laura L. Sutherland, Shi-Mao Xia, Mary E. Brock, Richard M. Scearce, Stacie Vanleeuwen, S. Munir Alam, Mildred McAdams, Eric A. Weaver, Zenaido Camacho, Ben-Jiang Ma, Yingying Li, Julie M. Decker, Gary J. Nabel, David C. Montefiori, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette T. Korber, Feng Gao, and Barton F. Haynes. A Group M Consensus Envelope Glycoprotein Induces Antibodies That Neutralize Subsets of Subtype B and C HIV-1 Primary Viruses. Virology, 353(2):268-282, 30 Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 17039602.
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Lin2007
George Lin and Peter L. Nara. Designing Immunogens to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):514-541, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045109.
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Liu2009
Jie Liu, Yiqun Deng, Antu K. Dey, John P. Moore, and Min Lu. Structure of the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane-Proximal Ectodomain Region in a Putative Prefusion Conformation. Biochemistry, 48(13):2915-2923, 7 Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19226163.
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Liu2010
Jie Liu, Yiqun Deng, Qunnu Li, Antu K. Dey, John P. Moore, and Min Lu. Role of a Putative gp41 Dimerization Domain in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Membrane Fusion. J. Virol., 84(1):201-209, Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19846514.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Liu2019
Qingbo Liu, Yen-Ting Lai, Peng Zhang, Mark K. Louder, Amarendra Pegu, Reda Rawi, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Xuejun Chen, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Eun Sung Yang, Huiyi Miao, Yuge Wang, Anthony S. Fauci, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Improvement of Antibody Functionality by Structure-Guided Paratope Engraftment. Nat. Commun., 10(1):721, 13 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30760721.
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Lorizate2006
Maier Lorizate, Antonio Cruz, Nerea Huarte, Renate Kunert, Jesús Pérez-Gil, and José L. Nieva. Recognition and Blocking of HIV-1 gp41 Pre-Transmembrane Sequence by Monoclonal 4E10 Antibody in a Raft-Like Membrane Environment. J. Biol. Chem., 281(51):39598-39606, 22 Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 17050535.
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Lorizate2006a
Maier Lorizate, Igor de la Arada, Nerea Huarte, Silvia Sánchez-Martínez, Beatriz G. de la Torre, David Andreu, José L. R. Arrondo, and José L. Nieva. Structural Analysis and Assembly of the HIV-1 Gp41 Amino-Terminal Fusion Peptide and the Pretransmembrane Amphipathic-At-Interface Sequence. Biochemistry, 45(48):14337-14346, 5 Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 17128972.
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Louder2005
Mark K. Louder, Anna Sambor, Elena Chertova, Tai Hunte, Sarah Barrett, Fallon Ojong, Eric Sanders-Buell, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Francine E. McCutchan, James D. Roser, Dana Gabuzda, Jeffrey D. Lifson, and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Envelope Pseudotyped Viral Vectors and Infectious Molecular Clones Expressing the Same Envelope Glycoprotein Have a Similar Neutralization Phenotype, but Culture in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is Associated with Decreased Neutralization Sensitivity. Virology, 339(2):226-238, 1 Sep 2005. PubMed ID: 16005039.
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Lovelace2011
Erica Lovelace, Hengyu Xu, Catherine A. Blish, Roland Strong, and Julie Overbaugh. The Role of Amino Acid Changes in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmembrane Domain in Antibody Binding and Neutralization. Virology, 421(2):235-244, 20 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22029936.
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Luo2006
Min Luo, Fei Yuan, Yanxia Liu, Siming Jiang, Xijun Song, Pengfei Jiang, Xiaolei Yin, Mingxiao Ding, and Hongkui Deng. Induction of Neutralizing Antibody against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) by Immunization with gp41 Membrane-Proximal External Region (MPER) Fused with Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) p15E Fragment. Vaccine, 24(4):4354-4342, 23 Jan 2006. PubMed ID: 16143433.
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Lynch2011
John B. Lynch, Ruth Nduati, Catherine A. Blish, Barbra A. Richardson, Jennifer M. Mabuka, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Grace John-Stewart, and Julie Overbaugh. The Breadth and Potency of Passively Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Do Not Correlate with the Risk of Infant Infection. J. Virol., 85(11):5252-5261, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21411521.
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Ma2011
Ben-Jiang Ma, S. Munir Alam, Eden P. Go, Xiaozhi Lu, Heather Desaire, Georgia D. Tomaras, Cindy Bowman, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Sampa Santra, Norman L. Letvin, Thomas B. Kepler, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Envelope Deglycosylation Enhances Antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 Epitopes for Both Broad Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Unmutated Ancestor Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 7(9):e1002200, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21909262.
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Malbec2013
Marine Malbec, Françoise Porrot, Rejane Rua, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Ari Halper-Stromberg, Johannes F. Scheid, Caroline Eden, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Olivier Schwartz. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies That Inhibit HIV-1 Cell to Cell Transmission. J. Exp. Med., 210(13):2813-2821, 16 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24277152.
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Mandizvo2022
Tawanda Mandizvo, Nombali Gumede, Bongiwe Ndlovu, Siphiwe Ndlovu, Jaclyn K. Mann, Denis R. Chopera, Lanish Singh, Krista L. Dong, Bruce D. Walker, Zaza M. Ndhlovu, Christy L. Lavine, Michael S. Seaman, Kamini Gounder, and Thumbi Ndung'u. Subtle Longitudinal Alterations in Env Sequence Potentiate Differences in Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute HIV-1 Subtype C Infection. J. Virol., 96(24):e0127022, 21 Dec 2022. PubMed ID: 36453881.
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Mann2009
Axel M. Mann, Peter Rusert, Livia Berlinger, Herbert Kuster, Huldrych F. Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV Sensitivity to Neutralization Is Determined by Target and Virus Producer Cell Properties. AIDS, 23(13):1659-1667, 24 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19581791.
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Martinez2009
Valérie Martinez, Marie-Claude Diemert, Martine Braibant, Valérie Potard, Jean-Luc Charuel, Francis Barin, Dominique Costagliola, Eric Caumes, Jean-Pierre Clauvel, Brigitte Autran, Lucile Musset, and ALT ANRS CO15 Study Group. Anticardiolipin Antibodies in HIV Infection Are Independently Associated with Antibodies to the Membrane Proximal External Region of gp41 and with Cell-Associated HIV DNA and Immune Activation. Clin. Infect. Dis., 48(1):123-32, 1 Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19035778.
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Mascola2010
John R. Mascola and David C. Montefiori. The Role of Antibodies in HIV Vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28:413-444, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20192810.
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Massanella2009
Marta Massanella, Isabel Puigdomènech, Cecilia Cabrera, Maria Teresa Fernandez-Figueras, Anne Aucher, Gerald Gaibelet, Denis Hudrisier, Elisabet García, Margarita Bofill, Bonaventura Clotet, and Julià Blanco. Antigp41 Antibodies Fail to Block Early Events of Virological Synapses but Inhibit HIV Spread between T Cells. AIDS, 23(2):183-188, 14 Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19098487.
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Matoba2008
Nobuyuki Matoba, Tagan A. Griffin, Michele Mittman, Jeffrey D. Doran, Annette Alfsen, David C. Montefiori, Carl V. Hanson, Morgane Bomsel, and Tsafrir S. Mor. Transcytosis-Blocking Abs Elicited by an Oligomeric Immunogen Based on the Membrane Proximal Region of HIV-1 gp41 Target Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Curr. HIV Res., 6(3):218-229, May 2008. PubMed ID: 18473785.
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Matyas2009
Gary R. Matyas, Zoltan Beck, Nicos Karasavvas, and Carl R. Alving. Lipid Binding Properties of 4E10, 2F5, and WR304 Monoclonal Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1788(3):660-665, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19100711.
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McCann2005
C. M. Mc Cann, R. J. Song, and R. M. Ruprecht. Antibodies: Can They Protect Against HIV Infection? Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord., 5(2):95-111, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15975016.
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McCoy2015
Laura E. McCoy, Emilia Falkowska, Katie J. Doores, Khoa Le, Devin Sok, Marit J. van Gils, Zelda Euler, Judith A. Burger, Michael S. Seaman, Rogier W. Sanders, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, and Dennis R. Burton. Incomplete Neutralization and Deviation from Sigmoidal Neutralization Curves for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 11(8):e1005110, Aug 2015. PubMed ID: 26267277.
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McKnight2007
Aine McKnight and Marlen M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Clade Specific Neutralising Vaccines for HIV: An Appropriate Target? Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):554-560, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045111.
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McLinden2013
Robert J. McLinden, Celia C. LaBranche, Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Victoria R. Polonis, Michael A. Eller, Lindsay Wieczorek, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Stephen Perfetto, David C. Montefiori, Nelson L. Michael, and Jerome H. Kim. Detection of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in a Human CD4+/CXCR4+/CCR5+ T-Lymphoblastoid Cell Assay System. PLoS One, 8(11):e77756, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312168.
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Mehandru2007
Saurabh Mehandru, Brigitta Vcelar, Terri Wrin, Gabriela Stiegler, Beda Joos, Hiroshi Mohri, Daniel Boden, Justin Galovich, Klara Tenner-Racz, Paul Racz, Mary Carrington, Christos Petropoulos, Hermann Katinger, and Martin Markowitz. Adjunctive Passive Immunotherapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals Treated with Antiviral Therapy during Acute and Early Infection. J. Virol., 81(20):11016-11031, Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17686878.
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Melchers2012
Mark Melchers, Ilja Bontjer, Tommy Tong, Nancy P. Y. Chung, Per Johan Klasse, Dirk Eggink, David C. Montefiori, Maurizio Gentile, Andrea Cerutti, William C. Olson, Ben Berkhout, James M. Binley, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Targeting HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers to B Cells by Using APRIL Improves Antibody Responses. J. Virol., 86(5):2488-2500, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22205734.
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Miglietta2014
Riccardo Miglietta, Claudia Pastori, Assunta Venuti, Christina Ochsenbauer, and Lucia Lopalco. Synergy in Monoclonal Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1 Pseudoviruses and Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Transl. Med., 12:346, 2014. PubMed ID: 25496375.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Mishra2021
Nitesh Mishra, Sanjeev Kumar, Swarandeep Singh, Tanu Bansal, Nishkarsh Jain, Sumedha Saluja, Rajesh Kumar, Sankar Bhattacharyya, Jayanth Kumar Palanichamy, Riyaz Ahmad Mir, Subrata Sinha, and Kalpana Luthra. Cross-Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by HIV-1 Specific Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Polyclonal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 17(9):e1009958, Sep 2021. PubMed ID: 34559854.
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Mohr2010
Emma L. Mohr, Jinhua Xiang, James H. McLinden, Thomas M. Kaufman, Qing Chang, David C. Montefiori, Donna Klinzman, and Jack T. Stapleton. GB Virus Type C Envelope Protein E2 Elicits Antibodies That React with a Cellular Antigen on HIV-1 Particles and Neutralize Diverse HIV-1 Isolates. J. Immunol., 185(7):4496-4505, 1 Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20826757.
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Montefiori2005
David C. Montefiori. Neutralizing Antibodies Take a Swipe at HIV In Vivo. Nat. Med., 11(6):593-594, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15937465.
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Montefiori2009
David C. Montefiori and John R. Mascola. Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV-1: Can We Elicit Them with Vaccines and How Much Do We Need? Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):347-351, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048696.
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Montero2012
Marinieve Montero, Naveed Gulzar, Kristina-Ana Klaric, Jason E. Donald, Christa Lepik, Sampson Wu, Sue Tsai, Jean-Philippe Julien, Ann J. Hessell, Shixia Wang, Shan Lu, Dennis R. Burton, Emil F. Pai, William F. DeGrado, and Jamie K. Scott. Neutralizing Epitopes in the Membrane-Proximal External Region of HIV-1 gp41 Are Influenced by the Transmembrane Domain and the Plasma Membrane. J. Virol., 86(6):2930-2941, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22238313.
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Moody2010
M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, M. Kelly Plonk, Daniel M. Kozink, Mark S. Drinker, Ruijun Zhang, Shi-Mao Xia, Laura L. Sutherland, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ian P. Giles, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer-Jambor, Tara G. Edmonds, Melina Soares, Gustavo Barbero, Donald N. Forthal, Gary Landucci, Connie Chang, Steven W. King, Anita Kavlie, Thomas N. Denny, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Pojen P. Chen, Philip E. Thorpe, David C. Montefiori, and Barton F. Haynes. Anti-Phospholipid Human Monoclonal Antibodies Inhibit CCR5-Tropic HIV-1 and Induce beta-Chemokines. J. Exp. Med., 207(4):763-776, 12 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20368576.
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Moog2014
C. Moog, N. Dereuddre-Bosquet, J.-L. Teillaud, M. E. Biedma, V. Holl, G. Van Ham, L. Heyndrickx, A. Van Dorsselaer, D. Katinger, B. Vcelar, S. Zolla-Pazner, I. Mangeot, C. Kelly, R. J. Shattock, and R. Le Grand. Protective Effect of Vaginal Application of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Inhibitory Antibodies Against Vaginal SHIV Challenge in Macaques. Mucosal Immunol., 7(1):46-56, Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 23591718.
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Moore2009
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, and Lynn Morris. Specificity of the Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Response. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):358-363, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048698.
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Morgand2015
Marion Morgand, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Alain Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, Craig S. Pace, Marie Pancera, David D. Ho, Pascal Poignard, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Peter D. Kwong, Daniel Baty, Patrick Chames, Martine Braibant, and Francis Barin. A V1V2 Neutralizing Epitope Is Conserved in Divergent Non-M Groups of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26413851.
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Morris2011
Lynn Morris, Xi Chen, Munir Alam, Georgia Tomaras, Ruijun Zhang, Dawn J. Marshall, Bing Chen, Robert Parks, Andrew Foulger, Frederick Jaeger, Michele Donathan, Mira Bilska, Elin S. Gray, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Thomas B. Kepler, John Whitesides, David Montefiori, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Isolation of a Human Anti-HIV gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Neutralizing Antibody by Antigen-Specific Single B Cell Sorting. PLoS One, 6(9):e23532, 2011. PubMed ID: 21980336.
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Mouquet2011
Hugo Mouquet, Florian Klein, Johannes F. Scheid, Malte Warncke, John Pietzsch, Thiago Y. K. Oliveira, Klara Velinzon, Michael S. Seaman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Memory B Cell Antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 Cloned from Individuals Infected with Clade A and B Viruses. PLoS One, 6(9):e24078, 2011. PubMed ID: 21931643.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Muhle2013
Michael Mühle, Kerstin Hoffmann, Martin Löchelt, and Joachim Denner. Construction and Characterisation of Replicating Foamy Viral Vectors Expressing HIV-1 Epitopes Recognised by Broadly Neutralising Antibodies. Antiviral Res., 100(2):314-320, Nov 2013. PubMed ID: 24055836.
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Nabel2005
Gary J. Nabel. Close to the Edge: Neutralizing the HIV-1 Envelope. Science, 308(5730):1878-1879, 24 Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15976295.
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Nakamura2010
Kyle J. Nakamura, Johannes S Gach, Laura Jones, Katherine Semrau, Jan Walter, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Julie M. Decker, Laura Heath, William D. Decker, Moses Sinkala, Chipepo Kankasa, Donald Thea, James Mullins, Louise Kuhn, Michael B. Zwick, and Grace M. Aldrovandi. 4E10-Resistant HIV-1 Isolated from Four Subjects with Rare Membrane-Proximal External Region Polymorphisms. PLoS One, 5(3):e9786, 2010. PubMed ID: 20352106.
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Nakowitsch2005
Sabine Nakowitsch, Heribert Quendler, Helga Fekete, Renate Kunert, Hermann Katinger, and Gabriela Stiegler. HIV-1 Mutants Escaping Neutralization by the Human Antibodies 2F5, 2G12, and 4E10: In Vitro Experiments Versus Clinical Studies. AIDS, 19(17):1957-1966, 18 Nov 2005. PubMed ID: 16260901.
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Nandi2010
Avishek Nandi, Christine L. Lavine, Pengcheng Wang, Inna Lipchina, Paul A. Goepfert, George M. Shaw, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Philippa Easterbrook, James E. Robinson, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology. Epitopes for Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Virology, 396(2):339-348, 20 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19922969.
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Nelson2007
Josh D. Nelson, Florence M. Brunel, Richard Jensen, Emma T. Crooks, Rosa M. F. Cardoso, Meng Wang, Ann Hessell, Ian A. Wilson, James M. Binley, Philip E. Dawson, Dennis R. Burton, and Michael B. Zwick. An Affinity-Enhanced Neutralizing Antibody against the Membrane-Proximal External Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Recognizes an Epitope between Those of 2F5 and 4E10. J. Virol., 81(8):4033-4043, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17287272.
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Nelson2008
Josh D. Nelson, Heather Kinkead, Florence M. Brunel, Dan Leaman, Richard Jensen, John M. Louis, Toshiaki Maruyama, Carole A. Bewley, Katherine Bowdish, G. Marius Clore, Philip E. Dawson, Shana Frederickson, Rose G. Mage, Douglas D. Richman, Dennis R. Burton, and Michael B. Zwick. Antibody Elicited against the gp41 N-Heptad Repeat (NHR) Coiled-Coil Can Neutralize HIV-1 with Modest Potency but Non-Neutralizing Antibodies Also Bind to NHR Mimetics. Virology, 377(1):170-183, 20 Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18499210.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Nolan2009
Katrina M. Nolan, Gregory Q. Del Prete, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Beth Haggarty, Josephine Romano, George J. Leslie, and James A. Hoxie. Characterization of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Deletion Mutation That Confers Resistance to CCR5 Inhibitors and the Ability to Use Aplaviroc-Bound Receptor. J. Virol., 83(8):3798-3809, Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19193800.
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Ofek2004
Gilad Ofek, Min Tang, Anna Sambor, Hermann Katinger, John R. Mascola, Richard Wyatt, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure and Mechanistic Analysis of the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2F5 in Complex with Its gp41 Epitope. J. Virol., 78(19):10724-10737, Oct 2004. PubMed ID: 15367639.
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Opalka2004
David Opalka, Antonello Pessi, Elisabetta Bianchi, Gennaro Ciliberto, William Schleif, Michael McElhaugh, Renee Danzeisen, Romas Geleziunas, Michael Miller, Debra M. Eckert, David Bramhill, Joseph Joyce, James Cook, William Magilton, John Shiver, Emilio Emini, and Mark T. Esser. Analysis of the HIV-1 gp41 Specific Immune Response Using a Multiplexed Antibody Detection Assay. J. Immunol. Methods, 287(1-2):49-65, Apr 2004. PubMed ID: 15099755.
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ORourke2009
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, William G. Scott, Terri Wrin, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Faruk Sinangil, and Phillip W. Berman. Novel Ring Structure in the gp41 Trimer of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 That Modulates Sensitivity and Resistance to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 83(15):7728-7738, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19474108.
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ORourke2010
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Karianne Terry, Terri Wrin, Faruk Sinangil, and Phillip W. Berman. Mutation at a Single Position in the V2 Domain of the HIV-1 Envelope Protein Confers Neutralization Sensitivity to a Highly Neutralization-Resistant Virus. J. Virol., 84(21):11200-11209, Nov 2010. PubMed ID: 20702624.
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ORourke2012
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Kathryn A. Mesa, Aaron L. Vollrath, Gwen P. Tatsuno, Briana To, Faruk Sinangil, Kay Limoli, Terri Wrin, and Phillip W. Berman. Sequences in Glycoprotein gp41, the CD4 Binding Site, and the V2 Domain Regulate Sensitivity and Resistance of HIV-1 to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 86(22):12105-12114, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22933284.
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Overbaugh2012
Julie Overbaugh and Lynn Morris. The Antibody Response against HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2(1):a007039, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22315717.
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Pahar2006
Bapi Pahar, Mayra A. Cantu, Wei Zhao, Marcelo J. Kuroda, Ronald S. Veazey, David C. Montefiori, John D. Clements, Pyone P. Aye, Andrew A. Lackner, Karin Lovgren-Bengtsson, and Karol Sestak. Single Epitope Mucosal Vaccine Delivered via Immuno-Stimulating Complexes Induces Low Level of Immunity Against Simian-HIV. Vaccine, 24(47-48):6839-6849, 17 Nov 2006. PubMed ID: 17050045.
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Pantophlet2010
Ralph Pantophlet. Antibody Epitope Exposure and Neutralization of HIV-1. Curr. Pharm. Des., 16(33):3729-3743, 2010. PubMed ID: 21128886.
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Pastore2007
Cristina Pastore, Rebecca Nedellec, Alejandra Ramos, Oliver Hartley, John L. Miamidian, Jacqueline D. Reeves, and Donald E. Mosier. Conserved Changes in Envelope Function during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Coreceptor Switching. J. Virol., 81(15):8165-8179, Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17507486.
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Peachman2010a
Kristina K. Peachman, Lindsay Wieczorek, Victoria R. Polonis, Carl R. Alving, and Mangala Rao. The Effect of sCD4 on the Binding and Accessibility of HIV-1 gp41 MPER Epitopes to Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 408(2):213-223, 20 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 20961591.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Penn-Nicholson2008
Adam Penn-Nicholson, Dong P. Han, Soon J. Kim, Hanna Park, Rais Ansari, David C. Montefiori, and Michael W. Cho. Assessment of Antibody Responses against gp41 in HIV-1-Infected Patients Using Soluble gp41 Fusion Proteins and Peptides Derived from M Group Consensus Envelope. Virology, 372(2):442-456, 15 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18068750.
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Peressin2011
M. Peressin, V. Holl, S. Schmidt, T. Decoville, D. Mirisky, A. Lederle, M. Delaporte, K. Xu, A. M. Aubertin, and C. Moog. HIV-1 Replication in Langerhans and Interstitial Dendritic Cells Is Inhibited by Neutralizing and Fc-Mediated Inhibitory Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(2):1077-1085, Jan 2011. PubMed ID: 21084491.
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Perez2009
Lautaro G. Perez, Matthew R. Costa, Christopher A. Todd, Barton F. Haynes, and David C. Montefiori. Utilization of Immunoglobulin G Fc Receptors by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: A Specific Role for Antibodies against the Membrane-Proximal External Region of gp41. J. Virol., 83(15):7397-7410, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19458010.
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Perez2013
Lautaro G. Perez, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and David C. Montefiori. Antibody-Dependent, Fc-gamma-RI-Mediated Neutralization of HIV-1 in TZM-bl Cells Occurs Independently of Phagocytosis. J. Virol., 87(9):5287-5290, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23408628.
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Peters2008a
Paul J. Peters, Maria J. Duenas-Decamp, W. Matthew Sullivan, Richard Brown, Chiambah Ankghuambom, Katherine Luzuriaga, James Robinson, Dennis R. Burton, Jeanne Bell, Peter Simmonds, Jonathan Ball, and Paul R. Clapham. Variation in HIV-1 R5 Macrophage-Tropism Correlates with Sensitivity to Reagents that Block Envelope: CD4 Interactions But Not with Sensitivity to Other Entry Inhibitors. Retrovirology, 5:5, 2008. PubMed ID: 18205925.
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Phogat2007
S. Phogat, R. T. Wyatt, and G. B. Karlsson Hedestam. Inhibition of HIV-1 Entry by Antibodies: Potential Viral and Cellular Targets. J. Intern. Med., 262(1):26-43, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17598813.
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Pietzsch2010
John Pietzsch, Johannes F. Scheid, Hugo Mouquet, Michael S. Seaman, Christopher C. Broder, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Anti-gp41 Antibodies Cloned from HIV-Infected Patients with Broadly Neutralizing Serologic Activity. J. Virol., 84(10):5032-5042, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20219932.
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Pilewski2023
Kelsey A. Pilewski, Steven Wall, Simone I. Richardson, Nelia P. Manamela, Kaitlyn Clark, Tandile Hermanus, Elad Binshtein, Rohit Venkat, Giuseppe A. Sautto, Kevin J. Kramer, Andrea R. Shiakolas, Ian Setliff, Jordan Salas, Rutendo E. Mapengo, Naveen Suryadevara, John R. Brannon, Connor J. Beebout, Rob Parks, Nagarajan Raju, Nicole Frumento, Lauren M. Walker, Emilee Friedman Fechter, Juliana S. Qin, Amyn A. Murji, Katarzyna Janowska, Bhishem Thakur, Jared Lindenberger, Aaron J. May, Xiao Huang, Salam Sammour, Priyamvada Acharya, Robert H. Carnahan, Ted M. Ross, Barton F. Haynes, Maria Hadjifrangiskou, James E. Crowe, Jr., Justin R. Bailey, Spyros Kalams, Lynn Morris, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Functional HIV-1/HCV Cross-Reactive Antibodies Isolated from a Chronically Co-Infected Donor. Cell Rep., 42(2):112044, 27 Jan 2023. PubMed ID: 36708513.
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Pinto2019
Dora Pinto, Craig Fenwick, Christophe Caillat, Chiara Silacci, Serafima Guseva, François Dehez, Christophe Chipot, Sonia Barbieri, Andrea Minola, David Jarrossay, Georgia D. Tomaras, Xiaoying Shen, Agostino Riva, Maciej Tarkowski, Olivier Schwartz, Timothée Bruel, Jérémy Dufloo, Michael S. Seaman, David C. Montefiori, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Davide Corti, Giuseppe Pantaleo, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Structural Basis for Broad HIV-1 Neutralization by the MPER-Specific Human Broadly Neutralizing Antibody LN01. Cell Host Microbe, 26(5):623-637.e8, 13 Nov 2019. PubMed ID: 31653484.
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Platis2009
Dimitris Platis, Anastasios Maltezos, Julian K.-C. Ma, and Nikolaos E. Labrou. Combinatorial De Novo Design and Application of a Biomimetic Affinity Ligand for the Purification of Human Anti-HIV mAb 4E10 from Transgenic Tobacco. J. Mol. Recognit., 22(6):415-424, Nov-Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19431140.
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Platis2009a
Dimitris Platis and Nikolaos E. Labrou. Application of a PEG/Salt Aqueous Two-Phase Partition System for the Recovery of Monoclonal Antibodies from Unclarified Transgenic Tobacco Extract. Biotechnol. J., 4(9):1320-1327, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19557796.
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Pollara2013
Justin Pollara, Mattia Bonsignori, M. Anthony Moody, Marzena Pazgier, Barton F. Haynes, and Guido Ferrari. Epitope Specificity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Responses. Curr. HIV Res., 11(5):378-387, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 24191939.
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Polonis2008
Victoria R. Polonis, Bruce K. Brown, Andrew Rosa Borges, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Mei-Yun Zhang, Susan W. Barnett, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Gabriella Scarlatti, Eva-Maria Fenyö, David C. Montefiori, Francine E. McCutchan, and Nelson L. Michael. Recent Advances in the Characterization of HIV-1 Neutralization Assays for Standardized Evaluation of the Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination. Virology, 375(2):315-320, 5 Jun 2008. PubMed ID: 18367229.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Provine2012
Nicholas M. Provine, Valerie Cortez, Vrasha Chohan, and Julie Overbaugh. The Neutralization Sensitivity of Viruses Representing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Diverse Subtypes from Early in Infection Is Dependent on Producer Cell, as Well as Characteristics of the Specific Antibody and Envelope Variant. Virology, 427(1):25-33, 25 May 2012. PubMed ID: 22369748.
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Pugach2004
Pavel Pugach, Shawn E. Kuhmann, Joann Taylor, Andre J. Marozsan, Amy Snyder, Thomas Ketas, Steven M. Wolinsky, Bette T. Korber, and John P. Moore. The Prolonged Culture of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Primary Lymphocytes Increases its Sensitivity to Neutralization by Soluble CD4. Virology, 321(1):8-22, 30 Mar 2004. PubMed ID: 15033560.
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Pugach2008
Pavel Pugach, Thomas J. Ketas, Elizabeth Michael, and John P. Moore. Neutralizing Antibody and Anti-Retroviral Drug Sensitivities of HIV-1 Isolates Resistant to Small Molecule CCR5 Inhibitors. Virology, 377(2):401-407, 1 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18519143.
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Quakkelaar2007
Esther D. Quakkelaar, Evelien M. Bunnik, Floris P. J. van Alphen, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Ad C. van Nuenen, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Escape of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Is Not Associated with a Reduction of Viral Replicative Capacity In Vitro. Virology, 363(2):447-453, 5 Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17355886.
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Quakkelaar2007a
Esther D. Quakkelaar, Floris P. J. van Alphen, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Ad C. van Nuenen, Ralph Pantophlet, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Susceptibility of Recently Transmitted Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 81(16):8533-8542, Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17522228.
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Rademeyer2016
Cecilia Rademeyer, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Elena E. Giorgi, Ruwayhida Thebus, Alexander Robles, Daniel J. Sheward, Kshitij Wagh, Jetta Garrity, Brittany R. Carey, Hongmei Gao, Kelli M. Greene, Haili Tang, Gama P. Bandawe, Jinny C. Marais, Thabo E. Diphoko, Peter Hraber, Nancy Tumba, Penny L. Moore, Glenda E. Gray, James Kublin, M. Juliana McElrath, Marion Vermeulen, Keren Middelkoop, Linda-Gail Bekker, Michael Hoelscher, Leonard Maboko, Joseph Makhema, Merlin L. Robb, Salim Abdool Karim, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Jerome H. Kim, Beatrice H. Hahn, Feng Gao, Ronald Swanstrom, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Carolyn Williamson. Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization. PLoS Pathog., 12(7):e1005742, Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27434311.
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Rathinakumar2012
Ramesh Rathinakumar, Moumita Dutta, Ping Zhu, Welkin E. Johnson, and Kenneth H. Roux. Binding of Anti-Membrane-Proximal gp41 Monoclonal Antibodies to CD4-Liganded and -Unliganded Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Virions. J. Virol., 86(3):1820-1831, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22090143.
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Raviv2005
Yossef Raviv, Mathias Viard, Julian W. Bess, Jr., Elena Chertova, and Robert Blumenthal. Inactivation of Retroviruses with Preservation of Structural Integrity by Targeting the Hydrophobic Domain of the Viral Envelope. J. Virol., 79(19):12394-12400, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16160166.
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Reardon2014
Patrick N. Reardon, Harvey Sage, S. Moses Dennison, Jeffrey W. Martin, Bruce R. Donald, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, and Leonard D. Spicer. Structure of an HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody Target, the Lipid-Bound gp41 Envelope Membrane Proximal Region Trimer. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A., 111(4):1391-1396, 28 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24474763.
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Reeves2005
Jacqueline D. Reeves, Fang-Hua Lee, John L. Miamidian, Cassandra B. Jabara, Marisa M. Juntilla, and Robert W. Doms. Enfuvirtide Resistance Mutations: Impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Function, Entry Inhibitor Sensitivity, and Virus Neutralization. J. Virol., 79(8):4991-4999, Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 15795284.
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Ren2018
Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Revilla2011
Ana Revilla, Elena Delgado, Elizabeth C. Christian, Justin Dalrymple, Yolanda Vega, Cristina Carrera, Maria González-Galeano, Antonio Ocampo, Rafael Ojea de Castro, Maria J. Lezaún, Raúl Rodriguez, Ana Mariño, Patricia Ordóñez, Gustavo Cilla, Ramón Cisterna, Juan M. Santamaria, Santiago Prieto, Aza Rakhmanova, Anna Vinogradova, Maritza Ríos, Lucía Pérez-Álvarez, Rafael Nájera, David C. Montefiori, Michael S. Seaman, and Michael M. Thomson. Construction and Phenotypic Characterization of HIV Type 1 Functional Envelope Clones of subtypes G and F. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 27(8):889-901, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21226626.
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Ringe2010
Rajesh Ringe, Madhuri Thakar, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Variations in Autologous Neutralization and CD4 Dependence of b12 Resistant HIV-1 Clade C env Clones Obtained at Different Time Points from Antiretroviral Naïve Indian Patients with Recent Infection. Retrovirology, 7:76, 2010. PubMed ID: 20860805.
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Rujas2015
Edurne Rujas, Naveed Gulzar, Koldo Morante, Kouhei Tsumoto, Jamie K. Scott, José L. Nieva, and Jose M. M. Caaveiro. Structural and Thermodynamic Basis of Epitope Binding by Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Forms of the Anti-HIV-1 Antibody 4E10. J. Virol., 89(23):11975-11989, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26378169.
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Rujas2018
Edurne Rujas, Daniel P. Leaman, Sara Insausti, Lei Ortigosa-Pascual, Lei Zhang, Michael B. Zwick, and José L. Nieva. Functional Optimization of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody 10E8 by Promotion of Membrane Interactions. J. Virol., 92(8), 15 Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29386285.
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Ruprecht2011
Claudia R. Ruprecht, Anders Krarup, Lucy Reynell, Axel M. Mann, Oliver F. Brandenberg, Livia Berlinger, Irene A. Abela, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Peter Rusert, and Alexandra Trkola. MPER-Specific Antibodies Induce gp120 Shedding and Irreversibly Neutralize HIV-1. J. Exp. Med., 208(3):439-454, 14 Mar 2011. PubMed ID: 21357743.
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Rusert2005
Peter Rusert, Herbert Kuster, Beda Joos, Benjamin Misselwitz, Cornelia Gujer, Christine Leemann, Marek Fischer, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, William C Olson, Rainer Weber, Leonardo Aceto, Huldrych F Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. Virus Isolates during Acute and Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Show Distinct Patterns of Sensitivity to Entry Inhibitors. J. Virol., 79(13):8454-8469, Jul 2005. PubMed ID: 15956589.
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Rusert2009
Peter Rusert, Axel Mann, Michael Huber, Viktor von Wyl, Huldrych F. Günthar, and Alexandra Trkola. Divergent Effects of Cell Environment on HIV Entry Inhibitor Activity. AIDS, 23(11):1319-1327, 17 Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19579289.
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Russell2011
Elizabeth S. Russell, Jesse J. Kwiek, Jessica Keys, Kirston Barton, Victor Mwapasa, David C. Montefiori, Steven R. Meshnick, and Ronald Swanstrom. The Genetic Bottleneck in Vertical Transmission of Subtype C HIV-1 Is Not Driven by Selection of Especially Neutralization-Resistant Virus from the Maternal Viral Population. J Virol, 85(16):8253-8262, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21593171.
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Sabin2010
Charles Sabin, Davide Corti, Victor Buzon, Mike S. Seaman, David Lutje Hulsik, Andreas Hinz, Fabrizia Vanzetta, Gloria Agatic, Chiara Silacci, Lara Mainetti, Gabriella Scarlatti, Federica Sallusto, Robin Weiss, Antonio Lanzavecchia, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Crystal Structure and Size-Dependent Neutralization Properties of HK20, a Human Monoclonal Antibody Binding to the Highly Conserved Heptad Repeat 1 of gp41. PLoS Pathog., 6(11):e1001195, 2010. PubMed ID: 21124990.
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Safrit2004
Jeffrey T. Safrit, Ruth Ruprecht, Flavia Ferrantelli, Weidong Xu, Moiz Kitabwalla, Koen Van Rompay, Marta Marthas, Nancy Haigwood, John R. Mascola, Katherine Luzuriaga, Samuel Adeniyi Jones, Bonnie J. Mathieson, Marie-Louise Newell, and Ghent IAS Working Group on HIV in Women Children. Immunoprophylaxis to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 35(2):169-177, 1 Feb 2004. PubMed ID: 14722451.
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Sagar2012
Manish Sagar, Hisashi Akiyama, Behzad Etemad, Nora Ramirez, Ines Freitas, and Suryaram Gummuluru. Transmembrane Domain Membrane Proximal External Region but Not Surface Unit-Directed Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Can Restrict Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Trans-Infection. J. Infect. Dis., 205(8):1248-1257, 15 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22396600.
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Sanchez-Martinez2006
Silvia Sánchez-Martínez, Maier Lorizate, Hermann Katinger, Renate Kunert, and José L. Nieva. Membrane Association and Epitope Recognition by HIV-1 Neutralizing Anti-gp41 2F5 and 4E10 Antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 22(10):998-1006, Oct 2006. PubMed ID: 17067270.
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Sanchez-Merino2016
V. Sanchez-Merino, A. Fabra-Garcia, N. Gonzalez, D. Nicolas, A. Merino-Mansilla, C. Manzardo, J. Ambrosioni, A. Schultz, A. Meyerhans, J. R. Mascola, J. M. Gatell, J. Alcami, J. M. Miro, and E. Yuste. Detection of Broadly Neutralizing Activity within the First Months of HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 90(11):5231-5245, 1 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26984721.
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Sather2010
D. Noah Sather and Leonidas Stamatatos. Epitope Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Plasmas from HIV-1 Infected Subjects. Vaccine, 28 Suppl 2:B8-B12, 26 May 2010. PubMed ID: 20510750.
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Sather2014
D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, Andrew B. Stuart, Ann J. Hessell, Mathew D. Gray, Iliyana Mikell, Spyros A. Kalams, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Emergence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Viral Coevolution in Two Subjects during the Early Stages of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 88(22):12968-12981, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25122781.
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Sattentau2010
Quentin J. Sattentau and Andrew J. McMichael. New Templates for HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. F1000 Biol. Rep., 2:60, 2010. PubMed ID: 21173880.
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Scheid2009
Johannes F. Scheid, Hugo Mouquet, Niklas Feldhahn, Michael S. Seaman, Klara Velinzon, John Pietzsch, Rene G. Ott, Robert M. Anthony, Henry Zebroski, Arlene Hurley, Adhuna Phogat, Bimal Chakrabarti, Yuxing Li, Mark Connors, Florencia Pereyra, Bruce D. Walker, Hedda Wardemann, David Ho, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, Jeffrey V. Ravetch, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Broad Diversity of Neutralizing Antibodies Isolated from Memory B Cells in HIV-Infected Individuals. Nature, 458(7238):636-640, 2 Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19287373.
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Scherer2010
Erin M. Scherer, Daniel P. Leaman, Michael B. Zwick, Andrew J. McMichael, and Dennis R. Burton. Aromatic Residues at the Edge of the Antibody Combining Site Facilitate Viral Glycoprotein Recognition through Membrane Interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(4):1529-1534, 26 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 20080706.
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Schief2009
William R. Schief, Yih-En Andrew Ban, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Challenges for Structure-Based HIV Vaccine Design. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):431-440, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048708.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Schultz2018
Anke Schultz, Anja Germann, Martina Fuss, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Daniel A. Ozaki, David C. Montefiori, Heiko Zimmermann, and Hagen von Briesen. Validation of an Automated System for Aliquoting of HIV-1 Env-Pseudotyped Virus Stocks. PLoS One, 13(1):1-20, Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29300769.
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Schweighardt2007
Becky Schweighardt, Yang Liu, Wei Huang, Colombe Chappey, Yolanda S. Lie, Christos J. Petropoulos, and Terri Wrin. Development of an HIV-1 Reference Panel of Subtype B Envelope Clones Isolated from the Plasma of Recently Infected Individuals. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 46(1):1-11, 1 Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17514017.
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Scott2015
Yanille M. Scott, Seo Young Park, and Charlene S. Dezzutti. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibodies Prevent HIV Infection of Mucosal Tissue Ex Vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 60(2):904-912, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26596954.
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Sellhorn2012
George Sellhorn, Zane Kraft, Zachary Caldwell, Katharine Ellingson, Christine Mineart, Michael S. Seaman, David C. Montefiori, Eliza Lagerquist, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Engineering, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Stable Clade A/B Recombinant Soluble Heterotrimeric gp140 Proteins. J. Virol., 86(1):128-142, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22031951.
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Shang2011
Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Xuanling Shi, Teng Zuo, Mark Goldin, Dan Chen, Bing Han, Wei Sun, Hao Wu, Xinquan Wang, and Linqi Zhang. Genetic and Neutralization Sensitivity of Diverse HIV-1 env Clones from Chronically Infected Patients in China. J. Biol. Chem., 286(16):14531-14541, 22 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21325278.
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Shen2010
Xiaoying Shen, S. Moses Dennison, Pinghuang Liu, Feng Gao, Frederick Jaeger, David C. Montefiori, Laurent Verkoczy, Barton F. Haynes, S. Munir Alam, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Prolonged Exposure of the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region with L669S Substitution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(13):5972-5977, 30 Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20231447.
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Shen2010a
Ruizhong Shen, Ernesto R. Drelichman, Diane Bimczok, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Jamie A. Cannon, Daniela Tudor, Morgane Bomsel, Lesley E. Smythies, and Phillip D. Smith. GP41-Specific Antibody Blocks Cell-Free HIV Type 1 Transcytosis through Human Rectal Mucosa and Model Colonic Epithelium. J. Immunol., 184(7):3648-3655, 1 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20208001.
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Shi2010
Wuxian Shi, Jen Bohon, Dong P. Han, Habtom Habte, Yali Qin, Michael W. Cho, and Mark R. Chance. Structural Characterization of HIV gp41 with the Membrane-Proximal External Region. J. Biol. Chem., 285(31):24290-24298, 30 Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20525690.
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Siddappa2010
Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, Jennifer D. Watkins, Klemens J. Wassermann, Ruijiang Song, Wendy Wang, Victor G. Kramer, Samir Lakhashe, Michael Santosuosso, Mark C. Poznansky, Francis J. Novembre, François Villinger, James G. Else, David C. Montefiori, Robert A. Rasmussen, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. R5 Clade C SHIV Strains with Tier 1 or 2 Neutralization Sensitivity: Tools to Dissect Env Evolution and to Develop AIDS Vaccines in Primate Models. PLoS One, 5(7):e11689, 2010. PubMed ID: 20657739.
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Simek2009
Melissa D. Simek, Wasima Rida, Frances H. Priddy, Pham Pung, Emily Carrow, Dagna S. Laufer, Jennifer K. Lehrman, Mark Boaz, Tony Tarragona-Fiol, George Miiro, Josephine Birungi, Anton Pozniak, Dale A. McPhee, Olivier Manigart, Etienne Karita, André Inwoley, Walter Jaoko, Jack DeHovitz, Linda-Gail Bekker, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Robert Paris, Laura M. Walker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, Patricia E. Fast, Dennis R. Burton, and Wayne C. Koff. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Elite Neutralizers: Individuals with Broad and Potent Neutralizing Activity Identified by Using a High-Throughput Neutralization Assay together with an Analytical Selection Algorithm. J. Virol., 83(14):7337-7348, Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19439467.
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Simonich2016
Cassandra A. Simonich, Katherine L. Williams, Hans P. Verkerke, James A. Williams, Ruth Nduati, Kelly K. Lee, and Julie Overbaugh. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell, 166(1):77-87, 30 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27345369.
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Singh2011
Harvir Singh, Kevin A. Henry, Sampson S. T. Wu, Andrzej Chruscinski, Paul J. Utz, and Jamie K. Scott. Reactivity Profiles of Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Are Distinct from Those of Pathogenic Autoantibodies. AIDS, 25(10):1247-1257, 19 Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21508803.
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Song2009
Likai Song, Zhen-Yu J. Sun, Kate E. Coleman, Michael B. Zwick, Johannes S. Gach, Jia-huai Wang, Ellis L. Reinherz, Gerhard Wagner, and Mikyung Kim. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Disrupt a Hinge-Related Function of gp41 at the Membrane Interface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106(22):9057-9062, 2 Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19458040.
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Sreepian2009
Apichai Sreepian, Jongruk Permmongkol, Wannee Kantakamalakul, Sontana Siritantikorn, Nattaya Tanlieng, and Ruengpung Sutthent. HIV-1 Neutralization by Monoclonal Antibody against Conserved Region 2 and Patterns of Epitope Exposure on the Surface of Native Viruses. J. Immune Based Ther. Vaccines, 7:5, 2009. PubMed ID: 19821992.
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Srivastava2005
Indresh K. Srivastava, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, and Susan W. Barnett. Role of Neutralizing Antibodies in Protective Immunity Against HIV. Hum. Vaccin., 1(2):45-60, Mar-Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 17038830.
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Srivastava2008
Indresh K. Srivastava, Elaine Kan, Yide Sun, Victoria A. Sharma, Jimna Cisto, Brian Burke, Ying Lian, Susan Hilt, Zohar Biron, Karin Hartog, Leonidas Stamatatos, Ruben Diaz-Avalos, R Holland Cheng, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, and Susan W. Barnett. Comparative Evaluation of Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Subtype C and B HIV-1 R5 Isolates. Virology, 372(2):273-290, 15 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18061231.
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Stamatatos2009
Leonidas Stamatatos, Lynn Morris, Dennis R. Burton, and John R. Mascola. Neutralizing Antibodies Generated during Natural HIV-1 Infection: Good News for an HIV-1 Vaccine? Nat. Med., 15(8):866-870, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19525964.
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Stanfield2005
Robyn L. Stanfield and Ian A. Wilson. Structural Studies of Human HIV-1 V3 Antibodies. Hum Antibodies, 14(3-4):73-80, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720977.
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Steckbeck2010
Jonathan D. Steckbeck, Chengqun Sun, Timothy J. Sturgeon, and Ronald C. Montelaro. Topology of the C-Terminal Tail of HIV-1 gp41: Differential Exposure of the Kennedy Epitope on Cell and Viral Membranes. PLoS One, 5(12):e15261, 2010. PubMed ID: 21151874.
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Stephenson2016
Kathryn E. Stephenson and Dan H. Barouch. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Eradication. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 13(1):31-37, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26841901.
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Stiegler2001
G. Stiegler, R. Kunert, M. Purtscher, S. Wolbank, R. Voglauer, F. Steindl, and H. Katinger. A potent cross-clade neutralizing human monoclonal antibody against a novel epitope on gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 17(18):1757--65, 10 Dec 2001. PubMed ID: 11788027.
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Strasser2009
Richard Strasser, Alexandra Castilho, Johannes Stadlmann, Renate Kunert, Heribert Quendler, Pia Gattinger, Jakub Jez, Thomas Rademacher, Friedrich Altmann, Lukas Mach, and Herta Steinkellner. Improved Virus Neutralization by Plant-Produced Anti-HIV Antibodies with a Homogeneous beta1,4-Galactosylated N-Glycan Profile. J. Biol. Chem., 284(31):20479-20485, 31 Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19478090.
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Sun2008
Zhen-Yu J. Sun, Kyoung Joon Oh, Mikyung Kim, Jessica Yu, Vladimir Brusic, Likai Song, Zhisong Qiao, Jia-huai Wang, Gerhard Wagner, and Ellis L. Reinherz. HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Extracts Its Epitope from a Kinked gp41 Ectodomain Region on the Viral Membrane. Immunity, 28(1):52-63, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18191596.
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Tang2023
Wenqi Tang, Zhenzhen Yuan, Zheng Wang, Li Ren, Dan Li, Shuhui Wang, Yanling Hao, Jing Li, Xiuli Shen, Yuhua Ruan, Yiming Shao, and Ying Liu. Neutralization Sensitivity and Evolution of Virus in a Chronic HIV-1 Clade B Infected Patient with Neutralizing Activity against Membrane-Proximal External Region. Pathogens, 12(3), 22 Mar 2023. PubMed ID: 36986419.
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Tasca2008
Silvana Tasca, Siu-Hong Ho, and Cecilia Cheng-Mayer. R5X4 Viruses Are Evolutionary, Functional, and Antigenic Intermediates in the Pathway of a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coreceptor Switch. J. Virol., 82(14):7089-7099, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18480460.
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Thenin2012a
Suzie Thenin, Emmanuelle Roch, Tanawan Samleerat, Thierry Moreau, Antoine Chaillon, Alain Moreau, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Naturally Occurring Substitutions of Conserved Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Different Clades Are Involved in PG9 and PG16 Resistance to Neutralization. J. Gen. Virol., 93(7):1495-1505, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22492917.
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Todd2012
Christopher A. Todd, Kelli M. Greene, Xuesong Yu, Daniel A. Ozaki, Hongmei Gao, Yunda Huang, Maggie Wang, Gary Li, Ronald Brown, Blake Wood, M. Patricia D'Souza, Peter Gilbert, David C. Montefiori, and Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe. Development and Implementation of an International Proficiency Testing Program for a Neutralizing Antibody Assay for HIV-1 in TZM-bl Cells. J. Immunol. Methods, 375(1-2):57-67, 31 Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 21968254.
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Tomaras2008
Georgia D. Tomaras, Nicole L. Yates, Pinghuang Liu, Li Qin, Genevieve G. Fouda, Leslie L. Chavez, Allan C. Decamp, Robert J. Parks, Vicki C. Ashley, Judith T. Lucas, Myron Cohen, Joseph Eron, Charles B. Hicks, Hua-Xin Liao, Steven G. Self, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Kent J. Weinhold, Brandon F. Keele, Beatrice H. Hahn, Michael L. Greenberg, Lynn Morris, Salim S. Abdool Karim, William A. Blattner, David C. Montefiori, George M. Shaw, Alan S. Perelson, and Barton F. Haynes. Initial B-Cell Responses to Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Virion-Binding Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG Antibodies Followed by Plasma Anti-gp41 Antibodies with Ineffective Control of Initial Viremia. J. Virol., 82(24):12449-12463, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18842730.
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Tomaras2010
Georgia D. Tomaras and Barton F. Haynes. Strategies for Eliciting HIV-1 Inhibitory Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 5(5):421-427, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20978384.
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Tomaras2011
Georgia D. Tomaras, James M. Binley, Elin S. Gray, Emma T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, Penny L. Moore, Nancy Tumba, Tommy Tong, Xiaoying Shen, Nicole L. Yates, Julie Decker, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Philippa Easterbrook, Salim Abdool Karim, Gift Kamanga, John A. Crump, Myron Cohen, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Polyclonal B Cell Responses to Conserved Neutralization Epitopes in a Subset of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 85(21):11502-11519, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21849452.
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Tong2012
Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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Trkola2005
Alexandra Trkola, Herbert Kuster, Peter Rusert, Beda Joos, Marek Fischer, Christine Leemann, Amapola Manrique, Michael Huber, Manuela Rehr, Annette Oxenius, Rainer Weber, Gabriela Stiegler, Brigitta Vcelar, Hermann Katinger, Leonardo Aceto, and Huldrych F. Günthard. Delay of HIV-1 Rebound after Cessation of Antiretroviral Therapy through Passive Transfer of Human Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Med., 11(6):615-622, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15880120.
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Tudor2009
D. Tudor, M. Derrien, L. Diomede, A.-S. Drillet, M. Houimel, C. Moog, J.-M. Reynes, L. Lopalco, and M. Bomsel. HIV-1 gp41-Specific Monoclonal Mucosal IgAs Derived from Highly Exposed but IgG-Seronegative Individuals Block HIV-1 Epithelial Transcytosis and Neutralize CD4+ Cell Infection: An IgA Gene and Functional Analysis. Mucosal Immunol., 2(5):412-426, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19587640.
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Utachee2009
Piraporn Utachee, Piyamat Jinnopat, Panasda Isarangkura-na-ayuthaya, U. Chandimal de Silva, Shota Nakamura, Uamporn Siripanyaphinyo, Nuanjun Wichukchinda, Kenzo Tokunaga, Teruo Yasunaga, Pathom Sawanpanyalert, Kazuyoshi Ikuta, Wattana Auwanit, and Masanori Kameoka. Phenotypic Studies on Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Containing CRF01\_AE env Gene Derived from HIV-1-Infected Patient, Residing in Central Thailand. Microbes Infect., 11(3):334-343, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19136072.
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vanGils2011
Marit J. van Gils, Evelien M. Bunnik, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Judith A. Burger, Marijke Terlouw-Klein, Naomi Verwer, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Longer V1V2 Region with Increased Number of Potential N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Protects against HIV-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(14):6986-6995, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21593147.
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vanGils2011a
Marit J. van Gils, Diana Edo-Matas, Emma J. Bowles, Judith A. Burger, Guillaume B. Stewart-Jones, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in a Patient with Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity in Serum. J. Virol., 85(16):8443-8438, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21653664.
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vanMontfort2007
Thijs van Montfort, Alexey A. Nabatov, Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Efficient Capture of Antibody Neutralized HIV-1 by Cells Expressing DC-SIGN and Transfer to CD4+ T Lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 178(5):3177-85, 1 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17312166.
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vanMontfort2008
Thijs van Montfort, Adri A. M. Thomas, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Dendritic Cells Preferentially Transfer CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants to CD4+ T Lymphocytes in trans. J. Viro.l, 82(16):7886-7896, Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18524826.
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Vcelar2007
Brigitta Vcelar, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann M. Wolf, Wolfgang Muntean, Bettina Leschnik, Saurabh Mehandru, Martin Markowitz, Christine Armbruster, Renate Kunert, Martha M. Eibl, and Hermann Katinger. Reassessment of Autoreactivity of the Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies 4E10 and 2F5 and Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Safety Data. AIDS, 21(16):2161-2170, 18 Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 18090042.
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Veiga2009
Ana S. Veiga, Leonard K. Pattenden, Jordan M. Fletcher, Miguel A. R. B. Castanho, and Marie Isabel Aguilar. Interactions of HIV-1 Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 with a gp41 Epitope Prebound to Host and Viral Membrane Model Systems. ChemBioChem, 10(6):1032-1044, 17 Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19283693.
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Venditto2013
Vincent J. Venditto, Douglas S. Watson, Michael Motion, David Montefiori, and Francis C. Szoka, Jr. Rational Design of Membrane Proximal External Region Lipopeptides Containing Chemical Modifications for HIV-1 Vaccination. Clin Vaccine Immunol, 20(1):39-45, Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23114698.
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Vincent2008
Nadine Vincent, Amadou Kone, Blandine Chanut, Frédéric Lucht, Christian Genin, and Etienne Malvoisin. Antibodies Purified from Sera of HIV-1-Infected Patients by Affinity on the Heptad Repeat Region 1/Heptad Repeat Region 2 Complex of gp41 Neutralize HIV-1 Primary Isolates. AIDS, 22(16):2075-2085, 18 Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18832871.
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Virnik2018
Konstantin Virnik, Edmund Nesti, Cody Dail, Aaron Scanlan, Alexei Medvedev, Russell Vassell, Andrew T. McGuire, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Ira Berkower. Live Rubella Vectors Can Express Native HIV Envelope Glycoproteins Targeted by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Prime the Immune Response to an Envelope Protein Boost. Vaccine, 36(34):5166-5172, 16 Aug 2018. PubMed ID: 30037665.
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vonBredow2016
Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Walker2009a
Laura M. Walker, Sanjay K. Phogat, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Denise Wagner, Pham Phung, Julie L. Goss, Terri Wrin, Melissa D. Simek, Steven Fling, Jennifer L. Mitcham, Jennifer K. Lehrman, Frances H. Priddy, Ole A. Olsen, Steven M. Frey, Phillip W . Hammond, Protocol G Principal Investigators, Stephen Kaminsky, Timothy Zamb, Matthew Moyle, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibodies from an African Donor Reveal a new HIV-1 Vaccine Target. Science, 326(5950):285-289, 9 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19729618.
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Walker2009b
Laura M. Walker, Diana R. Bowley, and Dennis R. Burton. Efficient Recovery of High-Affinity Antibodies from a Single-Chain Fab Yeast Display Library. J. Mol. Biol., 389(2):365-375, 5 Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19376130.
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Walker2010
Laura M. Walker, Melissa D. Simek, Frances Priddy, Johannes S. Gach, Denise Wagner, Michael B. Zwick, Sanjay K. Phogat, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals. PLoS Pathog., 6(8), 2010. PubMed ID: 20700449.
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Walker2010a
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Rational Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine Design: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22(3):358-366, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20299194.
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Walker2011
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Wallace2009
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Wang2003
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Wang2011a
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Wang2011b
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Xu2001
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Xu2002
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Xu2010
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Yamamoto2008
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Yang2012
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Yang2013
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Yang2014
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Yang2018
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Zhang2006a
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Zhang2007
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Zhang2019a
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Sliepen2019
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Displaying record number 2708
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
10E8 |
HXB2 Location |
Env(671-683) DNA(8235..8273) |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
|
Epitope |
NWFDISNWLWYIK
|
Epitope Alignment
|
Subtype |
B |
Ab Type |
gp41 MPER (membrane proximal external region) |
Neutralizing |
P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG3) |
Patient |
Donor N152 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, bispecific/trispecific, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, contact residues, early treatment, effector function, escape, glycosylation, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, mimics, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 99 of
99 notes.
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10E8: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
10E8: A SHIV carrying a highly neutralization-sensitive Env (SHIVCNE40) was passaged in macaques. SHIVCNE40 developed enhanced replication kinetics associated with neutralization resistance against autologous serum, CD4-Ig, and several nAbs (17b, 3BNC117, N6, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, 35O22, 2F5, 10E8). A gp41 substitution, E658K, was the major determinant for this resistance. Structural modeling and functional verification indicate that the substitution disrupts an intermolecular salt bridge with the neighboring protomer, thereby promoting fusion and facilitating immune evasion. This effect is applicable across many HIV-1 viruses of diverse subtypes. These results highlight the critical role of gp41 in shaping the neutralization profile and conformation of Env during viral adaptation. The unique intermolecular salt bridge could potentially be utilized for rational vaccine design involving more stable HIV-1 Env trimers.
Wang2019
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, structure)
-
10E8: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
10E8: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
10E8:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. 10E8 was used as a reference control IgG. 10E8, 2F5 and 4E10 were used as positive controls, and mGO53 as a negative control in determining reactivity of IgG Abs and conserved neutralizing epitopes in the autologous virus isolated from PTC-005002.
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
10E8: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
10E8: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: 10E8 was positive for neutralization, but negative for ADCC, and binding to infected cells.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
10E8: This study showed that increasing the local concentration of MPER-directed bnAbs at the cell surface via binding to the high-affinity Fc receptor FcγRI potentiates their ability to prevent viral entry; this is consistent with previous studies showing that the lipid-binding activity of MPER bnAbs increases their concentration at the viral surface membrane. Variants of 10E8 were used in assays showing that membrane binding is positively correlated with neutralization; 10E8d (equivalent to 10E8 mutant 5, Irimia2017) had decreased lipid binding, and 10E8i (equivalent to 10E8-3R, Rujas2018) had increased lipid binding compared to 10E8. In contrast, binding of MPER-directed bNAb 10E8v4 to FcγRI abolishes the neutralization synergy that is seen with the N-heptad repeat (NHR)-targeting antibody D5_AR and NHR-targeting mimetic enfuvirtide (T20), possibly due to decreased accessibility of the NHR in the FcγRI-10E8-MPER complex. The results suggest that lipid-binding activity and FcγRI-mediated potentiation function in concert to improve the potency of MPER-directed bNAbs by increasing their local concentration near the site of viral fusion. Therefore, lipid binding may not be a strict requirement for potent neutralization by MPER-targeting bNAbs, as alternative methods can achieve similar increases in local concentrations while avoiding potential liabilities associated with immunologic host tolerance.
Kim2023
(mimics, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
10E8: This study generated a variant version of 10E8, termed 10E8-R3, in which 3 basic residues were introduced at solvent-exposed positions, thus allowing 10E8 to interact more effectively with lipid bilayers. The increased positive charge at the paratope surface strengthened the electrostatic interaction between the antibody and lipid bilayers, enabling 10E8-R3 to interact spontaneously with membranes. The modified 10E8 antibody didn’t gain polyreactivity, and it neutralized virus with a significantly greater potency. 10E8-R3 bound with a higher affinity to the MPER peptide anchored in lipid bilayers and to Env spikes on virions. A similarly engineered anti-MPER antibody, 4E10-3R, did not show gains in neutralization potency compared to 4E10, thus showing possible limitations of this strategy. These results emphasize the crucial role played by the viral membrane in the antigenicity of the MPER-transmembrane domain.
Rujas2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
10E8: The study characterized viral evolution and changes in neutralizing activity and sensitivity of a long-term non-progressing patient (GX2016EU01) with HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection. Four plasma samples were derived from the patient between 2016 and 2020, and 59 full-length env gene fragments were obtained, revealing that potential N-linked glycosylation sites in V1 and V5 significantly increased over time. While 24 Env-pseudotyped viruses from the patient remained sensitive to autologous plasma, all were resistant to bNAbs 2G12, PGT121, and PGT135. The pseudoviruses were sensitive to 10E8, VRC01, and 12A21, but became more resistant to these bnAbs and to autologous plasma at later timepoints. The neutralization breadth of plasma from all 4 sequential samples was 100% against the global HIV-1 reference panel. Immune escape mutants resulted in increased resistance to bNAbs targeting different epitopes. The study identified known mutations F277W in gp41 and previously uncharacterized mutation S465T in V5 which may be associated with increased viral resistance to bNAbs.
Wang2022
(autologous responses, glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, escape, rate of progression, polyclonal antibodies)
-
10E8: To characterize the persistence and phenotypic properties of HIV Env over time, blood and lymphoid samples were obtained at 2 timepoints from 8 people with HIV on suppressive ART. Single genome amplification and sequencing was performed on env to understand genetic diversity clonal expansion. A subset of envs were used to generate pseudovirus particles to assess sensitivity to autologous plasma IgG and bnAbs, and neutralization was assayed against a panel of 5 bnAbs (VRC01, 10E8, PGT121, 10-1074, 3BNC117) and the trispecific N6/PGDM1400x10E8. Identical env sequences indicating clonal expansion persisted between timepoints and within multiple T-cell subsets. At both timepoints, CXCR4-tropic (X4) Envs were more prevalent in naive and central memory cells; the proportion of X4 Envs did not significantly change in each subset between timepoints. Autologous purified plasma IgG showed variable neutralization of Envs, with no significant difference in neutralization between R5 and X4 Envs. X4 Envs were more sensitive to neutralization with clinical bnAbs, with CD4-binding site bnAbs demonstrating high breadth and potency against Envs. These data suggest the viral reservoir was predominantly maintained over time through proliferation of infected cells. The humoral immune response to Envs within the latent reservoir was variable between persons. The study also found that coreceptor usage can influence bNAb sensitivity and may need to be considered for future bNAb immunotherapy approaches.
Gartner2023
(co-receptor, neutralization, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, polyclonal antibodies)
-
10E8: This paper comprehensively defined the effect of every viable single aa mutation in the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of BG505.T332N Env on binding by 9 individual bnAbs targeting 5 epitope classes (VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PG9, PGT145, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 10E8), as well as by a mixture of 3BNC117 and 10-1074. Escape mutations mostly occurred in a small subset of structurally-defined contacts within <4 Å and at sites within 5-10 Å of the Ab. Consistent with previous studies, escape from bnAb 10E8 predominantly occurred at structurally-defined contact sites on the MPER peptide alpha helix. This study also identified modest escape effects at two novel sites: 609 in the C-C loop and 643 in the HR2 domain of gp41. See LANL Features and Contacts database for more details.
Dingens2019
(antibody binding site, escape, contact residues)
-
10E8: This study aimed to define properties shared by transmitted viruses by comparing antigenic and functional properties of envelope glycoproteins of viral variants isolated during primary infection in 27 patients belonging to 8 transmission clusters. The neutralization of the 27 pseudotyped viruses was assayed with 8 human bnAbs targeting various regions of the virus. The infectious properties of the viruses was assessed by measuring their infectivity and sensitivity to entry inhibitors. Transmitted viruses from the same transmission chain shared many properties, including similar neutralization profiles, sensitivity to inhibitors, and infectivity. All transmitted viruses were CCR5-tropic, sensitive to maraviroc, and resistant to soluble forms of CD4, irrespective of cluster. They were also generally sensitive to bnAbs that target V3 (10-1074, PGT121), CD4bs (3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W), and MPER region (10E8), suggesting that the loss of these epitopes may affect a virus’s capacity to be transmitted. The viruses were somewhat less sensitive to bnAbs targeting the V1V2 region (PG9, PGT145) and gp120/gp41 interface (8ANC195). These data suggest that the transmission bottleneck is governed by selective forces.
Beretta2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
10E8: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
-
10E8: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
10E8: A chronic HIV-1 infected patient (CBJC504) had neutralizing activity against Env MPER. Fifty full-length HIV-1 env genes were isolated from the patient’s plasma at 2 time points (2006 and 2009). The neutralization sensitivity of 14 Env pseudoviruses to autologous plasma and mAbs 4E10, 2F5, and 10E8 was evaluated. Env sequencing revealed that the diversity of Env increased over time, and 4 mutation positions in MPER acquired mutations (659D, 662K, 671S, and 677N/R). The K677R mutation increased the IC50 values of pseudoviruses approximately twofold for 4E10 and 2F5, and E659D increased the IC50 up to ninefold for 4E10 and fourfold for 2F5. These 2 mutations also decreased the contact between gp41 and mAbs. Almost all mutant pseudoviruses were resistant to autologous plasma at both time points. These findings shed light on MPER evolution.
Tang2023
(autologous responses, mutation acquisition, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
-
10E8: The study looked at the neutralization of subtype C Env sequences from 9 South African individuals followed longitudinally. A total of 43 Env sequences were cloned and assayed for neutralization by 12 bnAbs of various binding types (VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074 and PGT121, 10E8, 3BNC117, CAP256.VRC26.25, 4E10, PGDM1400, and N123-VRC34.01). Features associated with resistance to bNAbs were higher potential glycosylation sites, relatively longer V1 and V4 domains, and known signature mutations. The study found significant variability in the breadth and potency of bnAbs against circulating HIV-1 subtype C envelopes. In particular, VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074, and PGT121 display broad activity against subtype C variants. The results suggest that these 6 bnAbs are potent antibodies that should be considered for future antibody therapy and treatment studies targeting HIV-1 subtype C.
Mandizvo2022
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
10E8: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); 10E8 had 14 improbable mutations out of 45 total AA mutations, and 0 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
-
10E8: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
10E8: A panel of 33 CRF02_AG pseudoviruses was generated from HIV-1-infected individuals during early stages of infection. Samples represented a 15-year period 1997-2012. These viruses were best neutralized by the CD4bs-directed bnAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, and N6) and the MPER-directed bnAb 10E8 in terms of both potency and breadth. There was a higher resistance to bnAbs targeting the V1V2-glycan region (PG9 and PGT145) and the V3-glycan region (PGT121 and 10-1074). Neutralization by 8ANC195 was also assayed. Combinations of antibodies were predicted by the CombiNaber tool to achieve full coverage across this subtype. There was increased resistance to bnAbs targeting the CD4bs linked to the diversification of CRF02_AG Env over the course of the timespan sampled.
Stefic2019
(neutralization, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
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10E8: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
10E8: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
10E8: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
10E8: This report characterizes an additional antiviral activity of some bnAbs to block HIV-1 release by tethering viral particles at the surface of infected cells in vitro in a bivalency-dependent manner. After cultivation of infected primary CD4+ T cells with individual bnAbs, supernatant p24 levels were negatively correlated with cell-associated Gag levels, Env binding and neutralization potency while cell-associated Gag levels and Env binding positively correlated with each other and individually with neutralization potency. The capacity to mediate this tethering activity varied among different classes of mAbs: 0/3 non-neutralizing mAbs, 1/5 bnAbs targeting the MPER or gp120/gp41 interface and 9/9 of the bnAbs targeting the V3 and V1/V1 loops or the CD4bs demonstrated this activity against at least 1/3 diverse viral strains (AD8, CH058 and vKB18). Five of these latter 9 bnAbs, including bnAb 10-1074 which had the most potent effect observed in study when cultivated with vKB18-infected CD4+ T cells, displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains. Surface aggregation of mature virions and bnAb 10-1074 was observed in CH058-infected primary CD4+ T cells and CHME macrophage-like cells. MPER-targeting bnAb 10E8 failed to display tethering activity against any of the 3 HIV-1 strains.
Dufloo2022
(binding affinity)
-
10E8: Env clones were obtained from donor CBJC515 plasma. The neutralization of these clones was tested against 3 donor serum samples (2005, 2006, 2008) and 6 bnAbs (10E8, 2G12, PGT121, PGT135, VRC01, 12A21). In phylogeny, the sequences clustered into 2 major clusters. Cluster I viruses vanished in 2006 and then appeared as recombinants in 2008. In Cluster II viruses, the V1 length and N-glycosylation sites increased over the four years of the study period. Most viruses were sensitive to concurrent and subsequent autologous plasma, and to bNAbs 10E8, PGT121, VRC01, and 12A21, but all viruses were resistant to PGT135. Overall, 90% of Cluster I viruses were resistant to 2G12, while 94% of Cluster II viruses were sensitive to 2G12. The study confirmed that HIV-1 continued to evolve even in the presence of bnAbs, and two virus clusters in this donor adopted different escape mechanisms under the same humoral immune pressure.
Hu2021
(autologous responses, glycosylation, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
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10E8: A plant-based expression system was used to produce different glycoforms of the bnAbs PG9, PG16, 10–1074, NIH45–46G54W, 10E8, PGT121, PGT128, PGT145, PGT135, and b12. Also produced were mutated forms (N92T) of VRC01 (mVRC01) and NIH45–46G54W (mNIH45–46G54W). The in vivo properties of these mAbs were assessed in macaques to distinguish those most likely to comprise or become a component of an affordable and efficacious immunotherapeutic cocktails. N-glycans within the VL domain impaired the plasma stability of plant-derived bnAbs. While PGT121 and b12 exhibited no immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, VRC01, 10-1074 and NIH45-46G54W elicited high titer anti-idiotypic antibodies. The results indicated that that specific mutations in certain bnAbs caused immunogenicity in macaques. Such immunogenicity in humans would potentially compromise their value for immunotherapy. CHO1-31 was used as a positive control in a neutralization assay.
Rosenberg2015
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, immunotherapy)
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10E8: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
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10E8: A novel antibody was isolated from donor CAP248, who first developed cross-neutralizing antibodies after about 1 year of infection. The neutralization breadth of CAP248-2B, isolated from a sample taken 3.5 years post-infection, largely recapitulates the donor's serum breadth, and was able to neutralize 22% of a panel of cross-clade viruses at IC20. CAP248-2B was predicted to be derived from germline genes IGHV4-31*05, IGHD6-13*01, IGHJ3*01/02, IGLV2-14*01, and IGLJ1*01. The crystal structure suggested binding of the unusually long 19aa light chain of the paratope to both the C terminus of gp120 and to parts of gp41. The gp160 cleavage site was also the site of unusual escape mutations in the donor's viral sequences. The glycan dependence of CAP248-2B was compared to other known gp120-gp41 interface targeting bNAbs (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, 3BC315). CAP248-2B blocks the binding of 35O22, 3BC315, and PGT151 (but not 8ANC195 or 4E10) to cell surface envelope trimers. Alanine scanning for affects on neutralization revealed commonality between the epitope of CAP248-2B and other bNAbs (PGT151, VRC34, 35O22, 10E8, and 8ANC195).
Wibmer2017
(antibody binding site)
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10E8: The study identified a primary HIV-1 Env variant from patient 653116 (GenBank MT023027) that consistently supports >300% increased viral infectivity in the presence of autologous or heterologous HIV-positive plasma. In the absence of HIV-positive plasma, viruses with this Env exhibited reduced infectivity that was not due to decreased CD4 binding. This phenotype was mapped to a change Q563R, in the gp41 heptad repeat 1 (HR1) region. The authors provide evidence that Q563R reduces viral infection by disrupting formation of the gp41 six-helix bundle required for virus-cell membrane fusion. Anti-cluster I monoclonal antibodies (240-D, 246-D, F240, T32) targeting HR1 and the C-C loop of gp41 restored infectivity defects observed with Q563R. Viruses with the Q563R mutation were shown to have increased sensitivity to MPER mAbs (10E8, 7H6, 2F5, Z13e1, 4E10).
Joshi2020
(mutation acquisition, viral fitness and/or reversion)
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10E8: The study compared well-characterized nAbs (2G12, b12, VRC01, 10E8, 17b) with 4 mAbs (4E9C, 49G2, 916B2, 917B11) derived from a Japanese patient (KTS376, patient record #3956), in their neutralization and ADCC activity against viruses of subtypes B and CRF01. CRF01 viruses were less susceptible to neutralization by 2G12 and b12, while VRC01 was highly effective in neutralizing CRF01 viruses. 49G2 showed better neutralization breadth against CRF01 than against B viruses. CRF01_AE viruses from Japan also showed a slightly higher susceptibility to anti-CD4i Ab 4E9C than the subtype B viruses, and to CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam. Neutralization breadth of other anti-CD4i Abs 17b, 916B2 and 917B11 was low against both subtype B and CRF01_AE viruses. Anti-CD4bs Ab 49G2, which neutralized only 22% of the viruses, showed the broadest coverage of Fc-mediated signaling activity against the same panel of Env clones among the Abs tested. The CRF01_AE viruses from Japan were more susceptible to 49G2-mediated neutralization than the CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam, but Fc-mediated signaling activity of 49G2was broader and stronger in the CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam than the CRF01_AE viruses from Japan.
Thida2019
(effector function, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
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10E8: An ART-naive HIV-controlling patient SA003 was found to have a high level of serum bNAb activity, and broadly neutralizing mAb LN01 IgG3 was isolated from patient serum. MAb 10E8 was used as a comparison in assays of autoreactivity, ADCC, neutralization, binding, and structural analyses.
Pinto2019
(antibody binding site, effector function, neutralization, structure)
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10E8: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
10E8: This study characterized 3 lineages of MPER-targeting mAbs (VRC42, VRC43 & VRC46) isolated from subject RV217-40512 plasma 646 days after the first HIV RNA+ sample (pRNA+), but detectable by next-generation sequencing (NGS) by day 154 pRNA+ which was prior to superinfection between days 330 & 401 pRNA+. MAb VRC42.01 was most similar to known MPER-targeting bnAbs 10E8, 4E10, & DH511 in a neutralization fingerprint analysis. In this study, 10E8 neutralized 97.6% of 208 diverse pseudoviruses with a median IC50 of 0.393 μg/ml against sensitive viruses. 10E8 was able to recognize the founder virus MPER in various forms, as well as clade B and clade C full MPER epitope and the minimal epitope NWFDITKWLWYIK (C-terminus MPER, 671-683). Alanine scanning confirmed the importance of residues 671-3 and 683 for MPER epitope binding. 10E8 displayed absent or minimal autoreactivity to phospholipids & glycolipids.
Krebs2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, broad neutralizer, contact residues)
-
10E8: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
10E8: Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664 has been reported. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 HR1 region which can guide the improvement of Env glycoprotein preparations and potentially increase their effectiveness as a vaccine.
Castillo-Menendez2019
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
10E8: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
10E8: The authors used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to define the structure of the HIV-1 MPER when linked to the transmembrane domain (MPER-TMD) in the context of a lipid bilayer. In particular, they looked at the accessibility of the MPER-TMD to 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 and DH570. The MPER appears to be accessible up to ∼10% of the time to the 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8 Fabs but ∼40% of time to the DH570 Fab. To assess possible functional roles for the MPER in membrane fusion, they generated 17 Env mutants using the sequence of a clade A isolate, 92UG037.8, mutating each of the three structural elements: hydrophobic core, turn, and kink. Mutants W670A (hydrophobic core), F673A (turn), and W680A (kink), while still sensitive to VRC01, became much more resistant to the trimer-specific bNAbs and also gained sensitivity to b6, 3791, and 17b. All mutants with changes at W666 in the hydrophobic core and K683 at the kink lost infectivity almost completely. For the rest of the mutants, infectivity ranged from 4.3 to 50.8% of that of the wild type, showing that key residues important for stabilizing the MPER structure are also critical for Env-induced membrane fusion activity, especially in the context of viral infection.
Fu2018
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity, structure)
-
10E8: The potent MPER-targeting antibody 10E8 interacts with the viral membrane via its light chain and engages MPER in an upright orientation with respect to the HIV-1 membrane. The authors report the x-ray structures of the 10E8 epitope and show that the epitope is composed of both MPER and lipids, with which 10E8 engages through a specific lipid head group interaction site and a basic and polar surface on the light chain. They validated these results by making 5 additional 10E8 mutants, for which they present binding and neutralization data.
Irimia2017
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, structure, broad neutralizer, contact residues)
-
10E8: The authors engineered 10E8-surface mutants to improve its potency and screened for improved neutralization against a 9-virus panel. Two mutations, V5RHC and S100cFHC that were found to improve neutralization using this method, were spatially separated from the 10E8 paratope. Arg5HC and Phe100cHC, were added to 10E8v4 to create an optimized 10E8 antibody, 10E8v4-5R+100cF, which retained the extraordinary breadth of 10E8 but with ˜10-fold increased potency. The new antibody was also tested in two-antibody combinations with other monoclonals, and the best overall performance was shown by the combination of 10E8v4-5R+100cF with N6, neutralizing all strains in a 208-isolate HIV-1 panel at < 1µg/mL.
Kwon2018
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
10E8: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. 10E8 was used for analyzing clade sensitivity. It interacts with 671-683 and NWFDISNWLWYIK with contacts including positions 671-673 and 676.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
10E8: The authors describe single-component molecules they designed that incorporate two (bispecific) or three (trispecific) bNAbs that recognize HIV Env exclusively, a bispecific CrossmAb targeting two epitopes on the major HIV coreceptor, CCR5, and bi- and trispecifics that cross-target both Env and CCR5. These newly designed molecules displayed exceptional breadth, neutralizing 98 to 100% of a 109-virus panel, as well as additivity and potency compared to those of the individual parental control IgGs. A trispecific containing 10E8-PGT121-PGDM1400 Env-specific binding sites was equally potent (median IC50 of 0.0135 µg/ml), while a trispecific molecule targeting Env and CCR5 simultaneously, (10E8Fab-PGDM1400fv-PRO 140fv) demonstrated even greater potency, with a median IC50 of 0.007 µg/ml.
Khan2018
(neutralization, bispecific/trispecific)
-
10E8: In vitro neutralization data against 25 subtype A, 100 C, and 20 D pseudoviruses of 8 bNAbs (3BNC117, N6, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, CAP256-VRC26.25, PGDM1400, 10–1074, PGT121) and 2 bispecific Abs under clinical development (10E8-iMAb, 3BNC117-PGT135) was studied to assess the antibodies’ potential to prevent infection by dominant HIV-1 subtypes in sub-Saharan Africa. In vivo protection of these Abs and their 2-Ab combination was predicted using a function of in vitro neutralization based on data from a macaque simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge study. Conclusions were that 1. bNAb combinations outperform individual bNAbs 2. Different bNAb combinations were optimal against different HIV subtypes 3. Bispecific 10E8-iMAb outperformed all combinations, and 4. 10E8-iMAb in combination with other conventional Abs was predicted to be the best combination against HIV-infection.
Wagh2018
(neutralization, computational prediction, immunotherapy)
-
10E8: Bispecific bNAbs containing anti-CD4bs VRC01 and anti-V3 glycan PGT121 were constructed by linking the single chain (Sc) bNAbs with flexible (G4S)n linkers at IgG Fc and were found to have greater neutralization breadth than parental bNAbs when optimal. The optimal bis-specific NAb, dVRC01-5X-PGT121, was one that crosslinked protomers within one Env spike. Combination of this bispecific with a third bNAb, anti-MPER 10E8, gave 99.5%, i.e. nearly pan-neutralization of a 208 virus panel with a geometric mean IC50 below 0.1 µg/ml.
Steinhardt2018
(neutralization, immunotherapy, bispecific/trispecific)
-
10E8: A simple method to quantify and compare serum neutralization probabilities in described. The method uses logistic regression to model the probability that a serum neutralizes a virus with an ID50 titer above a cutoff. The neutralization potency (NP) identifies where the probabilities of neutralizing and not neutralizing a virus are equal and is not absolute as it depends on the ID50 cutoff. It provides a continuous measure for sera, which builds upon established tier categories now used to rate virus sensitivity. These potency comparisons are similar to comparing geometric mean neutralization titers, but instead are represented in tier-like terms. Increasing the number of bNAbs increases NP and slope, where the higher the slope, the sharper the boundary (lower scatter) between viruses neutralized and not neutralized. 10E8 was used in analysis of monoclonal bNAb combinations.
Hraber2018
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
10E8: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied and future directions for the field. 10E8, a prototype super-Ab, was isolated from human B cell clones. Antigenic region MPER (Table:1).
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
10E8: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
10E8: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
10E8: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. 10E8 is autoreactive, but not polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
10E8: MAb 10E8 was used to study its binding, neutralization and structural stabilization of Env. The findings suggest a novel mechanism of virus neutralization by demonstrating how antibody binding to the base of a trimeric spike crosstalks with adjacent subunits to modulate Env structure and function. The study reveals a mechanism of spike-antibody recognition where consequences on viral infectivity by 10E8 binding are dependent on interactions between subunits of the virion spike that modulate its stability and recognition. HIV vaccine development and immunoprophylaxis involving 10E8-like antibodies and their target, the gp41 MPER, may have to consider functional relationships involving the MPER and antibody occupancy at the base of the trimeric spikes.
Kim2014
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
10E8: Panels of C clade pseudoviruses were computationally downselected from the panel of 200 C clade viruses defined by Rademeyer et al. 2016. A 12-virus panel was defined for the purpose of screening sera from vaccinees. Panels of 50 and 100 viruses were defined as smaller sets for use in testing magnitude and breadth against C clade. Published neutralization data for 16 mAbs was taken from CATNAP for the computational selections: 10-1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128, VRC26.25, VRC26.08, PGDM1400, PG9, PGT145, VRC07-523, 10E8, VRC13, 3BNC117, VRC07, VRC01, 4E10.
Hraber2017
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
10E8: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
10E8: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT-modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers. Envs with or without the TM1 mutations were expressed in HEK 293T cells and analyzed for the relative expression of Ab epitopes including the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) in gp41 for 10E8.
Hogan2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
10E8: Three strategies were applied to perturb the structure of Env in order to make the protein more susceptible to neutralization: exposure to cold, Env-activating ligands, and a chaotropic agent. A panel of mAbs (E51, 48d, 17b, 3BNC176, 19b, 447-52D, 39F, b12, b6, PG16, PGT145, PGT126, 35O22, F240, 10E8, 7b2, 2G12) was used to test the neutralization resistance of a panel of subtype B and C pseudoviruses with and without these agents. Both cold and CD4 mimicking agents (CD4Ms) increased the sensitivity of some viruses. The chaotropic agent urea had little effect by itself, but could enhance the effects of cold or CD4Ms. Thus Env destabilizing agents can make Env more susceptible to neutralization and may hold promise as priming vaccine antigens.
Johnson2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
10E8: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs, regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
10E8: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
10E8: The amino acid at gp120 position 375 is embedded in the Phe43 cavity, which affects susceptibility to ADCC. Most M-group strains of HIV-1 have serine at position 375, but CRF01 typically has histidine, which is a bulky residue. MAbs 2G12 and 10E8 were not affected by changes in residue 375, while recognition by CD4i mAbs 17b and A32 was increased by mutations of residue 375 to histidine or tryptophan. Participants in the AIDSVAX vaccine trial were infected by CRF01, and a significant part of the efficacy of this vaccine rested on ADCC responses. The ADCC response of MAbs derived from AIDSVAX participants (CH29, CH38, CH40, CH51, CH52, CH54, CH77, CH80, CH81, CH89, CH91, CH94) was dependent on the presence of 375H and greatly decreased by the presence of 375S.
Prevost2017
(effector function, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
10E8: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
10E8: This review summarizes vaccine approaches to counter HIV diversity. A structural map illustrated the contact regions of several bNAbs: VRC26.09, PGT128, CH235.12, and 10E8. Structures illustrating the bNAbs' tolerance for sequence variation were illustrated for CH235.12, PGT128, VRC26.09, and 10E8. CD4BS bNAbs such as VRC01 and CH235.12 illustrate that bNAbs bind to both conserved and hypervariable regions of Env.
Korber2017
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
10E8: The crystal structure of Fab 10E8 with its epitope was determined. The epitope of 10E8 comprises a continuous helix spanning the gp41 MPER/transmembrane domain junction, dubbed the TMD helix. While 10E8 binding affinity is primarily mediated by its mode of recognition of the shorter 671NWFDITNWLWYIK683 sequence, the structure resolution of the complete helix 671NWFDITNWLWYIKLFIMIVG690 in complex with Fab adds to the understanding of the 10E8 epitope. In particular, the absence of a kink interrupting the MPER helix at position Lys683 and the oblique insertion of the whole structural element into the membrane is proposed, consistent with prior models suggesting that the main axis of the uninterrupted helix of the epitope forms an oblique angle with respect to the membrane plane, with some intermolecular contacts made by the anti-MPER Fabs occurring at the vertex, after engaging with the helix surface facing the membrane. Additionally, structural analysis revealed the involvement of residues Ile686 and Met687 in establishing non-polar contacts with the CDRH3 apex residue, Trp100bHC with the maximum binding potential of 10E8 emerging from the simultaneous interactions of Trp100bHC with TMD residues Ile686 and Met687 and phospholipids. Finally, the mutational analysis of the 10E8 CDRH3 region indicated that preservation of such interactions directly correlates with the neutralizing activity of the antibody.
Rujas2016
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
10E8: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
10E8: Chimeric antigen receptors, i.e., fusion proteins made from single-chain antibodies, may be a useful approach to immunotherapy. A set of mAbs were chosen based on their binding to a variety of sites on Env and availability of antibody sequences. The chimeric receptors were created by fusing the antibody's heavy chain, light chain, and two signaling domains into a single molecule. All 7 antibodies used to make the chimeric receptors (10E8, 3BNC117, PGT126, VRC01, X5, PGT128, PG9) showed specific killing of HIV-1 infected cells and suppression of viral replication against a panel of HIV-1 strains.
Ali2016
(immunotherapy, chimeric antibody)
-
10E8: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
10E8: Crystallography, next-generation sequencing and functional assessments were employed to infer the unmutated common ancestor (UCA) and the developmental pathway of 10E8 from a single timepoint from donor N152. Somatic hypermutation of the 2nd-heavy chain-complementarity determining region (CDR H2) was found to be critical for neutralization, and structures of 10E8 variants with V-gene regions reverted to genomic origin for heavy-and-light chains or heavy chain-only showed structural differences >2 Å relative to mature 10E8 in the CDR H2 and H3. UCA and early intermediates weakly bound a 26-residue-MPER peptide, whereas HIV-1 neutralization and epitope recognition in liposomes were only observed with late intermediates. Antibody 10E8 thus develops from a UCA with weak MPER affinity and substantial differences in CDR H2 and H3 from the mature 10E8, and extensive somatic hypermutation was required for 10E8-lineage members to gain recognition.
Soto2016
(antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage)
-
10E8: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
10E8: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV mAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
10E8: MAb 10E8 has potential as a therapeutic agent, but is difficult to manufacture due to poor solubility. A combination of structure-based design and somatic variant optimization led to 10E8v4, with substantially improved solubility and similar potency compared to the parent 10E8. The cocrystal structure of antibody 10E8v4 with its HIV-1 epitope was highly similar to that with the parent 10E8, despite 26 alterations in sequence and substantially improved solubility. Antibody 10E8v4 may be suitable for manufacturing.
Kwon2016
(structure)
-
10E8: MAb 10E8 was the basis of two bispecific antibodies, 10E8V1.1/P140 and 10E8V2.0/iMab, which had broad and potent neutralization against panels of 118 HIV-1 diverse pseudoviruses and 200 clade C pseudoviruses. These bibNAbs (bispecific broadly neutralizing Ab) were produced by CrossMAb technology, i.e. bispecifics with normal Ab architecture, were generated as a library and tested.
Huang2016
(bispecific/trispecific)
-
10E8: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. MPER Ab 10E8 did not bind cell surface whether gp160 was missing C-terminal or not, but did neutralize 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate weakly.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
10E8: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
10E8: The gp41 MPER region targeted by 4E10 and 10E8 is an attractive target for vaccine development. Habte2015 developed a gp41 immunogen, gp41-HR1-54Q, consisting of shortened heptad repeat (HR) regions 1 and 2 and MPER in the context of a 6-helix bundle. Four putative fusion intermediates were engineered by introducing mutations into HR1 of this construct in order to destabilize the 6-helix bundle. One variant elicited antibodies in rabbits that targeted residues W672, I675 and L679, critical for 4E10/10E8 recognition.
Banerjee2016
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
10E8: This review discusses an array of methods to engineer more effective bNAbs for immunotherapy. Antibody 10E8 is an example of engineering through rational mutations; it has been combined with 4E10 as part of a strategy to combine the CDRs of bnAbs targeting similar epitopes. Ab 10E8 is also an example of rational mutations used to decrease polyreactivity or aggregation propensity.
Hua2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
10E8: This review discusses the breakthroughs in understanding of the biology of the transmitted virus, the structure and nature of its envelope trimer, vaccine-induced CD8 T cell control in primates, and host control of bnAb elicitation. 3BNC117 has been discussed in antibody-virus co-evolution perspective.
Haynes2016
(review)
-
10E8: This study presents (i) a cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of a clade B virus Env, lacking the cytoplasmic tail and stabilized by the broadly neutralizing antibody PGT151, at a resolution of 4.2 angstroms and (ii) a reconstruction of this form of Env in complex with PGT151 and MPER-targeting antibody 10E8 at a resolution of 8.8 angstroms. The MPER appears sequestered in the detergent micelle in the unliganded state, but is outside the micelle in the 10E8-bound structure, suggesting a dynamic topology. This property, in combination with steric constraints from gp120, gp41, and glycans at N88 and N625 effectively shield the conserved MPER.
Lee2016
(glycosylation, structure)
-
10E8: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. MPER-binding, second-generation mAb, 10E8 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=0.82 µg/ml for 12/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 100%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
10E8: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti-MPER bNAb 10E8 was able to neutralize 3/16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 10µg/ml, RBF208,M/O, YBF30,N and N1.FR.2011,N at 4.83, 3.69 and 3.35 µg/ml respectively.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
10E8: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. 10E8, a gp41 MPER bnAb belonged to a group with slopes <1 (like others 2F5 and 4E10), but 10E8 had a significantly lower IC50.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
10E8: The dynamics and characteristics of anti-antibody responses were described for monkeys that received adenovirus-mediated delivery of either rhesus anti-SIV antibody constructs (4L6 or 5L7) in prevention trials, or a combination of rhesusized human anti-HIV antibodies (1NC9/8ANC195/3BNC117 or 10-1074/10E8/3BNC117) in therapy trials. Anti-antibody responses to the human mAbs were correlated to the distance from the germline Ab sequences.
Martinez-Navio2016
(immunotherapy)
-
10E8: Bispecific IgGs were produced, composed of independent antigen-binding fragments with a common Fc region. Parental antibodies of several classes were assessed (VRC07, 10E8, PGT121, PG9-16). A bispecific antibody composed of VRC07 x PG9-16 displayed the most favorable profile, neutralizing 97% of viruses with a median IC50 of 0.055 ug/ml. This bispecific IgG also demonstrated pharmacokinetic parameters comparable to those of the parental bNAbs when administered to rhesus macaques. These results suggest that IgG-based bispecific antibodies are promising candidates for HIV prevention and treatment. Against a panel of 206 resistant and sensitive viruses, 10E8 neutralizes with median IC80 of 0.443 µg/ml. Bispecific with 10E8, PGT121 and PG916, median neutralization is 1.32, 0.355 and 0.267; while in physical combination with the same bNAbs, median neutralization is 0.41, 0.199 and 0.236 µg/ml respectively. Against a panel of 206 resistant and sensitive viruses, 10E8 neutralizes with median IC80 of 2.23 µg/ml. Bispecific with VRC07 and PG916 median neutralization is 1.32 and 0.518; while in physical combination with the same bNAbs, median neutralization of the antibodies is 0.410 and 0.269 µg/ml respectively.
Asokan2015
(neutralization, immunotherapy, bispecific/trispecific)
-
10E8: Mice and guinea pigs were immunized with Norovirus P particles displaying conformational 4E10 and 10E8 epitopes. Both mice and guinea pigs developed high levels of MPER-binding antibodies. The sera of guinea pigs, but not mice, showed modest neutralizing ability against HIV Env pseudoviruses, suggesting that Norovirus may be useful as a platform to present epitopes for vaccination strategies.
Yu2015
(vaccine antigen design)
-
10E8: A panel of antibodies was tested for binding, stability, and ADCC activity on HIV-infected cells. The differences in killing efficiency were linked to changes in binding of the antibody and the accessibility of the Fc region when bound to infected cells. Ab 10E8 had strong ADCC.
Bruel2016
(effector function, binding affinity)
-
10E8: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. 10E8 neutralized 97% of the 199 viruses tested.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
10E8: Double, triple or quadruple combinations of fifteen bNAbs that target 4 distinct epitope regions: the CD4 binding site (3BNC117, VRC01, VRC07, VRC07-523, VRC13), the V3-glycan supersite (10–1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128), the V1/V2-glycan site (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.25), and the gp41 MPER epitope (10E8) were studied. Their neutralization potency and breadth were assayed against a panel of 200 acute/early subtype C strains, and compared to a novel, highly accurate predictive mathematical model (no-overlap Bliss Hill model, CombiNaber tool, LANL HIV Immunology database). These data were used to predict the best combinations of bNAbs for immunotherapy.
Wagh2016
(neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
10E8: A subset of bNAbs that inhibit both cell-free and cell-mediated infection in primary CD4+ lymphocytes have been identified. These antibodies target either the CD4-binding site or the glycan/V3 loop on HIV-1 gp120 and act at low concentrations by inhibiting multiple steps of viral cell to cell transmission. This property of blocking viral cell to cell transmission to plasmacytoid DCs and interfering with type-I IFN production should be considered an important characteristic defining the potency for therapeutic or prophylactic antiviral strategies. 10E8 was partially active in blocking cell to cell virus transmission.
Malbec2013
-
10E8: Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP), involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Robust protection against virus infection was observed in preclinical settings when animals were given VIP to express monoclonal neutralizing Abs. This review article surveyed the status of antibody gene transfer, VIP experiments against HIV and its related virus conduced in humanized mice and macaque monkeys, and discuss the pros and cons of VIP and its opportunities and challenges towards clinical applications to control HIV/AIDS endemics.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
10E8: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
10E8: The crystal structure of 10E8 suggests interaction with lipids. Three mutants of 10E8 (F100A, W100A, and the double mutant) were more soluble in aqueous solution, confirming the affect of these hydrophobic residues on solubility. 10E8 was confirmed to bind lipid bilayers. MPER antibodies, including 4E10 and 10E8, are likely to neutralize by a common mechanism: targeting the fusion-intermediate state of gp41 with the help of their lipid-binding activity. The greater neutralization by 10E8, compared to 4E10, may be due to its preference for cholesterol-rich HIV-1-like membranes and weaker association with cellular membranes.
Chen2014
(neutralization, structure)
-
10E8: As a prospective immunogen for vaccination against HIV, an immunogenic peptide, T10HE, was designed. T10HE was based on the 10E8 15-mer epitope fused to T-helper epitopes from tetanus toxin. The T10HE immunogen bound strongly with 10E8, and it was able to elicit neutralizing antibodies in mice.
Yu2014
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
10E8: The infectious virion (iVirions) capture index (IVCI) of different Abs have been determined. bnAbs captured higher proportions of iVirions compared to total virus particles (rVirions) indicating the capacity, breadth and selectively of bnAbs to capture iVirions. IVCI was additive with a mixture of Abs, providing proof of concept for vaccine-induced effect of improved capacity. 10E8 had lower levels of virion capture (∼40%) than other bnAbs(>80%).
Liu2014
(binding affinity)
-
10E8: To focus immune responses to sites of NAb vulnerability while avoiding immune-evasion by the rest of Env, MPER, V1/V2, and V3 glycan sites were transplanted onto algorithm-identified acceptor scaffolds (proteins with a backbone geometry that recapitulates the antigenicity of the transplanted site). The MPER-transplant was not successful in eliciting a robust 10E8 response.
Zhou2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
10E8: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. 10E8 is an MPER Ab, with breadth 97%, IC50 2.05 μg per ml, and its unique feature listed is no autoreactivity. Similar MAb is 7H6.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
10E8: Biosynthesis and structure determination of a micelle-bound MPER trimer, designated as gp41-M-MAT, is reported to highlight the importance of this binding site in designing the vaccines. NMR analysis showed that MPER peptides adopt symmetric α helical conformations exposing binding sites. 10E8 binds poorly with gp41-M-MAT. Contact residues F49, W56 and K59 played major roles in binding and these are differently oriented in 10E8 compared to Abs 2F5 and 4E10.
Reardon2014
(antibody binding site, structure, contact residues)
-
10E8: Series of VRC01 and 10E8 variants with partial framework reversions to germline in both H and L chains were created and their neutralization activity was compared to that of the mature antibody. Some of these Abs retained broad and potent neutralization activity even when their framework regions were substantially reverted back to germline, suggesting the promise of partial framework reversion for Ab optimization.
Georgiev2014
(neutralization, antibody lineage)
-
10E8: A computational method to predict Ab epitopes at the residue level, based on structure and neutralization panels of diverse viral strains has been described. This method was evaluated using 19 Env-Abs, including 10E8, against 181 diverse HIV-1 strains with available Ab-Ag complex structures.
Chuang2013
(computational prediction)
-
10E8: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
10E8: Although next-generation parallel sequencing techniques identify thousands of antibody somatic variants, the natural pairing between heavy and light chains is lost. This work suggests that it is possible to approximate them by comparing antibody heavy- and light-chain phylogenetic trees. Somatic variants of 10E8 from donor N152 and of antibodies PGT141-145 from donor 84 were studied. The heavy- and light-chain phylogenetic trees were remarkably similar in both cases.
Zhu2013
(antibody sequence)
-
10e8: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
10E8: Somatic hypermutations are preferably found in CDR loops, which alter the Ab combining sites, but not the overall structure of the variable domain. FWR of CDR are usually resistant to and less tolerant of mutations. This study reports that most bnAbs require somatic mutations in the FWRs which provide flexibility, increasing Ab breadth and potency. To determine the consequence of FWR mutations the framework residues were reverted to the Ab's germline counterpart (FWR-GL) and binding and neutralizing properties were then evaluated. 10E8 was used in comparing the Ab framework amino acid replacement vs. CDR H3 length.
Klein2013
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage)
-
10E8: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp41 MPER, pre-TM helix, 10E8 class, 10E8 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
10E8: Isolated from a slow progressor with high neutralization tilters, 10E8 neutralized 98% of 180 HIV-1 viruses and is one of the most broad and potent MAbs thus far described. In contrast to other neutralizing MPER Abs, 10E8 did not bind phospholipids, was not autoreactive, and bound cell-surface envelope. The structure of 10E8 in complex with the complete MPER revealed a site of vulnerability comprising a narrow stretch of highly conserved gp41-hydrophobic residues and a critical Arg/Lys681 just before the transmembrane region. The minimal epitope was determined with alanine substitutions and structure. 27% of 78 healthy HIV-1-infected donors had MPER-specific antibodies and 8% contained 10E8-like specificities.
Huang2012a
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
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Beretta2018
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Bricault2019
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Bruel2016
Timothée Bruel, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Sonia Amraoui, Marine Malbec, Léa Richard, Katia Bourdic, Daniel Aaron Donahue, Valérie Lorin, Nicoletta Casartelli, Nicolas Noël, Olivier Lambotte, Hugo Mouquet, and Olivier Schwartz. Elimination of HIV-1-Infected Cells by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 7:10844, 3 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26936020.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Cai2017
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Chenine2018
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Chun2014
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Dingens2019
Adam S. Dingens, Dana Arenz, Haidyn Weight, Julie Overbaugh, and Jesse D. Bloom. An Antigenic Atlas of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguishes Functional and Structural Epitopes. Immunity, 50(2):520-532.e3, 19 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30709739.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Dufloo2022
Jérémy Dufloo, Cyril Planchais, Stéphane Frémont, Valérie Lorin, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Karl Stefic, Nicoletta Casartelli, Arnaud Echard, Philippe Roingeard, Hugo Mouquet, Olivier Schwartz, and Timothée Bruel. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Tether Viral Particles at the Surface of Infected Cells. Nat. Commun., 13(1):630, 2 Feb 2022. PubMed ID: 35110562.
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Fu2018
Qingshan Fu, Md Munan Shaik, Yongfei Cai, Fadi Ghantous, Alessandro Piai, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Zhijun Liu, Stephen C. Harrison, Michael S. Seaman, Bing Chen, and James J. Chou. Structure of the Membrane Proximal External Region of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 115(38):E8892-E8899, 18 Sep 2018. PubMed ID: 30185554.
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Gartner2023
Matthew J. Gartner, Carolin Tumpach, Ashanti Dantanarayana, Jared Stern, Jennifer M. Zerbato, J. Judy Chang, Thomas A. Angelovich, Jenny L. Anderson, Jori Symons, Steve G. Deeks, Jacqueline K. Flynn, Sharon R. Lewin, Melissa J. Churchill, Paul R. Gorry, and Michael Roche. Persistence of Envelopes in Different CD4+ T-Cell Subsets in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed People with HIV. AIDS, 37(2):247-257, 1 Feb 2023. PubMed ID: 36541637.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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Georgiev2014
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Rebecca S. Rudicell, Kevin O. Saunders, Wei Shi, Tatsiana Kirys, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Zhi-Yong Yang, Gilad Ofek, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, Gary J. Nabel, and Peter D. Kwong. Antibodies VRC01 and 10E8 Neutralize HIV-1 with High Breadth and Potency Even with Ig-Framework Regions Substantially Reverted to Germline. J. Immunol., 192(3):1100-1106, 1 Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24391217.
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Guzzo2018
Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Haynes2016
Barton F. Haynes, George M. Shaw, Bette Korber, Garnett Kelsoe, Joseph Sodroski, Beatrice H. Hahn, Persephone Borrow, and Andrew J. McMichael. HIV-Host Interactions: Implications for Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 19(3):292-303, 9 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26922989.
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Hogan2018
Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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Hraber2014
Peter Hraber, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, and Bette T. Korber. Prevalence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic HIV-1 Infection. AIDS, 28(2):163-169, 14 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24361678.
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Hraber2017
Peter Hraber, Cecilia Rademeyer, Carolyn Williamson, Michael S. Seaman, Raphael Gottardo, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Celia LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Panels of HIV-1 Subtype C Env Reference Strains for Standardized Neutralization Assessments. J. Virol., 91(19), 1 Oct 2017. PubMed ID: 28747500.
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Hraber2018
Peter Hraber, Bette Korber, Kshitij Wagh, David Montefiori, and Mario Roederer. A Single, Continuous Metric To Define Tiered Serum Neutralization Potency against Hiv. eLife, 7, 19 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29350181.
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Hu2021
Yuanyuan Hu, Sen Zou, Zheng Wang, Ying Liu, Li Ren, Yanling Hao, Shasha Sun, Xintao Hu, Yuhua Ruan, Liying Ma, Yiming Shao, and Kunxue Hong. Virus Evolution and Neutralization Sensitivity in an HIV-1 Subtype B' Infected Plasma Donor with Broadly Neutralizing Activity. Vaccines (Basel), 9(4), 25 Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33805985.
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Hua2016
Casey K. Hua and Margaret E. Ackerman. Engineering Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention and Therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 103:157-173, 1 Aug 2016. PubMed ID: 26827912.
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Huang2016
Yaoxing Huang, Jian Yu, Anastasia Lanzi, Xin Yao, Chasity D. Andrews, Lily Tsai, Mili R. Gajjar, Ming Sun, Michael S. Seaman, Neal N. Padte, and David D. Ho. Engineered Bispecific Antibodies with Exquisite HIV-1-Neutralizing Activity. Cell, 165(7):1621-1631, 16 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27315479.
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Irimia2017
Adriana Irimia, Andreia M. Serra, Anita Sarkar, Ronald Jacak, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Devin Sok, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Torben Schiffner, Ryan Tingle, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Robyn L. Stanfield, Marc C.. Deller, Dennis R. Burton, William R. Schief, and Ian A. Wilson. Lipid Interactions and Angle of Approach to the HIV-1 Viral Membrane of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 10E8: Insights for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design. PLoS Pathog., 13(2):1-20, Feb 2017. PubMed ID: 28225819.
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Johnson2017
Jacklyn Johnson, Yinjie Zhai, Hamid Salimi, Nicole Espy, Noah Eichelberger, Orlando DeLeon, Yunxia O'Malley, Joel Courter, Amos B. Smith, III, Navid Madani, Joseph Sodroski, and Hillel Haim. Induction of a Tier-1-Like Phenotype in Diverse Tier-2 Isolates by Agents That Guide HIV-1 Env to Perturbation-Sensitive, Nonnative States. J. Virol., 91(15), 1 Aug 2017. PubMed ID: 28490588.
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Joshi2020
Vinita R. Joshi, Ruchi M. Newman, Melissa L. Pack, Karen A. Power, James B. Munro, Ken Okawa, Navid Madani, Joseph G. Sodroski, Aaron G. Schmidt, and Todd M. Allen. Gp41-Targeted Antibodies Restore Infectivity of a Fusion-Deficient HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog, 16(5):e1008577, May 2020. PubMed ID: 32392227.
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Khan2018
Salar N. Khan, Devin Sok, Karen Tran, Arlette Movsesyan, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Dennis R. Burton, and Richard T. Wyatt. Targeting the HIV-1 Spike and Coreceptor with Bi- and Trispecific Antibodies for Single-Component Broad Inhibition of Entry. J. Virol., 92(18), 15 Sep 2018. PubMed ID: 29976677.
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Kim2014
Arthur S. Kim, Daniel P. Leaman, and Michael B. Zwick. Antibody to gp41 MPER Alters Functional Properties of HIV-1 Env without Complete Neutralization. PLoS Pathog., 10(7):e1004271, Jul 2014. PubMed ID: 25058619.
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Kim2023
Soohyun Kim, Maria V. Filsinger Interrante, and Peter S. Kim. Enhancing HIV-1 Neutralization by Increasing the Local Concentration of Membrane-Proximal External Region-Directed Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 97(1):e0164722, 31 Jan 2023. PubMed ID: 36541800.
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Klein2013
Florian Klein, Ron Diskin, Johannes F. Scheid, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marie Pancera, Tongqing Zhou, Reha-Baris Incesu, Brooks Zhongzheng Fu, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Michael S. Seaman, Peter D. Kwong, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Somatic Mutations of the Immunoglobulin Framework Are Generally Required for Broad and Potent HIV-1 Neutralization. Cell, 153(1):126-138, 28 Mar 2013. PubMed ID: 23540694.
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Korber2017
Bette Korber, Peter Hraber, Kshitij Wagh, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Polyvalent Vaccine Approaches to Combat HIV-1 Diversity. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):230-244, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133800.
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Krebs2019
Shelly J. Krebs, Young D. Kwon, Chaim A. Schramm, William H. Law, Gina Donofrio, Kenneth H. Zhou, Syna Gift, Vincent Dussupt, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sebastian Schätzle, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Yen-Ting Lai, Mallika Sastry, Baoshan Zhang, Marissa C. Jarosinski, Amy Ransier, Agnes L. Chenine, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Robert T. Bailer, Meera Bose, Alberto Cagigi, Evan M. Cale, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Samuel Darko, Jefferson I. Driscoll, Aliaksandr Druz, Jason Gorman, Farida Laboune, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, Letzibeth Mendez, M. Anthony Moody, Anne Marie O'Sullivan, Christopher Owen, Dongjun Peng, Reda Rawi, Eric Sanders-Buell, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Andrea R. Shiakolas, Tyler Stephens, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Courtney Tucker, Raffaello Verardi, Keyun Wang, Jing Zhou, Tongqing Zhou, George Georgiou, S Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, Morgane Rolland, Gary R. Matyas, Victoria R. Polonis, Adrian B. McDermott, Daniel C. Douek, Lawrence Shapiro, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Nelson L. Michael, John R. Mascola, Merlin L. Robb, Peter D. Kwong, and Nicole A. Doria-Rose. Longitudinal Analysis Reveals Early Development of Three MPER-Directed Neutralizing Antibody Lineages from an HIV-1-Infected Individual. Immunity, 50(3):677-691.e13, 19 Mar 2019. PubMed ID: 30876875.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kwon2016
Young D. Kwon, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Gilad Ofek, Baoshan Zhang, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Robert T. Bailer, Amy Bao, William Caruso, Xuejun Chen, Misook Choe, Aliaksandr Druz, Sung-Youl Ko, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Amarendra Pegu, Rebecca S. Rudicell, Wei Shi, Keyun Wang, Yongping Yang, Mandy Alger, Michael F. Bender, Kevin Carlton, Jonathan W. Cooper, Julie Blinn, Joshua Eudailey, Krissey Lloyd, Robert Parks, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, Neal N. Padte, Jian Yu, David D. Ho, Jinghe Huang, Mark Connors, Richard M Schwartz, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Optimization of the Solubility of HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody 10E8 through Somatic Variation and Structure-Based Design. J. Virol., 90(13):5899-5914, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27053554.
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Kwon2018
Young D. Kwon, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Baoshan Zhang, Robert T. Bailer, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tatyana S. Gindin, Bob Lin, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Amarendra Pegu, Stephen D. Schmidt, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Xuejun Chen, Misook Choe, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Vivian Jin, Marie Pancera, Reda Rawi, Keyun Wang, Rajoshi Chaudhuri, Lisa A. Kueltzo, Slobodanka D. Manceva, John-Paul Todd, Diana G. Scorpio, Mikyung Kim, Ellis L. Reinherz, Kshitij Wagh, Bette M. Korber, Mark Connors, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Surface-Matrix Screening Identifies Semi-specific Interactions that Improve Potency of a Near Pan-reactive HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody. Cell Rep., 22(7):1798-1809, 13 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29444432.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Lee2016
Jeong Hyun Lee, Gabriel Ozorowski, and Andrew B. Ward. Cryo-EM Structure of a Native, Fully Glycosylated, Cleaved HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. Science, 351(6277):1043-1048, 4 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26941313.
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Liu2014
Pinghuang Liu, Latonya D. Williams, Xiaoying Shen, Mattia Bonsignori, Nathan A. Vandergrift, R. Glenn Overman, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, Daniel J. Stieh, Kerrie L. McCotter, Audrey L. French, Thomas J. Hope, Robin Shattock, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Capacity for Infectious HIV-1 Virion Capture Differs by Envelope Antibody Specificity. J. Virol., 88(9):5165-5170, May 2014. PubMed ID: 24554654.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Malbec2013
Marine Malbec, Françoise Porrot, Rejane Rua, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Ari Halper-Stromberg, Johannes F. Scheid, Caroline Eden, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Olivier Schwartz. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies That Inhibit HIV-1 Cell to Cell Transmission. J. Exp. Med., 210(13):2813-2821, 16 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24277152.
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Mandizvo2022
Tawanda Mandizvo, Nombali Gumede, Bongiwe Ndlovu, Siphiwe Ndlovu, Jaclyn K. Mann, Denis R. Chopera, Lanish Singh, Krista L. Dong, Bruce D. Walker, Zaza M. Ndhlovu, Christy L. Lavine, Michael S. Seaman, Kamini Gounder, and Thumbi Ndung'u. Subtle Longitudinal Alterations in Env Sequence Potentiate Differences in Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute HIV-1 Subtype C Infection. J. Virol., 96(24):e0127022, 21 Dec 2022. PubMed ID: 36453881.
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Martinez-Navio2016
José M. Martinez-Navio, Sebastian P. Fuchs, Sònia Pedreño-López, Eva G. Rakasz, Guangping Gao, and Ronald C. Desrosiers. Host Anti-Antibody Responses Following Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Delivery of Antibodies Against HIV and SIV in Rhesus Monkeys. Mol. Ther., 24(1):76-86, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26444083.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Morgand2015
Marion Morgand, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Alain Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, Craig S. Pace, Marie Pancera, David D. Ho, Pascal Poignard, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Peter D. Kwong, Daniel Baty, Patrick Chames, Martine Braibant, and Francis Barin. A V1V2 Neutralizing Epitope Is Conserved in Divergent Non-M Groups of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26413851.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Pinto2019
Dora Pinto, Craig Fenwick, Christophe Caillat, Chiara Silacci, Serafima Guseva, François Dehez, Christophe Chipot, Sonia Barbieri, Andrea Minola, David Jarrossay, Georgia D. Tomaras, Xiaoying Shen, Agostino Riva, Maciej Tarkowski, Olivier Schwartz, Timothée Bruel, Jérémy Dufloo, Michael S. Seaman, David C. Montefiori, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Davide Corti, Giuseppe Pantaleo, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Structural Basis for Broad HIV-1 Neutralization by the MPER-Specific Human Broadly Neutralizing Antibody LN01. Cell Host Microbe, 26(5):623-637.e8, 13 Nov 2019. PubMed ID: 31653484.
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Prevost2017
Jérémie Prévost, Daria Zoubchenok, Jonathan Richard, Maxime Veillette, Beatriz Pacheco, Mathieu Coutu, Nathalie Brassard, Matthew S. Parsons, Kiat Ruxrungtham, Torsak Bunupuradah, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Kwan-Ki Hwang, M. Anthony Moody, Barton F. Haynes, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, Daniel E. Kaufmann, George M. Shaw, Agnes L. Chenine, and Andrés Finzi. Influence of the Envelope gp120 Phe 43 Cavity on HIV-1 Sensitivity to Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Responses. J. Virol., 91(7), 1 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28100618.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Reardon2014
Patrick N. Reardon, Harvey Sage, S. Moses Dennison, Jeffrey W. Martin, Bruce R. Donald, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, and Leonard D. Spicer. Structure of an HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody Target, the Lipid-Bound gp41 Envelope Membrane Proximal Region Trimer. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A., 111(4):1391-1396, 28 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24474763.
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Ren2018
Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Rosenberg2015
Yvonne Rosenberg, Markus Sack, David Montefiori, Celia Labranche, Mark Lewis, Lori Urban, Lingjun Mao, Rainer Fischer, and Xiaoming Jiang. Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Monoclonal Antibodies in Macaques. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120451, 25 Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807114.
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Rujas2016
Edurne Rujas, Jose M. M. Caaveiro, Angélica Partida-Hanon, Naveed Gulzar, Koldo Morante, Beatriz Apellániz, Miguel Garcia-Porras, Marta Bruix, Kouhei Tsumoto, Jamie K. Scott, M. Ángeles Jiménez, and José L. Nieva. Structural Basis for Broad Neutralization of HIV-1 through the Molecular Recognition of 10E8 Helical Epitope at the Membrane Interface. Sci. Rep., 6:38177, 1 Dec 2016. PubMed ID: 27905530.
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Rujas2018
Edurne Rujas, Daniel P. Leaman, Sara Insausti, Lei Ortigosa-Pascual, Lei Zhang, Michael B. Zwick, and José L. Nieva. Functional Optimization of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody 10E8 by Promotion of Membrane Interactions. J. Virol., 92(8), 15 Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29386285.
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Simonich2016
Cassandra A. Simonich, Katherine L. Williams, Hans P. Verkerke, James A. Williams, Ruth Nduati, Kelly K. Lee, and Julie Overbaugh. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell, 166(1):77-87, 30 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27345369.
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Soto2016
Cinque Soto, Gilad Ofek, M. Gordon Joyce, Baoshan Zhang, Krisha McKee, Nancy S. Longo, Yongping Yang, Jinghe Huang, Robert Parks, Joshua Eudailey, Krissey E. Lloyd, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Developmental Pathway of the MPER-Directed HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody 10E8. PLoS One, 11(6):e0157409, 2016. PubMed ID: 27299673.
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Stefic2019
Karl Stefic, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Asma Essat, Clara Visdeloup, Alain Moreau, Cécile Goujard, Marie-Laure Chaix, Martine Braibant, Laurence Meyer, and Francis Barin. Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade CRF02\_AG Viruses with a Focus on Evolution over Time. J. Virol., 93(2), 15 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30404804.
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Steinhardt2018
James J. Steinhardt, Javier Guenaga, Hannah L. Turner, Krisha McKee, Mark K. Louder, Sijy O'Dell, Chi-I Chiang, Lin Lei, Andrey Galkin, Alexander K. Andrianov, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Robert T. Bailer, Andrew B. Ward, John R. Mascola, and Yuxing Li. Rational Design of a Trispecific Antibody Targeting the HIV-1 Env with Elevated Anti-Viral Activity. Nat. Commun., 9(1):877, 28 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29491415.
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Tang2023
Wenqi Tang, Zhenzhen Yuan, Zheng Wang, Li Ren, Dan Li, Shuhui Wang, Yanling Hao, Jing Li, Xiuli Shen, Yuhua Ruan, Yiming Shao, and Ying Liu. Neutralization Sensitivity and Evolution of Virus in a Chronic HIV-1 Clade B Infected Patient with Neutralizing Activity against Membrane-Proximal External Region. Pathogens, 12(3), 22 Mar 2023. PubMed ID: 36986419.
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Thida2019
Win Thida, Takeo Kuwata, Yosuke Maeda, Tetsu Yamashiro, Giang Van Tran, Kinh Van Nguyen, Masafumi Takiguchi, Hiroyuki Gatanaga, Kazuki Tanaka, and Shuzo Matsushita. The Role of Conventional Antibodies Targeting the CD4 Binding Site and CD4-Induced Epitopes in the Control of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Viruses. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 508(1):46-51, 1 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30470571.
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vonBredow2016
Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Wagh2016
Kshitij Wagh, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Carolyn Williamson, Alex Robles, Madeleine Bayne, Jetta Garrity, Michael Rist, Cecilia Rademeyer, Hyejin Yoon, Alan Lapedes, Hongmei Gao, Kelli Greene, Mark K. Louder, Rui Kong, Salim Abdool Karim, Dennis R. Burton, Dan H. Barouch, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, Bette Korber, and Michael S. Seaman. Optimal Combinations of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Prevention and Treatment of HIV-1 Clade C Infection. PLoS Pathog., 12(3):e1005520, Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 27028935.
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Wagh2018
Kshitij Wagh, Michael S. Seaman, Marshall Zingg, Tomas Fitzsimons, Dan H. Barouch, Dennis R. Burton, Mark Connors, David D. Ho, John R. Mascola, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Jeffrey Ravetch, Rajeev Gautam, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Potential of Conventional \& Bispecific Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Prevention of HIV-1 Subtype A, C \& D Infections. PLoS Pathog., 14(3):e1006860, Mar 2018. PubMed ID: 29505593.
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Walker2018
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211.
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Wang2018a
Hongye Wang, Ting Yuan, Tingting Li, Yanpeng Li, Feng Qian, Chuanwu Zhu, Shujia Liang, Daniel Hoffmann, Ulf Dittmer, Binlian Sun, and Rongge Yang. Evaluation of Susceptibility of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Variants to Neutralization by a Panel of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Arch. Virol., 163(12):3303-3315, Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30196320.
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Wang2022
Lijie Wang, Shujia Liang, Jianhua Huang, Yibo Ding, Lin He, Yanling Hao, Li Ren, Meiling Zhu, Yi Feng, Abdur Rashid, Yue Liu, Shibo Jiang, Kunxue Hong, and Liying Ma. Neutralization Sensitivity of HIV-1 CRF07\_BC From an Untreated Patient With a Focus on Evolution Over Time. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12:862754, 2022. PubMed ID: 35372102.
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Webb2015
Nicholas E. Webb, David C. Montefiori, and Benhur Lee. Dose-Response Curve Slope Helps Predict Therapeutic Potency and Breadth of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 6:8443, 29 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26416571.
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Anthony P. West, Jr., Louise Scharf, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Computational Analysis of Anti-HIV-1 Antibody Neutralization Panel Data to Identify Potential Functional Epitope Residues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(26):10598-10603, 25 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23754383.
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Wibmer2017
Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Jason Gorman, Gabriel Ozorowski, Jinal N. Bhiman, Daniel J. Sheward, Debra H. Elliott, Julie Rouelle, Ashley Smira, M. Gordon Joyce, Nonkululeko Ndabambi, Aliaksandr Druz, Mangai Asokan, Dennis R. Burton, Mark Connors, Salim S. Abdool Karim, John R. Mascola, James E. Robinson, Andrew B. Ward, Carolyn Williamson, Peter D. Kwong, Lynn Morris, and Penny L. Moore. Structure and Recognition of a Novel HIV-1 gp120-gp41 Interface Antibody that Caused MPER Exposure through Viral Escape. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006074, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28076415.
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Wiehe2018
Kevin Wiehe, Todd Bradley, R. Ryan Meyerhoff, Connor Hart, Wilton B. Williams, David Easterhoff, William J. Faison, Thomas B. Kepler, Kevin O. Saunders, S. Munir Alam, Mattia Bonsignori, and Barton F. Haynes. Functional Relevance of Improbable Antibody Mutations for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Development. Cell Host Microbe, 23(6):759-765.e6, 13 Jun 2018. PubMed ID: 29861171.
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Wu2016
Xueling Wu and Xiang-Peng Kong. Antigenic Landscape of the HIV-1 Envelope and New Immunological Concepts Defined by HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 42:56-64, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27289425.
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Yang2014
Lili Yang and Pin Wang. Passive Immunization against HIV/AIDS by Antibody Gene Transfer. Viruses, 6(2):428-447, Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24473340.
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Yu2014
Yang Yu, Pei Tong, Yu Li, Zhifeng Lu, and Yinghua Chen. 10E8-Like Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV-1 Induced Using a Precisely Designed Conformational Peptide as a Vaccine Prime. Sci. China Life Sci., 57(1):117-127, Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24369352.
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Yu2015
Yongjiao Yu, Lu Fu, Yuhua Shi, Shanshan Guan, Lan Yang, Xin Gong, He Yin, Xiaoqiu He, Dongni Liu, Ziyu Kuai, Yaming Shan, Song Wang, and Wei Kong. Elicitation of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies by Presentation of 4E10 and 10E8 Epitopes on Norovirus P particles. Immunol. Lett., 168(2):271-278, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26455781.
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Zhou2014
Jing Zhou, Ning Gan, Tianhua Li, Futao Hu, Xing Li, Lihong Wang, and Lei Zheng. A Cost-Effective Sandwich Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of HIV-1 Antibody Using Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Capture Probes. Biosens. Bioelectron., 54:199-206, 15 Apr 2014. PubMed ID: 24280050.
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Zhu2013
Jiang Zhu, Gilad Ofek, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Mark K. Louder, Gabriel Lu, Krisha McKee, Marie Pancera, Jeff Skinner, Zhenhai Zhang, Robert Parks, Joshua Eudailey, Krissey E. Lloyd, Julie Blinn, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, Melissa Simek, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Mining the Antibodyome for HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies with Next-Generation Sequencing and Phylogenetic Pairing of Heavy/Light Chains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(16):6470-6475, 16 Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23536288.
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Molinos-Albert2023
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Rudometova2022
N. B. Rudometova, N. S. Shcherbakova, D. N. Shcherbakov, O. S. Taranov, B. N. Zaitsev, and L. I. Karpenko. Construction and Characterization of HIV-1 env-Pseudoviruses of the Recombinant Form CRF63_02A and Subtype A6. Bull Exp Biol Med, 172(6):729-733 doi, Apr 2022. PubMed ID: 35501651
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Wieczorek2023
Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Michelle Zemil, Eric Lewitus, Erin Kavusak, Jonah Heller, Sebastian Molnar, Mekhala Rao, Gabriel Smith, Meera Bose, Amy Nguyen, Adwitiya Dhungana, Katherine Okada, Kelly Parisi, Daniel Silas, Bonnie Slike, Anuradha Ganesan, Jason Okulicz, Tahaniyat Lalani, Brian K. Agan, Trevor A. Crowell, Janice Darden, Morgane Rolland, Sandhya Vasan, Julie Ake, Shelly J. Krebs, Sheila Peel, Sodsai Tovanabutra, and Victoria R. Polonis. Evolution of HIV-1 envelope towards reduced neutralization sensitivity, as demonstrated by contemporary HIV-1 subtype B from the United States. PLoS Pathog, 19(12):e1011780 doi, Dec 2023. PubMed ID: 38055771
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Wang2019
Qian Wang, Lihong Liu, Wuze Ren, Agegnehu Gettie, Hua Wang, Qingtai Liang, Xuanling Shi, David C. Montefiori, Tongqing Zhou, and Linqi Zhang. A Single Substitution in gp41 Modulates the Neutralization Profile of SHIV during In Vivo Adaptation. Cell Rep., 27(9):2593-2607.e5, 28 May 2019. PubMed ID: 31141685.
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Displaying record number 2125
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
PG16 |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
Env |
Epitope |
|
Subtype |
A |
Ab Type |
gp120 V2 // V2 glycan(V2g) // V2 apex |
Neutralizing |
P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG1) |
Patient |
Donor 24 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, escape, genital and mucosal immunity, glycosylation, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, memory cells, mimics, mother-to-infant transmission, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 168 of
168 notes.
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PG16: Eighty clusters of overlapping epitopes that could bind to MHC Class II HLA-DR1*01:01 (DR1) allele were identified by LC-MS/MS using a cell-free processing system that incorporated soluble DR1, HLA-DM (DM), cathepsins, and full-length protein antigens (Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Tat, Rev, and Nef). Sixteen of Env CD4+ T cell epitopes identified in this study, which were primarily located in the vicinity of the gp120/gp41 interface or the CD4bs, were assessed for overlap with bnAb binding footprints. 2/16 overlapped with the binding footprint of Apex-targeting bnAb PG16: KEY171-179 (KEYALFYKL) and ETF466-476 (ETFRPGGGDMR). Both were only identified in unglycosylated forms.
Sengupta2023
(antibody binding site)
-
PG16: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: Membrane-bound BG505-based ApexGT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. The antigenicity of the most promising immunogen, ApexGT5, was also assessed in variants designed for mRNA delivery. PCT64 and PG9/PG16 lineages were identified to have the highest and most consistent frequencies of precursors in 14 HIV-unexposed donors among 5 V2-apex-targeting bnAb classes which also included PGT141-145/PGDM1400-1414, CH01-CH04 and CAP256-VRC26 lineages. PG9/PG16 heavy chain (HC) precursors were found in 9/14 donors with a median frequency of 0.23 precursors per million BCRs. PG9/PG16 precursors had an average of 18.4 of possible 30 mutations from mature PG9 or PG16 bnAbs. Of the trimer variants assessed, PG16 had the greatest binding affinity for ApexGT1.A (KD 2 nM).
Willis2022
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, antibody sequence, antibody lineage)
-
PG16: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
PG16: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. PG16 was used as a reference control IgG. Inhibition of EPTC112 binding to SOSIP was moderately with PG16 with blocking range of 28%–15%.
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
PG16: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
PG16: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: PG16 was positive for neutralization and binding to infected cells, but negative for ADCC.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: This study used directed evolution to overcome the instability and heterogeneity of a primary Env isolate (ADA) in order to design better immunogens. HIV-1 virions were subjected to iterative cycles of destabilization and replication to select for Envs with enhanced stability. Several mutations in Env were associated with increased trimer stability, primarily in the heptad repeat regions of gp41 and V1 of gp120. Mutations from the most stable Envs were combined into a variant Env, termed "comb-mut", with superior homogeneity and stability. Comb-mut had greater binding affinity for PGT128, PG9, PG16, 2G12, VRC01, b12, and CD4-IgG2, but decreased binding to 4E10, 2F5, b6, 19b, 17b, 7B2, and D50. Comb-mut was more sensitive to neutralization by PG9. One specific mutation (K574) was shown to decrease the neutralization IC50 of mAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10, b6, 2G12, 8K8 and inhibitors sCD4, T-20, and PF-68742. Several of the Env substitutions were shown to stabilize Env spikes from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. Spike stabilizing mutations may be useful in the development of Env immunogens that stably retain native, trimeric structure.
Leaman2013
(mimics, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Using subtype A BG505 Env structural information, improved variants of subtype B JRFL and subtype C 16055 Env native flexibly linked (NFL) trimers were generated. The trimer-derived (TD) residues that increased well-ordered, homogeneous, stable, and soluble trimers did not require positive or negative selection as previously needed [Guenaga2015, PLoS Pathos. 11(1):e1004570]. In JRFL trimer-derived Env immunogens, binding to PG16 was restored by the E168K mutation. PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 which are "trimer-preferring" bnAbs are known to target one site on the variable cap per spike and while PG16 preferentially recognized 16055 NFL TD8 over JRFL NFL TD15, it also bound subtype C 16055 with a very high (nM) affinity.
Guenaga2015a
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG16: Native, well-ordered, soluble mimetics of the Env trimer from subtypes B (JRFL) and C (16055) were obtained from genetically identical samples of heterogeneous mixture of disordered Env SOSIPs. Negative selection by non-nAbs was used to remove disordered oligomers, leaving well-ordered trimers that were able to bind sCD4, a panel of bnAbs that bind CD4bs, and PGT15 which is a bnAb that binds only cleavage-dependent, well-ordered, Env trimer. Several biophysical techniques were used to interrogate the structure of the purified subtype B and C trimers. Trimer antigenicity was assessed by bio-layer interferometry against F105-like non-neutralizing Abs, and some bnAbs in solution. Quaternary epitope-preferring and glycan-specific PG16 does not bind open/disordered trimers well or recognize monomers, but recognizes these non-nAb negatively selected trimers.
Guenaga2015
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
PG16: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
-
PG16: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
PG16: HIV-1 and its SIV precursors share a bnAb epitope in Env V2 at the trimer apex. This study tested the immunogenicity of a chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) Env trimer. In mice expressing a human V2-apex bnAb heavy-chain precursor, trimer immunization induced V2-directed nAbs. Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-chimpanzee immunodeficiency viruses (SCIVs) elicited high-titer viremia, potent autologous neutralizing antibodies, rapid sequence escape in the canonical V2-apex epitope, and in some cases, low-titer heterologous plasma breadth mapping to the V2-apex. Antibody cloning from 2 macaques (T925 and T927) identified 7 lineages (53 mAbs) with long CDRH3 regions that cross-neutralize some primary HIV-1 strains with low potency. Electron microscopy of members of the two most cross-reactive lineages confirmed V2 targeting with an angle of approach distinct from prototypical V2-apex bNAbs; antibody binding either required or induced an occluded-open trimer. Probing with conformation-sensitive, nonneutralizing antibodies revealed that SCIV-expressed, but not wild-type SIVcpz Envs, as well as a subset of primary HIV-1 Envs, preferentially adopted a more open trimeric state. These results reveal the existence of a cryptic V2 epitope that is exposed in occluded-open SIVcpz and HIV-1 Env trimers and elicits cross-neutralizing responses of limited breadth and potency. This cryptic epitope, which in some Env backgrounds is immunodominant, needs to be considered in immunogen design. As part of the study, binding and neutralization assays used panels of nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, CH01, BG1, VRC38.01), non-nAbs (697-D, 1393A, CH58, CAP228-3D, 3074, 447-52D, 17b, A32), and unmutated ancestors (PG9-RUA, PG16-RUA, VRC26-UCA, CH01-RUA).
Bibollet-Ruche2023
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG16: Structural characterization of macaque vaccine-induced mAbs Ab1303 and Ab1573 revealed a CD4bs binding mechanism that requires an occluded-open Env trimer conformation, similar to what has been observed for mAb b12. In a BG505 Env trimer binding competition assay, V1V2-targeting PG16 Fab competed minimally or moderately with Ab1303 and Ab1573 respectively.
Yang2022
(antibody interactions)
-
PG16: A macaque sequential immunization protocol with increasingly native-like V3-glycan-targeting Env trimers multimerized onto virus-like particles elicited multiple on-target mAbs with heterologous, yet generally weak, neutralization activity and minimal protection in a subsequent intrarectal heterologous challenge with SHIVDH12-V3AD8. The priming immunogen was RC1-4fill (clade A/E, RC1 with 4 additional glycans), a low affinity Env trimer with additional glycans to facilitate V3-glycan targeting and mask BG505 glycan hole, while the boosting immunogens were 11MUTB-4fill (clade A/E), B41-5MUT or B41 wildtype (clade B), AMC011/Du422 (clade B/C), and consensus group M/consensus clade C Env trimers. In a RC1 binding assay, PG16 IgG was moderately competed by PGT145 Fab and modestly competed by 10-1074 Fab.
Escolano2021
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PG16: Of 40 total Env trimer-targeting mAbs isolated from 6 macaques either after 3 priming immunizations with artificial consensus stabilized native-like HIV-1 immunogen ConM SOSIP.v7 or subsequent 2 boosting immunizations with the closely related ConSOSL.UFO.664 immunogen, the V1V2V3 region was immunodominant for the 22 (55%) mAbs that neutralized ConM and/or ConS virus. PG16 had 97% and 88% residual binding, respectively, when competing individually against biotinylated V1V2V3-targeting mAbs CM02A and CM05A1.
Reiss2022
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: This report characterizes an additional antiviral activity of some bnAbs to block HIV-1 release by tethering viral particles at the surface of infected cells in vitro in a bivalency-dependent manner. After cultivation of infected primary CD4+ T cells with individual bnAbs, supernatant p24 levels were negatively correlated with cell-associated Gag levels, Env binding and neutralization potency while cell-associated Gag levels and Env binding positively correlated with each other and individually with neutralization potency. The capacity to mediate this tethering activity varied among different classes of mAbs: 0/3 non-neutralizing mAbs, 1/5 bnAbs targeting the MPER or gp120/gp41 interface and 9/9 of the bnAbs targeting the V3 and V1/V1 loops or the CD4bs demonstrated this activity against at least 1/3 diverse viral strains (AD8, CH058 and vKB18). Five of these latter 9 bnAbs, including bnAb 10-1074 which had the most potent effect observed in study when cultivated with vKB18-infected CD4+ T cells, displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains. Surface aggregation of mature virions and bnAb 10-1074 was observed in CH058-infected primary CD4+ T cells and CHME macrophage-like cells. V2-targeting bnAb PG16 only displayed tethering activity against the vKB18 strain.
Dufloo2022
(binding affinity)
-
PG16: A plant-based expression system was used to produce different glycoforms of the bnAbs PG9, PG16, 10–1074, NIH45–46G54W, 10E8, PGT121, PGT128, PGT145, PGT135, and b12. Also produced were mutated forms (N92T) of VRC01 (mVRC01) and NIH45–46G54W (mNIH45–46G54W). The in vivo properties of these mAbs were assessed in macaques to distinguish those most likely to comprise or become a component of an affordable and efficacious immunotherapeutic cocktails. N-glycans within the VL domain impaired the plasma stability of plant-derived bnAbs. While PGT121 and b12 exhibited no immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, VRC01, 10-1074 and NIH45-46G54W elicited high titer anti-idiotypic antibodies. The results indicated that that specific mutations in certain bnAbs caused immunogenicity in macaques. Such immunogenicity in humans would potentially compromise their value for immunotherapy. CHO1-31 was used as a positive control in a neutralization assay.
Rosenberg2015
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PG16: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
PG16: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128 as well as 2G12 were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG16: Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 immunity associated with VRC01-like antibodies was studied by isolation of VRC01-like neutralizers with CD4bs probe; structural definition of gp120 recognition by RSC3-identified antibodies from different donors; functional complementation of heavy and light chains among VRC01-like antibodies; identification of VRC01 antibodies by 454 pyrosequencing; and cross-donor phylogenetic analysis of sequences derived from the same precursor germline gene. b12, among with other RSC3-reactive antibodies, was used for several comparisons and showed dramatic differences in heavy-chain orientation relative to the VRC01. b12 had 48-66% sequence identity of its heavy and light chains to respective chains of VRC-PG04 and VRC-CH31. PG9 and PG16 Abs were compared to for % somatic hyper mutation.
Wu2011
(structure)
-
PG16: In an effort to identify new Env immunogens able to elicit bNAbs, this study looked at Envs derived from rare individuals who possess bNAbs and are elite viral suppressors, hypothesizing that in at least some people the antibodies may mediate durable virus control. The Env proteins recovered from these individuals may more closely resemble the Envs that gave rise to bNAbs compared to the highly diverse viruses isolated from normal progressors. This study identified a treatment-naive elite suppressor, EN3 (patient record #4929), whose serum had broad neutralization. The Env sequences of EN3 had much fewer polymorphisms, compared to those of a normal progressor, EN1 (patient record #4928), who also had broad serum neutralization. This result confirmed other reports of slower virus evolution in elite suppressors. EN3 Envelope proteins were unusual in that most possessed two extra cysteines within an elongated V1 region. The impact of the extra cysteines on the binding to bNAbs, virus infectivity, and sensitivity to neutralization suggested that structural motifs in V1 can affect infectivity, and that rare viruses may be prevented from developing escape. As part of this study, the neutralization of pseudotype viruses for EN3 Env clones was assayed for several bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, VRC01, 4E10, and 35O22).
Hutchinson2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG16: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16: A novel CD4bs bnAb, 1-18, is identified with breadth (97% against a 119-strain multiclade panel) and potency exceeding (IC50 = 0.048 µg/mL) most VH1-46 and VH1-2 class bnAbs like 3BNC117, VRC01, N6, 8ANC131, 10-1074, PGT151, PGT121, 8ANC195, PG16 and PGDM1400. 1-18 effectively restricts viral escape better than bnAbs 3BNC117 and VRC01. As with VRC01-like Abs, 1-18 targets the CD4bs but it recognizes the epitope differently. Neutralizing activity against VRC01 Ab-class escapes is maintained by 1-18. In humanized mice infected by strain HIV-1YU2, viral suppression is also maintained by 1-18. VH1-46-derived B cell clone 4.1 from patient IDC561 produced potent, broadly active mAbs. Subclone 4.1 is characterized by a 6 aa CDRH1 insertion lengthening it from 8 to 14 aa and produces bNAbs 1-18 and 1-55. Cryo-EM at 2.5A of 1-18 in complex with BG505SOSIP.664 suggests their insertion increases inter-protomer contacts by a negatively charged DDDPYTDDD motif, resulting in an enlargement of the buried surface on HIV-1 gp120. Variations in glycosylation is thought to confer higher neutralizing activity on 1-18 over 1-55.
Schommers2020
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664 has been reported. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 HR1 region which can guide the improvement of Env glycoprotein preparations and potentially increase their effectiveness as a vaccine. PG16 broadly neutralized HIV-1AD8 full-length and cytoplasmic tail-deleted Envs
Castillo-Menendez2019
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG16: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
PG16: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the V2 apex recognized by PGDM1400, PGT145, and PG16, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. PGT121, PG9, PG16, and CH01 bound better to the E153C/R178C/G152E mutant than to SOSIP.664. The I184C/E190C mutant bound all the V2 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, and CH01) better than SOSIP.664. I184C/E190C was more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs compared with BG505 (by 5-fold for PG9, 3-fold for PG16, 6-fold for CH01, and 3-fold for PGDM1400).
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Two HIV-1-infected individuals, VC10014 and VC20013, were monitored from early infection until well after they had developed broadly neutralizing activity. The bNAb activity developed about 1 year after infection and mapped to a single epitope in both subjects. Isolates from each subject, taken at five different time points, were tested against monoclonal bNAbs: VRC01, B12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, and 2F5. In subject VC10014, the bNAb activity developed around 1 year postinfection and targeted an epitope that overlaps the CD4-BS and is similar to (but distinct from) bNAb HJ16. In the case of VC20013, the bNAb activity targeted a novel epitope in the MPER that is critically dependent on residue 677 (mutation K677N).
Sather2014
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. V2 bNAb PG16 bound Opt and Alt immunogens more robustly than 459C WT, consistent with increased V2 exposure.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied, and future directions for the field. Recombinant native-like HIV Env trimers have enabled the identification of PG16, a potent ‘PG9-class’ bNAb. Antigenic region V2 apex (Table:1)
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: The authors selected an optimal panel of diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to represent the antigenic diversity of HIV globally in order to be used as antigen candidates. The selection was based on genetic and geographic diversity, and experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses. The eligibility of the envelopes as vaccine candidates was evaluated against a panel of antibodies for breadth, affinity, binding and durability of vaccine-elicited responses. The antigen panel was capable of detecting the spectrum of V2-specific antibodies that target epitopes from the V2 strand C (V2p), the integrin binding motif in V2 (V2i), and the quaternary epitope at the apex of the trimer (V2q).
Yates2018
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG16: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
PG16: This study describes the generation of CHO cell lines stably expressing the following vaccine Env Ags: CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B). The antigenic profiles of the molecules were assessed with a panel of well-characterized mAbs recognizing critical epitopes and glycosylation analysis confirming previously identified sites and revealing unknown sites at non-consensus motifs. A244.AE gp120 showed low level of binding to PG16 in ELISA EC50 and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays.
Wen2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: The prophylactic and therapeutic potential of an engineered single gene–encoded tandem bispecific immunoadhesin (IA) molecule BiIA-SG was studied. Before engineering BiIAs, codon-optimized scFvs of bNAbs PG9, PG16, PGT128, VRC01, and Hu5A8 were synthesized. The VL/VH domain of each scFv was engineered as a corresponding IA by fusion with human IgG1-Fc to generate IA-PG9, IA-PG16, IA-PGT128, IA-VRC01, and IA-Hu5A8. While all IAs exhibited specific anti–HIV-1 activity, only IA-PGT128 displayed similar potency and the same sigmoidal slope of 100% neutralization as previously described for the native PGT128, and IA-PGT128 in combination with IA-Hu5A8 exhibited the best synergistic effect based on computational synergy volumes. IA-PGT128 and IA-Hu5A8 were therefore used for BiIA construction.
Wu2018
-
PG16: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. PG16 is neither autoreactive nor polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG16: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers. quaternary epitopes in the V1/V2 domain could not be probed using PG16, as it doesn't bind to WT 89.6 or JRFL.
Hogan2018
-
PG16: Three strategies were applied to perturb the structure of Env in order to make the protein more susceptible to neutralization: exposure to cold, Env-activating ligands, and a chaotropic agent. A panel of mAbs (E51, 48d, 17b, 3BNC176, 19b, 447-52D, 39F, b12, b6, PG16, PGT145, PGT126, 35O22, F240, 10E8, 7b2, 2G12) was used to test the neutralization resistance of a panel of subtype B and C pseudoviruses with and without these agents. Both cold and CD4 mimicking agents (CD4Ms) increased the sensitivity of some viruses. The chaotropic agent urea had little effect by itself, but could enhance the effects of cold or CD4Ms. Thus Env destabilizing agents can make Env more susceptible to neutralization and may hold promise as priming vaccine antigens.
Johnson2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs, regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
PG16: The ability of neutralizing and nonneutralizing mAbs to block infection in models of mucosal transmission was tested. Neutralization potency did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4bs-specific bNAbs, in particular VRC01, blocked HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. MPER (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bNAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while bNAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) were more variable. Non-nAbs alone and in combinations, were poorly protective against mucosal infection. The protection provided by specific bNAbs demonstrates their potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing mucosal entry. PG9 and PG16 were selected to represent mAbs of the V1-V2 glycan class.
Cheeseman2017
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
-PG16: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. Consistent competition of PG16 was seen with some rabbit sear.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG16: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation improve an antibody's complementarity with its target epitope. Mass spectroscopy and X-ray structures were used to examine two classes of mAbs, CD4 binding Abs (VRC03, VRC-PG04) and V2 binding Abs (VRC26.01, VRC26.03, VRC26.10, PG16, CH03), to determine how specific mutations that occurred during maturation affected the binding of the mAbs to their target epitope.
Davenport2016
(structure, antibody lineage)
-
PG16: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3. PG16 had weak to moderate ADCC activity on cells infected with 2 of the 3 strains studied.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
PG16: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
PG16: bNAbs were found to have potent activating but not inhibitory FcγR-mediated effector function that can confer protection by blocking viral entry or suppressing viremia. bNAb activity is augmented with engineered Fc domains when assessed in in vivo models of HIV-1 entry or in therapeutic models using HIV-1-infected humanized mice. Enhanced FcγR engagement is not restricted by epitope specificity or neutralization potency as chimeras composed of human anti-V1/2 PG16 Fab and mouse Fc had improved or reduced in vivo activity depending on the Fc used.
Bournazos2014
(neutralization, chimeric antibody)
-
PG16: HIV-1 bNAb eptiope networks were predicted using 4 algorithms informed by neutralization assays using 282 Env from multiclade viruses. Patch clusters of possible Ab epitope regions were tested for significant sensitivity by site-directed mutagenesis. Epitope (Ab binding site) networks of critical Env residues for 21 bNAb (b12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126, PGT127, PGT128, PGT130, PGT131, PGT135, PGT136, PGT137, PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, PGT144, PGT145 and PGV04) were delineated and found to be located mostly in variable loops of gp120, particularly in V1/V2.
Evans2014
(antibody binding site, computational prediction)
-
PG16: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. V1/V2 glycan bNAb PG16 bound cell surface tightly whether the trimer contained its C-terminal or not, and was competed out by sCD4. It was able to neutralize the 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). V1/V2 glycan bNAb, PG16, neutralized B41 psuedovirus and bound B41 trimer strongly.
Pugach2015
-
PG16: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. PG16, PG9 and PG145, all V1/V2 glycan trimer apex bNAbs, were strongly, reciprocally competitive with one another. V3 glycan bNAbs PGT121, PGT122, PGT123 inhibited binding of PG16 strongly, but in a non-reciprocal manner.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG16: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes against all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. The Clade C trimers are reactive with the V1/V2 glycan bNAb, PG16, and both pseudotyped viruses were neutralized by PG167.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
PG16: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Binding of bNAb PG16 to trimers was minimally affected by trimer cross-linking.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG16: HIV-1 escape from the N332-glycan dependent bNAb, PGT135, developed in an elite controller but without change to the PGT135-binding Env epitope itself. Instead an insertion increasing V1 length by up to 21 residues concomitant with an additional 1-3 glycans and 2-4 cysteines shields the epitope from PGT135. The majority of viruses tested developed a 14-fold resistance to PGT135 from month 7 to 11. In comparison, HIV-1 developed a 7 fold sensitivity to bNAb PG16.
vandenKerkhof2016
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, escape)
-
PG16: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-V1/V2 glycan bNAb PG16, neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: A mathematical model was developed to predict the Ab concentration at which antibody escape variants outcompete their ancestors, and this concentration was termed the mutant selection window (MSW). The MSW was determined experimentally for 12 pairings of diverse HIV strains against 7 bnAbs (b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT128, 2F5). The neutralization of PG16 was assayed against JRFL (resistant strain) and JRFL-FLE168KN189A (sensitive strain).
Magnus2016
(neutralization, escape)
-
PG16: A panel of Env-specific mAbs was isolated from 6 HIV1-infected lactating women. Antibodies in colostrum may help prevent mucosal infection of the infant, so this study aimed to define milk IgGs for future vaccination strategies to reduce HIV transmission during lactation. Despite the high rate of VH 1-69 usage among colostrum Env specific B cells, it did not correlate with distinct gp120 epitope specificity or function. PG16 was compared to the newly-derived mAbs; it had no significant cross-reactivity with gut bacteria and tested negative in 2 tests of autoreactivity.
Jeffries2016
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG16: The study detailed binding kinetics of the interaction between BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer or its variants (gp120 monomer; first study of disulfide-stabilized variant gp120-gp41ECTO protomer) and several mAbs, both neutralizing (VRC01, PGV04, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT145, PGT151, 2G12) and non-neutralizing (b6, b12, 14e, 19b, F240). V1V2 quarternary-dependent epitope-binding bNAb, PG16, bound trimer best, but less well to protomer.
Yasmeen2014
(antibody binding site, assay or method development)
-
PG16: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. V1/V2 glycan-binding, second-generation mAb, PG16 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=0.24 µg/ml for 11/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 92%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
PG16: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti V1/V2 bNAb PG16 was able to neutralize 4/16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 10µg/ml, 1 of them highly with a value under 1 µg/ml and 3 moderately.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. PG16, a V2-glycan bnAb belonged to a group with slopes <1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
PG16: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. V1/V2 apex-binding gl-PG16 precursor bound to 1/3 trimers, BG505.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
PG16: A panel of antibodies was tested for binding, stability, and ADCC activity on HIV-infected cells. The differences in killing efficiency were linked to changes in binding of the antibody and the accessibility of the Fc region when bound to infected cells. Ab PG16 had weak ADCC.
Bruel2016
(binding affinity)
-
PG16: This review summarized bNAb immunotherapy studies. Several bnAbs have been shown to decrease viremia in vivo, and are a prospect for preventative vaccinations. bNAbs have 3 possible immune effector functions: (1) directly neutralizing virions, (2) mediating anti-viral activity through Fc-FcR interactions, and (3) binding to viral antigen to be taken up by dendritic cells. In contrast to anti-HIV mAbs, antibodies against host cell CD4 and CCR5 receptors (iMab and PRO 140) are hindered by their short half-life in vivo. MAb PG16 has been associated with viral suppression in humanized mice.
Halper-Stromberg2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PG16: To test whether NAbs can inhibit viral transmission through mucosal tissue, 4 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, 4E10) were tested in tissue culture models of human colonic and ectocervical tissues. All 4 nAbs reduced HIV transmission, with a relative efficacy of PG16 > PG9 > VRC01 >> 4E10. The nAbs had a good safety profile and were not affected by the presence of semen.
Scott2015
(immunotherapy)
-
PG16: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
PG16: HIV-1 strains were isolated from 60 patients infected with CRFs 01_AE, 07_BC, and 08_BC. Eight CRF01 strains that produced high-titer Env pseudoviruses were studied further. All were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PG9, PG16, and NIH45-46, but insensitive to 2G12. The PG16 have affinity for epitopes located in the conserved regions of the V2-V3 loop. Binding of PG16 with the virus was largely dependent on the same residues and was more sensitive to V3 loop substitutions than PG9. Sequence analysis of PG9- and PG16-resistant viruses revealed complex mutation patterns associated with residues that are critical for PG9/PG16 binding. CNAE14 was shown to be resistant to both PG9 and PG16. It is likely that substitutions S158T, S162T, K305T, and I307T jointly contribute to this resistance phenotype.
Chen2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16: The sequential development of three distinct bnAb responses within a single host, CAP257, over 4.5 years of infection has been described. It showed how escape from the first wave of Abs targeting V2 exposed a second site that was the stimulus for a new wave of glycan dependent bnAbs against the CD4 binding site. These data highlighted how Ab evolution in response to viral escape mutations served to broaden the host immune response to two epitopes. A third wave of neutralization targeting an undefined epitope that did not appear to overlap with the four known sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope has been reported. These data supported the design of templates for sequential immunization strategies.
Wibmer2013
(escape)
-
PG16: An atomic-level understanding of V1V2-directed bNAb recognition in a donor was used in the design of V1V2 scaffolds capable of interacting with quaternary-specific V1V2-directed bNAbs. The cocrystal structure of V1V2 with antibody CH03 from a second donor is reported and Env interactions of antibody CAP256-VRC26 from a third donor are modeled. V1V2-directed bNAbs used strand-strand interactions between a protruding Ab loop and a V1V2 strand but differed in their N-glycan recognition. Ontogeny analysis indicated that protruding loops develop early, and glycan interactions mature over time. PG 16 did bind to the monomeric V1V2 scaffolds.
Gorman2016
(glycosylation, structure, antibody lineage)
-
PG16: A subset of bNAbs that inhibit both cell-free and cell-mediated infection in primary CD4+ lymphocytes have been identified. These antibodies target either the CD4-binding site or the glycan/V3 loop on HIV-1 gp120 and act at low concentrations by inhibiting multiple steps of viral cell to cell transmission. This property of blocking viral cell to cell transmission to plasmacytoid DCs and interfering with type-I IFN production should be considered an important characteristic defining the potency for therapeutic or prophylactic antiviral strategies. PG16 was active against T/F viruses' transmission.
Malbec2013
-
PG16: A unified convergent strategy for the rapid production of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary complex type N-glycans with and without terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid residues connected via the α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkages is reported which may facilitate the design of carbohydrate-based immunogens. A glycan microarray-based profiling of PG16 was used to understand the binding specificity and showed detectable binding only to an α-2,6-linked sialic acid terminated complex type oligosaccharides, implying significant structural specificity.
Shivatare2013
(glycosylation, structure)
-
PG16: The effect of PNGS on viral infectivity and antibody neutralization (2F5, 4E10, b12, VRC01, VRC03, PG9, PG16, 3869) was evaluated through systemic mutations of each PNGS on CRF07_BC strain. Mutations at N197 (C2), N301 (V3), N442 (C4), and N625 (gp41) rendered the virus more susceptible to neutralization by MAbs that recognize the CD4 binding site or gp41. Generally, mutations on V4/V5 loops, C2/C3/C4 regions, and gp41 reduced the neutralization sensitivity to PG16. However, mutation of N289 (C2) made the virus more sensitive to both PG9 and PG16. Mutations at N142 (V1), N355 (C3) and N463 (V5) conferred resistance to neutralization by anti-gp41 MAbs. Available structural information of HIV Env and homology modeling was used to provide a structural basis for the observed biological effects of these mutations.
Wang2013
(neutralization, structure)
-
PG16: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10).
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
PG16: The neutralization abilities of Abs were enhanced by bioconjugation with aplaviroc, a small-molecule inhibitor of virus entry into host cells. Diazonium hexafluorophosphate was used. The conjugated Abs blocked HIV-1 entry through two mechanisms: by binding to the virus itself and by blocking the CCR5 receptor on host cells. Chemical modification did not significantly alter the potency and the pharmacokinetics.
Gavrilyuk2013
(neutralization)
-
PG16: This study investigated the immunogenicity of three ΔV1V2 deleted variants of the HIV-1 Env protein. The mutant ΔV1V2.9.VK induced a prominent response directed to epitopes effectively bound and neutralized the ΔV1V2 Env virus. This Env variant efficiently neutralized tier 1 virus SF162.This did not result in broad neutralization of neutralization-resistant virus isolates. This Env variant efficiently neutralized tier 1 virus SF162.This did not result in broad neutralization of neutralization-resistant virus isolates. BG505 SOSIP.664 trimers bind very efficiently to quaternary structure dependent, broadly neutralizing PG16 against the V1V2 domain.
Bontjer2013
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG16: This review surveyed the Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP) strategy, which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Recently published studies in humanized mice and macaques were discussed as well as the pros and cons of VIP towards clinical applications to control HIV endemics.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
PG16: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
PG16: Pairwise combinations of 6 NAbs (4E10, 2F5, 2G12, b12, PG9, PG16) were tested for neutralization of pseudoviruses and transmitted/founder viruses. Each of the NAbs tested targets a different region of gp120 or gp41. Some pairwise combinations enhanced neutralization synergistically, suggesting that combinations of NAbs may enhance clinical effectiveness.
Miglietta2014
(neutralization)
-
PG16: A gp140 trimer mosaic construct (MosM) was produced based on M group sequences. MosM bound to CD4 as well as multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT126, PGT145, PG9 and PG16. The immunogenicity of this construct, both alone and mixed together with a clade C Env protein vaccine, suggest a promising approach for improving NAb responses.
Nkolola2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG16: Cross-group neutralization of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, O, and P was tested with diverse patient sera and bNAbs PG9, PG16, 4E10, b12, 2F5, 2G12, VRC01, VRC03, and HJ16. The primary isolates displayed a wide spectrum of sensitivity to neutralization by the human sera, with some cross-group neutralization clearly observed. Among the bNAbs, only PG9 and PG16 showed any cross-group neutralization. The group N prototype strain YBF30 was highly sensitive to neutralization by PG9, and the interaction between their key residues was confirmed by molecular modeling. The conservation of the PG9/PG16 epitope within groups M and N suggests its relevance as a vaccine immunogen.
Braibant2013
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
PG16: PG16 was one of 10 MAbs used to study chronic vs. consensus vs. transmitted/founder (T/F) gp41 Envs for immunogenicity. Consensus Envs were the most potent eliciters of response but could only neutralize tier 1 and some tier 2 viruses. T/F Envs elicited the greatest breadth of NAb response; and chronic Envs elicited the lowest level and narrowest response. This V1V2 conformational loop binding Nab bound well at <10 nM to 0/5 chronic Envs, 0/6 Consensus Envs and 1/7 T/F Envs.
Liao2013c
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
PG16: The infectious virion (iVirions) capture index (IVCI) of different Abs have been determined. bnAbs captured higher proportions of iVirions compared to total virus particles (rVirions) indicating the capacity, breadth and selectively of bnAbs to capture iVirions. IVCI was additive with a mixture of Abs, providing proof of concept for vaccine-induced effect of improved capacity. bnAb PG16 showed significantly high IVCI of 11.6 and captured all the 4 strains tested.
Liu2014
(binding affinity)
-
PG16: Design, synthesis and antigenic evaluation of novel cyclic V1V2 glycopeptides carrying defined N-linked glycans, N160 and N156/N173 has been reported in terms of PG9 and PG16 binding and neutralization. A Man5GlcNAc2 glycan at N160 and a sialyted N-glycan are crtical for antigen binding.
Amin2013
(glycosylation)
-
PG16: Study evaluated 4 gp140 Env protein vaccine immunogens derived from an elite neutralizer donor VC10042, an HIV+ African American male from Vanderbilt cohort. Env immunogens, VC10042.05, VC10042.05RM, VC10042.08 and VC10042.ela, elicited high titers of cross-reactive Abs recognizing V1/V2 regions. PG16 didn't bind to the immunogens in any form and none of the parental Env were neutralized.
Carbonetti2014
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG16: This study examined how the conserved gp120-gp41 association site adapts to glycan changes that are linked to neutralization sensitivity, using a DSR mutant virus, K601D. K601D has a defective gp120-association, and was sequentially passaged in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to select for suppressor mutations. Mutations 136 and/or glycan 142 increased the sensitivity of only ΔN.
Drummer2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
PG16: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. PG16 showed very high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirus in a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1. Adsorption of gp120 protein to alum resulted in loss of binding to PG16, but not to PG9.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG16: The neutralization profile of 1F7, a human CD4bs mAb, is reported and compared to other bnNAbs. 1F7 exhibited extreme potency against primary HIV-1, but limited breadth across clades. PG16 neutralized 72% of a cross-clade panel of 157 HIV-1 isolates (Fig. S1) while 1F7 neutralized only 20% of the isolates.
Gach2013
(neutralization)
-
PG16: A highly conserved mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env is reported, showing that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1 infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. The mechanism might explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4v by the Vpu and Nef proteins. PG16 was used in CD4 coexpression and competitive binding assay.
Veillette2014
(effector function)
-
PG16: 8 bNAbs (PGT151 family) were isolated from an elite neutralizer. The new bNAbs bind a previously unknown glycan-dependent epitope on the prefusion conformation of gp41. These MAbs are specific for the cleaved Env trimer and do not recognize uncleaved Env trimer. PG16 was used as a V2 prototype bnAb control.
Falkowska2014
-
PG16: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. This small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including this one. The small panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
PG16: The conserved central region of gp120 V2 contains sulfated tyrosines (Tys173 and Tys177) that in the CD4-unbound prefusion state mediate intramolecular interaction between V2 and the conserved base of the third variable loop (V3), functionally mimicking sulfated tyrosines in CCR5 and anti-coreceptor-binding-site antibodies such as 412d. Enhancement of tyrosine sulfation decreased binding and neutralization of HIV-1 BaL by monomeric sCD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and increased recognition by the trimer-preferring antibodies PG9, PG16, CH01, and PGT145. Conversely, inhibition of tyrosine sulfation increased sensitivity to soluble CD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and diminished recognition by trimer-preferring antibodies. These results identify the sulfotyrosine-mediated V2-V3 interaction as a critical constraint that stabilizes the native HIV-1 envelope trimer and modulates its sensitivity to neutralization.
Cimbro2014
-
PG16: This is a review of a satellite symposium at the AIDS Vaccine 2012 conference, focusing on antibody gene transfer. Michel Nussenzweig presented studies exploring the possibility that antibodies might also be used to treat established infections. They found that combinations of five broadly neutralizing antibodies NIH45-46G54W, PG16, PGT128, 10-1074 and 3BC176 MAbs, controlled HIV-1 infection and suppressed the viral load to below the limit of detection during the entire therapy period of up to 60 days.
Balazs2013
(immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy)
-
PG16: A computational method to predict Ab epitopes at the residue level, based on structure and neutralization panels of diverse viral strains has been described. This method was evaluated using 19 Env-Abs, including PG16, against 181 diverse HIV-1 strains with available Ab-Ag complex structures.
Chuang2013
(computational prediction)
-
PG16: This study reports the glycan binding specificities and atomic level details of PG16 epitope and somatic mechanisms of clonal antibody diversification. Three PG16 specific residues Arg94LC, Ser95LC and His95LC (RSH) are found to be critical for sialic acid binding on complex glycan. RSH residues were introduced into PG9 to produce a chimeric antibody with enhanced neutralization. The co-crystal structure of PG9 bound to V1-V2 is discussed and compared to PG16 and PG9-PG16-RSH chimeric Ab based on its ability to recognize a combination of N-linked glycans and envelope polypeptide. PG9, PG16, and PG9-PG16-RSH were negative in assays of autoreactivity.
Pancera2013
(antibody binding site, autoantibody or autoimmunity, glycosylation, structure, chimeric antibody)
-
PG16: Four V2 MAbs CH58, CH59, HG107 and HG120 were isolated from RV144 Thai HIV-1 vaccinees. These MAbs recognized residue 169, neutralized laboratory HIV-1 (tier 1 strains) and mediated ADCC. PG16 was used in the study as a V1-V2 bnAb control to study the binding of the new mAb isolates. While PG9, PG16 and CH01 binding was abrogated by N160K and N156Q mutations and also by native glycosylation, the binding of CH58 and CH59 was not affected.
Liao2013b
(effector function)
-
PG16: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to 10E8-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
PG16: ADCC mediated by CD4i mAbs (or anti-CD4i-epitope mAbs) was studied using a panel of 41 novel mAbs. Three epitope clusters were classified, depending on cross-blocking in ELISA by different mAbs: Cluster A - in the gp120 face, cross-blocking by mAbs A32 and/or C11; Cluster B - in the region proximal to CoRBS (co-receptor binding site) involving V1V2 domain, cross-blocking by E51-M9; Cluster C - CoRBS, cross-blocking by 17b and/or 19e. The ADCC half-maximal effective concentrations of the Cluster A and B mAbs were generally 0.5-1 log lower than those of the Cluster C mAbs, and none of the Cluster A or B mAbs could neutralize HIV-1. Cluster A's A32- and C11-blockable mAbs were suggested to recognize conformational epitopes within the inner domain of gp120 that involve the C1 region. Neutralization potency and breadth were also assessed for these mAbs. No correlation was found between ADCC and neutralization Abs' action or functional responses. PG16 was used as the positive control in different assays.
Guan2013
(antibody interactions, effector function)
-
PG16: This study describes an ˜11 Angstrom cryo-EM structure of the trimeric HIV-1 Env precursor in its unliganded state. The three gp120 and gp41 subunits form a cage like structure with an interior void surrounding the trimer axis which restricts Ab access. PG16 was used to asses Env solubilization and purification approach affecting the integrity of the binding epitope.
Mao2012
(structure)
-
PG16: Previous study (Liu2011) showed that glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored HCDR3 subdomains (GPI-HCDR3) can be targeted to lipid rafts of the plasma membrane, bind to the epitope recognized by HCDR3 of PG16, and neutralize diverse HIV-1 isolates. This study further developed trimeric GPI-HCDR3s and demonstrated that trimeric GPI-HCDR3 (PG16) dramatically improves anti-HIV-1 neutralization, suggesting that a stoichiometry of recognition of 3 or 2 HCDR3 molecules (PG16) to 1 viral spike is possible.
Liu2013
(neutralization, antibody sequence, structure)
-
PG16: Neutralization profiles of 7 bnAbs were analyzed against 45 Envs (A, C, D clades), obtained soon after infection (median 59 days). The transmitted variants have distinct characteristics compared to variants from chronic patients, such as shorter variable loops and fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS). PG16 neutralized 44% of these viruses.
Goo2012
(neutralization, rate of progression)
-
PG16: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
PG16: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 V1V2 site, penetrating CDR H3 binds two glycans and strand, PG9 class, PG9 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as V1/V2 conformational epitope bnAb, isolated after 2009 by neutralization screening of cultured, unselected IgG+ memory B cells.
Bonsignori2012b
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
-
PG16: Somatic hypermutations are preferably found in CDR loops, which alter the Ab combining sites, but not the overall structure of the variable domain. FWR of CDR are usually resistant to and less tolerant of mutations. This study reports that most bnAbs require somatic mutations in the FWRs which provide flexibility, increasing Ab breadth and potency. To determine the consequence of FWR mutations the framework residues were reverted to the Ab's germline counterpart (FWR-GL) and binding and neutralizing properties were then evaluated. PG16, which recognizes V1/V2 loop, was among the 17 bnAbs which were used in studying the mutations in FWR. Fig S4C described the comparison of Ab framework amino acid replacement vs. interactive surface area on PG16.
Klein2013
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage)
-
PG16: Antigenic properties of 2 biochemically stable and homogeneous gp140 trimers (A clade 92UG037 and C clade CZA97012) were compared with the corresponding gp120 monomers derived from the same percursor sequences. The trimers had nearly all the antigenic properties expected for native viral spikes and were markedly different from monomeric gp120. Both trimers, but not monomers, bound to PG9 and PG16.
Kovacs2012
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Glycan shield of HIV Env protein helps to escape the Ab recognition. Several of the PGT BnAbs interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of Fabs PGT127 and PGT128 showed that the high neutralizing potency was mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface. PGT128 was compared and referred as an order of magnitude more potent than PG16
Pejchal2011
(glycosylation, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: Intrinsic reactivity of HIV-1, a new property regulating the level of both entry and sensitivity to Abs has been reported. This activity dictates the level of responsiveness of Env protein to co-receptor, CD4 engagement and Abs. PG16 was used as a trimer specific control antibody in binding and neutralization assay.
Haim2011
(antibody interactions)
-
PG16: PG9 and PG9-like V1V2-directed MAbs, that require an N-linked glycan at Env 160, were analyzed for gain-of-function mutations. 21 PG9-resistant HIV-1 isolates were analyzed by mutagenesis and neutralization assays. E to K mutations at positions 168, 169, 171 led to the most dramatic improvements on sensitivity to these MAbs (PG9, PG16, CH01, CH04, PGT141, PGT145).
Doria-RoseNA2012
(escape)
-
PG16: The study used the swarm of quasispecies representing Env protein variants to identify mutants conferring sensitivity and resistance to BnAbs. Libraries of Env proteins were cloned and in vitro mutagenesis was used to identify the specific AA responsible for altered neutralization/resistance, which appeared to be associated with conformational changes and exposed epitopes in different regions of gp160. The result showed that sequences in gp41, the CD4bs, and V2 domain act as global regulator of neutralization sensitivity. PG16 was used as BnAb to screen Env clones. wtR clone was resistant to PG16.
ORourke2012
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Glycan Asn332-targeting broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) antibodies were studied in 2 C-clade infected women. The ASn332 glycan was absent on infecting virus, but the BCN epitope with Asn332 evolved within 6 months though immune escape from earlier antibodies. Plasma from the subject CAP177 neutralized 88% of a large multi-subtype panel of 225 heterologous viruses, whereas CAP 314 neutralized 46% of 41 heterologous viruses but failed to neutralize viruses that lack glycan at 332. PG16 was referred to have second BCN Ab epitopes at AA 156 and 160 in addition to 332.
Moore2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
PG16: Vaccination efficacy of RV144 is described. The authors proposed that RV144 induced antibodies against Env V1/V2. The relationship between vaccine status and V1/V2 sequence have been characterized. The estimated cumulative HIV-1 incidence curve in the vaccine and placebo groups showed immunogenicity for K169 and 1181X genotypes and no immunogenicity for the opposite residues. PG16 was discussed as the quaternary-structure-preferring (QSP) antibody and mutations at positions 169 and 181 were associated with significant alteration in neutralization.
Rolland2012
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG16: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. PG16 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
PG16: Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes are reported. Cross-reactive plasma samples were identified and evaluated from 308 subjects tested. PG16 was used as a control mAb in the comprehensive set of assays performed. PG9 was used as a control in the comprehensive set of assays performed. C1-0763 targeted a region similar to PG9 and PG16 recognizing a V1/V2 loop dependent epitope.
Tomaras2011
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: HIV therapy by combinations of 5 bNAbs was tested in YU2-infected humanized mice. Penta-mix (PG16, 45-46W, 3BC176, PGT128 and 10-1074) was the most effective in controlling the viraemia compared to tri-mix (PG16, 45-46, 3BC176) and monotherapy (Fig S9). Viral escape with PG16 monotherapy was associated with mutations at residues 160 and 162 at potential N-linked glycosylation site in V1/V2 loop. The viruses from the mice that rebounded after tri-mix therapy either did not have bNAbs-associated mutations or had K28R mapped to NIH45-46W or N162P mapped to PG16, but not both.
Klein2012a
(escape, immunotherapy)
-
PG16: A single-cell Ab cloning method is described to isolate neutralizing Abs using truncated gp160 transfected cells as bait. Among the 15 Abs reported, only two are found to be broadly neutralizing and bind to a novel conformational HIV-1 spike epitope. PG16 was used as a control in neutralizing assay.
Klein2012
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. PG16 was used as a control. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: YU2 gp140 bait was used to characterize 189 new MAbs representing 51 independent IgG memory B cell clones from 3 clade A or B HIV infected patients exhibiting broad neutralizing activity. PG16 has been referred in discussing the efficiency of YU-2 gp140 trimer as a bait for Ab capture.
Mouquet2011
(neutralization)
-
PG16: The rational design of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is discussed in relation to understanding of vaccine recognition sites, the structural basis of interaction with HIV-1 env and vaccine developmental pathways. PG16 has been discussed regarding the sites of HIV-1 vulnerability to neutralizing antibodies and in terms of humoral immune response during HIV1 infection.
Kwong2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
PG16: A panel of glycan deletion mutants was created by point mutation into HIV gp160, showing that glycans are important targets on HIV-1 glycoproteins for broad neutralizing responses in vivo. Enrichment of high mannose N-linked glycan(HM-glycan) of HIV-1 glycoprotein enhanced neutralizing activity of sera from 8/9 patients. PG16 was used as a control to compare the neutralizing activity of patients' sera.
Lavine2012
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Ab-driven escape and Ab role in infection control and prevention are reviewed. Main focus is on NAbs, but Ab acting through effector mechanisms are also discussed. PG16 is discussed in the context of developing broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies.
Overbaugh2012
(escape, review)
-
PG16: Neutralization activity was compared against MAb 10E8 and other broad and potent neutralizers in a 181-isolate Env-pseudovirus panel. 2F5 neutralized 73% of viruses at IC50<50 μg/ml and 59% of viruses at IC50<1 μg/ml, compared with 98% and 72% of MAb 10E8, respectively.
Huang2012a
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was dramatic compared to the parent WT VLPs, uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and PG16 neutralization, while trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Broadly neutralizing antibodies circulating in plasma were studied by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Abs fell in 2 groups. One group consisted of antibodies with restricted neutralization breadth that had neutral isoelectric points. These Abs bound to envelope monomers and trimers versus core antigens from which variable loops and other domains have been deleted. Another minor group consisted of broadly neutralizing antibodies consistently distinguished by more basic isoelectric points and specificity for epitopes shared by monomeric gp120, gp120 core, or CD4-induced structures. The pI values estimated for neutralizing plasma IgGs were compared to those of human anti-gp120 MAbs, including 5 bnMAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, b12, and 2G12), 2 narrowly neutralizing MAbs (17b and E51), and 3 nonneutralizing MAbs (A32, C11, and 19e). bnMAbs PG9 and PG16 exhibited more-neutral pIs (around 7.8), matching the more-neutral end of the plasma-derived fraction series, showing broadly neutralizing, but not most potent activity.
Sajadi2012
(polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG16: Sensitivity to neutralization was studied in 107 full-length Env molecular clones from multiple risk groups in various locations in China. Neutralization sensitivity to plasma pools and bNAbs was not correlated. PG9 neutralized 81% (25/31) and PG16 neutralized 71% (22/31) of the viruses tested. Viruses insensitive to PG9 were all equally insensitive to PG16 but not the other way around, suggesting that PG9 can tolerate more viral glycoprotein amino acid substitutions than PG16.
Shang2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG16: The sensitivity to PG9 and PG16 of pseudotyped viruses was analysed carrying envelope glycoproteins from the viral quasispecies of three HIV-1 clade CRF01_AE-infected patients. It was confirmed that an acidic residue or a basic residue at position 168 in the V2 loop is a key element determining the sensitivity to PG9 and PG16. In addition, evidence is provided of the involvement of a conserved residue at position 215 of the C2 region in the PG9/PG16 epitopes. Sensitivity to PG16 in 10 Env-pseudotyped viruses was analyzed. Five clones from case 0377 presented a broad and continuous range of sensitivity to PG16. A broader range of sensitivity was observed in case 0978, clone 0978-M3 being resistant to PG16 whereas two other clones, 0978-M1 and 0978-M2, were highly sensitive. Clone 0858-M1 was resistant to PG16 whereas clone 0858-M2 was resistant to PG16. These results showed the broad heterogeneity in sensitivity to PG16 of closely genetically related envelope glycoproteins derived from single viral quasispecies. Clone 0978-M3 from case 0978 was resistant to PG16, whereas clones 0978-M1/M2 were highly sensitive to PG16. 0978-M3 E168K resulted in a high sensitivity to both PG16. In contrast, 0978-M2 K168E conferred resistance to PG16. I215M diminished the sensitivity of all clones to PG16.
Thenin2012a
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Given the potential importance of cell-associated virus during mucosal HIV-1 transmission, sensitivity of bNAbs targeting HIV-1 envelope surface unit gp120 (VRCO1, PG16, b12, and 2G12) and transmembrane domain gp41 (4E10 and 2F5) was examined for both cell-free and mDC-mediated infections of TZM-bl and CD4+ T cells. It was reported that higher gp120-bNAb concentrations, but not gp41-directed bNAb concentrations, are required to inhibit mDC-mediated virus spread, compared with cell-free transmission. For PG16, 3 of the 7 viruses (Lai/Balenv, Lai, and 89.6) demonstrated <50% inhibition at the highest tested concentration. For JRCSF, YU-2, and NL4-3, the PG16 IC50 was not significantly different between infections initiated with cell-free virus and those initiated with mDC-associated virus. 4E10 and 2F5 bound a significantly greater percentage of mDCs, compared with PG16.
Sagar2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: To overcome the many limitations of current systems for HIV-1 virus-like particle (VLP) production, a novel strategy was developed to produce HIV-1 VLP using stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells by cotransfecting S2 cells with plasmids encoding an envelope glycoprotein (consensus B or consensus C), a Rev-independent Gag (Pr55) protein, and a Rev protein, along with a pCoBlast selection marker. Except for antigenic epitope PG16, all other broadly neutralizing antigenic epitopes 2G12, b12, VRC01, and 4E10 tested are preserved on spikes of HIV-1 VLP produced by S2 clones.
Yang2012
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG16: The interaction of CD4bs-binding MAbs (VRC01, VRC-PG04) and V1V2 glycan-dependent MAbs (PG9, PG16) was analyzed. MAb binding and neutralization studies showed that these two Env targets to not cross-compete and that their combination can mediate additive neutralization. The combination of MAbs VRC01 and PG9 provides a predicted coverage of 97% of 208 isolates at IC50 < 50 μg/ml and of 91% at IC50 < 50 μg/ml. In contrast, the combination of PG9 and PG16 (or the combination of VRC01 and VRC-PG04) was only marginally better than either MAb alone.
Doria-Rose2012
(antibody interactions)
-
PG16: The study showed that alteration between a rare lysine K and a common N-linked glycan at position 160 of HIV-1 gp120 is primarily responsible for toggling between 2909 and PG16/PG9 neutralization sensitivity. These neutralization profiles were mutually exclusive (160K for MAb 2909, 160N for PG16/PG9); there was no case of a virus that was sensitive to both 2909 and PG16/PG9 neutralization. Several more positions were studied: both the PG and 2909 MAbs do not require an asparagine at position 156 for neutralization, both the PG and 2909 antibodies tolerate amino acid variation at position 165, and neither the PG nor the 2909 MAb could tolerate a glutamic acid at position 168.
Wu2011a
(antibody binding site, escape)
-
PG16: Crystal structure of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of 2909 at a 3.3-Å resolution was determined and compared to the previously determined structure of PG16. Comparison of 2909 to PG16 showed that both utilize protruding, anionic CDR H3s for recognition. Both 2909 and PG16 are highly dependent on the residue at position 160 in the V2 loop and the primary reason 2909 does not neutralize as broadly as PG16 was suggested to relate specifically to the N160K substitution, thereby suggesting that 2909 and PG16 recognize different immunotypes of the same epitope.
Changela2011
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
PG16: An Env obtained from a slow progressing patient was resistant to PG9 and PG16 mAbs. Based on assays of neutralization and glycosylation, it is suggested that the overall neutralization sensitivity of an Env is the outcome of characteristic molecular features of the V2 loop. Neutralization by PG9/16 is balanced by the glycans, net positive charge in the β sheet C region of the V2 loop, and possibly the length of the V2 loop.
Ringe2012
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG16: The neutralization activities of IA versus IgG and Fab versions of three broadly neutralizing antibodies: PG9, PG16, and VRC01 was compared to more fully understand the potential trade-offs in vector and construct design. The potential to combine VCR01 and PG9/PG16 activities to produce a single reagent with two gp120 specificities was also explored. In an Env-pseudotyped HIV-1 neutralization assay against a panel of 30 strains, PG16 neutralized 21 strains in IgG form, 15 stains in Fab form, 17 strains in IA form and 27 strains in VRC01scFv-PG16 form. It was found that the PG9, PG16, and VRC01 IAs were severalfold less potent than their IgG forms.
West2012
(neutralization)
-
PG16: The biological properties of 17 Env-pseudotyped viruses derived from variants of mother–infant pairs infected by HIV-1 strains of the CRF01_AE clade were compared, in order to explore their association with the restrictive transmission of the virus. Maternal clones issued from MIPs (mother-infant pairs) 0377, 0978 and 1021 displayed a broad and continuous range of sensitivity to both PG9 and PG16 whereas all infant clones were highly sensitive to both mAbs PG9 and PG16. When the four MIPs were considered in aggregate, infant clones were significantly more sensitive to PG9 and PG16 compared to maternal clones.
Thenin2012
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
PG16: gp120 was cyclically permuted and new N- and C-termini were created within the V1, V3, and V4 loop regions to reduce the length of the linker joining gp120 and M9. Addition of trimerization domains at the V1 loop of cyclic permutants of gp120 resulted in the formation of predominantly trimeric species, which bound CD4 and neutralizing antibodies b12, PG9, and PG16 with higher affinity.
Saha2012
(binding affinity)
-
PG16: Phenotypic activities of a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus from 24 acute individuals were compared to that of 17 viruses from chronics. There was a trend towards enhanced sensitivity to neutralization by PG16 of T/F Envs compared to chronic Envs.
Wilen2011
(neutralization)
-
PG16: HIV-1 adaptation to neutralization by MAbs VRC01, PG9, PG16 was studied using HIV-1 variants from historic (1985-1989) and contemporary (2003-2006) seroconverters. PG16 showed the broadest activity, neutralizing 57% of contemporary viruses at IC50 < 1 μ g/ml. Viruses from contemporary seroconverters were significantly more resistant to neutralization by VRC01 and tended to be more resistant to neutralization by PG16. Despite that, all recently transmitted viruses were sensitive to at least one broadly neutralizing Ab at concentration < 5 μg/ml. There was no clear correlation between the sensitivity to PG16 and presence or absence of certain amino acids, but more mutations were observed in viruses from contemporary seroconverters than from historical ones, and the absence of a potential N-linked glycosylation site at position 160 of V2 coincided with resistance to PG16.
Euler2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
PG16: PG16 paratope was mapped by assessing neutralization with arginine mutants. The resultant ‘arginine-scanning’ mutagenesis revealed a close match to the observed V1/V2 interface for PG9. The binding of PG9 and PG16 to monomeric gp120 in wild-type and V3-deleted contexts showed similar affinities, indicating that—in the context of monomeric gp120—V3 does not have a substantial role in PG9 or PG16 recognition and V1/V2 in the viral spike both shields and interacts with V3. All five MAbs PG9, PG16, CH04, PGT145 and 2909 showed anionic protruding CDR H3s, most of which were tyrosine sulphated. All also displayed β-hairpins and, although these varied substantially in orientation relative to the rest of the combining site, all appeared capable of penetrating an N-linked glycan shield to reach a cationic protein surface.
McLellan2011
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
PG16: CDR H3 domains derived from 4 anti-HIV mAbs, PG16, PG9, b12, E51, and anti-influenza MAb AVF were genetically linked to glycosil-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) attachment signal of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) to determine whether the exceptionally long and unique structure of the CDR H3 subdomain of PG16 is sufficient for epitope recognition and neutralization. CDR H3 subdomain of PG16 neutralized HIV-1 when targeted to the lipid raft of the plasma membrane of HIV-1 -susceptible cells. GPI-CDR H3(PG16) reduced the infection of 17 HIV-1 pseudotypes by over 99%, inhibited the infection of the other 6 HIV-1 pseudotypes by over 90%, and reduced the infection of JRFL by 70%. CDR H3 mutations (Y100HF, D100IA, and G7) abolished the neutralization activity of GPI-CDR H3(PG16).
Liu2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, structure)
-
PG16: One Env clone (4–2.J45) obtained from a recently infected Indian patient (NARI-IVC4) had exceptional neutralization sensitivity compared to other Envs obtained at the same time point from the same patient. 4–2.J45 Env expressing M424 showed relative resistance to PG16 over 4–2.J45 expressing I424, wherein comparable sensitivities were found of other Envs to PG16 except YU2, which showed approximately 3 fold increase in neutralization sensitivity to PG16. The indistinctness in PG9/PG16 sensitivities of 4–2.J45 and YU2 Envs expressing M424 was possibly due to some compensatory and conformational changes elsewhere within Env.
Ringe2011
(neutralization)
-
PG16: Several soluble gp140 Env proteins recognized by PG9 and PG16 were identified, and the effect of Env trimerization, the requirement for specific amino acids at position 160 within the V2 loop, and the importance of proper gp120-gp41 cleavage for MAb binding to soluble gp140s were investigated along with whether and how the kinetics of PG9 and PG16 binding to soluble gp140 correlates with the neutralizing potencies of these MAbs. It is reported that the presence of the extracellular part of gp41 on certain gp140 constructs improves the recognition of the PG16 epitope on the gp120 subunit and the trimerization of soluble gp140 may lead to the partial occlusion of the PG16 epitope. PG16 most efficiently recognized modified SF162 Env, SF162K160N of the small number of soluble gp140 Envs tested. The absence of SF162 neutralization by PG16 is the presence of a lysine at position 160 instead of an asparagine. PG16 recognized a smaller number of gp140s tested here than PG9. It is suggested that any structural differences between the virion-associated Env form and the soluble gp140 form have a greater impact on the PG16 epitope than on the PG9 epitope.
Davenport2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG16: CAP256, an HIV-1 subtype C-infected (and subsequently superinfected) participant enrolled in the CAPRISA Acute Infection cohort was studied. A subset of mutants were tested for neutralization by PG9/PG16 along with neutralization of ConC by CAP256 plasma nAb. The epitope recognized by CAP256 is distinct from but overlaps that of PG9/PG16. Like CAP256 plasma, both PG9 and PG16 were heavily dependent on K169 and somewhat dependent on K171. A V2 mutation (N160A) had a profound affect on PG9 and PG16 but a more moderate affect on CAP256. The adjacent D167N residue also impacted CAP256 neutralization but not PG9/PG16, and a K168A mutation reduced CAP256 neutralization but in fact enhanced the neutralization of ConC by PG9/16. Both PG9/16 and CAP256, in the context of the ConC backbone, were slightly affected by mutations in the V3 loop (I305, I309, and F317) with mild effect on neutralization sensitivity. The I307A mutation affected both PG9/PG16 slightly but had no discernible effect on CAP256 neutralization. Some similarities between CAP256 and PG9/16 neutralization along with significant differences suggest that the epitopes recognized by these Abs overlapped but were not identical.
Moore2011
(neutralization)
-
PG16: This review discusses current understanding of Env neutralization by antibodies in relation to epitope exposure and how this insight might benefit vaccine design strategies. This MAb is in the list of current MAbs with notable cross-neutralizing activity.
Pantophlet2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
PG16: This review outlines the general structure of the gp160 viral envelope, the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response, the mechanisms of viral escape and the characterization of broadly neutralizing Abs. It is noted that this MAb shows a significant breadth of neutralization across all clades and extraordinary potency.
Gonzalez2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, review)
-
PG16: This review discusses recent rational structure-based approaches in HIV vaccine design that helped in understanding the link between Env antigenicity and immunogenicity. This MAb was mentioned in the context of immunogens based on the epitopes recognized by bNAbs.
Walker2010a
(neutralization, review)
-
PG16: This review discusses the types of B-cell responses desired by HIV-1 vaccines and various methods used for eliciting HIV-1 inhibitory antibodies that include induction and characterization of vaccine-induces B-cell responses. PG16 was mentioned among new MAbs generated by isolating single Env-specific B cells by either single cell sorting by flow cytometry or from memory B-cell cultures coupled with high-throughput neutralization screening assays of B-cell supernatants. PG16 recognizes conserved regions of the variable loops in gp120 and is potent and broadly reactive against approximately 73-79% of HIV-1 strains.
Tomaras2010
(review)
-
PG16: This review discusses strategies for design of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines against HIV-1 and recent major advances in the field regarding isolation of potent broadly neutralizing Abs.
Sattentau2010
(review)
-
PG16: This review focuses on recent vaccine design efforts and investigation of broadly neutralizing Abs and their epitopes to aid in the improvement of immunogen design. NAb epitopes, NAbs response to HIV-1, isolation of novel mAbs, and vaccine-elicited NAb responses in human clinical trials are discussed in this review.
Mascola2010
(review)
-
PG16: Unlike the MPER MAbs tested, PG16 did not show any Env-independent virus capture in the conventional or in the modified version of the virus capture assay.
Leaman2010
-
PG16: Some of the key challenges for the development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine are discussed, such as challenges in identification of epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing epitopes, the impact of biological mechanisms in addition to Ab neutralization, and the poor persistence of anti-Env Ab responses in the absence of continuous antigenic stimulation.
Lewis2010
(review)
-
PG16: The role of HIV-1 envelope spike density on the virion and the effect it has on MAb avidity, and neutralization potencies of MAbs presented as different isotypes, are reviewed. Engineering approaches and design of immunogens able to elicit intra-spike cross-linking Abs are discussed.
Klein2010
(review)
-
PG16: Novel techniques for generation of broadly neutralizing Abs and how these Ab can aid in development of an effective vaccine are discussed.
Joyce2010
(review)
-
PG16: The review describes several different methods that have been used to isolate and characterize HIV MAbs within the human Ab repertoire. Relative advantages and limitations of methods such as EBV transformation, human hybridoma, non-immortalized B cell culture, combinatorial libraries from B cells and clonal sorting are discussed.
Hammond2010
(review)
-
PG16: This review summarizes novel techniques recently developed for isolation of broadly neutralizing monoclonal Abs from HIV-infected donors. Future challenges and importance of these techniques for development of HIV vaccines is also discussed.
Burton2010
(review)
-
PG16: PG16 epitope structure is reviewed. This review also summarizes data on the evolution of HIV neutralizing Abs, principles of Env immunogen design to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs, and future critical areas of research for development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine.
Hoxie2010
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
PG16: Novel methods for generation of broadly neutralizing Abs, such as PG9 and PG16 are reviewed. This review also summarizes PG9 and PG16 MAbs, and their similarity to 2909 MAb.
Kwong2009
(review)
-
PG16: Removal of N-linked glycosylation sites was shown to generally lead to a reduction in neutralization sensitivity to PG16, however, the position of the N-linked glycosylation site removed and the magnitude of the effect was isolate dependent. Loss of glycosylation sites in the V1, V2 and V3 loops had greatest effect on reduced neutralization sensitivity. Removal of the N160 glycan was the only substitution that universally eliminated sensitivity to neutralization by PG16. Binding of PG16 to Env transfected cells was not competed by monosaccharides indicating that PG16 sensitivity to glycosylation was due to the effect of glycans on gp120 conformation and PG16 epitope accessibility.
Doores2010
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG16: Crystal structure of PG16 Fab was determined. The CDR H3 region was 28 residues long resembling an axe, and extending above the Ab variable domains as a semi-independent subdomain. This region was shown critical for neutralization activity of the Ab. Affinity maturation of PG16 correlated with Ab neutralization breadth, as light chain V-gene reversion produced chimeric Abs with less neutralization. PG16 had a single N-linked glycan that extended off the side of the light chain variable domain, but was not required for neutralization. Fab and IgG formats of PG16 had comparable neutralization potencies. The likely site of PG16 reaction with Env was determined to consist of CDR L1 and L2 and the CDR H3 elements.
Pancera2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, structure)
-
PG16: Broadly neutralizing sera from elite neutralizers exhibited significant sensitivities to mutations I165A, N332A, and N160K. PG16 neutralization activity was tested for pseudoviruses with the mutations relative to the WT. PG16 was shown to require N160K glycosylation for potent neutralizing activity. Pseudoviruses produced in cells treated with kifunensine were found resistant to PG16 neutralization. Donor sera that exhibited sensitivity to N160K showed diminished neutralizing activity against kifunensine-treated pseudoviruses, indicating that PG16 and PG9 MAbs mediate most of the sera neutralizing activity. PG16 and PG9 - like Ab were found in 21% of the donors.
Walker2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG16: Crystal structure of PG16 Fab fragment was determined. PG16 was shown to have a 28-residue CDR H3 that forms a unique stable subdomain. A 7-residue specificity loop within CDR H3 was shown to confer fine specificity of PG16 and PG9 MAbs, and to contain important contacts to gp120 as replacement of the 7 residues abolished PG16 neutralization. CDR H3 tyrosine for PG16 was singly sulfated, and tyrosine sulfation was shown to play a role in both binding and neutralization. Glycosylation of PG16 light chain did not have a significant effect on neutralization.
Pejchal2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG16: This MAb was derived from clade A infected patient. PG16 failed to bind to recombinant gp120 or gp41 but exhibited high neutralization breadth and potency, neutralizing 119 out of 162 cross-clade viruses with a potency exceeding that of b12, 2G12, and 2F5. PG16 also potently neutralized IAVI-C18 virus, that is neutralization resistant to all four bNAbs. PG16 preferred binding to trimeric Env due to subunit presentation in this form. Residues that form the epitope for PG16 were primarily located in the conserved regions of the V2 and V3 loops. N-glycosylation sites N156 and N160 in the V2 region were critical in forming the PG16 epitope. This Ab had a long CDRH3 loop.
Walker2009a
(antibody generation, glycosylation, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
References
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Walker2009a
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Amin2013
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Balazs2013
Alejandro B. Balazs and Anthony P. West, Jr. Antibody Gene Transfer for HIV Immunoprophylaxis. Nat. Immunol., 14(1):1-5, Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23238748.
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Barbian2015
Hannah J. Barbian, Julie M. Decker, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Rachel P. Galimidi, Anthony P. West, Jr., Gerald H. Learn, Nicholas F. Parrish, Shilpa S. Iyer, Yingying Li, Craig S. Pace, Ruijiang Song, Yaoxing Huang, Thomas N. Denny, Hugo Mouquet, Loic Martin, Priyamvada Acharya, Baoshan Zhang, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, C. Theo Verrips, Nika M. Strokappe, Lucy Rutten, Laura E. McCoy, Robin A. Weiss, Corrine S. Brown, Raven Jackson, Guido Silvestri, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, George M. Shaw, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Pamela J. Bjorkman, David D. Ho, Michael Farzan, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Neutralization Properties of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses Infecting Chimpanzees and Gorillas. mBio, 6(2), 21 Apr 2015. PubMed ID: 25900654.
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Berendam2021
Stella J. Berendam, Tiffany M. Styles, Papa K.. Morgan-Asiedu, DeAnna Tenney, Amit Kumar, Veronica Obregon-Perko, Katharine J. Bar, Kevin O. Saunders, Sampa Santra, Kristina De Paris, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ann Chahroudi, Sallie R. Permar, Rama R. Amara, and Genevieve G. Fouda. Systematic Assessment of Antiviral Potency, Breadth, and Synergy of Triple Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Combinations against Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. J. Virol., 95(3), 13 Jan 2021. PubMed ID: 33177194.
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Bibollet-Ruche2023
Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Ronnie M. Russell, Wenge Ding, Weimin Liu, Yingying Li, Kshitij Wagh, Daniel Wrapp, Rumi Habib, Ashwin N. Skelly, Ryan S. Roark, Scott Sherrill-Mix, Shuyi Wang, Juliette Rando, Emily Lindemuth, Kendra Cruickshank, Younghoon Park, Rachel Baum, John W. Carey, Andrew Jesse Connell, Hui Li, Elena E. Giorgi, Ge S. Song, Shilei Ding, Andrés Finzi, Amanda Newman, Giovanna E. Hernandez, Emily Machiele, Derek W. Cain, Katayoun Mansouri, Mark G. Lewis, David C. Montefiori, Kevin J. Wiehe, S. Munir Alam, I-Ting Teng, Peter D. Kwong, Raiees Andrabi, Laurent Verkoczy, Dennis R. Burton, Bette T. Korber, Kevin O. Saunders, Barton F. Haynes, Robert J. Edwards, George M. Shaw, and Beatrice H. Hahn. A Germline-Targeting Chimpanzee SIV Envelope Glycoprotein Elicits a New Class of V2-Apex Directed Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies.. mBio, 14(1):e0337022, 28 Feb 2023. PubMed ID: 36629414.
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Bonsignori2012b
Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, Laurent Verkoczy, Georgia D. Tomaras, Barton F. Haynes, and M. Anthony Moody. HIV-1 Antibodies from Infection and Vaccination: Insights for Guiding Vaccine Design. Trends Microbiol., 20(11):532-539, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22981828.
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Bontjer2013
Ilja Bontjer, Mark Melchers, Tommy Tong, Thijs van Montfort, Dirk Eggink, David Montefiori, William C. Olson, John P. Moore, James M. Binley, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comparative Immunogenicity of Evolved V1V2-Deleted HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. PLoS One, 8(6):e67484, 26 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23840716.
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Bournazos2014
Stylianos Bournazos, Florian Klein, John Pietzsch, Michael S. Seaman, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Jeffrey V. Ravetch. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Require Fc Effector Functions for In Vivo Activity. Cell, 158(6):1243-1253, 11 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25215485.
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Bouvin-Pley2014
M. Bouvin-Pley, M. Morgand, L. Meyer, C. Goujard, A. Moreau, H. Mouquet, M. Nussenzweig, C. Pace, D. Ho, P. J. Bjorkman, D. Baty, P. Chames, M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Poignard, F. Barin, and M. Braibant. Drift of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Toward Increased Neutralization Resistance over the Course of the Epidemic: A Comprehensive Study Using the Most Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(23):13910-13917, Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25231299.
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Braibant2013
Martine Braibant, Eun-Yeung Gong, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Thierry Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, and Francis Barin. Cross-Group Neutralization of HIV-1 and Evidence for Conservation of the PG9/PG16 Epitopes within Divergent Groups. AIDS, 27(8):1239-1244, 15 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23343910.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Bruel2016
Timothée Bruel, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Sonia Amraoui, Marine Malbec, Léa Richard, Katia Bourdic, Daniel Aaron Donahue, Valérie Lorin, Nicoletta Casartelli, Nicolas Noël, Olivier Lambotte, Hugo Mouquet, and Olivier Schwartz. Elimination of HIV-1-Infected Cells by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 7:10844, 3 Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26936020.
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Burton2010
Dennis R. Burton and Robin A. Weiss. A Boost for HIV Vaccine Design. Science, 329(5993):770-773, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20705840.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Cai2017
Yongfei Cai, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Jia Chen, Sai Tian, Nicholas Fredette, Christine E. Linton, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Kshitij Wagh, James Theiler, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Stephen C. Harrison, Andrea Carfi, and Bing Chen. Antigenicity-Defined Conformations of an Extremely Neutralization-Resistant HIV-1 Envelope Spike. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114(17):4477-4482, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28396421.
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Carbonetti2014
Sara Carbonetti, Brian G. Oliver, Jolene Glenn, Leonidas Stamatatos, and D. Noah Sather. Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens Derived from an Elite Neutralizer Elicit Cross-Reactive V1V2 Antibodies and Low Potency Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS One, 9(1):e86905, 2014. PubMed ID: 24466285.
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Castillo-Menendez2019
Luis R. Castillo-Menendez, Hanh T. Nguyen, and Joseph Sodroski. Conformational Differences between Functional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers and Stabilized Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 93(3), 1 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30429345.
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Changela2011
Anita Changela, Xueling Wu, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Glenn A. Nardone, Sijy O'Dell, Marie Pancera, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Sanjay Phogat, James E. Robinson, Leonidas Stamatatos, Susan Zolla-Pazner, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Crystal Structure of Human Antibody 2909 Reveals Conserved Features of Quaternary Structure-Specific Antibodies That Potently Neutralize HIV-1. J. Virol., 85(6):2524-2535, Mar 2011. PubMed ID: 21191009.
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Cheeseman2017
Hannah M. Cheeseman, Natalia J. Olejniczak, Paul M. Rogers, Abbey B. Evans, Deborah F. L. King, Paul Ziprin, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and Robin J. Shattock. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 91(1), 1 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27795431.
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Chen2015
Jia Chen, James M. Kovacs, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Donghyun Park, Elise Zablowsky, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Effect of the Cytoplasmic Domain on Antigenic Characteristics of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Science, 349(6244):191-195, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26113642.
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Chen2016
Danying Chen, Xiaozhou He, Jingrong Ye, Pengxiang Zhao, Yi Zeng, and Xia Feng. Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of CRF01\_AE HIV-1 env Clones from Patients Residing in Beijing, China. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 32(10-11):1113-1124, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27066910.
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Chenine2018
Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Melanie Merbah, Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Brendan Mann, Jenica Lee, Anne-Marie O'Sullivan, Meera Bose, Eric Sanders-Buell, Gustavo H. Kijak, Carolina Herrera, Robert McLinden, Robert J. O'Connell, Nelson L. Michael, Merlin L. Robb, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Neutralization Sensitivity of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Panel of Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 78(3):348-355, 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29528942.
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Chuang2013
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Priyamvada Acharya, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Robert T. Bailer, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Residue-Level Prediction of HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes Based on Neutralization of Diverse Viral Strains. J. Virol., 87(18):10047-10058, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23843642.
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Chun2014
Tae-Wook Chun, Danielle Murray, Jesse S. Justement, Jana Blazkova, Claire W. Hallahan, Olivia Fankuchen, Kathleen Gittens, Erika Benko, Colin Kovacs, Susan Moir, and Anthony S. Fauci. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Suppress HIV in the Persistent Viral Reservoir. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(36):13151-13156, 9 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25157148.
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Cimbro2014
Raffaello Cimbro, Thomas R. Gallant, Michael A. Dolan, Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Yin Lin, Huiyi Miao, Donald Van Ryk, James Arthos, Inna Gorshkova, Patrick H. Brown, Darrell E. Hurt, and Paolo Lusso. Tyrosine Sulfation in the Second Variable Loop (V2) of HIV-1 gp120 Stabilizes V2-V3 Interaction and Modulates Neutralization Sensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(8):3152-3157, 25 Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24569807.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Davenport2011
Thaddeus M. Davenport, Della Friend, Katharine Ellingson, Hengyu Xu, Zachary Caldwell, George Sellhorn, Zane Kraft, Roland K. Strong, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Binding Interactions between Soluble HIV Envelope Glycoproteins and Quaternary-Structure-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol., 85(14):7095-7107, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21543501.
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Davenport2016
Thaddeus M. Davenport, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Tongqing Zhou, Cinque Soto, Miklos Guttman, Stephanie Moquin, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Shiu-Lok Hu, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Kelly K. Lee. Somatic Hypermutation-Induced Changes in the Structure and Dynamics of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Structure, 20 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27477385.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Doores2010
Katie J. Doores and Dennis R. Burton. Variable Loop Glycan Dependency of the Broad and Potent HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol., 84(20):10510-10521, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20686044.
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Doria-Rose2012
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Zhongjia Yang, Sijy O'Dell, Martha Nason, Stephen D. Schmidt, Krisha McKee, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Neutralization Coverage Is Improved by Combining Monoclonal Antibodies That Target Independent Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(6):3393-3397, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22258252.
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Doria-RoseNA2012
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin Georgiev, Sijy O'Dell, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Ryan P. Staupe, Jason S. McLellan, Jason Gorman, Marie Pancera, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. A Short Segment of the HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 Region Is a Major Determinant of Resistance to V1/V2 Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., Aug 2012. PubMed ID: 22623764.
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Drummer2013
Heidi E. Drummer, Melissa K. Hill, Anne L. Maerz, Stephanie Wood, Paul A. Ramsland, Johnson Mak, and Pantelis Poumbourios. Allosteric Modulation of the HIV-1 gp120-gp41 Association Site by Adjacent gp120 Variable Region 1 (V1) N-Glycans Linked to Neutralization Sensitivity. PLoS Pathog., 9(4):e1003218, 2013. PubMed ID: 23592978.
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Dufloo2022
Jérémy Dufloo, Cyril Planchais, Stéphane Frémont, Valérie Lorin, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Karl Stefic, Nicoletta Casartelli, Arnaud Echard, Philippe Roingeard, Hugo Mouquet, Olivier Schwartz, and Timothée Bruel. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies Tether Viral Particles at the Surface of Infected Cells. Nat. Commun., 13(1):630, 2 Feb 2022. PubMed ID: 35110562.
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Escolano2021
Amelia Escolano, Harry .B Gristick, Rajeev Gautam, Andrew T. DeLaitsch, Morgan E. Abernathy, Zhi Yang, Haoqing Wang, Magnus A. G. Hoffmann, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Zijun Wang, Nicholas Koranda, Leesa M. Kakutani, Han Gao, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Henna Raina, Ana Gazumyan, Melissa Cipolla, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Victor Ramos, Darrell J. Irvine, Murillo Silva, Anthony P. West, Jr., Jennifer R. Keeffe, Christopher O. Barnes, Michael S. Seaman, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Malcolm A. Martin, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Sequential Immunization of Macaques Elicits Heterologous Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the V3-Glycan Patch of HIV-1 Env. Sci. Transl. Med., 13(621):eabk1533, 24 Nov 2021. PubMed ID: 34818054.
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Euler2011
Zelda Euler, Evelien M. Bunnik, Judith A. Burger, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Activity of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Including PG9, PG16, and VRC01, against Recently Transmitted Subtype B HIV-1 Variants from Early and Late in the Epidemic. J. Virol., 85(14):7236-7245, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21561918.
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Evans2014
Mark C. Evans, Pham Phung, Agnes C. Paquet, Anvi Parikh, Christos J. Petropoulos, Terri Wrin, and Mojgan Haddad. Predicting HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope Networks Using Neutralization Titers and a Novel Computational Method. BMC Bioinformatics, 15:77, 19 Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24646213.
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Falkowska2014
Emilia Falkowska, Khoa M. Le, Alejandra Ramos, Katie J. Doores, Jeong Hyun Lee, Claudia Blattner, Alejandro Ramirez, Ronald Derking, Marit J. van Gils, Chi-Hui Liang, Ryan Mcbride, Benjamin von Bredow, Sachin S. Shivatare, Chung-Yi Wu, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Yan Liu, Ten Feizi, Michael B. Zwick, Wayne C. Koff, Michael S. Seaman, Kristine Swiderek, John P. Moore, David Evans, James C. Paulson, Chi-Huey Wong, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies Define a Glycan-Dependent Epitope on the Prefusion Conformation of gp41 on Cleaved Envelope Trimers. Immunity, 40(5):657-668, 15 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24768347.
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Gach2013
Johannes S. Gach, Heribert Quendler, Tommy Tong, Kristin M. Narayan, Sean X. Du, Robert G. Whalen, James M. Binley, Donald N. Forthal, Pascal Poignard, and Michael B. Zwick. A Human Antibody to the CD4 Binding Site of gp120 Capable of Highly Potent but Sporadic Cross Clade Neutralization of Primary HIV-1. PLoS One, 8(8):e72054, 2013. PubMed ID: 23991039.
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Gavrilyuk2013
Julia Gavrilyuk, Hitoshi Ban, Hisatoshi Uehara, Shannon J. Sirk, Karen Saye-Francisco, Angelica Cuevas, Elise Zablowsky, Avinash Oza, Michael S. Seaman, Dennis R. Burton, and Carlos F. Barbas, 3rd. Antibody Conjugation Approach Enhances Breadth and Potency of Neutralization of Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies and CD4-IgG. J. Virol., 87(9):4985-4993, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23427154.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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Gonzalez2010
Nuria Gonzalez, Amparo Alvarez, and Jose Alcami. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and their Significance for HIV-1 Vaccines. Curr. HIV Res., 8(8):602-612, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21054253.
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Goo2012
Leslie Goo, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Barbra A. Richardson, and Julie Overbaugh. A Combination of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Distinct Epitopes Effectively Neutralizes Variants Found in Early Infection. J. Virol., 86(19):10857-10861, Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22837204.
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Gorman2016
Jason Gorman, Cinque Soto, Max M. Yang, Thaddeus M. Davenport, Miklos Guttman, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Brandon J. DeKosky, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Michael J. Ernandes, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marissa C. Jarosinski, M. Gordon Joyce, Thomas M. Lemmin, Sherman Leung, Mark K. Louder, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Sandeep Narpala, Marie Pancera, Jonathan Stuckey, Xueling Wu, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Ulrich Baxa, George Georgiou, Adrian B. McDermott, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Penny L. Moore, Lynn Morris, Kelly K. Lee, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structures of HIV-1 Env V1V2 with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Reveal Commonalities That Enable Vaccine Design. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 23(1):81-90, Jan 2016. PubMed ID: 26689967.
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Guan2013
Yongjun Guan, Marzena Pazgier, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Roberta Kamin-Lewis, Salma Al-Darmarki, Robin Flinko, Elena Lovo, Xueji Wu, James E. Robinson, Michael S. Seaman, Timothy R. Fouts, Robert C. Gallo, Anthony L. DeVico, and George K. Lewis. Diverse Specificity and Effector Function Among Human Antibodies to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Epitopes Exposed by CD4 Binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(1):E69-E78, 2 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23237851.
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Guenaga2015
Javier Guenaga, Natalia de Val, Karen Tran, Yu Feng, Karen Satchwell, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Well-Ordered Trimeric HIV-1 Subtype B and C Soluble Spike Mimetics Generated by Negative Selection Display Native-Like Properties. PLoS Pathog., 11(1):e1004570, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25569572.
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Guenaga2015a
Javier Guenaga, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Natalia de Val, Shailendra K. Sharma, Barbara Carrette, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Structure-Guided Redesign Increases the Propensity of HIV Env To Generate Highly Stable Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 90(6):2806-2817, 30 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26719252.
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Guzzo2018
Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Haim2011
Hillel Haim, Bettina Strack, Aemro Kassa, Navid Madani, Liping Wang, Joel R. Courter, Amy Princiotto, Kathleen McGee, Beatriz Pacheco, Michael S. Seaman, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., and Joseph Sodroski. Contribution of Intrinsic Reactivity of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins to CD4-Independent Infection and Global Inhibitor Sensitivity. PLoS Pathog., 7(6):e1002101, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21731494.
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Halper-Stromberg2016
Ariel Halper-Stromberg and Michel C Nussenzweig. Towards HIV-1 Remission: Potential Roles for Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Clin. Invest., 126(2):415-423, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26752643.
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Hammond2010
Philip W. Hammond. Accessing the Human Repertoire for Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. MAbs, 2(2):157-164, Mar-Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20168075.
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Haynes2012
Barton F. Haynes, Garnett Kelsoe, Stephen C. Harrison, and Thomas B. Kepler. B-Cell-Lineage Immunogen Design in Vaccine Development with HIV-1 as a Case Study. Nat. Biotechnol., 30(5):423-433, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22565972.
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Linling He, Sonu Kumar, Joel D. Allen, Deli Huang, Xiaohe Lin, Colin J. Mann, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jeffrey Copps, Anita Sarkar, Gabrielle S. Blizard, Gabriel Ozorowski, Devin Sok, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, David Nemazee, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jiang Zhu. HIV-1 Vaccine Design through Minimizing Envelope Metastability. Sci. Adv., 4(11):eaau6769, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30474059.
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Simon Hoffenberg, Rebecca Powell, Alexei Carpov, Denise Wagner, Aaron Wilson, Sergei Kosakovsky Pond, Ross Lindsay, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Sanjay Phogat, Pascal Poignard, Steven P. Fling, Melissa Simek, Celia LaBranche, David Montefiori, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, Dennis Burton, Wayne Koff, C. Richter King, Christopher L. Parks, and Michael J. Caulfield. Identification of an HIV-1 Clade A Envelope That Exhibits Broad Antigenicity and Neutralization Sensitivity and Elicits Antibodies Targeting Three Distinct Epitopes. J. Virol., 87(10):5372-5383, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23468492.
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Hogan2018
Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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James A. Hoxie. Toward an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine. Annu. Rev. Med., 61:135-52, 2010. PubMed ID: 19824826.
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Jinghe Huang, Gilad Ofek, Leo Laub, Mark K. Louder, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Nancy S. Longo, Hiromi Imamichi, Robert T. Bailer, Bimal Chakrabarti, Shailendra K. Sharma, S. Munir Alam, Tao Wang, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Stephen A. Migueles, Richard Wyatt, Barton F. Haynes, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 by a gp41-Specific Human Antibody. Nature, 491(7424):406-412, 15 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23151583.
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Hutchinson2019
Jennie M. Hutchinson, Kathryn A. Mesa, David L. Alexander, Bin Yu, Sara M. O'Rourke, Kay L. Limoli, Terri Wrin, Steven G. Deeks, and Phillip W. Berman. Unusual Cysteine Content in V1 Region of gp120 from an Elite Suppressor That Produces Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Front. Immunol., 10:1021, 2019. PubMed ID: 31156622.
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T. L. Jeffries, Jr., C. R. Sacha, J. Pollara, J. Himes, F. H. Jaeger, S. M. Dennison, E. McGuire, E. Kunz, J. A. Eudailey, A. M. Trama, C. LaBranche, G. G. Fouda, K. Wiehe, D. C. Montefiori, B. F. Haynes, H.-X. Liao, G. Ferrari, S. M. Alam, M. A. Moody, and S. R. Permar. The Function and Affinity Maturation of HIV-1 gp120-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from Colostral B Cells. Mucosal. Immunol., 9(2):414-427, Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26242599.
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Jacklyn Johnson, Yinjie Zhai, Hamid Salimi, Nicole Espy, Noah Eichelberger, Orlando DeLeon, Yunxia O'Malley, Joel Courter, Amos B. Smith, III, Navid Madani, Joseph Sodroski, and Hillel Haim. Induction of a Tier-1-Like Phenotype in Diverse Tier-2 Isolates by Agents That Guide HIV-1 Env to Perturbation-Sensitive, Nonnative States. J. Virol., 91(15), 1 Aug 2017. PubMed ID: 28490588.
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Joyce2010
Joseph G. Joyce and Jan ter Meulen. Pushing the Envelope on HIV-1 Neutralization. Nat. Biotechnol., 28(9):929-931, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20829830.
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Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Gabriel Ozorowski, Yuanzi Hua, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Steven W. de Taeye, Travis Nieusma, Albert Cupo, Anila Yasmeen, Michael Golabek, Pavel Pugach, P. J. Klasse, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Design and Structure of Two HIV-1 Clade C SOSIP.664 Trimers That Increase the Arsenal of Native-Like Env Immunogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(38):11947-11952, 22 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26372963.
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Klein2010
Joshua S. Klein and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Few and Far Between: How HIV May Be Evading Antibody Avidity. PLoS Pathog., 6(5):e1000908, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20523901.
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Klein2012
Florian Klein, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, D. Noah Sather, Clara Lehmann, Johannes F. Scheid, Zane Kraft, Yan Liu, John Pietzsch, Arlene Hurley, Pascal Poignard, Ten Feizi, Lynn Morris, Bruce D. Walker, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Broad Neutralization by a Combination of Antibodies Recognizing the CD4 Binding Site and a New Conformational Epitope on the HIV-1 Envelope Protein. J. Exp. Med., 209(8):1469-1479, 30 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22826297.
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Klein2012a
Florian Klein, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Joshua A. Horwitz, Henning Gruell, Johannes F. Scheid, Stylianos Bournazos, Hugo Mouquet, Linda A. Spatz, Ron Diskin, Alexander Abadir, Trinity Zang, Marcus Dorner, Eva Billerbeck, Rachael N. Labitt, Christian Gaebler, Paola M. Marcovecchio, Reha-Baris Incesu, Thomas R. Eisenreich, Paul D. Bieniasz, Michael S. Seaman, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Jeffrey V. Ravetch, Alexander Ploss, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. HIV Therapy by a Combination of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies in Humanized Mice. Nature, 492(7427):118-122, 6 Dec 2012. PubMed ID: 23103874.
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Klein2013
Florian Klein, Ron Diskin, Johannes F. Scheid, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marie Pancera, Tongqing Zhou, Reha-Baris Incesu, Brooks Zhongzheng Fu, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Michael S. Seaman, Peter D. Kwong, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Somatic Mutations of the Immunoglobulin Framework Are Generally Required for Broad and Potent HIV-1 Neutralization. Cell, 153(1):126-138, 28 Mar 2013. PubMed ID: 23540694.
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Kovacs2012
James M. Kovacs, Joseph P. Nkolola, Hanqin Peng, Ann Cheung, James Perry, Caroline A. Miller, Michael S. Seaman, Dan H. Barouch, and Bing Chen. HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Elicits More Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses than Monomeric gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):12111-12116, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22773820.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kwong2009
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Mining the B Cell Repertoire for Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies to HIV-1. Cell Host Microbe, 6(4):292-294, 22 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19837366.
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Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Rational Design of Vaccines to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 1(1):a007278, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 22229123.
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Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Lavine2012
Christy L. Lavine, Socheata Lao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI). High-Mannose Glycan-Dependent Epitopes Are Frequently Targeted in Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(4):2153-2164, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22156525.
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Leaman2010
Daniel P. Leaman, Heather Kinkead, and Michael B. Zwick. In-Solution Virus Capture Assay Helps Deconstruct Heterogeneous Antibody Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 84(7):3382-3395, Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20089658.
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Daniel P. Leaman and Michael B. Zwick. Increased Functional Stability and Homogeneity of Viral Envelope Spikes through Directed Evolution. PLoS Pathog., 9(2):e1003184, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23468626.
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Lewis2010
George K. Lewis. Challenges of Antibody-Mediated Protection against HIV-1. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 9(7):683-687, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20624038.
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Liang2016
Yu Liang, Miklos Guttman, James A. Williams, Hans Verkerke, Daniel Alvarado, Shiu-Lok Hu, and Kelly K. Lee. Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J. Virol., 90(20):9224-9236, 15 Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27489265.
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Liao2013
Hua-Xin Liao, Rebecca Lynch, Tongqing Zhou, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Scott D. Boyd, Andrew Z. Fire, Krishna M. Roskin, Chaim A. Schramm, Zhenhai Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Lawrence Shapiro, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, S. Gnanakaran, Peter Hraber, Kevin Wiehe, Garnett Kelsoe, Guang Yang, Shi-Mao Xia, David C. Montefiori, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Richard M. Scearce, Kelly A. Soderberg, Myron Cohen, Gift Kamanga, Mark K. Louder, Lillian M. Tran, Yue Chen, Fangping Cai, Sheri Chen, Stephanie Moquin, Xiulian Du, M. Gordon Joyce, Sanjay Srivatsan, Baoshan Zhang, Anqi Zheng, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, Thomas B. Kepler, Bette T. M. Korber, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Barton F. Haynes. Co-Evolution of a Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody and Founder Virus. Nature, 496(7446):469-476, 25 Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23552890.
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Liao2013b
Hua-Xin Liao, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jason S. McLellan, Georgia D. Tomaras, M. Anthony Moody, Daniel M. Kozink, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Xi Chen, Chun-Yen Tsao, Pinghuang Liu, Xiaozhi Lu, Robert J. Parks, David C. Montefiori, Guido Ferrari, Justin Pollara, Mangala Rao, Kristina K. Peachman, Sampa Santra, Norman L. Letvin, Nicos Karasavvas, Zhi-Yong Yang, Kaifan Dai, Marie Pancera, Jason Gorman, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Punnee Pitisuttithum, James Tartaglia, Faruk Sinangil, Jerome H. Kim, Nelson L. Michael, Thomas B. Kepler, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Gary J. Nabel, Abraham Pinter, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Barton F. Haynes. Vaccine Induction of Antibodies Against a Structurally Heterogeneous Site of Immune Pressure within HIV-1 Envelope Protein Variable Regions 1 and 2. Immunity, 38(1):176-186, 24 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23313589.
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Liao2013c
Hua-Xin Liao, Chun-Yen Tsao, S. Munir Alam, Mark Muldoon, Nathan Vandergrift, Ben-Jiang Ma, Xiaozhi Lu, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy Bowman, Robert Parks, Haiyan Chen, Julie H. Blinn, Alan Lapedes, Sydeaka Watson, Shi-Mao Xia, Andrew Foulger, Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Ron Swanstrom, David C. Montefiori, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Bette Korber. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Transmitted/Founder, Consensus, and Chronic Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 87(8):4185-4201, Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23365441.
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Liu2011
Lihong Liu, Michael Wen, Weiming Wang, Shumei Wang, Lifei Yang, Yong Liu, Mengran Qian, Linqi Zhang, Yiming Shao, Jason T. Kimata, and Paul Zhou. Potent and Broad Anti-HIV-1 Activity Exhibited by a Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol-Anchored Peptide Derived from the CDR H3 of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG16. J. Virol., 85(17):8467-8476, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21715497.
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Liu2013
Lihong Liu, Weiming Wang, Lifei Yang, Huanhuan Ren, Jason T. Kimata, and Paul Zhou. Trimeric Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored HCDR3 of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG16 Is a Potent HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor. J. Virol., 87(3):1899-1905, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23152526.
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Liu2014
Pinghuang Liu, Latonya D. Williams, Xiaoying Shen, Mattia Bonsignori, Nathan A. Vandergrift, R. Glenn Overman, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, Daniel J. Stieh, Kerrie L. McCotter, Audrey L. French, Thomas J. Hope, Robin Shattock, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Capacity for Infectious HIV-1 Virion Capture Differs by Envelope Antibody Specificity. J. Virol., 88(9):5165-5170, May 2014. PubMed ID: 24554654.
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Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Carsten Magnus, Lucia Reh, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV-1 Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies: Determination of Antibody Concentrations Leading to Escape Mutant Evolution. Virus Res., 218:57-70, 15 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26494166.
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Marine Malbec, Françoise Porrot, Rejane Rua, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Ari Halper-Stromberg, Johannes F. Scheid, Caroline Eden, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Olivier Schwartz. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies That Inhibit HIV-1 Cell to Cell Transmission. J. Exp. Med., 210(13):2813-2821, 16 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24277152.
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Mannar2021
Dhiraj Mannar, Karoline Leopold, and Sriram Subramaniam. Glycan Reactive Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein But Do Not Block Viral Entry. Sci. Rep., 11(1):12448, 14 Jun 2021. PubMed ID: 34127709.
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Youdong Mao, Liping Wang, Christopher Gu, Alon Herschhorn, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hillel Haim, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Subunit Organization of the Membrane-Bound HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 19(9):893-899, Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22864288.
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John R. Mascola and David C. Montefiori. The Role of Antibodies in HIV Vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28:413-444, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20192810.
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Jason S. McLellan, Marie Pancera, Chris Carrico, Jason Gorman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Reza Khayat, Robert Louder, Robert Pejchal, Mallika Sastry, Kaifan Dai, Sijy O'Dell, Nikita Patel, Syed Shahzad-ul-Hussan, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, Jeffrey C. Boyington, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Devan Diwanji, Ivelin Georgiev, Young Do Kwon, Doyung Lee, Mark K. Louder, Stephanie Moquin, Stephen D. Schmidt, Zhi-Yong Yang, Mattia Bonsignori, John A. Crump, Saidi H. Kapiga, Noel E. Sam, Barton F. Haynes, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Laura M. Walker, Sanjay Phogat, Richard Wyatt, Jared Orwenyo, Lai-Xi Wang, James Arthos, Carole A. Bewley, John R. Mascola, Gary J. Nabel, William R. Schief, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure of HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 Domain with Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG9. Nature, 480(7377):336-343, 15 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22113616.
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Riccardo Miglietta, Claudia Pastori, Assunta Venuti, Christina Ochsenbauer, and Lucia Lopalco. Synergy in Monoclonal Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1 Pseudoviruses and Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Transl. Med., 12:346, 2014. PubMed ID: 25496375.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Molinos-Albert2023
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Moore2011
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, Daniel Sheward, Maphuti Madiga, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Zhong Lai, William J. Honnen, Molati Nonyane, Nancy Tumba, Tandile Hermanus, Sengeziwe Sibeko, Koleka Mlisana, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Carolyn Williamson, Abraham Pinter, Lynn Morris, and CAPRISA 002 Study. Potent and Broad Neutralization of HIV-1 Subtype C by Plasma Antibodies Targeting a Quaternary Epitope Including Residues in the V2 loop. J. Virol., 85(7):3128-3141, Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21270156.
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Moore2012
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Morgand2015
Marion Morgand, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Alain Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, Craig S. Pace, Marie Pancera, David D. Ho, Pascal Poignard, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Peter D. Kwong, Daniel Baty, Patrick Chames, Martine Braibant, and Francis Barin. A V1V2 Neutralizing Epitope Is Conserved in Divergent Non-M Groups of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26413851.
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Mouquet2011
Hugo Mouquet, Florian Klein, Johannes F. Scheid, Malte Warncke, John Pietzsch, Thiago Y. K. Oliveira, Klara Velinzon, Michael S. Seaman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Memory B Cell Antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 Cloned from Individuals Infected with Clade A and B Viruses. PLoS One, 6(9):e24078, 2011. PubMed ID: 21931643.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Joseph P. Nkolola, Christine A. Bricault, Ann Cheung, Jennifer Shields, James Perry, James M. Kovacs, Elena Giorgi, Margot van Winsen, Adrian Apetri, Els C. M. Brinkman-van der Linden, Bing Chen, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, and Dan H. Barouch. Characterization and Immunogenicity of a Novel Mosaic M HIV-1 gp140 Trimer. J. Virol., 88(17):9538-9552, 1 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 24965452.
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ORourke2012
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Kathryn A. Mesa, Aaron L. Vollrath, Gwen P. Tatsuno, Briana To, Faruk Sinangil, Kay Limoli, Terri Wrin, and Phillip W. Berman. Sequences in Glycoprotein gp41, the CD4 Binding Site, and the V2 Domain Regulate Sensitivity and Resistance of HIV-1 to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 86(22):12105-12114, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22933284.
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Julie Overbaugh and Lynn Morris. The Antibody Response against HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2(1):a007039, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22315717.
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Marie Pancera, Jason S. McLellan, Xueling Wu, Jiang Zhu, Anita Changela, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Sanjay Phogat, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Crystal Structure of PG16 and Chimeric Dissection with Somatically Related PG9: Structure-Function Analysis of Two Quaternary-Specific Antibodies That Effectively Neutralize HIV-1. J. Virol., 84(16):8098-8110, Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20538861.
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Pancera2013
Marie Pancera, Syed Shahzad-ul-Hussan, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Jason S. McLellan, Robert T. Bailer, Kaifan Dai, Sandra Loesgen, Mark K. Louder, Ryan P. Staupe, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Robert Parks, Joshua Eudailey, Krissey E. Lloyd, Julie Blinn, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, Mohammed N. Amin, Lai-Xi Wang, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, Carole A. Bewley, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Basis for Diverse N-Glycan Recognition by HIV-1-Neutralizing V1-V2-Directed Antibody PG16. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 20(7):804-813, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23708607.
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Pejchal2010
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Pejchal2011
Robert Pejchal, Katie J. Doores, Laura M. Walker, Reza Khayat, Po-Ssu Huang, Sheng-Kai Wang, Robyn L. Stanfield, Jean-Philippe Julien, Alejandra Ramos, Max Crispin, Rafael Depetris, Umesh Katpally, Andre Marozsan, Albert Cupo, Sebastien Maloveste, Yan Liu, Ryan McBride, Yukishige Ito, Rogier W. Sanders, Cassandra Ogohara, James C. Paulson, Ten Feizi, Christopher N. Scanlan, Chi-Huey Wong, John P. Moore, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Pascal Poignard, William R. Schief, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield. Science, 334(6059):1097-1103, 25 Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21998254.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Pugach2015
Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Reiss2022
E. I. M. M. Reiss, M. M. van Haaren, J. van Schooten, M. A. F. Claireaux, P. Maisonnasse, A. Antanasijevic, J. D. Allen, I. Bontjer, J. L. Torres, W.-H. Lee, G. Ozorowski, N. Vázquez Bernat, M. Kaduk, Y. Aldon, J. A. Burger, H. Chawla, A. Aartse, M. Tolazzi, H. Gao, P. Mundsperger, M. Crispin, D. C. Montefiori, G. B. Karlsson Hedestam, G. Scarlatti, A. B. Ward, R. Le Grand, R. Shattock, N. Dereuddre-Bosquet, R. W. Sanders, and M. J. van Gils. Fine-Mapping the Immunodominant Antibody Epitopes on Consensus Sequence-Based HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Vaccine Candidates. NPJ Vaccines, 7(1):152, 25 Nov 2022. PubMed ID: 36433972.
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Ringe2011
Rajesh Ringe, Deepak Sharma, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Sanjay Phogat, Arun Risbud, Madhuri Thakar, Ramesh Paranjape, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the C4 Region in gp120 Confers Enhanced Neutralization of HIV-1 by Modulating CD4 Binding Sites and V3 Loop. Virology, 418(2):123-132, 30 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21851958.
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Ringe2012
Rajesh Ringe, Sanjay Phogat, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Subtle Alteration of Residues Including N-Linked Glycans in V2 Loop Modulate HIV-1 Neutralization by PG9 and PG16 Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 426(1):34-41, 25 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22314018.
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Rolland2012
Morgane Rolland, Paul T. Edlefsen, Brendan B. Larsen, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Eric Sanders-Buell, Tomer Hertz, Allan C. deCamp, Chris Carrico, Sergey Menis, Craig A. Magaret, Hasan Ahmed, Michal Juraska, Lennie Chen, Philip Konopa, Snehal Nariya, Julia N. Stoddard, Kim Wong, Hong Zhao, Wenjie Deng, Brandon S. Maust, Meera Bose, Shana Howell, Adam Bates, Michelle Lazzaro, Annemarie O'Sullivan, Esther Lei, Andrea Bradfield, Grace Ibitamuno, Vatcharain Assawadarachai, Robert J. O'Connell, Mark S. deSouza, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Merlin L. Robb, Jason S. McLellan, Ivelin Georgiev, Peter D. Kwong, Jonathan M. Carlson, Nelson L. Michael, William R. Schief, Peter B. Gilbert, James I. Mullins, and Jerome H. Kim. Increased HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy against Viruses with Genetic Signatures in Env V2. Nature, 490(7420):417-420, 18 Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22960785.
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Rosenberg2015
Yvonne Rosenberg, Markus Sack, David Montefiori, Celia Labranche, Mark Lewis, Lori Urban, Lingjun Mao, Rainer Fischer, and Xiaoming Jiang. Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Monoclonal Antibodies in Macaques. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120451, 25 Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807114.
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Rudometova2022
N. B. Rudometova, N. S. Shcherbakova, D. N. Shcherbakov, O. S. Taranov, B. N. Zaitsev, and L. I. Karpenko. Construction and Characterization of HIV-1 env-Pseudoviruses of the Recombinant Form CRF63_02A and Subtype A6. Bull Exp Biol Med, 172(6):729-733 doi, Apr 2022. PubMed ID: 35501651
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Sagar2012
Manish Sagar, Hisashi Akiyama, Behzad Etemad, Nora Ramirez, Ines Freitas, and Suryaram Gummuluru. Transmembrane Domain Membrane Proximal External Region but Not Surface Unit-Directed Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Can Restrict Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Trans-Infection. J. Infect. Dis., 205(8):1248-1257, 15 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22396600.
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Saha2012
Piyali Saha, Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Sannula Kesavardhana, Edward Roshan Miranda, P. Shaik Syed Ali, Deepak Sharma, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Designed Cyclic Permutants of HIV-1 gp120: Implications for Envelope Trimer Structure and Immunogen Design. Biochemistry, 51(9):1836-1847, 6 Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22329717.
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Sajadi2012
Mohammad M. Sajadi, George K. Lewis, Michael S. Seaman, Yongjun Guan, Robert R. Redfield, and Anthony L. DeVico. Signature Biochemical Properties of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 86(9):5014-5025, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22379105.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Sather2014
D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, Andrew B. Stuart, Ann J. Hessell, Mathew D. Gray, Iliyana Mikell, Spyros A. Kalams, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Emergence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Viral Coevolution in Two Subjects during the Early Stages of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 88(22):12968-12981, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25122781.
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Sattentau2010
Quentin J. Sattentau and Andrew J. McMichael. New Templates for HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. F1000 Biol. Rep., 2:60, 2010. PubMed ID: 21173880.
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Schiffner2016
Torben Schiffner, Natalia de Val, Rebecca A. Russell, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Gabriel Ozorowski, Helen J. Kim, Travis Nieusma, Florian Brod, Albert Cupo, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Chemical Cross-Linking Stabilizes Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Antigens. J. Virol., 90(2):813-828, 28 Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26512083.
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Schommers2020
Philipp Schommers, Henning Gruell, Morgan E. Abernathy, My-Kim Tran, Adam S. Dingens, Harry B. Gristick, Christopher O. Barnes, Till Schoofs, Maike Schlotz, Kanika Vanshylla, Christoph Kreer, Daniela Weiland, Udo Holtick, Christof Scheid, Markus M. Valter, Marit J. van Gils, Rogier W. Sanders, Jörg J. Vehreschild, Oliver A. Cornely, Clara Lehmann, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Jesse D. Bloom, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Florian Klein. Restriction of HIV-1 Escape by a Highly Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody. Cell, 180(3):471-489.e22, 6 Feb 2020. PubMed ID: 32004464.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Scott2015
Yanille M. Scott, Seo Young Park, and Charlene S. Dezzutti. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibodies Prevent HIV Infection of Mucosal Tissue Ex Vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 60(2):904-912, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26596954.
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Shang2011
Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Xuanling Shi, Teng Zuo, Mark Goldin, Dan Chen, Bing Han, Wei Sun, Hao Wu, Xinquan Wang, and Linqi Zhang. Genetic and Neutralization Sensitivity of Diverse HIV-1 env Clones from Chronically Infected Patients in China. J. Biol. Chem., 286(16):14531-14541, 22 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21325278.
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Shivatare2013
Sachin S. Shivatare, Shih-Huang Chang, Tsung-I Tsai, Chien-Tai Ren, Hong-Yang Chuang, Li Hsu, Chih-Wei Lin, Shiou-Ting Li, Chung-Yi Wu, and Chi-Huey Wong. Efficient Convergent Synthesis of Bi-, Tri-, and Tetra-Antennary Complex Type N-Glycans and Their HIV-1 Antigenicity. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135(41):15382-15391, 16 Oct 2013. PubMed ID: 24032650.
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Simonich2016
Cassandra A. Simonich, Katherine L. Williams, Hans P. Verkerke, James A. Williams, Ruth Nduati, Kelly K. Lee, and Julie Overbaugh. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell, 166(1):77-87, 30 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27345369.
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Sliepen2015
Kwinten Sliepen, Max Medina-Ramirez, Anila Yasmeen, John P. Moore, Per Johan Klasse, and Rogier W. Sanders. Binding of Inferred Germline Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies to Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Virology, 486:116-120, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26433050.
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Thenin2012
Suzie Thenin, Tanawan Samleerat, Elsa Tavernier, Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong, Gonzague Jourdain, Marc Lallemant, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Issued from Mother-Infant Pairs Display a Wide Spectrum of Biological Properties. Virology, 426(1):12-21, 25 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22310702.
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Thenin2012a
Suzie Thenin, Emmanuelle Roch, Tanawan Samleerat, Thierry Moreau, Antoine Chaillon, Alain Moreau, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Naturally Occurring Substitutions of Conserved Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Different Clades Are Involved in PG9 and PG16 Resistance to Neutralization. J. Gen. Virol., 93(7):1495-1505, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22492917.
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Tomaras2010
Georgia D. Tomaras and Barton F. Haynes. Strategies for Eliciting HIV-1 Inhibitory Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 5(5):421-427, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20978384.
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Tomaras2011
Georgia D. Tomaras, James M. Binley, Elin S. Gray, Emma T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, Penny L. Moore, Nancy Tumba, Tommy Tong, Xiaoying Shen, Nicole L. Yates, Julie Decker, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Philippa Easterbrook, Salim Abdool Karim, Gift Kamanga, John A. Crump, Myron Cohen, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Polyclonal B Cell Responses to Conserved Neutralization Epitopes in a Subset of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 85(21):11502-11519, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21849452.
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Tong2012
Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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vandenKerkhof2013
Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, K. Anton Feenstra, Zelda Euler, Marit J. van Gils, Linda W. E. Rijsdijk, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Jaap Heringa, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and Rogier W. Sanders. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures That Correlate with the Development of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Retrovirology, 10:102, 23 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24059682.
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vandenKerkhof2016
Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Steven W. de Taeye, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Dennis R. Burton, Neeltje A. Kootstra, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Rogier W. Sanders, and Marit J. van Gils. HIV-1 escapes from N332-directed antibody neutralization in an elite neutralizer by envelope glycoprotein elongation and introduction of unusual disulfide bonds. Retrovirology, 13(1):48, 7 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27388013.
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Veillette2014
Maxime Veillette, Anik Désormeaux, Halima Medjahed, Nour-Elhouda Gharsallah, Mathieu Coutu, Joshua Baalwa, Yongjun Guan, George Lewis, Guido Ferrari, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, James E. Robinson, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, and Andres Finzi. Interaction with Cellular CD4 Exposes HIV-1 Envelope Epitopes Targeted by Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J. Virol., 88(5):2633-2644, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352444.
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vonBredow2016
Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Walker2010
Laura M. Walker, Melissa D. Simek, Frances Priddy, Johannes S. Gach, Denise Wagner, Michael B. Zwick, Sanjay K. Phogat, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals. PLoS Pathog., 6(8), 2010. PubMed ID: 20700449.
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Walker2010a
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Rational Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine Design: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22(3):358-366, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20299194.
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Walker2018
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211.
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Wang2013
Wenbo Wang, Jianhui Nie, Courtney Prochnow, Carolyn Truong, Zheng Jia, Suting Wang, Xiaojiang S. Chen, and Youchun Wang. A Systematic Study of the N-Glycosylation Sites of HIV-1 Envelope Protein on Infectivity and Antibody-Mediated Neutralization. Retrovirology, 10:14, 2013. PubMed ID: 23384254.
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Wang2018a
Hongye Wang, Ting Yuan, Tingting Li, Yanpeng Li, Feng Qian, Chuanwu Zhu, Shujia Liang, Daniel Hoffmann, Ulf Dittmer, Binlian Sun, and Rongge Yang. Evaluation of Susceptibility of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Variants to Neutralization by a Panel of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Arch. Virol., 163(12):3303-3315, Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30196320.
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Webb2015
Nicholas E. Webb, David C. Montefiori, and Benhur Lee. Dose-Response Curve Slope Helps Predict Therapeutic Potency and Breadth of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 6:8443, 29 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26416571.
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Wen2018
Yingxia Wen, Hung V. Trinh, Christine E Linton, Chiara Tani, Nathalie Norais, DeeAnn Martinez-Guzman, Priyanka Ramesh, Yide Sun, Frank Situ, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Christopher Hamlin, Sayali Onkar, Sai Tian, Susan Hilt, Padma Malyala, Rushit Lodaya, Ning Li, Gillis Otten, Giuseppe Palladino, Kristian Friedrich, Yukti Aggarwal, Celia LaBranche, Ryan Duffy, Xiaoying Shen, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, William Fulp, Raphael Gottardo, Brian Burke, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H. Kim, Mangala Rao, Robert J. O'Connell, Andrea Carfi, and Susan W. Barnett. Generation and Characterization of a Bivalent Protein Boost for Future Clinical Trials: HIV-1 Subtypes CR01\_AE and B gp120 Antigens with a Potent Adjuvant. PLoS One, 13(4):e0194266, 2018. PubMed ID: 29698406.
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West2012
Anthony P. West, Jr., Rachel P. Galimidi, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Single-Chain Fv-Based Anti-HIV Proteins: Potential and Limitations. J. Virol., 86(1):195-202, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22013046.
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West2013
Anthony P. West, Jr., Louise Scharf, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Computational Analysis of Anti-HIV-1 Antibody Neutralization Panel Data to Identify Potential Functional Epitope Residues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(26):10598-10603, 25 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23754383.
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Wibmer2013
Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Elin S Gray, Nancy Tumba, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Carolyn Williamson, Lynn Morris, and Penny L. Moore. Viral Escape from HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Drives Increased Plasma Neutralization Breadth through Sequential Recognition of Multiple Epitopes and Immunotypes. PLoS Pathog, 9(10):e1003738, Oct 2013. PubMed ID: 24204277.
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Wieczorek2023
Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Michelle Zemil, Eric Lewitus, Erin Kavusak, Jonah Heller, Sebastian Molnar, Mekhala Rao, Gabriel Smith, Meera Bose, Amy Nguyen, Adwitiya Dhungana, Katherine Okada, Kelly Parisi, Daniel Silas, Bonnie Slike, Anuradha Ganesan, Jason Okulicz, Tahaniyat Lalani, Brian K. Agan, Trevor A. Crowell, Janice Darden, Morgane Rolland, Sandhya Vasan, Julie Ake, Shelly J. Krebs, Sheila Peel, Sodsai Tovanabutra, and Victoria R. Polonis. Evolution of HIV-1 envelope towards reduced neutralization sensitivity, as demonstrated by contemporary HIV-1 subtype B from the United States. PLoS Pathog, 19(12):e1011780 doi, Dec 2023. PubMed ID: 38055771
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Wilen2011
Craig B. Wilen, Nicholas F. Parrish, Jennifer M. Pfaff, Julie M. Decker, Elizabeth A. Henning, Hillel Haim, Josiah E. Petersen, Jason A. Wojcechowskyj, Joseph Sodroski, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, John C. Tilton, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Robert W. Doms. Phenotypic and Immunologic Comparison of Clade B Transmitted/Founder and Chronic HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. J Virol, 85(17):8514-8527, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21715507.
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Willis2022
Jordan R. Willis, Zachary T. Berndsen, Krystal M. Ma, Jon M. Steichen, Torben Schiffner, Elise Landais, Alessia Liguori, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Joel D. Allen, Sabyasachi Baboo, Oluwarotimi Omorodion, Jolene K. Diedrich, Xiaozhen Hu, Erik Georgeson, Nicole Phelps, Saman Eskandarzadeh, Bettina Groschel, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Tina-Marie Mullin, Nushin B. Alavi, Samantha Falcone, Sunny Himansu, Andrea Carfi, Ian A. Wilson, John R. Yates III, James C. Paulson, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, and William R. Schief. Human immunoglobulin repertoire analysis guides design of vaccine priming immunogens targeting HIV V2-apex broadly neutralizing antibody precursors. Immunity, 55(11):2149-2167e9 doi, Nov 2022. PubMed ID: 36179689
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Wu2011
Xueling Wu, Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, Baoshan Zhang, Ivelin Georgiev, Charlene Wang, Xuejun Chen, Nancy S. Longo, Mark Louder, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen Perfetto, Stephen D. Schmidt, Wei Shi, Lan Wu, Yongping Yang, Zhi-Yong Yang, Zhongjia Yang, Zhenhai Zhang, Mattia Bonsignori, John A. Crump, Saidi H. Kapiga, Noel E. Sam, Barton F. Haynes, Melissa Simek, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark Connors, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Gary J. Nabel, Mario Roederer, Lawrence Shapiro, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. Focused Evolution of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Revealed by Structures and Deep Sequencing. Science, 333(6049):1593-1602, 16 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21835983.
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Wu2011a
Xueling Wu, Anita Changela, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Marie Pancera, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Sanjay Phogat, James E. Robinson, Leonidas Stamatatos, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. Immunotypes of a Quaternary Site of HIV-1 Vulnerability and Their Recognition by Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(9):4578-4585, May 2011. PubMed ID: 21325411.
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Wu2018
Xilin Wu, Jia Guo, Mengyue Niu, Minghui An, Li Liu, Hui Wang, Xia Jin, Qi Zhang, Ka Shing Lam, Tongjin Wu, Hua Wang, Qian Wang, Yanhua Du, Jingjing Li, Lin Cheng, Hang Ying Tang, Hong Shang, Linqi Zhang, Paul Zhou, and Zhiwei Chen. Tandem bispecific neutralizing antibody eliminates HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. J Clin Invest, 128(6):2239-2251, Jun 1 2018. PubMed ID: 29461979.
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Yang2012
Lifei Yang, Yufeng Song, Xiaomin Li, Xiaoxing Huang, Jingjing Liu, Heng Ding, Ping Zhu, and Paul Zhou. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Produced by Stably Transfected Drosophila S2 Cells: A Desirable Vaccine Component. J. Virol., 86(14):7662-7676, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22553333.
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Yang2014
Lili Yang and Pin Wang. Passive Immunization against HIV/AIDS by Antibody Gene Transfer. Viruses, 6(2):428-447, Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24473340.
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Yang2022
Zhi Yang, Kim-Marie A. Dam, Michael D. Bridges, Magnus A. G. Hoffmann, Andrew T. DeLaitsch, Harry B. Gristick, Amelia Escolano, Rajeev Gautam, Malcolm A. Martin, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Wayne L. Hubbell, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Neutralizing Antibodies Induced in Immunized Macaques Recognize the CD4-Binding Site on an Occluded-Open HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. Nat. Commun., 13(1):732, 8 Feb 2022. PubMed ID: 35136084.
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Yasmeen2014
Anila Yasmeen, Rajesh Ringe, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, and Per Johan Klasse. Differential Binding of Neutralizing and Non-Neutralizing Antibodies to Native-Like Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimers, Uncleaved Env Proteins, and Monomeric Subunits. Retrovirology, 11:41, 2014. PubMed ID: 24884783.
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Yates2018
Nicole L. Yates, Allan C. deCamp, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, Carmela Irene, Abraham Pinter, James Peacock, Linda J. Harris, Sheetal Sawant, Peter Hraber, Xiaoying Shen, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Sorachai Nitayapan, Phillip W. Berman, Merlin L. Robb, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Barton F. Haynes, S. Munir Alam, David C. Montefiori, and Georgia D. Tomaras. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins from Diverse Clades Differentiate Antibody Responses and Durability among Vaccinees. J. Virol., 92(8), 15 Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29386288.
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Sengupta2023
Srona Sengupta, Josephine Zhang, Madison C. Reed, Jeanna Yu, Aeryon Kim, Tatiana N. Boronina, Nathan L. Board, James O. Wrabl, Kevin Shenderov, Robin A. Welsh, Weiming Yang, Andrew E. Timmons, Rebecca Hoh, Robert N. Cole, Steven G. Deeks, Janet D. Siliciano, Robert F. Siliciano, and Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri. A cell-free antigen processing system informs HIV-1 epitope selection and vaccine design. J Exp Med, 220(7):e20221654 doi, Jul 2023. PubMed ID: 37058141
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Displaying record number 2635
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
PGT121 (PGT-121) |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
|
Epitope |
(Discontinuous epitope)
|
Subtype |
A |
Ab Type |
gp120 V3 // V3 glycan (V3g) |
Neutralizing |
P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG) |
Patient |
Donor 17 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, bispecific/trispecific, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, contact residues, dynamics, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, escape, germline, glycosylation, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, isotype switch, junction or fusion peptide, kinetics, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 154 of
154 notes.
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PGT121: This preview summarizes the findings of Doud2017, Dingens2017, and Dingens2019 where all possible point mutation escapes from binding nAbs were mapped using a screen of single amino acid changes of soluble Env ectodomain that were then grown and exposed to bnAbs. A loss of interaction/binding to the bnAb suggested neutralization resistant Env and these were deep sequenced, giving an atlas of escape pathways the virus might take. Escape mutants were found to mostly overlap with the 5 structural epitopes (antigen binding regions) of Env even though many of them are not reported in nature. Two additional sets of mutations were found in (1) contact residues that do not affect neutralization and (2) residues outside the 5 structural epitopes. These studies will provide a third characteristic to add to successful bnAb generation besides breadth and potency - "non-susceptibility to escape". Combination therapy trials like those of PGT121 and 10-1074, both of which target the glycosylation supersite N332, would also benefit from an understanding of their antigenic escape profile.
Ward2019
(review)
-
PGT121: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: Membrane-bound mRNA-encoded BG505-based Apex GT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. The antigenicity of the most promising immunogen, ApexGT5, was also assessed in variants designed for mRNA delivery. Membrane-bound DNA-expressed BG505 SOSIP.MD39 (MD39, background for Apex constructs), ApexGT5, ApexGT5.Congly and ApexGT5.Gmax, as well as membrane-bound mRNA-encoded MD39, ApexGT5 and ApexGT5Congly all had generally similar antigenic profiles and bound mAb PGT121 at high levels.
Willis2022
(antibody binding site)
-
PGT121: A SHIV carrying a highly neutralization-sensitive Env (SHIVCNE40) was passaged in macaques. SHIVCNE40 developed enhanced replication kinetics associated with neutralization resistance against autologous serum, CD4-Ig, and several nAbs (17b, 3BNC117, N6, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, 35O22, 2F5, 10E8). A gp41 substitution, E658K, was the major determinant for this resistance. Structural modeling and functional verification indicate that the substitution disrupts an intermolecular salt bridge with the neighboring protomer, thereby promoting fusion and facilitating immune evasion. This effect is applicable across many HIV-1 viruses of diverse subtypes. These results highlight the critical role of gp41 in shaping the neutralization profile and conformation of Env during viral adaptation. The unique intermolecular salt bridge could potentially be utilized for rational vaccine design involving more stable HIV-1 Env trimers.
Wang2019
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, structure)
-
PGT121: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
PGT121: This study designed and expressed scFv versions of 4 HIV bnAbs prioritized for clinical testing: CAP256-VRC26.25 (V2-apex), PGT121 (V3-glycan supersite), 3BNC117 (CD4 binding site), and 10E8v4 (MPER). A 15- or 18-amino-acid glycine-serine linker between the heavy- and light-chain fragments provided adequate levels of scFv expression. When tested against a 45-multi-subtype virus panel, all 4 scFv retained good neutralizing activity, although there was some loss of function compared to the parental IgGs. Remarkably, 10E8v4-scFv maintained 100% breadth with only a minor reduction in potency. For CAP256-VRC26.25, there was a significant 138-fold loss of potency that was in part related to differential interaction with charged amino acids at positions 169 and 170 in the V2 epitope. Potency was reduced for the 3BNC117-scFv (13-fold) and PGT121-scFv (4-fold) among viruses lacking the N276 and N332 glycans, respectively, and in viruses with a longer V1 loop for PGT121-scFv. This suggested that scFvs interact with their epitopes in subtly different ways, with variation at key residues affecting scFv neutralization more than the corresponding IgGs. Overall, scFv of clinically relevant bNAbs had significant neutralizing activity, indicating that they could be considered for passive immunization.
vanDorsten2020
(neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. PGT121 was used as a reference control IgG. Inhibition of EPTC112 binding to SOSIP was mainly evidenced with anti-V3-glycan bNAb PGT121 (55%–77% blocking range).
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
PGT121: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
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PGT121: The polyclonal response of human subjects VC20013 and VC10014 demonstrated increasing neutralization breadth against a panel of HIV-1 isolates over time. Full-length functional env genes were cloned longitudinally from these subjects from months after infection through 2.6 to 5.8 years of infection. Motifs associated with the development of breadth in published, cross-sectional studies were found in the viral sequences of both subjects. To test the immunogenicity of envelope vaccines derived from time points obtained during and after broadening of neutralization activity within these subjects, rabbits were coimmunized 4 times with selected multiple gp160 DNAs and gp140-trimeric envelope proteins. In an assay of rabbit polyclonal responses, the most rapid and persistent neutralization of multiclade tier 1 viruses was elicited by envelopes that were circulating in plasma at time points prior to the development of 50% neutralization breadth in both human subjects. The breadth elicited in rabbits was not improved by exposure to later envelope variants. Env immunogen sequences were tested for binding to a panel of well studied mAbs of various binding types (VRC01, HJ16, b12, b6, PG9, PGT121, 2G12, 2F5, F240); all gp140s bound to weak or non-neutralizing antibodies b6 and F240. MAb b6 also bound BG505 SOSIP, while F240 did not, suggesting that cluster I gp41 epitopes, which become exposed during gp120 shedding, are more easily accessed on these trimers than on BG505-SOSIP. These data have implications for vaccine development in describing a target time point to identify optimal env immunogens.
Malherbe2014
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
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PGT121: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
PGT121: The study isolated 3 new V3-glycan antibody lineages (DH270, DH272, DH475) from donor CH848, who was followed for 5 years starting from the time of transmission. The DH272 and DH475 lineages had neutralization patterns that likely selected for observed viral escape variants, which, in turn, stimulated the DH270 lineage to potent neutralization breadth. DH270 antibodies were recovered from memory B cells at all three sampling times (weeks 205, 232, and 234 post-infection). Like some previously-characterized Abs (PGT121, PGT128, 10-1074), the DH270 lineage mAbs bound to Env N332, and their neutralization was reduced or abrogated by mutation of this residue. PGT121 neutralized 131/207 heterologous pseudoviruses with IC50 value of <50 μ/ml and demonstrated an inverse correlation between potency and V1 length.
Bonsignori2017
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
PGT121: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: PGT121 was negative for neutralization, ADCC, and weakly positive for binding to infected cells.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: Reduction in exposure of non-neutralizing Ab (nnAb) epitopes on native-like Env trimer immunogens results in bnAbs being elicited that have autologous tier 2 neutralization instead of tier 1. The design of trimer modifications to silence nnAb reactivity were directed towards (1) the V3 loop (2) epitopes exposed through CD4-induced conformational changes (CD4i epitopes) and (3) the exposed SOSIP trimer base that is usually buried within virus membrane. (1) In Steichen2016 2 Env variants of BG505 SOSIP.664 with reduced V3 nnAb-generating activity were created, one using mammalian display screens, BG505 MD39, and the other with an engineered disulfide bond, BG505 SOSIP.DS21. MD39's trimer design was improved by using the Rosetta Design platform and inserting 6 buried mutations to form BG505 Olio6, and both this trimer as well as the DS21 were shown to have reduced antigenicity for nnAb generation in a rabbit vaccine model. (2) To reduce CD4i epitope elicitation of nnAbs, saturation mutagenesis of Olio6 was performed, in search of the trimer that binds VRC01-class bnAbs but not CD4. BG505 Olio6.CD4KO containing the G473T mutation was identified. In addition, for the purposes of nucleic acid-based vaccine platform designs, the natural furin cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 was removed to abolish protease cleavage, by swapping the order of gp14 and gp120 in the gp160 gene, giving the trimer BG505 MD39.CP (circular permutation). (3) The exposed trimer base was masked with glycan in 3 under-glycosylated regions in order to direct bnAb responses to the distal regions (CD4bs, V2 apex, N332 superset) of the trimer instead, generating the GRSF (glycan resurfaced) MD39 and GRSF MD39.CP variants. Furthermore, variants with improved thermostability over MD39 were created, MD37 and MD64. All of these stabilizing mutations were transferred to diverse HIV isolates from different subtypes. Finally 3 subtype C (isolate 327c) trimers were assessed for binding to bnAbs, VRC01, PGT121, PGT151, PGT145, PG9 and to nnAbs, F105 and 17b - PGT121 binds to all three as well as to AD8 SOSIP and AD8 MD64.
Kulp2017
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, assay or method development, autologous responses, vaccine antigen design, structure)
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PGT121: The VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) vaccine trials (2016-2020) showed that passively administered bnAbs could prevent HIV-1 acquisition of bnAb-sensitive viruses. Viruses isolated from AMP participants who acquired infection during the study were used to make a panel of 218 HIV-1 pseudoviruses. The majority of viruses identified were clade B and C, with clades A, D, F, G and recombinants present at lower frequencies. BnAbs in clinical development (VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, CAP256.25, PGDM1400, PGT121, 10–1074 and 10E8v4) were tested for neutralization against all AMP placebo viruses (n = 76). Compared to older clade C viruses (1998–2010), the AMP clade C viruses showed increased resistance to VRC07-523LS and CAP256.25. At a concentration of 1μg/ml (IC80), predictive modeling identified the triple combination of V3/V2-glycan/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10-1074/PGDM1400/VRC07-523LS) as the best antibody mixture against clade C viruses, and a combination of MPER/V3/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10E8v4/10-1074/VRC07-523LS) as the best against clade B viruses, due to low coverage of V2-glycan directed bnAbs against clade B viruses. The AMP placebo virus panel represents a resource for defining the sensitivity of contemporaneous circulating viral strains to bnAbs.
Mkhize2023
(assay or method development, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: Using subtype A BG505 Env structural information, improved variants of subtype B JRFL and subtype C 16055 Env native flexibly linked (NFL) trimers were generated. The trimer-derived (TD) residues that increased well-ordered, homogeneous, stable, and soluble trimers did not require positive or negative selection as previously needed [Guenaga2015, PLoS Pathos. 11(1):e1004570]. PGT121 and PGT128 both bound the NFL TD Env with high avidity, this was particularly relevant to the 16055 TD trimer in which N332 was introduced into the supersite for glycan presence as opposed to the native 16055 Env.
Guenaga2015a
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT121: Native, well-ordered, soluble mimetics of the Env trimer from subtypes B (JRFL) and C (16055) were obtained from genetically identical samples of heterogeneous mixture of disordered Env SOSIPs. Negative selection by non-nAbs was used to remove disordered oligomers, leaving well-ordered trimers that were able to bind sCD4, a panel of bnAbs that bind CD4bs, and PGT15 which is a bnAb that binds only cleavage-dependent, well-ordered, Env trimer. Several biophysical techniques were used to interrogate the structure of the purified subtype B and C trimers. Trimer antigenicity was assessed by bio-layer interferometry against F105-like non-neutralizing Abs, and some bnAbs in solution. Glycan-targeting (around N332) Ab PGT121 recognizes both the subtype B JRFL trimers as well as subtype C 16055 trimers that lack N-linked glycan at N332 but the off-rate is faster; PGT121 can however, neutralize both subtype B and C trimers.
Guenaga2015
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
PGT121: The study characterized viral evolution and changes in neutralizing activity and sensitivity of a long-term non-progressing patient (GX2016EU01) with HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection. Four plasma samples were derived from the patient between 2016 and 2020, and 59 full-length env gene fragments were obtained, revealing that potential N-linked glycosylation sites in V1 and V5 significantly increased over time. While 24 Env-pseudotyped viruses from the patient remained sensitive to autologous plasma, all were resistant to bNAbs 2G12, PGT121, and PGT135. The pseudoviruses were sensitive to 10E8, VRC01, and 12A21, but became more resistant to these bnAbs and to autologous plasma at later timepoints. The neutralization breadth of plasma from all 4 sequential samples was 100% against the global HIV-1 reference panel. Immune escape mutants resulted in increased resistance to bNAbs targeting different epitopes. The study identified known mutations F277W in gp41 and previously uncharacterized mutation S465T in V5 which may be associated with increased viral resistance to bNAbs.
Wang2022
(autologous responses, glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, escape, rate of progression, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: This paper demonstrated that sequential immunization, vs. repeated administration of a single immunogen, was superior in eliciting bnAbs and SHM. The protocols that were most successful had gradual epitope structural changes, and thus avoided large drops in affinity, between successive boosts. The immunizations were done in knockin mice expressing a germline reverted version of the PGT121 family precursor with stabilized native-like soluble Env trimer immunogens engineered in Steichen2016 (PMID 27610569) to target this PGT121 precursor. 10MUT, with the highest affinity for germline precursors, was used as a priming immunogen while 10MUT, 7MUT, 5MUT, BG505-SOSIP.664, and/or a cocktail of native-like soluble trimers with diverse variable loops (aka VLC) were used as boosts.
Escolano2016
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
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PGT121: Using a BG505-SOSIP.664 backbone, authors engineered a series of stabilized native-like soluble Env trimers that each had varying affinity for germline-reverted antibodies and/or mature PGT121. These trimers included 3MUT, 5MUT, 7MUT, 10MUT, MD39, MD39-10MUT, and MD39-11MUTB. When conjugated to liposomes, the latter 3 trimers could each activate mature PGT121 B cells but only MD39-11MUTB could activate germline-reverted PGT121 B cells (PGT121-GLCDR3rev4). Two weeks after a single immunization of PGT121-GLCDR3rev4 knockin mice, immunogen-specific serum responses were detected in 4/5 10MUT-immunized mice and 4/4 MD39-11MUTB-immunized mice but not in 6 BG505-SOSIP-immunized mice. Authors also proposed sequential immunization schemes using their engineered trimers, one of which was evaluated in Escolano2016 (PMID 27610569).
Steichen2016
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT121: To characterize the persistence and phenotypic properties of HIV Env over time, blood and lymphoid samples were obtained at 2 timepoints from 8 people with HIV on suppressive ART. Single genome amplification and sequencing was performed on env to understand genetic diversity clonal expansion. A subset of envs were used to generate pseudovirus particles to assess sensitivity to autologous plasma IgG and bnAbs, and neutralization was assayed against a panel of 5 bnAbs (VRC01, 10E8, PGT121, 10-1074, 3BNC117) and the trispecific N6/PGDM1400x10E8. Identical env sequences indicating clonal expansion persisted between timepoints and within multiple T-cell subsets. At both timepoints, CXCR4-tropic (X4) Envs were more prevalent in naive and central memory cells; the proportion of X4 Envs did not significantly change in each subset between timepoints. Autologous purified plasma IgG showed variable neutralization of Envs, with no significant difference in neutralization between R5 and X4 Envs. X4 Envs were more sensitive to neutralization with clinical bnAbs, with CD4-binding site bnAbs demonstrating high breadth and potency against Envs. These data suggest the viral reservoir was predominantly maintained over time through proliferation of infected cells. The humoral immune response to Envs within the latent reservoir was variable between persons. The study also found that coreceptor usage can influence bNAb sensitivity and may need to be considered for future bNAb immunotherapy approaches.
Gartner2023
(co-receptor, neutralization, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: N-linked glycosylation of antibodies can increase their chemical heterogeneity, complicating their manufacture. VRC01-like antibodies were assessed for the presence of light chain (LC) glycosylation, with some showing the presence of LC glycosylation (N6, VRC01, 3BNC117, VRC-CH31,) and some not (12A12, VRC18, VRC-PG04, VRC-PG20, VRC23, DRVIA7). This study developed a method to remove variable domain (Fv) glycans from nAbs, and used this method to develop engineered versions of 4 antibodies (VRC26.25, N6, PGT121, and VRC07-523). When germline residues were introduced to remove each glycan, antibody properties between wild type and mutant were not significantly altered for VRC26.25 and PGT121; however, germline mutants for N6 and VRC07-523 showed increased polyreactivity, which correlates with unfavorable in vivo pharmacokinetics. To reduce polyreactivity induced by removal of Fv glycan, aromatic residues and arginines structurally proximal to the removed glycan were mutated, and Fv glycan-removed variants were identified with low polyreactivity for N6 and VRC07-523. Two such variants, N6-N72Q-R18D and VRC07-523-N72Q-R24D, were assayed in humanized mice and showed thermostability, neutralization potency, neutralization breadth, and half-life that were similar to their wild type glycosylated counterparts. With reduced heterogeneity, Fv-glycan-removed nAbs may have utility for treating or preventing infection by HIV-1.
Chuang2020
(assay or method development, glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PGT121: REVIEW: This review discusses isotype switching. Several anti-HIV mAbs are mentioned as having isotype switch variants: F105, F425 B4e8, F240, 2F5, and PGT121.
Janda2016
(isotype switch, review)
-
PGT121: This paper comprehensively defined the effect of every viable single aa mutation in the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of BG505.T332N Env on binding by 9 individual bnAbs targeting 5 epitope classes (VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PG9, PGT145, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 10E8), as well as by a mixture of 3BNC117 and 10-1074. Escape mutations mostly occurred in a small subset of structurally-defined contacts within <4 Å and at sites within 5-10 Å of the Ab. Escape from both V3-targeting bnAbs, PGT121 and 10-1074, occurred at similar sites, especially in and near the GDIR and N332 glycosylation motifs. There were also Ab-specific differences in escape sites as well as a larger effect magnitude for 10-1074. Env sites with the largest cumulative mutational impact on PGT121 binding were D325, R327, H330, N332, S334, and T415. Of 16 point mutations assessed, T415R, R327A, G441P, and T415Y mutations had the greatest effect on neutralization with respective IC50 value fold-increases of 3.8, 3.4, 2.6 and 2.4, relative to wildtype. See LANL Features and Contacts database for more details.
Dingens2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, escape, contact residues)
-
PGT121: This study reports on bispecific antibodies in which one arm is a single-chain (scFv) form of a V2-glycan antibody (VRC26.25 or PGT145), and the other arm is a V3-glycan Fab (10-1074, PGT121, or PGT128). A linker was used consisting of 10 repeats of tetraglycine-serine (10GS); additionally, KIH (knob in hole) mutations were introduced for stabilization. Some of these bispecific antibodies are markedly more potent than their parental bNAbs, likely because they simultaneously engage both the V2-apex and V3-glycan epitopes of Env.
Davis-Gardner2020
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: This study aimed to define properties shared by transmitted viruses by comparing antigenic and functional properties of envelope glycoproteins of viral variants isolated during primary infection in 27 patients belonging to 8 transmission clusters. The neutralization of the 27 pseudotyped viruses was assayed with 8 human bnAbs targeting various regions of the virus. The infectious properties of the viruses was assessed by measuring their infectivity and sensitivity to entry inhibitors. Transmitted viruses from the same transmission chain shared many properties, including similar neutralization profiles, sensitivity to inhibitors, and infectivity. All transmitted viruses were CCR5-tropic, sensitive to maraviroc, and resistant to soluble forms of CD4, irrespective of cluster. They were also generally sensitive to bnAbs that target V3 (10-1074, PGT121), CD4bs (3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W), and MPER region (10E8), suggesting that the loss of these epitopes may affect a virus’s capacity to be transmitted. The viruses were somewhat less sensitive to bnAbs targeting the V1V2 region (PG9, PGT145) and gp120/gp41 interface (8ANC195). These data suggest that the transmission bottleneck is governed by selective forces.
Beretta2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
PGT121: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
PGT121: The study looked at the neutralization of subtype C Env sequences from 9 South African individuals followed longitudinally. A total of 43 Env sequences were cloned and assayed for neutralization by 12 bnAbs of various binding types (VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074 and PGT121, 10E8, 3BNC117, CAP256.VRC26.25, 4E10, PGDM1400, and N123-VRC34.01). Features associated with resistance to bNAbs were higher potential glycosylation sites, relatively longer V1 and V4 domains, and known signature mutations. The study found significant variability in the breadth and potency of bnAbs against circulating HIV-1 subtype C envelopes. In particular, VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074, and PGT121 display broad activity against subtype C variants. The results suggest that these 6 bnAbs are potent antibodies that should be considered for future antibody therapy and treatment studies targeting HIV-1 subtype C.
Mandizvo2022
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); PGT121 had 15 improbable mutations out of 55 total AA mutations, and 3 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PGT121: 3 clonally-related autologously-neutralizing mAbs (43A, 43A1, and 43A2), isolated from rabbit 5743 which was co-immunized with BG505- and B41-based SOSIP soluble trimers [Klasse2016, PMID: 27627672], bind to an immunodominant epitope in V1 overlapping the bnAb N332 glycan supersite without interacting with glycans. All 43A family members, at 2-50 μg/ml concentrations, competed strongly with PGT121 with 6-34% residual binding in a BG505 SOSIP.664 binding assay. Negative-stain electron microscopy determined that the 43A family has an overlapping epitope near the base of V3 and a similar angle of approach as bnAb PGT121. PGT121 made more extensive contacts with Env using its approx. 20 aa-long CDRH3, when compared to 43A2 which interacted with Env with its 13 aa CDRL3. Analysis of known crystal structure of putative precursor of PGT121 bound to BG505 SOSIP (PDB 5CEZ) revealed that, compared to an unbound state, the V1 loop has undergone a conformational change to provide PGT121 with access to the GDIR motif. Contacts with gp120 side chains can be found in the Env Features and Contacts database at hiv.lanl.gov.
Nogal2020
(antibody interactions, structure, contact residues)
-
PGT121: A panel of 33 CRF02_AG pseudoviruses was generated from HIV-1-infected individuals during early stages of infection. Samples represented a 15-year period 1997-2012. These viruses were best neutralized by the CD4bs-directed bnAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, and N6) and the MPER-directed bnAb 10E8 in terms of both potency and breadth. There was a higher resistance to bnAbs targeting the V1V2-glycan region (PG9 and PGT145) and the V3-glycan region (PGT121 and 10-1074). Neutralization by 8ANC195 was also assayed. Combinations of antibodies were predicted by the CombiNaber tool to achieve full coverage across this subtype. There was increased resistance to bnAbs targeting the CD4bs linked to the diversification of CRF02_AG Env over the course of the timespan sampled.
Stefic2019
(neutralization, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
PGT121: After single immunization, 14/17 cloned mAbs from mice immunized with either modified native-like soluble Env trimer immunogen RC1 or RC1-4fill, and 32/38 cloned mAbs from macaques immunized with RC1-4fill multimerized on virus-like particles bound to the desired V3-glycan patch with diverse binding mechanisms. Germline usage and CDR sequence and length were identified for all 55 mAbs but only those with published functional characterization were included in this database. In macaques, these non-neutralizing mAbs had sequence and structural similarities to inferred germline precursors of bnAbs that target V3-glycan patch like PGT121 including longer light chain CDRs, CDRL3 QXXDSS & SYAG motifs, and CDRL1 NIG-like motifs. Compared to parental immunogen 11MUTB, both RC1 and RC1-4fill have N156 glycan deletion to facilitate V3-glycan patch binding while RC1-4fill also has glycans added at N230, N241, N289 and N344 to mask soluble trimer base epitope. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that the absence of the N156 or N301 potential N-linked glycosylation site respectively enhances or reduces neutralization by bnAb PGT121. PGT121 efficiently bound RC1, RC1-4fill, 11MUTB, mutant RC1-GAIA, 11MUTBΔ301 and BG505, but had greatly diminished binding to a deglycosylated RC1 mutant. The shared inferred germline (iGL) revertant for PGT121/10-1074 bound to RC1 and 11MUTB with similar affinities (KD values both approx. 50 μM). A chimeric mAb with an iGL revertant light chain (LC) and mature PGT121 heavy chain (HC), but not the inverse chimeric mAb (mature PGT121 LC and shared iGL HC), was recognized by an anti-idiotypic Ab specific for the shared PGT121/10-1074 iGL revertant.
Escolano2019
(anti-idiotype, glycosylation)
-
PGT121: The study found variations in the neutralization susceptibility of 71 Indian clade C viruses to 4 bnAbs (VRC01, VRC26.25, PGDM1400 and PGT121). Based on the neutralization data, the resistance signatures of the 4 bnAbs were determined. Using the CombiNAber tool, two possible combinations of three bnAbs (VRC01/VRC26.25/PGT121 and PGDM1400/VRC26.25/PGT121) were predicted to have 100% neutralization of the panel of Indian clade C viruses.
Mullick2021
(antibody interactions, neutralization)
-
PGT121: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PGT121: Of 40 total Env trimer-targeting mAbs isolated from 6 macaques either after 3 priming immunizations with artificial consensus stabilized native-like HIV-1 immunogen ConM SOSIP.v7 or subsequent 2 boosting immunizations with the closely related ConSOSL.UFO.664 immunogen, the V1V2V3 region was immunodominant for the 22 (55%) mAbs that neutralized ConM and/or ConS virus. PGT121 had 51% and 53% residual binding, respectively, when competing individually against biotinylated V1V2V3-targeting mAbs CM02A and CM05A1.
Reiss2022
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: This report characterizes an additional antiviral activity of some bnAbs to block HIV-1 release by tethering viral particles at the surface of infected cells in vitro in a bivalency-dependent manner. After cultivation of infected primary CD4+ T cells with individual bnAbs, supernatant p24 levels were negatively correlated with cell-associated Gag levels, Env binding and neutralization potency while cell-associated Gag levels and Env binding positively correlated with each other and individually with neutralization potency. The capacity to mediate this tethering activity varied among different classes of mAbs: 0/3 non-neutralizing mAbs, 1/5 bnAbs targeting the MPER or gp120/gp41 interface and 9/9 of the bnAbs targeting the V3 and V1/V1 loops or the CD4bs demonstrated this activity against at least 1/3 diverse viral strains (AD8, CH058 and vKB18). Five of these latter 9 bnAbs, including bnAb 10-1074 which had the most potent effect observed in study when cultivated with vKB18-infected CD4+ T cells, displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains. Surface aggregation of mature virions and bnAb 10-1074 was observed in CH058-infected primary CD4+ T cells and CHME macrophage-like cells. V3-targeting bnAb PGT121 displayed tethering activity against all 3 strains.
Dufloo2022
(binding affinity)
-
PGT121: Env clones were obtained from donor CBJC515 plasma. The neutralization of these clones was tested against 3 donor serum samples (2005, 2006, 2008) and 6 bnAbs (10E8, 2G12, PGT121, PGT135, VRC01, 12A21). In phylogeny, the sequences clustered into 2 major clusters. Cluster I viruses vanished in 2006 and then appeared as recombinants in 2008. In Cluster II viruses, the V1 length and N-glycosylation sites increased over the four years of the study period. Most viruses were sensitive to concurrent and subsequent autologous plasma, and to bNAbs 10E8, PGT121, VRC01, and 12A21, but all viruses were resistant to PGT135. Overall, 90% of Cluster I viruses were resistant to 2G12, while 94% of Cluster II viruses were sensitive to 2G12. The study confirmed that HIV-1 continued to evolve even in the presence of bnAbs, and two virus clusters in this donor adopted different escape mechanisms under the same humoral immune pressure.
Hu2021
(autologous responses, glycosylation, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: This is the first report of a triple combination bnAb (PGDM1400, PGT121, and VRC07-523LS) therapeutic clinical trial in HIV-1-infected humans. Three subjects received this triple combination therapy, which was well-tolerated, and completed the trial. An additional subject, 683-7312, received double bnAb therapy (PGDM1400 and PGT121). After bnAb administration, all 4 subjects had an initial decrease from baseline viral loads and then rebounded. Subject 693-2215 showed resistance to PGDM1400 and PGT121 at baseline. The loss of a potential N-linked glycosylation site at residue 332, known to be a key Env glycan contact for V3 glycan bnAbs, mediated PGT121 viral escape for all subjects. The trial also established, for the first time, the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of PGDM1400 alone, or in combination with PGT121, in adults without HIV. The median PGT121 elimination half-life estimate for the groups without HIV co-administered with PDGM1400 was 20.2 days and 11.8 days for the groups with HIV when co-administered with PGDM1400 and VRC07-523LS.
Julg2022
(antibody interactions, neutralization, escape, kinetics, immunotherapy, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: A plant-based expression system was used to produce different glycoforms of the bnAbs PG9, PG16, 10–1074, NIH45–46G54W, 10E8, PGT121, PGT128, PGT145, PGT135, and b12. Also produced were mutated forms (N92T) of VRC01 (mVRC01) and NIH45–46G54W (mNIH45–46G54W). The in vivo properties of these mAbs were assessed in macaques to distinguish those most likely to comprise or become a component of an affordable and efficacious immunotherapeutic cocktails. N-glycans within the VL domain impaired the plasma stability of plant-derived bnAbs. While PGT121 and b12 exhibited no immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, VRC01, 10-1074 and NIH45-46G54W elicited high titer anti-idiotypic antibodies. The results indicated that that specific mutations in certain bnAbs caused immunogenicity in macaques. Such immunogenicity in humans would potentially compromise their value for immunotherapy. CHO1-31 was used as a positive control in a neutralization assay.
Rosenberg2015
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
PGT121: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128 as well as 2G12 were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PGT121: IgA and IgG bNAbs of 3 distinct B cell lineages were characterized in a viremic controller (pt7). Two lineages comprised only IgG+ or IgA+ blood memory B cells; the third combined both IgG and IgA clonal variants. BNAb 7-269 in the IgA-only lineage displayed the highest neutralizing capacity despite limited somatic mutation. Immunotherapy with 7-269 in humanized mice delayed viral rebound. AD8-infected cell killing by primary human natural killer (NK) cells via ADCC was observed with all pt7 bNAbs binding strongly to target cells and expressed as IgGs, except for 7-155. BNAbs in all three lineages targeted the N332 glycan supersite. Epitope mapping showed that all pt7 IgA and IgG bNAbs target the high-mannose patch centered on the N332 glycan without interacting with the V3 loop base, which contrasts with numerous bNAbs targeting the N332 supersite. The cryo-EM structure of 7-269 in complex with BG505 SOSIP revealed an epitope mainly composed of sugar residues comprising the N332 and N295 glycans; onto which 7-269 positions itself in a structurally similar way to 2G12. Binding and cryo-EM structural analyses showed that antibodies from the two other lineages interact mostly with glycans N332 and N386. Hence, multiple B cell lineages of IgG and IgA bNAbs focused on a unique HIV-1 site of vulnerability can codevelop in HIV-1 viremic controllers. Other antibodies used as controls included 10-188, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT135, 10-1074, BG8, BG18, and SF12.
Lorin2022
(antibody binding site, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT121: An elite controller patient (VA40774) was identified as having an Env V1 domain that was unusually long and contained 2 additional N-glycosylation sites and 2 additional cysteine residues, relative to HXB2. When this V1 region was put into other viral backbones, the resulting virus had lower infectivity. The long V1 domain is sufficient for partial or complete escape from neutralization by V3-glycan targeting antibodies 10-1074 and PGT121, but not by another V3-glycan bNAb (PGT128) nor by other classes of bNAbs.
Silver2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization)
-
PGT121: In an effort to identify new Env immunogens able to elicit bNAbs, this study looked at Envs derived from rare individuals who possess bNAbs and are elite viral suppressors, hypothesizing that in at least some people the antibodies may mediate durable virus control. The Env proteins recovered from these individuals may more closely resemble the Envs that gave rise to bNAbs compared to the highly diverse viruses isolated from normal progressors. This study identified a treatment-naive elite suppressor, EN3 (patient record #4929), whose serum had broad neutralization. The Env sequences of EN3 had much fewer polymorphisms, compared to those of a normal progressor, EN1 (patient record #4928), who also had broad serum neutralization. This result confirmed other reports of slower virus evolution in elite suppressors. EN3 Envelope proteins were unusual in that most possessed two extra cysteines within an elongated V1 region. The impact of the extra cysteines on the binding to bNAbs, virus infectivity, and sensitivity to neutralization suggested that structural motifs in V1 can affect infectivity, and that rare viruses may be prevented from developing escape. As part of this study, the neutralization of pseudotype viruses for EN3 Env clones was assayed for several bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, VRC01, 4E10, and 35O22).
Hutchinson2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: This review focuses on the potential for bNAbs to induce HIV-1 remission, either alone or in combination with latency reversing agents, therapeutic vaccines, or other novel therapeutics. Ongoing human trials aimed at HIV therapy or remission are utilizing the following antibodies, alone or in combination: VRC01, VRC01-LS, VRC07-523-LS, 3BNC117, 10-1074, 10-1074-LS, PGT121, PGDM1400, 10E8.4-iMab, and SAR441236 (trispecific VRC01/PGDM1400-10E8v4). Ongoing non-human primate studies aimed to target, control, or potentially eliminate the viral reservoir are utilizing the following antibodies, alone or in combination: 3BNC117, 10-1074, N6-LS, PGT121, and the GS9721 variant of PGT121.
Hsu2021
(antibody interactions, immunotherapy, review, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PGT121: A series of mutants was produced in the CAP256-VRC26.25 heavy chain for the purpose of avoiding the previously-identified proteolytic cleavage at position K100m. Neutralization of the mutants was tested, and the cleavage-resistant variant that showed the greatest potency was K100mA. In addition to the K100mA mutation, an LS mutation was added to the Fc portion of the heavy chain, as this change has been shown to improve the half-life of antibodies used for passive administration without affecting neutralization potency. The resulting construct was named CAP256V2LS. The pharmacokinetics of CAP256V2LS were assessed in macaques and mice, and it showed a profile similar to other antibodies used for immunotherapy. The antibody lacked autoreactivity. Structural analysis of wild-type CAP256-VRC26.25 showed that the K100m residue is not involved in interaction with the Env trimer. Neutralization data for PGT121 were used for comparison purposes.
Zhang2022
(neutralization, immunotherapy, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: This study describes the design of the CAPRISA 012B human trial to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics of CAP256V2LS. Escalating dosages of CAP256V2LS, alone and in combination with 2 other mAbs (VRC07-523LS, PGT121) will be given to 52 HIV-negative and 14 HIV-positive women. Results will be reported in a future study.
Mahomed2020
(immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: An R5 virus isolated from chronic patient NAB01 (Patient Record# 4723) was adapted in culture to growth in the presence of target cells expressing reduced levels of CD4. Entry kinetics of the virus were altered, and these alterations resulted in extended exposure of CD4-induced neutralization-sensitive epitopes to CD4. Adapted and control viruses were assayed for their neutralization by a panel of neutralizing antibodies targeting several different regions of Env (PGT121, PGT128, 1-79, 447-52d, b6, b12, VRC01, 17b, 4E10, 2F5, Z13e1). Adapted viruses showed greater sensitivity to antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site and the V3 loop. This evolution of Env resulted in increased CD4 affinity but decreased viral fitness, a phenomenon seen also in the immune-privileged CNS, particularly in macrophages.
Beauparlant2017
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion, dynamics, kinetics)
-
PGT121: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PGT121: In 8 ART-treated patients, latent viruses were induced by a viral outgrowth assay and assayed for their sensitivity to neutralization by 8 broadly neutralizing antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10E8v4-V5F-100cF). The patients' inducible reservoir of autologous viruses was generally refractory to neutralization, and higher Env diversity correlated with greater resistance to neutralization.
Wilson2021
(autologous responses, neutralization, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PGT121: In this clinical trial, administration of PGT121 was well tolerated in both HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected individuals. PGT121 potently and transiently inhibited HIV-1 replication in viremic individuals who had PGT121-sensitive viruses at enrollment. There were several distinct viral evolutionary patterns associated with the emergence of PGT121 resistance and viral rebound. These pathways included single point mutations, multiple point mutations, and viral recombination that led to increased resistance. Loss of D325 and the glycan at N332 were specifically associated with resistance in multiple patients. In some patients, resistance to PGT121 was accompanied by resistance to other bNAbs (10-1074, PGDM1400, or 3BNC117), as measured by neutralization assays.
Stephenson2021
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: Three vaccine regimens administered in guinea pigs over 200 weeks were compared for ability to elicit NAb polyclonal sera. While tier 1 NAb responses did increase with vaccination, tier 2 NAb heterologous responses did not. The 3 regimens were C97 (monovalent, Clade C gp140), 4C (tetravalent, 4 Clade C mosaic gp140s), ABCM (tetravalent, Clades A, B, C and mosaic gp140s). Polyclonal sera generated from the 4C regimen, compared to the C97 regimen, was markedly superior at outcompeting PGT121 binding to gp140 antigens, suggesting that the 4C regimen induced the most robust V3-specific antibodies.
Bricault2018
(antibody generation, vaccine-induced immune responses, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PGT121: A novel CD4bs bnAb, 1-18, is identified with breadth (97% against a 119-strain multiclade panel) and potency exceeding (IC50 = 0.048 µg/mL) most VH1-46 and VH1-2 class bnAbs like 3BNC117, VRC01, N6, 8ANC131, 10-1074, PGT151, PGT121, 8ANC195, PG16 and PGDM1400. 1-18 effectively restricts viral escape better than bnAbs 3BNC117 and VRC01. As with VRC01-like Abs, 1-18 targets the CD4bs but it recognizes the epitope differently. Neutralizing activity against VRC01 Ab-class escapes is maintained by 1-18. In humanized mice infected by strain HIV-1YU2, viral suppression is also maintained by 1-18. VH1-46-derived B cell clone 4.1 from patient IDC561 produced potent, broadly active mAbs. Subclone 4.1 is characterized by a 6 aa CDRH1 insertion lengthening it from 8 to 14 aa and produces bNAbs 1-18 and 1-55. Cryo-EM at 2.5A of 1-18 in complex with BG505SOSIP.664 suggests their insertion increases inter-protomer contacts by a negatively charged DDDPYTDDD motif, resulting in an enlargement of the buried surface on HIV-1 gp120. Variations in glycosylation is thought to confer higher neutralizing activity on 1-18 over 1-55.
Schommers2020
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664 has been reported. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 HR1 region which can guide the improvement of Env glycoprotein preparations and potentially increase their effectiveness as a vaccine. PGT121 broadly neutralized HIV-1AD8 full-length and cytoplasmic tail-deleted Envs.
Castillo-Menendez2019
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT121: This study reported analytical challenges associated with the formulation of 3BNC117 and PGT121 and the mixture of these mAbs. The single and mixture formulations were characterized for relative solubility and conformational stability at multiple temperatures, followed by stability and neutralization studies. Specific concentration-dependent aggregation rates at 30°C and 40°C were measured by size exclusion chromatography for the individual bnAbs with the mixture showing intermediate behavior. Interestingly, although the relative ratio of the 2 bnAbs remained constant at 4°C, the ratio of 3BNC117 to PGT121 increased in the dimer that formed during storage at 40°C.
Patel2018
(antibody interactions, neutralization)
-
PGT121: The latent viral reservoir is the critical barrier for the development of an HIV-1 cure. This study showed that the V3 glycan-dependent bNAb PGT121 together with the TLR7 agonist vesatolimod (GS-9620) administered during ART suppression delayed viral rebound following ART discontinuation in SHIV-SF162P3-infected rhesus monkeys that initiated ART during early acute infection. Moreover, the subset of PGT121+GS-9620 treated monkeys that did not show viral rebound following ART discontinuation also did not reveal virus by highly sensitive adoptive transfer and CD8 depletion studies. These data demonstrate the potential of bNAb administration together with innate immune stimulation as a possible strategy to target the viral reservoir.
Borducchi2018
(antibody interactions, immunotherapy, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PGT121: Chemoenzymatic synthesis, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of the V3 N334 glycopeptides from HIV-1 A244 gp120 have been reported. A synthetic V3 glycopeptide carrying a N334 high-mannose glycan was recognized by bNAb PGT128 and PGT126 but not by 10-1074. Rabbit immunization with the synthetic three-component A244 glycopeptide immunogen elicited substantial glycan-dependent antibodies with broad reactivity to various HIV-1 gp120/gp140 carrying N332 or N334 glycosylation sites. PGT121 was unable to bind to the A244 glycopeptides bearing a high-mannose N-glycan but could bind to the glycopeptide with a sialylated complex- type N-glycan placed at the N301 site (Fig: S1).
Cai2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT121: Lipid-based nanoparticles for the multivalent display of trimers have been shown to enhance humoral responses to trimer immunogens in the context of HIV vaccine development. After immunization with soluble MD39 SOSIP trimers (a stabilized version of BG505), trimer-conjugated liposomes improved both germinal center B cell and trimer-specific T follicular helper cell responses. In particular, MD39-liposomes showed high levels of binding by bNAbs such as V3 glycan specific PGT121, V1/V2 glycan specific PGT145, gp120/gp41 interface specific PGT151, CD4 binding site specific VRC01, and showed minimal binding by non-NAbs like CD4 binding site specific B6, and V3 specific 4025 or 39F.
Tokatlian2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the N332 supersite recognized by PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. PGT121, PG9, PG16, and CH01 bound better to the E153C/R178C/G152E mutant than to SOSIP.664. The I184C/E190C mutant bound all the V2 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, and CH01) better than SOSIP.664.
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. PGT121 was used for machine learning regression prediction and to analyze statistical details (Table S4).
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: The authors describe single-component molecules they designed that incorporate two (bispecific) or three (trispecific) bNAbs that recognize HIV Env exclusively, a bispecific CrossmAb targeting two epitopes on the major HIV coreceptor, CCR5, and bi- and trispecifics that cross-target both Env and CCR5. These newly designed molecules displayed exceptional breadth, neutralizing 98 to 100% of a 109-virus panel, as well as additivity and potency compared to those of the individual parental control IgGs. They constructed 8 different versions of tri-specific 10E8Fab-PGT121fv-PGDM1400fv, 3 different versions of tri-specific 10E8Fab-PGT121fv-PGDM1400fv.V8, and a tri-specific PRO-140Fab-PGDM1400fv-PGT121fv. A trispecific containing 10E8-PGT121-PGDM1400 Env-specific binding sites was equally potent (median IC50 of 0.0135 µg/ml), while a trispecific molecule targeting Env and CCR5 simultaneously, (10E8Fab-PGDM1400fv-PRO 140fv) demonstrated even greater potency, with a median IC50 of 0.007 µg/ml. Other trispecifics, using RoAb13Fab in combination with a bi-specific PGT121fv-PRO 140fv, neutralized most of the viruses in the smaller global panel but were not exceptionally potent.
Khan2018
(neutralization, bispecific/trispecific)
-
PGT121: In vitro neutralization data against 25 subtype A, 100 C, and 20 D pseudoviruses of 8 bNAbs (3BNC117, N6, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, CAP256-VRC26.25, PGDM1400, 10–1074, PGT121) and 2 bispecific Abs under clinical development (10E8-iMAb, 3BNC117-PGT135) was studied to assess the antibodies’ potential to prevent infection by dominant HIV-1 subtypes in sub-Saharan Africa. In vivo protection of these Abs and their 2-Ab combination was predicted using a function of in vitro neutralization based on data from a macaque simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge study. Conclusions were that 1. bNAb combinations outperform individual bNAbs 2. Different bNAb combinations were optimal against different HIV subtypes 3. Bispecific 10E8-iMAb outperformed all combinations, and 4. 10E8-iMAb in combination with other conventional Abs was predicted to be the best combination against HIV-infection.
Wagh2018
(neutralization, computational prediction, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) and adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) vectors were used to deliver bNAb PGT121 in WT and immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice and in HIV-1-infected bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) humanized mice. Ad5.PGT121 and AAV1.PGT121 produced functional Ab in vivo. Ad5.PGT121 produced PGT121 rapidly within 6 h, whereas AAV1.PGT121 produced detectable PGT121 in serum by 72 h. Serum PGT121 levels were rapidly reduced by the generation of anti-PGT121 antibodies in immunocompetent mice but were durably maintained in immunocompromised mice. In HIV-1-infected BLT humanized mice, Ad5.PGT121 resulted in a greater reduction of viral loads than did AAV1.PGT121. Ad5.PGT121 also led to more-sustained virologic control than purified PGT121 IgG. Ad5.PGT121 afforded more rapid, robust, and durable antiviral efficacy than AAV1.PGT121 and purified PGT121 IgG in HIV-1-infected humanized mice.
Badamchi-Zadeh2018
(immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: This review summarizes current advances in antibody lineage-based design and epitope-based vaccine design. Antibody lineage-based design is described for VRC01, PGT121 and PG9 antibody classes, and epitope-based vaccine design is described for the CD4-binding site, as well as fusion peptide and glycan-V3 cites of vulnerability.
Kwong2018
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer, junction or fusion peptide)
-
PGT121: This review discusses how the identification of super-antibodies, where and how such antibodies may be best applied and future directions for the field. PGT121, a prototype super-Ab, was isolated from human B cell clones and is in Phase I clinical development. Antigenic region V3 glycan (Table:1).
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
PGT121: A systems glycobiology approach was applied to reverse engineer the relationship between bNAb binding and glycan effects on Env proteins. Glycan occupancy was interrogated across every potential N-glycan site in 94 recombinant gp120 antigens. Using a Bayesian machine learning algorithm, bNAb-specific glycan footprints were identified and used to design antigens that selectively alter bNAb antigenicity. The novel synthesized antigens unsuccessfully bound to target bNAbs with enhanced and selective antigenicity.
Yu2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: The effects of 16 glycoengineering (GE) methods on the sensitivities of 293T cell-produced pseudoviruses (PVs) to a large panel of bNAbs were investigated. Some bNAbs were dramatically impacted. PG9 and CAP256.09 were up to ˜30-fold more potent against PVs produced with co-transfected α-2,6 sialyltransferase. PGT151 and PGT121 were more potent against PVs with terminal SA removed. 35O22 and CH01 were more potent against PV produced in GNT1-cells. The effects of GE on bNAbs VRC38.01, VRC13 and PGT145 were inconsistent between Env strains, suggesting context-specific glycan clashes. Overexpressing β-galactosyltransferase during PV production 'thinned' glycan coverage, by replacing complex glycans with hybrid glycans. This impacted PV sensitivity to some bNAbs. Maximum percent neutralization by excess bnAb was also improved by GE. Remarkably, some otherwise resistant PVs were rendered sensitive by GE. Germline-reverted versions of some bnAbs usually differed from their mature counterparts, showing glycan indifference or avoidance, suggesting that glycan binding is not germline-encoded but rather, it is gained during affinity maturation. Overall, these GE tools provided new ways to improve bnAb-trimer recognition that may be useful for informing the design of vaccine immunogens to try to elicit similar bnAbs.
Crooks2018
(vaccine antigen design, antibody lineage)
-
PGT121: This review discusses current HIV bNAb immunogen design strategies, recent progress made in the development of animal models to evaluate potential vaccine candidates, advances in the technology to analyze antibody responses, and emerging concepts in understanding B cell developmental pathways that may facilitate HIV vaccine design strategies.
Andrabi2018
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
PGT121: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: Bispecific bNAbs containing anti-CD4bs VRC01 and anti-V3 glycan PGT121 were constructed by linking the single chain (Sc) bNAbs with flexible (G4S)n linkers at IgG Fc and were found to have greater neutralization breadth than parental bNAbs when optimal. The optimal bis-specific NAb, dVRC01-5X-PGT121, was one that crosslinked protomers within one Env spike. Combination of this bispecific with a third bNAb, anti-MPER 10E8, gave 99.5%, i.e. nearly pan-neutralization of a 208 virus panel with a geometric mean IC50 below 0.1 µg/ml.
Steinhardt2018
(neutralization, immunotherapy, bispecific/trispecific)
-
PGT121: The first cryo-EM structure of a cross-linked vaccine antigen was solved. The 4.2 Å structure of HIV-1 BG505 SOSIP soluble recombinant Env in complex with a bNAb PGV04 Fab fragment revealed how cross-linking affects key properties of the trimer. SOSIP and GLA-SOSIP trimers were compared for antigenicity by ELISA, using a large panel of mAbs previously determined to react with BG505 Env. Non-NAbs globally lost reactivity (7-fold median loss of binding), likely because of covalent stabilization of the cross-linked ‘closed’ form of the GLA-SOSIP trimer that binds non-NAbs weakly or not at all. V3-specific non-NAbs showed 2.1–3.3-fold reduced binding. Three autologous rabbit monoclonal NAbs to the N241/N289 ‘glycan-hole’ surface, showed a median ˜1.5-fold reduction in binding. V3 non-NAb 4025 showed residual binding to the GLA-SOSIP trimer. By contrast, bNAbs like PGT121 broadly retained reactivity significantly better than non-NAbs, with exception of PGT145 (3.3-5.3 fold loss of binding in ELISA and SPR).
Schiffner2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT121: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. PGT121 is neither autoreactive nor polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PGT121: Panels of C clade pseudoviruses were computationally downselected from the panel of 200 C clade viruses defined by Rademeyer et al. 2016. A 12-virus panel was defined for the purpose of screening sera from vaccinees. Panels of 50 and 100 viruses were defined as smaller sets for use in testing magnitude and breadth against C clade. Published neutralization data for 16 mAbs was taken from CATNAP for the computational selections: 10-1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128, VRC26.25, VRC26.08, PGDM1400, PG9, PGT145, VRC07-523, 10E8, VRC13, 3BNC117, VRC07, VRC01, 4E10.
Hraber2017
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PGT121: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PGT121: Nanodiscs (discoidal lipid bilayer particles of 10-17 nm surrounded by membrane scaffold protein) were used to incorporate Env complexes for the purpose of vaccine platform generation. The Env-NDs (Env-NDs) were characterized for antigenicity and stability by non-NAbs and NAbs. Most NAb epitopes in gp41 MPER and in the gp120:gp41 interface were well exposed while non-NAb cell surface epitopes were generally masked. Anti-V3 variable NAb PGT121, binds at a fraction of the binding of 2G12 to Env-ND, and this binding is sensitive to glutaraldehyde treatment .
Witt2017
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: This study showed evidence of escape of circulating HIV-1 clade C in an individual from autologous BCN antibodies by three distinct mechanisms, 1) due to a N332S mutation (2) by increasing V1 loop length and (3) incorporation of protective N-glycan residues in V1 loop. Pseudotyped viruses expressing autologous Envs were found to be resistant to autologous BCN plasma, PGT121 and PGT128 despite the majority of Envs containing an intact N332 residue. Resistance of the Envs to neutralization was found to be correlated with a N332S mutation and acquisition of protective N-glycans.
Deshpande2016
(autologous responses, glycosylation, escape)
-
PGT121: DS-SOSIP.4mut (4mut) was identified as the most immunogenic and stable of 4 engineered, soluble, closed prefusion HIV-1 Env trimers. 4mut contained 4 mutations (M154, M300, M302 and L320) designed to form hydrophobic interactions between V1V1 and V3 loops. After V3-negative selection, V3-glycan-targeted mAb PGT121 recognized 4mut, the other 3 designed trimers (DS-SOSIP.6mut containing 4mut mutations, Y177W and I420M, DS-SOSIP.I423F and DS-SOSIP.A316W), and related trimers DS-SOSIP and BG505 SOSIP.664. Each DS-SOSIP variant was able to elicit trimer-specific responses, comparable to BG505 SOSIP.664, in guinea pigs after 4 immunizations, but none elicited heterologous neutralizing activity. Crystal structures were generated for 4mut and 6mut.
Chuang2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PGT121: A panel of mAbs (2G12, VRC01, HJ16, 2F5, 4E10, 35O22, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074) was tested to compare their efficacy in cell-free versus cell-cell transmission. Almost all bNAbs (with the exception of anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a) blocked cell-free infection with greater potency than cell-cell infection, and showed greater potency in neutralization of cell-free viruses. The lower effectiveness on neutralization was particularly pronounced for transmitted/founder viruses, and less pronounced for chronic and lab-adapted viruses. The study highlights that the ability of an antibody to inhibit cell-cell transmission may be an important consideration in the development of Abs for prophylaxis.
Li2017
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization)
-
PGT121: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
PGT121: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
PGT121: Crystal structures of the HIV-1 Env trimer with fully processed and native glycosylation are presented, complexed with the V3-loop bNAb 10-1074 and IOMA, a new CD4bs bNAb. There were fine specificity differences between bNAb 10-1074 and PGT121-family members. PGT122 was two-fold more potent against strains including the N156 PNGS, whereas 10-1074 was four-fold more potent against strains lacking the N156 PNGS.
Gristick2016
(glycosylation)
-
PGT121: In 33 individuals (14 uninfected and 19 HIV-1-infected), intravenous infusion of 10-1074 was well tolerated. In infected individuals with sensitive strains, 10-1074 decreased viremia, but escape variants and viral rebound occurred within a few weeks. Escape variants were also resistant to V3 antibody PGT121, but remained sensitive to antibodies targeting other epitopes (3BNC117, VRC01 or PGDM1400). Loss of the PNGS at position N332 or 324G(D/N)IR327 mutation was associated with resistance to 10-1074 and PGT121.
Caskey2017
(escape, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: To understand HIV neutralization mediated by the MPER, antibodies and viruses were studied from CAP206, a patient known to produce MPER-targeted neutralizing mAbs. 41 human mAbs were isolated from CAP206 at various timepoints after infection, and 4 macaque mAbs were isolated from animals immunized with CAP206 Env proteins. Two rare, naturally-occuring single-residue changes in Env were identified in transmitted/founder viruses (W680G in CAP206 T/F and Y681D in CH505 T/F) that made the viruses less resistant to neutralization. The results point to the role of the MPER in mediating the closed trimer state, and hence the neutralization resistance of HIV. CH58 was one of several mAbs tested for neutralization of transmitted founder viruses isolated from clade C infected individuals CAP206 and CH505, compared to T/F viruses containing MPER mutations that confer enhanced neutralization sensitivity.
Bradley2016a
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: The study compared the binding characteristics of V3-glycan antibodies, specifically PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PCDN38A, and 3 newly-derived lineages of mAbs from Donor N170. The gene usage for PGT121 is given as: IGHV 4-59*01, IGHJ 6*03, IGLV L3-21*02, IGLJ L3*02.
Longo2016
(antibody binding site, antibody sequence, germline)
-
PGT121: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. PGT121 was 1 of 2 reference PGT128-like bNAbs - PGT121 and PGT128.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PGT121: New antibodies were isolated from 3 patients: Donor 14 (PDGM11, PGDM12, PGDM13, PGDM14), Donor 82 (PGDM21), and Donor 26 (PGDM31). These bnAbs bound both the GDIR peptide (Env 324-327) and the high-mannose patch glycans, enabling broad reactivity. N332 glycan was absolutely required for neutralization, while N301 glycan modestly affected neutralization. Removing N156 and N301 glycans together while retaining N332 glycan abrogated neutralization for PGDM12 and PGDM21. Neutralization by PGDM11-14 bnAbs depended on R327A and H330A substitutions and neutralization by PGDM21 depended on D325A and H330A substitutions. G324A mutation resulted in slight loss of neutralization for both antibody families. In comparison, 2G12 and PGT135 did not show any dependence on residues in the 324GDIR327 region for neutralization activity, although PGT135 did show dependence on H330.
Sok2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
PGT121: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
PGT121: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
PGT121: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
PGT121: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
PGT121: bNAbs were found to have potent activating but not inhibitory FcγR-mediated effector function that can confer protection by blocking viral entry or suppressing viremia. bNAb activity is augmented with engineered Fc domains when assessed in in vivo models of HIV-1 entry or in therapeutic models using HIV-1-infected humanized mice. Enhanced FcγR engagement is not restricted by epitope specificity or neutralization potency as chimeras composed of human anti-V3 PGT121 Fab and mouse Fc had improved or reduced in vivo activity depending on the Fc used.
Bournazos2014
(neutralization, chimeric antibody)
-
PGT121: HIV-1 bNAb eptiope networks were predicted using 4 algorithms informed by neutralization assays using 282 Env from multiclade viruses. Patch clusters of possible Ab epitope regions were tested for significant sensitivity by site-directed mutagenesis. Epitope (Ab binding site) networks of critical Env residues for 21 bNAb (b12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126, PGT127, PGT128, PGT130, PGT131, PGT135, PGT136, PGT137, PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, PGT144, PGT145 and PGV04) were delineated and found to be located mostly in variable loops of gp120, particularly in V1/V2.
Evans2014
(antibody binding site, computational prediction)
-
PGT121: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). V3 glycan bNAb, PGT121, neutralized the B41 pseudovirus and bound B41 trimer well.
Pugach2015
-
PGT121: The first generation of HIV trimer soluble immunogens, BG505 SOSIP.664 were tested in a mouse model for generation of nAb to neutralization-resistant circulating HIV strains. No such NAbs were induced, as mouse Abs targeted the bottom of soluble Env trimers, suggesting that the glycan shield of Env trimers is impenetrable to murine B cell receptors and that epitopes at the trimer base should be obscured in immunogen design in order to avoid non-nAb responses. Association and dissociation of known anti-trimer bNAbs (VRC01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT151, PGT135, PG9, 35O22, 3BC315 and PGT145) were found to be far greater than murine generated non-NAbs.
Hu2015
-
PGT121: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126 and PGT128, all N332-V3 glycan oligomannose patch-binding bNAbs, were strongly, reciprocally competitive with one another. They inhibited binding of PGT145 strongly, but in a non-reciprocal manner. Non-reciprocal enhancement of PGT121 binding to trimer was seen in the presence of NIH45-46.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT121: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes for all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. Both the Clade C trimers as well as their pseudotyped viruses reacted strongly with and were neutralized by V3-glycan-binding PGT121.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
PGT121: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Binding of the anti-N332-glycan supersite bNAb PGT121 to trimers was minimally affected by trimer cross-linking.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT121: The native-like, engineered trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 induced potent NAbs against conformational epitopes of neutralization-resistant Tier-2 viruses in rabbits and macaques, but induced cross-reactive NAbs against linear V3 epitopes of neutralization-sensitive Tier-1 viruses. A different trimer, B41 SOSIP.664 also induced strong autologous Tier-2 NAb responses in rabbits. Sera from 2/20 BG505 SOSIP.664-D7324 trimer-immunized rabbits were capable of inhibiting PGT121 binding to V3-glycan. 1/4 similarly trimer-immunized macaque sera also inhibited PGT121 binding by >50%.
Sanders2015
(antibody generation, neutralization, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT121: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-V3 glycan bNAb PGT121, neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: This review discusses the application of bNAbs for HIV treatment and eradication, focusing on bnAbs that target key epitopes, specifically: 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, VRC26.08, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, and 10-1074. PGT121 is distinct from other V3-specific mAbs because it forms a binding site with two functional surfaces. It has been administered in therapeutic trials in primates.
Stephenson2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PGT121: This review discusses an array of methods to engineer more effective bNAbs for immunotherapy. Antibody PGT121 is an example of engineering through rational mutations; it has been combined with 10-1074 as part of a strategy to combine the CDRs of bnAbs targeting similar epitopes.
Hua2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PGT121: This paper analyzed site-specific glycosylation of a soluble, recombinant trimer (BG505 SOSIP.664). This trimer mapped the extremes of simplicity and diversity of glycan processing at individual sites and revealed a mosaic of dense clusters of oligomannose glycans on the outer domain. Although individual sites usually minimally affect the global integrity of the glycan shield, they identified examples of how deleting some glycans can subtly influence neutralization by bNAbs that bind at distant sites. The network of bNAb-targeted glycans should be preserved on vaccine antigens. Neutralization profiles for mannose-patch binding Ab, PGT121, to multiple epitopes were determined. Deleting the N137 glycan made BG505.T332N more vulnerable to PGT121, but the corresponding change has no meaningful effect on oligomannose content in the SOSIP.664 trimer context.
Behrens2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
PGT121: A mathematical model was developed to predict the Ab concentration at which antibody escape variants outcompete their ancestors, and this concentration was termed the mutant selection window (MSW). The MSW was determined experimentally for 12 pairings of diverse HIV strains against 7 bnAbs (b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT128, 2F5). The neutralization of PGT121 was assayed against BG505 (resistant strain) and BG505-T332N (sensitive strain).
Magnus2016
(neutralization, escape)
-
PGT121: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. V3 glycan-binding, second-generation mAb, PGT121 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=0.02 µg/ml for 2/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 67%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
PGT121: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti-V3 bNAb PGT121 was unable to neutralize any of the 16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 10µg/ml.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PGT121: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. PGT121, a V3-glycan bnAb belonged to a group with slopes >1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. V3 glycan-binding gl-PGT121 precursor did not bind to any trimers.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
PGT121: Bispecific IgGs were produced, composed of independent antigen-binding fragments with a common Fc region. Parental antibodies of several classes were assessed (VRC07, 10E8, PGT121, PG9-16). A bispecific antibody composed of VRC07 x PG9-16 displayed the most favorable profile, neutralizing 97% of viruses with a median IC50 of 0.055 ug/ml. This bispecific IgG also demonstrated pharmacokinetic parameters comparable to those of the parental bNAbs when administered to rhesus macaques. These results suggest that IgG-based bispecific antibodies are promising candidates for HIV prevention and treatment. Against a panel of 206 resistant and sensitive viruses, PGT121 neutralizes with median IC80 of 0.094 µg/ml. Bispecific with VRC07 median neutralization is 0.355; while in physical combination with the same bNAb, median neutralization of the antibodies is 0.199 µg/ml respectively.
Asokan2015
(neutralization, immunotherapy, bispecific/trispecific)
-
PGT121: A panel of antibodies was tested for binding, stability, and ADCC activity on HIV-infected cells. The differences in killing efficiency were linked to changes in binding of the antibody and the accessibility of the Fc region when bound to infected cells. Ab PGT121 had strong ADCC.
Bruel2016
(effector function, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: This review summarized bNAb immunotherapy studies. Several bnAbs have been shown to decrease viremia in vivo, and are a prospect for preventative vaccinations. bNAbs have 3 possible immune effector functions: (1) directly neutralizing virions, (2) mediating anti-viral activity through Fc-FcR interactions, and (3) binding to viral antigen to be taken up by dendritic cells. In contrast to anti-HIV mAbs, antibodies against host cell CD4 and CCR5 receptors (iMab and PRO 140) are hindered by their short half-life in vivo. MAb PGT121 has been associated with viral suppression in a study of rhesus macaques.
Halper-Stromberg2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PGT121: This study reported that early passive immunotherapy can eliminate early viral foci and thereby prevent the establishment of viral reservoirs. HIV-1–specific human neutralizing mAbs (NmAbs) were used as a post-exposure therapy in an infant macaque model for intrapartum MTCT, inoculated orally with the SHIV SF162P3. On days 1, 4, 7 and 10 post virus exposure, animals were injected with NmAbs and quantified systemic distribution 24 h after Ab administration. Replicating virus was found in multiple tissues by day 1 in untreated animals. A cocktail of PGT121 and VRC07-523, at total doses of 10 mg/kg (5 mg/kg each Ab) and 40 mg/kg (20 mg/kg each Ab) was administered. It was found that PGT121 concentrations in the plasma were consistently higher at both doses than those of VRC07-523. The NmAb cocktail IC50 against SHIVSF162P3 in the TZM-bl assay was 0.0128 μg/ml. There was no evidence of virus rebound in the plasma immunity and all NmAb-treated macaques were free of virus in blood and tissues 6 months after exposure. Experimental data sets have been provided in supplement.
Hessell2016
(neutralization, acute/early infection, immunotherapy, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
PGT121: X-ray and EM structures of inferred precursors of the PGT121 family were generated (inferred intermediate heavy chains 3H, 9H, and 32H were paired with the intermediate light chain 3L). The N137 glycan was determined to be a major factor in affinity maturation of the PGT121 family (affinity maturation was primarily focused on avoiding, accommodating, or binding the N137 glycan). The antibody approach angle differed in the two main branches of the PGT121 lineage. A 3.0 Å crystal structure of a recombinant BG505 SOSIP.664 HIV-1 trimer with a PGT121 family member (3H+109L Ab) was determined.
Garces2015
(vaccine antigen design, structure, antibody lineage)
-
PGT121: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
PGT121: PGT121 was produced in a plant system and tested as immunotherapy in non-human primates. In African green monkeys, subcutaneously administered PGT121 exhibited a longer serum half-life than intravenous administration and was more consistent than intramuscular delivery. Subcutaneous administration resulted in sterilizing protection from SHIV challenge in 6 of 6 rhesus macaques, while 3 of 4 control animals became infected. Administration of PGT121 after intravaginal challenge did not provide statistically-significant protection.
Rosenberg2016
(vaccine antigen design, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: Double, triple or quadruple combinations of fifteen bNAbs that target 4 distinct epitope regions: the CD4 binding site (3BNC117, VRC01, VRC07, VRC07-523, VRC13), the V3-glycan supersite (10–1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128), the V1/V2-glycan site (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.25), and the gp41 MPER epitope (10E8) were studied. Their neutralization potency and breadth were assayed against a panel of 200 acute/early subtype C strains, and compared to a novel, highly accurate predictive mathematical model (no-overlap Bliss Hill model, CombiNaber tool, LANL HIV Immunology database). These data were used to predict the best combinations of bNAbs for immunotherapy.
Wagh2016
(neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: VRC07-523:BNabs were tested for their ability to suppress viremia during acute infection in rhesus macaques. Most effective by all virological parameters was dual therapy with VRC07-523 + PGT121. Therapy with VRC01 also curtailed viral replication, but less consistently. These finding support the use of MAbs for immunotherapy during early infection.
Bolton2015
(acute/early infection, immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: The IGHV region is central to Ag binding and consists of 48 functional genes. IGHV repertoire of 28 HIV-infected South African women, 13 of whom developed bNAbs, was sequenced. Novel IGHV repertoires were reported, including 85 entirely novel sequences and 38 sequences that matched rearranged sequences in non-IMGT databases. There were no significant differences in germline IGHV repertoires between individuals who do and do not develop bNAbs. IGHV gene usage of multiple well known HIV-1 bNAbs was also analyzed and 14 instances were identified where the novel non-IMGT alleles identified in this study, provided the same or a better match than their currently defined IMGT allele. For PGT121 the published IMGT predicted allele was IGHV4-59*01 and alternate allele predicted from IGHV alleles in 28 South African individuals was IGHV4-59*1m2, with T94C nucleotide and Y32H amino acid change.
Scheepers2015
(antibody lineage)
-
PGT121: This study describes a new level of complexity in antibody recognition of the mixed glycan-protein epitopes of the N332 region of HIV gp120. A combination of three antibody families that target the high-mannose patch can lead to 99% neutralization coverage of a large panel of viruses containing the N332/334 glycan site and up to 66% coverage for viruses that lack the N332/334 glycan site. PGT121 was able to neutralize all the N334 glycan site variants in the panel except for the isolates JR-CSF and 92TH021. The PGT121 family of antibodies neutralized N332 glycan site viruses more effectively overall than the PGT128 family or PGT135.
Sok2014a
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
PGT121: A subset of bNAbs that inhibit both cell-free and cell-mediated infection in primary CD4+ lymphocytes have been identified. These antibodies target either the CD4-binding site or the glycan/V3 loop on HIV-1 gp120 and act at low concentrations by inhibiting multiple steps of viral cell to cell transmission. This property of blocking viral transmission to plasmacytoid DCs and interfering with type-I IFN production should be considered an important characteristic defining the potency for therapeutic or prophylactic antiviral strategies. PGT121 was not effective in blocking cell to cell transmission of virus.
Malbec2013
-
PGT121: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10).
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP), involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Robust protection against virus infection was observed in preclinical settings when animals were given VIP to express monoclonal neutralizing Abs. This review article surveyed the status of antibody gene transfer, VIP experiments against HIV and its related virus conduced in humanized mice and macaque monkeys, and discuss the pros and cons of VIP and its opportunities and challenges towards clinical applications to control HIV/AIDS endemics.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
PGT121: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: A gp140 trimer mosaic construct (MosM) was produced based on M group sequences. MosM bound to CD4 as well as multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT126, PGT145, PG9 and PG16. The immunogenicity of this construct, both alone and mixed together with a clade C Env protein vaccine, suggest a promising approach for improving NAb responses.
Nkolola2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT121: Structural studies were performed for bNAbs PGT121, PGT122, and PGT123. The 3 bNAbs have very similar structures, but are divergent in their variable domain sequences.
Julien2013b
(antibody sequence, structure)
-
PGT121: Computational prediction of bNAb epitopes from experimental neutralization activity data is presented. The approach relies on compressed sensing (CS) and mutual information (MI) methodologies and requires the sequences of the viral strains but does not require structural information. For PGT121, CS predicted 4 and MI predicted 3 positions, overlapping in position 332.
Ferguson2013
(computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. PGT121 showed very high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirus in a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PGT121: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. PGT121 is a V3-glycan Ab, with breadth 53%, IC50 0.08 μg per ml, and its unique feature is that it recognizes V1/V2 and V3 glycan. Similar MAbs include PGT122 and PGT123.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
PGT121: A highly conserved mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env is reported, showing that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1 infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. The mechanism might explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4v by the Vpu and Nef proteins. PGT121 was used in CD4 coexpression and competitive binding assay.
Veillette2014
(effector function)
-
PGT121: To identify bNAbs that have lower mutation frequencies of known bNAbs, but maintain high potency and moderate breadth, linage evolution of bNAbs PGT121-134 was studied with a novel phylogenetic method ImmuniTree. Selected heavy and light chain clones of PGT121 were paired and tested for neutralization breadth and potency on a cross-clade 74-virus panel. A positive correlation between the somatic hypermutation and the development of neutralization breadth and potency was reported. 3H+3L and 32H+3L were compared against PGT121 and b12 to evaluate neutralization activity of the intermediate divergence. 3H+3L showed 15fold less potency and 32H+3L showed 3 fold less potency than PGT121.
Sok2013
(antibody lineage)
-
PGT121: The newly identified and defined epitope for PGT151 family MAbs binds to a site of vulnerability that does not overlap with any other bnAb epitopes. PGT121 wwas used as an anti-gp41 mAb to compare its binding with other PGT151 family Abs.
Blattner2014
-
PGT121: 8 bNAbs (PGT151 family) were isolated from an elite neutralizer. The new bNAbs bind a previously unknown glycan-dependent epitope on the prefusion conformation of gp41. These MAbs are specific for the cleaved Env trimer and do not recognize uncleaved Env trimer. PGT121 was used for comparison.
Falkowska2014
-
PGT121: Profound therapeutic efficacy of PGT121 and PGT121-containing monoclonal antibody cocktails was demonstrated in chronically SHIV-SF162P3 infected rhesus monkeys. Cocktails included 1, 2, and 3 mAb combinations of PGT121, 3BNC117 and b12. A single monoclonal antibody infusion containing PGT121 alone or in a cocktail led to up to 3.1 log decline of plasma viral RNA in 7 days and reduced proviral DNA in peripheral blood, gastrointestinal mucosa and lymph nodes without the development of viral resistance. A subset of animals maintained long-term virological control in the absence of further monoclonal antibody infusions.
Barouch2013a
(immunotherapy)
-
PGT121: This is a review of a satellite symposium at the AIDS Vaccine 2012 conference, focusing on antibody gene transfer. David Baltimore presented results in which humanized mice given vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP) to express antibody b12 or VRC01 were challenged with the REJO.c transmitted founder strain. Substantial protection was noted in mice expressing VRC01 but not in those expressing b12, consistent with results obtained in vitro for these antibody-strain combinations. Also, all mice expressing VRC07G54W were protected against 20 consecutive weekly challenges with the REJO.c transmitted molecular founder strain.
Balazs2013
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
PGT121: Diversity of Ab recognition at the N332 site was assessed using chimeric antibodies made of heavy and light chains of N332-directed bNAbs PGT121-137. Recognition was good when heavy and light chains came from the same donor, and poor when they came from different donors, indicating multiple modes of recognition.
Pancera2013a
(chimeric antibody)
-
PGT121: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to PGT128-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
PGT121: This study uncovered a potentially significant contribution of VH replacement products which are highly enriched in IgH genes for the generation of anti-HIV Abs including anti-gp41, anti-V3 loop, anti-gp120, CD4i and PGT Abs. IgH encoding PGT Abs are likely generated from multiple rounds of VH replacements. The details of PGT121 VH replacement products in IgH gene and mutations and amino acid sequence analysis are described in Table 1, Table 2 and Fig 4.
Liao2013a
(antibody sequence)
-
PGT121: Protective potency of PGT121 was evaluated in vivo in rhesus macaques. PGT121 efficiently protected against high-dose challenge of SHIV SF162P3 in macaques. Sterilizing immunity was observed in 5/5 animals administered 5 mg/kg antibody dose and in 3/5 animals administered 0.2 mg/kg, suggesting that a protective serum concentration for PG121 is in the single-digit mg/mL. PGT121was effective at serum concentration 600-fold lower than for 2G12 and 100-fold lower than for b12.
Moldt2012a
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
PGT121: Neutralization profiles of 7 bnAbs were analyzed against 45 Envs (A, C, D clades), obtained soon after infection (median 59 days). The transmitted variants have distinct characteristics compared to variants from chronic patients, such as shorter variable loops and fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS). PGT121 neutralized only 24% of these viruses. However, PGT128 and NIH45-46W did not compete for neutralization and a combination of these mAbs neutralized 96% of these viruses, with PGT121 neutralizing the only 2 viruses not neutralized by this combination. This suggests that optimal neutralization coverage of transmitted variants can be achieved by combining a potent CD4bs NAb with one or more glycan-dependent mAbs.
Goo2012
(antibody interactions, neutralization, rate of progression)
-
PGT121: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
PGT121: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 glycan-V3 site, type not yet determined, PGT121 class, PGT121 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as V3 epitope involving carbohydrates bnAb, isolated after 2009 by neutralization screening of cultured, unselected IgG+ memory B cells.
Bonsignori2012b
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
-
PGT121: Glycan Asn332-targeting broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) antibodies were studied in 2 C-clade infected women. The ASn332 glycan was absent on infecting virus, but the BCN epitope with Asn332 evolved within 6 months though immune escape from earlier antibodies. Plasma from the subject CAP177 neutralized 88% of a large multi-subtype panel of 225 heterologous viruses, whereas CAP 314 neutralized 46% of 41 heterologous viruses but failed to neutralize viruses that lack glycan at 332. PGT121 targets Asn332 to neutralize.
Moore2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
PGT121: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. The epitopes for both groups contain a potential N-linked glycosylation site (PNGS) at Asn332gp120 and the base of the V3 loop of the gp120 subunit of the HIV spike. However, the 10-1074–like Abs required an intact PNGS at Asn332gp120 for their neutralizing activity, whereas PGT121-like antibodies were able to neutralize some viral strains lacking the Asn332gp120 PNGS. PGT121 clonal members recognize V3 loop and the Asn332 gp120 associated glycan. Crystal structures of unliganded PGT121 and 10-1074 were compared and revealed differential carbohydrate recognition maps to a cleft between (CDR)H2 and CDRH3, occupied by a complex-type N-glycan. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT121: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was stronger than binding to the parent WT VLPs, uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and PGT121 neutralization, while trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PGT121: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. These MAbs were not polyreactive. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. PGT121 neutralized 70% of 162 isolates from major HIV clades at IC50<50 μg/ml, which was lower than 93% by VRC01, but the median antibody concentration required to inhibit HIV activity by 50% or 90% (IC50 and IC90 values) was almost 10-fold lower (that is, more potent) that of PG9, VRC01 and PGV04, and 100-fold lower than that of b12, 2G12 and 4E10. PGT MAbs 121-123, 130, 131 and 135-137 bound to monomeric gp120 and competed with glycan-specific 2G12 MAb and all MAbs except PGT 135-137 also competed with a V3-loop-specific antibody and did not bind to gp120ΔV3, suggesting that their epitopes are in proximity to or contiguous with V3. Glycan array analysis and alanine substitution analysis suggested that that PGT121 binds to a protein epitope along the gp120 polypeptide backbone that is conformationally dependent on the N332 glycan or that the glycan contributes more strongly to binding in the context of the intact protein.
Walker2011
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, variant cross-reactivity, broad neutralizer)
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Barouch2013a
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Berendam2021
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Beretta2018
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Borducchi2018
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Bradley2016a
Todd Bradley, Ashley Trama, Nancy Tumba, Elin Gray, Xiaozhi Lu, Navid Madani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, Amanda Eaton, Shi-Mao Xia, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy M. Bowman, Susan Barnett, Salim S. Abdool-Karim, Scott D. Boyd, Bruno Melillo, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., Joseph Sodroski, Thomas B. Kepler, S. Munir Alam, Feng Gao, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, M Anthony Moody, David Montefiori, Sampa Santra, Lynn Morris, and Barton F. Haynes. Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity. EBioMedicine, 12:196-207, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27612593.
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Bricault2018
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Bricault2019
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Bruel2016
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Cai2018
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Caskey2017
Marina Caskey, Till Schoofs, Henning Gruell, Allison Settler, Theodora Karagounis, Edward F. Kreider, Ben Murrell, Nico Pfeifer, Lilian Nogueira, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Gerald H. Learn, Yehuda Z. Cohen, Clara Lehmann, Daniel Gillor, Irina Shimeliovich, Cecilia Unson-O'Brien, Daniela Weiland, Alexander Robles, Tim Kummerle, Christoph Wyen, Rebeka Levin, Maggi Witmer-Pack, Kemal Eren, Caroline Ignacio, Szilard Kiss, Anthony P. West, Jr., Hugo Mouquet, Barry S. Zingman, Roy M. Gulick, Tibor Keler, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Michael S. Seaman, Beatrice H. Hahn, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Sarah J. Schlesinger, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Florian Klein. Antibody 10-1074 Suppresses Viremia in HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Nat. Med., 23(2):185-191, Feb 2017. PubMed ID: 28092665.
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Castillo-Menendez2019
Luis R. Castillo-Menendez, Hanh T. Nguyen, and Joseph Sodroski. Conformational Differences between Functional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers and Stabilized Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 93(3), 1 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30429345.
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Chenine2018
Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Melanie Merbah, Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Brendan Mann, Jenica Lee, Anne-Marie O'Sullivan, Meera Bose, Eric Sanders-Buell, Gustavo H. Kijak, Carolina Herrera, Robert McLinden, Robert J. O'Connell, Nelson L. Michael, Merlin L. Robb, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Neutralization Sensitivity of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Panel of Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 78(3):348-355, 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29528942.
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Chuang2017
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Marie Pancera, Kai Xu, Cheng Cheng, Priyamvada Acharya, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Timothy G. Wanninger, Yongping Yang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Sijy O'Dell, Tongqing Zhou, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure-Based Design of a Soluble Prefusion-Closed HIV-1 Env Trimer with Reduced CD4 Affinity and Improved Immunogenicity. J. Virol., 91(10), 15 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28275193.
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Chuang2020
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mangaiarkarasi Asokan, Vera B. Ivleva, Amarendra Pegu, Eun Sung Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Rajoshi Chaudhuri, Hui Geng, Bob C. Lin, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Hairong Wang, Tongqing Zhou, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Lisa A. Kueltzo, Q. Paula Lei, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Removal of Variable Domain N-Linked Glycosylation as a Means To Improve the Homogeneity of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. mAbs, 12(1):1836719, 2020. PubMed ID: 33121334.
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Chun2014
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Crooks2015
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Crooks2018
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Deshpande2016
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Dingens2019
Adam S. Dingens, Dana Arenz, Haidyn Weight, Julie Overbaugh, and Jesse D. Bloom. An Antigenic Atlas of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguishes Functional and Structural Epitopes. Immunity, 50(2):520-532.e3, 19 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30709739.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Dufloo2022
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Escolano2016
Amelia Escolano, Jon M. Steichen, Pia Dosenovic, Daniel W. Kulp, Jovana Golijanin, Devin Sok, Natalia T. Freund, Alexander D. Gitlin, Thiago Oliveira, Tatsuya Araki, Sarina Lowe, Spencer T Chen, Jennifer Heinemann, Kai-Hui Yao, Erik Georgeson, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Anna Gazumyan, Yumiko Adachi, Michael Kubitz, Dennis R. Burton, William R. Schief, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Sequential Immunization Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies in Ig Knockin Mice. Cell, 166(6):1445-1458.e12, 8 Sep 2016. PubMed ID: 27610569.
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Escolano2019
Amelia Escolano, Harry B. Gristick, Morgan E. Abernathy, Julia Merkenschlager, Rajeev Gautam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Joy Pai, Anthony P. West, Jr., Christopher O. Barnes, Alexander A. Cohen, Haoqing Wang, Jovana Golijanin, Daniel Yost, Jennifer R. Keeffe, Zijun Wang, Peng Zhao, Kai-Hui Yao, Jens Bauer, Lilian Nogueira, Han Gao, Alisa V. Voll, David C. Montefiori, Michael S. Seaman, Anna Gazumyan, Murillo Silva, Andrew T. McGuire, Leonidas Stamatatos, Darrell J. Irvine, Lance Wells, Malcolm A. Martin, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Immunization Expands B Cells Specific to HIV-1 V3 Glycan in Mice and Macaques. Nature, 570(7762):468-473, Jun 2019. PubMed ID: 31142836.
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Evans2014
Mark C. Evans, Pham Phung, Agnes C. Paquet, Anvi Parikh, Christos J. Petropoulos, Terri Wrin, and Mojgan Haddad. Predicting HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope Networks Using Neutralization Titers and a Novel Computational Method. BMC Bioinformatics, 15:77, 19 Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24646213.
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Falkowska2014
Emilia Falkowska, Khoa M. Le, Alejandra Ramos, Katie J. Doores, Jeong Hyun Lee, Claudia Blattner, Alejandro Ramirez, Ronald Derking, Marit J. van Gils, Chi-Hui Liang, Ryan Mcbride, Benjamin von Bredow, Sachin S. Shivatare, Chung-Yi Wu, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Yan Liu, Ten Feizi, Michael B. Zwick, Wayne C. Koff, Michael S. Seaman, Kristine Swiderek, John P. Moore, David Evans, James C. Paulson, Chi-Huey Wong, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies Define a Glycan-Dependent Epitope on the Prefusion Conformation of gp41 on Cleaved Envelope Trimers. Immunity, 40(5):657-668, 15 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24768347.
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Ferguson2013
Andrew L. Ferguson, Emilia Falkowska, Laura M. Walker, Michael S. Seaman, Dennis R. Burton, and Arup K. Chakraborty. Computational Prediction of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes from Neutralization Activity Data. PLoS One, 8(12):e80562, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312481.
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Garces2015
Fernando Garces, Jeong Hyun Lee, Natalia de Val, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Leopold Kong, Cristina Puchades, Yuanzi Hua, Robyn L. Stanfield, Dennis R. Burton, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Affinity Maturation of a Potent Family of HIV Antibodies Is Primarily Focused on Accommodating or Avoiding Glycans. Immunity, 43(6):1053-1063, 15 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26682982.
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Gartner2023
Matthew J. Gartner, Carolin Tumpach, Ashanti Dantanarayana, Jared Stern, Jennifer M. Zerbato, J. Judy Chang, Thomas A. Angelovich, Jenny L. Anderson, Jori Symons, Steve G. Deeks, Jacqueline K. Flynn, Sharon R. Lewin, Melissa J. Churchill, Paul R. Gorry, and Michael Roche. Persistence of Envelopes in Different CD4+ T-Cell Subsets in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed People with HIV. AIDS, 37(2):247-257, 1 Feb 2023. PubMed ID: 36541637.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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Goo2012
Leslie Goo, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Barbra A. Richardson, and Julie Overbaugh. A Combination of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Distinct Epitopes Effectively Neutralizes Variants Found in Early Infection. J. Virol., 86(19):10857-10861, Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22837204.
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Gristick2016
Harry B. Gristick, Lotta von Boehmer, Anthony P. West, Jr., Michael Schamber, Anna Gazumyan, Jovana Golijanin, Michael S. Seaman, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Florian Klein, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Natively Glycosylated HIV-1 Env Structure Reveals New Mode for Antibody Recognition of the CD4-Binding Site. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 23(10):906-915, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27617431.
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Guenaga2015
Javier Guenaga, Natalia de Val, Karen Tran, Yu Feng, Karen Satchwell, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Well-Ordered Trimeric HIV-1 Subtype B and C Soluble Spike Mimetics Generated by Negative Selection Display Native-Like Properties. PLoS Pathog., 11(1):e1004570, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25569572.
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Guenaga2015a
Javier Guenaga, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Natalia de Val, Shailendra K. Sharma, Barbara Carrette, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Structure-Guided Redesign Increases the Propensity of HIV Env To Generate Highly Stable Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 90(6):2806-2817, 30 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26719252.
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Guzzo2018
Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Halper-Stromberg2016
Ariel Halper-Stromberg and Michel C Nussenzweig. Towards HIV-1 Remission: Potential Roles for Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Clin. Invest., 126(2):415-423, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26752643.
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He2018
Linling He, Sonu Kumar, Joel D. Allen, Deli Huang, Xiaohe Lin, Colin J. Mann, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jeffrey Copps, Anita Sarkar, Gabrielle S. Blizard, Gabriel Ozorowski, Devin Sok, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, David Nemazee, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jiang Zhu. HIV-1 Vaccine Design through Minimizing Envelope Metastability. Sci. Adv., 4(11):eaau6769, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30474059.
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Hessell2016
Ann J. Hessell, J. Pablo Jaworski, Erin Epson, Kenta Matsuda, Shilpi Pandey, Christoph Kahl, Jason Reed, William F. Sutton, Katherine B. Hammond, Tracy A. Cheever, Philip T. Barnette, Alfred W. Legasse, Shannon Planer, Jeffrey J. Stanton, Amarendra Pegu, Xuejun Chen, Keyun Wang, Don Siess, David Burke, Byung S. Park, Michael K. Axthelm, Anne Lewis, Vanessa M. Hirsch, Barney S. Graham, John R. Mascola, Jonah B. Sacha, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Early Short-Term Treatment with Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies Halts SHIV Infection in Infant Macaques. Nat. Med., 22(4):362-368, Apr 2016. PubMed ID: 26998834.
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Hoffenberg2013
Simon Hoffenberg, Rebecca Powell, Alexei Carpov, Denise Wagner, Aaron Wilson, Sergei Kosakovsky Pond, Ross Lindsay, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Sanjay Phogat, Pascal Poignard, Steven P. Fling, Melissa Simek, Celia LaBranche, David Montefiori, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, Dennis Burton, Wayne Koff, C. Richter King, Christopher L. Parks, and Michael J. Caulfield. Identification of an HIV-1 Clade A Envelope That Exhibits Broad Antigenicity and Neutralization Sensitivity and Elicits Antibodies Targeting Three Distinct Epitopes. J. Virol., 87(10):5372-5383, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23468492.
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Hraber2017
Peter Hraber, Cecilia Rademeyer, Carolyn Williamson, Michael S. Seaman, Raphael Gottardo, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Celia LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Panels of HIV-1 Subtype C Env Reference Strains for Standardized Neutralization Assessments. J. Virol., 91(19), 1 Oct 2017. PubMed ID: 28747500.
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Hsu2021
Denise C. Hsu, John W. Mellors, and Sandhya Vasan. Can Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Help Achieve an ART-Free Remission? Front. Immunol., 12:710044, 2021. PubMed ID: 34322136.
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Hu2015
Joyce K. Hu, Jordan C. Crampton, Albert Cupo, Thomas Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, Kwinten Sliepen, Steven W. de Taeye, Devin Sok, Gabriel Ozorowski, Isaiah Deresa, Robyn Stanfield, Andrew B. Ward, Dennis R. Burton, Per Johan Klasse, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, and Shane Crotty. Murine Antibody Responses to Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimers Are Highly Restricted in Specificity. J. Virol., 89(20):10383-10398, Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26246566.
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Hu2021
Yuanyuan Hu, Sen Zou, Zheng Wang, Ying Liu, Li Ren, Yanling Hao, Shasha Sun, Xintao Hu, Yuhua Ruan, Liying Ma, Yiming Shao, and Kunxue Hong. Virus Evolution and Neutralization Sensitivity in an HIV-1 Subtype B' Infected Plasma Donor with Broadly Neutralizing Activity. Vaccines (Basel), 9(4), 25 Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33805985.
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Hua2016
Casey K. Hua and Margaret E. Ackerman. Engineering Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention and Therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 103:157-173, 1 Aug 2016. PubMed ID: 26827912.
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Hutchinson2019
Jennie M. Hutchinson, Kathryn A. Mesa, David L. Alexander, Bin Yu, Sara M. O'Rourke, Kay L. Limoli, Terri Wrin, Steven G. Deeks, and Phillip W. Berman. Unusual Cysteine Content in V1 Region of gp120 from an Elite Suppressor That Produces Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Front. Immunol., 10:1021, 2019. PubMed ID: 31156622.
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Janda2016
Alena Janda, Anthony Bowen, Neil S. Greenspan, and Arturo Casadevall. Ig Constant Region Effects on Variable Region Structure and Function. Front. Microbiol., 7:22, 4 Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26870003.
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Julg2022
Boris Julg, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Kshitij Wagh, Sabrina C. Tan, Rebecca Zash, Stephen Walsh, Jessica Ansel, Diane Kanjilal, Joseph Nkolola, Victoria E. K. Walker-Sperling, Jasper Ophel, Katherine Yanosick, Erica N. Borducchi, Lori Maxfield, Peter Abbink, Lauren Peter, Nicole L. Yates, Martina S. Wesley, Tom Hassell, Huub C. Gelderblom, Allen deCamp, Bryan T Mayer, Alicia Sato, Monica W. Gerber, Elena E. Giorgi, Lucio Gama, Richard A. Koup, John R. Mascola, Ana Monczor, Sofia Lupo, Charlotte-Paige Rolle, Roberto Arduino, Edwin DeJesus, Georgia D. Tomaras, Michael S. Seaman, Bette Korber, and Dan H. Barouch. Safety and Antiviral Activity of Triple Combination Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Therapy against HIV-1: A Phase 1 Clinical Trial. Nat. Med., 28(6):1288-1296, Jun 2022. PubMed ID: 35551291.
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Julien2013b
Jean-Philippe Julien, Devin Sok, Reza Khayat, Jeong Hyun Lee, Katie J. Doores, Laura M. Walker, Alejandra Ramos, Devan C. Diwanji, Robert Pejchal, Albert Cupo, Umesh Katpally, Rafael S. Depetris, Robyn L. Stanfield, Ryan McBride, Andre J. Marozsan, James C. Paulson, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Dennis R. Burton, Pascal Poignard, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PGT121 Allosterically Modulates CD4 Binding via Recognition of the HIV-1 gp120 V3 Base and Multiple Surrounding Glycans. PLoS Pathog., 9(5):e1003342, 2013. PubMed ID: 23658524.
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Julien2015
Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Gabriel Ozorowski, Yuanzi Hua, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Steven W. de Taeye, Travis Nieusma, Albert Cupo, Anila Yasmeen, Michael Golabek, Pavel Pugach, P. J. Klasse, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Design and Structure of Two HIV-1 Clade C SOSIP.664 Trimers That Increase the Arsenal of Native-Like Env Immunogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(38):11947-11952, 22 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26372963.
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Khan2018
Salar N. Khan, Devin Sok, Karen Tran, Arlette Movsesyan, Viktoriya Dubrovskaya, Dennis R. Burton, and Richard T. Wyatt. Targeting the HIV-1 Spike and Coreceptor with Bi- and Trispecific Antibodies for Single-Component Broad Inhibition of Entry. J. Virol., 92(18), 15 Sep 2018. PubMed ID: 29976677.
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Kulp2017
Daniel W. Kulp, Jon M. Steichen, Matthias Pauthner, Xiaozhen Hu, Torben Schiffner, Alessia Liguori, Christopher A. Cottrell, Colin Havenar-Daughton, Gabriel Ozorowski, Erik Georgeson, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Jordan R. Willis, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Samantha M. Reiss, Mia Shin, Natalia de Val, Andrew B. Ward, Shane Crotty, Dennis R. Burton, and William R. Schief. Structure-Based Design of Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Trimers to Silence Non-Neutralizing Epitopes and Eliminate CD4 Binding. Nat. Commun., 8(1):1655, 21 Nov 2017. PubMed ID: 29162799.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Kwong2018
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity, 48(5):855-871, 15 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29768174.
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Li2017
Hongru Li, Chati Zony, Ping Chen, and Benjamin K. Chen. Reduced Potency and Incomplete Neutralization of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 with Transmitted Founder Envs. J. Virol., 91(9), 1 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28148796.
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Liang2016
Yu Liang, Miklos Guttman, James A. Williams, Hans Verkerke, Daniel Alvarado, Shiu-Lok Hu, and Kelly K. Lee. Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J. Virol., 90(20):9224-9236, 15 Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27489265.
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Liao2013a
Hongyan Liao, Jun-tao Guo, Miles D. Lange, Run Fan, Michael Zemlin, Kaihong Su, Yongjun Guan, and Zhixin Zhang. Contribution of V(H) Replacement Products to the Generation of Anti-HIV Antibodies. Clin. Immunol., 146(1):46-55, Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23220404.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Longo2016
Nancy S. Longo, Matthew S. Sutton, Andrea R. Shiakolas, Javier Guenaga, Marissa C. Jarosinski, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Krisha McKee, Robert T. Bailer, Mark K. Louder, Sijy O'Dell, Mark Connors, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, and Nicole A. Doria-Rose. Multiple Antibody Lineages in One Donor Target the Glycan-V3 Supersite of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein and Display a Preference for Quaternary Binding. J. Virol., 90(23):10574-10586, 1 Dec 2016. PubMed ID: 27654288.
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Lorin2022
Valérie Lorin, Ignacio Fernández, Guillemette Masse-Ranson, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Cyril Planchais, Thierry Hieu, Gérard Péhau-Arnaudet, Dominik Hrebik, Giulia Girelli-Zubani, Oriane Fiquet, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Rogier W. Sanders, Bruce D. Walker, Olivier Schwartz, Johannes F. Scheid, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Pavel Plevka, Martine Braibant, Michael S. Seaman, François Bontems, James P. Di Santo, Félix A. Rey, and Hugo Mouquet. Epitope Convergence of Broadly HIV-1 Neutralizing IgA and IgG Antibody Lineages in a Viremic Controller. J. Exp. Med., 219(3), 7 Mar 2022. PubMed ID: 35230385.
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Magnus2016
Carsten Magnus, Lucia Reh, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV-1 Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies: Determination of Antibody Concentrations Leading to Escape Mutant Evolution. Virus Res., 218:57-70, 15 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26494166.
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Mahomed2020
Sharana Mahomed, Nigel Garrett, Quarraisha A. Karim, Nonhlanhla Y. Zuma, Edmund Capparelli, Cheryl Baxter, Tanuja Gengiah, Derseree Archary, Natasha Samsunder, Nicole D. Rose, Penny Moore, Carolyn Williamson, Dan H. Barouch, Patricia E. Fast, Bruno Pozzetto, Catherine Hankins, Kevin Carlton, Julie Ledgerwood, Lynn Morris, John Mascola, and Salim Abdool Karim. Assessing the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of the Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibody CAP256V2LS Alone and in Combination with VRC07-523LS and PGT121 in South African Women: Study Protocol for the First-in-Human CAPRISA 012B Phase I Clinical Trial. BMJ Open, 10(11):e042247, 26 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 33243815.
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Malbec2013
Marine Malbec, Françoise Porrot, Rejane Rua, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Ari Halper-Stromberg, Johannes F. Scheid, Caroline Eden, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Olivier Schwartz. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies That Inhibit HIV-1 Cell to Cell Transmission. J. Exp. Med., 210(13):2813-2821, 16 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24277152.
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Malherbe2014
Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, D. Noah Sather, Biwei Guo, Shilpi Pandey, William F. Sutton, Andrew B. Stuart, Harlan Robins, Byung Park, Shelly J. Krebs, Jason T. Schuman, Spyros Kalams, Ann J. Hessell, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Envelope variants circulating as initial neutralization breadth developed in two HIV-infected subjects stimulate multiclade neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. J Virol, 88(22):12949-67 doi, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25210191
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Mandizvo2022
Tawanda Mandizvo, Nombali Gumede, Bongiwe Ndlovu, Siphiwe Ndlovu, Jaclyn K. Mann, Denis R. Chopera, Lanish Singh, Krista L. Dong, Bruce D. Walker, Zaza M. Ndhlovu, Christy L. Lavine, Michael S. Seaman, Kamini Gounder, and Thumbi Ndung'u. Subtle Longitudinal Alterations in Env Sequence Potentiate Differences in Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute HIV-1 Subtype C Infection. J. Virol., 96(24):e0127022, 21 Dec 2022. PubMed ID: 36453881.
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Mannar2021
Dhiraj Mannar, Karoline Leopold, and Sriram Subramaniam. Glycan Reactive Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein But Do Not Block Viral Entry. Sci. Rep., 11(1):12448, 14 Jun 2021. PubMed ID: 34127709.
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McCoy2015
Laura E. McCoy, Emilia Falkowska, Katie J. Doores, Khoa Le, Devin Sok, Marit J. van Gils, Zelda Euler, Judith A. Burger, Michael S. Seaman, Rogier W. Sanders, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, and Dennis R. Burton. Incomplete Neutralization and Deviation from Sigmoidal Neutralization Curves for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 11(8):e1005110, Aug 2015. PubMed ID: 26267277.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Mkhize2023
Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize, Anna E. J. Yssel, Haajira Kaldine, Rebecca T. van Dorsten, Amanda S. Woodward Davis, Nicolas Beaume, David Matten, Bronwen Lambson, Tandile Modise, Prudence Kgagudi, Talita York, Dylan H. Westfall, Elena E. Giorgi, Bette Korber, Colin Anthony, Rutendo E. Mapengo, Valerie Bekker, Elizabeth Domin, Amanda Eaton, Wenjie Deng, Allan DeCamp, Yunda Huang, Peter B . Gilbert, Asanda Gwashu-Nyangiwe, Ruwayhida Thebus, Nonkululeko Ndabambi, Dieter Mielke, Nyaradzo Mgodi, Shelly Karuna, Srilatha Edupuganti, Michael S. Seaman, Lawrence Corey, Myron S. Cohen, John Hural, M. Juliana McElrath, James I. Mullins, David Montefiori, Penny L. Moore, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Neutralization Profiles of HIV-1 Viruses from the VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) Trials. PLoS Pathog., 19(6):e1011469, Jun 2023. PubMed ID: 37384759.
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Moldt2012a
Brian Moldt, Eva G. Rakasz, Niccole Schultz, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Kristine Swiderek, Kimberly L. Weisgrau, Shari M. Piaskowski, Zachary Bergman, David I. Watkins, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Highly Potent HIV-Specific Antibody Neutralization In Vitro Translates into Effective Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge In Vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(46):18921-18925, 13 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23100539.
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Molinos-Albert2023
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Moore2012
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, C. Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Molati Nonyane, Daniel J. Sheward, Tandile Hermanus, Shringkhala Bajimaya, Nancy L. Tumba, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Bronwen E. Lambson, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Lihua Ping, Nobubelo Ngandu, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Ronald I. Swanstrom, Michael S. Seaman, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Evolution of an HIV Glycan-Dependent Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope through Immune Escape. Nat. Med., 18(11):1688-1692, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23086475.
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Morgand2015
Marion Morgand, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Alain Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, Craig S. Pace, Marie Pancera, David D. Ho, Pascal Poignard, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Peter D. Kwong, Daniel Baty, Patrick Chames, Martine Braibant, and Francis Barin. A V1V2 Neutralizing Epitope Is Conserved in Divergent Non-M Groups of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26413851.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Mullick2021
Ranajoy Mullick, Jyoti Sutar, Nitin Hingankar, Suprit Deshpande, Madhuri Thakar, Seema Sahay, Rajesh P. Ringe, Sampurna Mukhopadhyay, Ajit Patil, Shubhangi Bichare, Kailapuri G. Murugavel, Aylur K. Srikrishnan, Rajat Goyal, Devin Sok, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Neutralization Diversity of HIV-1 Indian Subtype C Envelopes Obtained from Cross Sectional and Followed up Individuals against Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Having Distinct gp120 Specificities. Retrovirology, 18(1):12, 14 May 2021. PubMed ID: 33990195.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Nkolola2014
Joseph P. Nkolola, Christine A. Bricault, Ann Cheung, Jennifer Shields, James Perry, James M. Kovacs, Elena Giorgi, Margot van Winsen, Adrian Apetri, Els C. M. Brinkman-van der Linden, Bing Chen, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, and Dan H. Barouch. Characterization and Immunogenicity of a Novel Mosaic M HIV-1 gp140 Trimer. J. Virol., 88(17):9538-9552, 1 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 24965452.
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Nogal2020
Bartek Nogal, Laura E. McCoy, Marit J. van Gils, Christopher A. Cottrell, James E. Voss, Raiees Andrabi, Matthias Pauthner, Chi-Hui Liang, Terrence Messmer, Rebecca Nedellec, Mia Shin, Hannah L. Turner, Gabriel Ozorowski, Rogier W. Sanders, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. HIV Envelope Trimer-Elicited Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies Bind a Region Overlapping the N332 Glycan Supersite. Sci. Adv., 6(23):eaba0512, Jun 2020. PubMed ID: 32548265.
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Pancera2013a
Marie Pancera, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Jason Gorman, Gabriel Lu, Jason S. McLellan, Jonathan Stuckey, Jiang Zhu, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. N332-Directed Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Use Diverse Modes of HIV-1 Recognition: Inferences from Heavy-Light Chain Complementation of Function. PLoS One, 8(2):e55701, 2013. PubMed ID: 23431362.
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Patel2018
Ashaben Patel, Vineet Gupta, John Hickey, Nancy S. Nightlinger, Richard S. Rogers, Christine Siska, Sangeeta B. Joshi, Michael S. Seaman, David B. Volkin, and Bruce A. Kerwin. Coformulation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 3BNC117 and PGT121: Analytical Challenges During Preformulation Characterization and Storage Stability Studies. J. Pharm. Sci., 107(12):3032-3046, Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30176252.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Pugach2015
Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Reiss2022
E. I. M. M. Reiss, M. M. van Haaren, J. van Schooten, M. A. F. Claireaux, P. Maisonnasse, A. Antanasijevic, J. D. Allen, I. Bontjer, J. L. Torres, W.-H. Lee, G. Ozorowski, N. Vázquez Bernat, M. Kaduk, Y. Aldon, J. A. Burger, H. Chawla, A. Aartse, M. Tolazzi, H. Gao, P. Mundsperger, M. Crispin, D. C. Montefiori, G. B. Karlsson Hedestam, G. Scarlatti, A. B. Ward, R. Le Grand, R. Shattock, N. Dereuddre-Bosquet, R. W. Sanders, and M. J. van Gils. Fine-Mapping the Immunodominant Antibody Epitopes on Consensus Sequence-Based HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Vaccine Candidates. NPJ Vaccines, 7(1):152, 25 Nov 2022. PubMed ID: 36433972.
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Ren2018
Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Rosenberg2015
Yvonne Rosenberg, Markus Sack, David Montefiori, Celia Labranche, Mark Lewis, Lori Urban, Lingjun Mao, Rainer Fischer, and Xiaoming Jiang. Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Monoclonal Antibodies in Macaques. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120451, 25 Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807114.
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Rosenberg2016
Yvonne J. Rosenberg, David C. Montefiori, Celia C. LaBranche, Mark G. Lewis, Markus Sack, Jonathan P. Lees, and Xiaoming Jiang. Protection against SHIV Challenge by Subcutaneous Administration of the Plant-Derived PGT121 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody in Macaques. PLoS One, 11(3):e0152760, 2016. PubMed ID: 27031108.
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Sanders2015
Rogier W. Sanders, Marit J. van Gils, Ronald Derking, Devin Sok, Thomas J. Ketas, Judith A. Burger, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Cassandra Simonich, Leslie Goo, Heather Arendt, Helen J. Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee, Pavel Pugach, Melissa Williams, Gargi Debnath, Brian Moldt, Mariëlle J. van Breemen, Gözde Isik, Max Medina-Ramírez, Jaap Willem Back, Wayne C. Koff, Jean-Philippe Julien, Eva G. Rakasz, Michael S. Seaman, Miklos Guttman, Kelly K. Lee, Per Johan Klasse, Celia LaBranche, William R. Schief, Ian A. Wilson, Julie Overbaugh, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, David C. Montefiori, Hansi Dean, and John P. Moore. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Science, 349(6244):aac4223, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26089353.
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Scheepers2015
Cathrine Scheepers, Ram K. Shrestha, Bronwen E. Lambson, Katherine J. L. Jackson, Imogen A. Wright, Dshanta Naicker, Mark Goosen, Leigh Berrie, Arshad Ismail, Nigel Garrett, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Penny L. Moore, Simon A. Travers, and Lynn Morris. Ability to Develop Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Is Not Restricted by the Germline Ig Gene Repertoire. J. Immunol., 194(9):4371-4378, 1 May 2015. PubMed ID: 25825450.
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Schiffner2016
Torben Schiffner, Natalia de Val, Rebecca A. Russell, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Gabriel Ozorowski, Helen J. Kim, Travis Nieusma, Florian Brod, Albert Cupo, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Chemical Cross-Linking Stabilizes Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Antigens. J. Virol., 90(2):813-828, 28 Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26512083.
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Schiffner2018
Torben Schiffner, Jesper Pallesen, Rebecca A. Russell, Jonathan Dodd, Natalia de Val, Celia C. LaBranche, David Montefiori, Georgia D. Tomaras, Xiaoying Shen, Scarlett L. Harris, Amin E. Moghaddam, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Rogier W. Sanders, Laura E. McCoy, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Structural and Immunologic Correlates of Chemically Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1006986, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29746590.
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Schommers2020
Philipp Schommers, Henning Gruell, Morgan E. Abernathy, My-Kim Tran, Adam S. Dingens, Harry B. Gristick, Christopher O. Barnes, Till Schoofs, Maike Schlotz, Kanika Vanshylla, Christoph Kreer, Daniela Weiland, Udo Holtick, Christof Scheid, Markus M. Valter, Marit J. van Gils, Rogier W. Sanders, Jörg J. Vehreschild, Oliver A. Cornely, Clara Lehmann, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Jesse D. Bloom, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Florian Klein. Restriction of HIV-1 Escape by a Highly Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody. Cell, 180(3):471-489.e22, 6 Feb 2020. PubMed ID: 32004464.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Silver2019
Zachary A. Silver, Gordon M. Dickinson, Michael S. Seaman, and Ronald C. Desrosiers. A Highly Unusual V1 Region of Env in an Elite Controller of HIV Infection. J. Virol., 93(10), 15 May 2019. PubMed ID: 30842322.
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Simonich2016
Cassandra A. Simonich, Katherine L. Williams, Hans P. Verkerke, James A. Williams, Ruth Nduati, Kelly K. Lee, and Julie Overbaugh. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell, 166(1):77-87, 30 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27345369.
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Sliepen2015
Kwinten Sliepen, Max Medina-Ramirez, Anila Yasmeen, John P. Moore, Per Johan Klasse, and Rogier W. Sanders. Binding of Inferred Germline Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies to Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Virology, 486:116-120, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26433050.
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Sok2013
Devin Sok, Uri Laserson, Jonathan Laserson, Yi Liu, Francois Vigneault, Jean-Philippe Julien, Bryan Briney, Alejandra Ramos, Karen F. Saye, Khoa Le, Alison Mahan, Shenshen Wang, Mehran Kardar, Gur Yaari, Laura M. Walker, Birgitte B. Simen, Elizabeth P. St. John, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Kristine Swiderek, Steven H. Kleinstein, Galit Alter, Michael S. Seaman, Arup K. Chakraborty, Daphne Koller, Ian A. Wilson, George M. Church, Dennis R. Burton, and Pascal Poignard. The Effects of Somatic Hypermutation on Neutralization and Binding in the PGT121 Family of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. PLoS Pathog, 9(11):e1003754, 2013. PubMed ID: 24278016.
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Sok2014a
Devin Sok, Katie J. Doores, Bryan Briney, Khoa M. Le, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Alejandra Ramos, Daniel W. Kulp, Jean-Philippe Julien, Sergey Menis, Lalinda Wickramasinghe, Michael S. Seaman, William R. Schief, Ian A. Wilson, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Promiscuous Glycan Site Recognition by Antibodies to the High-Mannose Patch of gp120 Broadens Neutralization of HIV. Sci. Transl. Med., 6(236):236ra63, 14 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24828077.
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Sok2016
Devin Sok, Matthias Pauthner, Bryan Briney, Jeong Hyun Lee, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jessica Hsueh, Alejandra Ramos, Khoa M. Le, Meaghan Jones, Joseph G. Jardine, Raiza Bastidas, Anita Sarkar, Chi-Hui Liang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Chung-Yi Wu, William R. Schief, Chi-Huey Wong, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, Jiang Zhu, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. A Prominent Site of Antibody Vulnerability on HIV Envelope Incorporates a Motif Associated with CCR5 Binding and Its Camouflaging Glycans. Immunity, 45(1):31-45, 19 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27438765.
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Stefic2019
Karl Stefic, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Asma Essat, Clara Visdeloup, Alain Moreau, Cécile Goujard, Marie-Laure Chaix, Martine Braibant, Laurence Meyer, and Francis Barin. Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade CRF02\_AG Viruses with a Focus on Evolution over Time. J. Virol., 93(2), 15 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30404804.
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Steichen2016
Jon M. Steichen, Daniel W. Kulp, Talar Tokatlian, Amelia Escolano, Pia Dosenovic, Robyn L. Stanfield, Laura E. McCoy, Gabriel Ozorowski, Xiaozhen Hu, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Bryan Briney, Torben Schiffner, Fernando Garces, Natalia T. Freund, Alexander D. Gitlin, Sergey Menis, Erik Georgeson, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Meaghan Jones, Andrew A. Mutafyan, Dong Soo Yun, Christian T. Mayer, Andrew B. Ward, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Darrell J. Irvine, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and William R. Schief. HIV Vaccine Design to Target Germline Precursors of Glycan-Dependent Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Immunity, 45(3):483-496, 20 Sep 2016. PubMed ID: 27617678.
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Steinhardt2018
James J. Steinhardt, Javier Guenaga, Hannah L. Turner, Krisha McKee, Mark K. Louder, Sijy O'Dell, Chi-I Chiang, Lin Lei, Andrey Galkin, Alexander K. Andrianov, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Robert T. Bailer, Andrew B. Ward, John R. Mascola, and Yuxing Li. Rational Design of a Trispecific Antibody Targeting the HIV-1 Env with Elevated Anti-Viral Activity. Nat. Commun., 9(1):877, 28 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29491415.
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Stephenson2016
Kathryn E. Stephenson and Dan H. Barouch. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Eradication. Curr. HIV/AIDS Rep., 13(1):31-37, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26841901.
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Stephenson2021
Kathryn E. Stephenson, Boris Julg, C. Sabrina Tan, Rebecca Zash, Stephen R. Walsh, Charlotte-Paige Rolle, Ana N. Monczor, Sofia Lupo, Huub C. Gelderblom, Jessica L. Ansel, Diane G. Kanjilal, Lori F. Maxfield, Joseph Nkolola, Erica N. Borducchi, Peter Abbink, Jinyan Liu, Lauren Peter, Abishek Chandrashekar, Ramya Nityanandam, Zijin Lin, Alessandra Setaro, Joseph Sapiente, Zhilin Chen, Lisa Sunner, Tyler Cassidy, Chelsey Bennett, Alicia Sato, Bryan Mayer, Alan S. Perelson, Allan deCamp, Frances H. Priddy, Kshitij Wagh, Elena E. Giorgi, Nicole L. Yates, Roberto C. Arduino, Edwin DeJesus, Georgia D. Tomaras, Michael S. Seaman, Bette Korber, and Dan H. Barouch. Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Antiviral Activity of PGT121, a Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Against HIV-1: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Clinical Trial. Nat. Med., 27(10):1718-1724, Oct 2021. PubMed ID: 34621054.
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Stewart-Jones2016
Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Cinque Soto, Thomas Lemmin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Aliaksandr Druz, Rui Kong, Paul V. Thomas, Kshitij Wagh, Tongqing Zhou, Anna-Janina Behrens, Tatsiana Bylund, Chang W. Choi, Jack R. Davison, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Justin Taft, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Vidya S. Shivatare, Chang-Chun D. Lee, Chung-Yi Wu, Carole A. Bewley, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Mark Connors, Max Crispin, Ulrich Baxa, Bette T. Korber, Chi-Huey Wong, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165(4):813-826, 5 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27114034.
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Tokatlian2018
Talar Tokatlian, Daniel W. Kulp, Andrew A. Mutafyan, Christopher A. Jones, Sergey Menis, Erik Georgeson, Mike Kubitz, Michael H. Zhang, Mariane B. Melo, Murillo Silva, Dong Soo Yun, William R. Schief, and Darrell J. Irvine. Enhancing Humoral Responses Against HIV Envelope Trimers via Nanoparticle Delivery with Stabilized Synthetic Liposomes. Sci. Rep., 8(1):16527, 8 Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30410003.
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Tong2012
Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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vandenKerkhof2013
Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, K. Anton Feenstra, Zelda Euler, Marit J. van Gils, Linda W. E. Rijsdijk, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Jaap Heringa, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and Rogier W. Sanders. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures That Correlate with the Development of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Retrovirology, 10:102, 23 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24059682.
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vanDorsten2020
Rebecca T. van Dorsten, Bronwen E. Lambson, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Marc S. Weinberg, Penny L. Moore, and Lynn Morris. Neutralization Breadth and Potency of Single-Chain Variable Fragments Derived from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting Multiple Epitopes on the HIV-1 Envelope. J Virol, 94(2):e01533-19 doi, Jan 2020. PubMed ID: 31619559
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Veillette2014
Maxime Veillette, Anik Désormeaux, Halima Medjahed, Nour-Elhouda Gharsallah, Mathieu Coutu, Joshua Baalwa, Yongjun Guan, George Lewis, Guido Ferrari, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, James E. Robinson, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, and Andres Finzi. Interaction with Cellular CD4 Exposes HIV-1 Envelope Epitopes Targeted by Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J. Virol., 88(5):2633-2644, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352444.
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vonBredow2016
Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Wagh2016
Kshitij Wagh, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Carolyn Williamson, Alex Robles, Madeleine Bayne, Jetta Garrity, Michael Rist, Cecilia Rademeyer, Hyejin Yoon, Alan Lapedes, Hongmei Gao, Kelli Greene, Mark K. Louder, Rui Kong, Salim Abdool Karim, Dennis R. Burton, Dan H. Barouch, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, Bette Korber, and Michael S. Seaman. Optimal Combinations of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Prevention and Treatment of HIV-1 Clade C Infection. PLoS Pathog., 12(3):e1005520, Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 27028935.
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Wagh2018
Kshitij Wagh, Michael S. Seaman, Marshall Zingg, Tomas Fitzsimons, Dan H. Barouch, Dennis R. Burton, Mark Connors, David D. Ho, John R. Mascola, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Jeffrey Ravetch, Rajeev Gautam, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Potential of Conventional \& Bispecific Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Prevention of HIV-1 Subtype A, C \& D Infections. PLoS Pathog., 14(3):e1006860, Mar 2018. PubMed ID: 29505593.
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Walker2018
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211.
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Wang2018a
Hongye Wang, Ting Yuan, Tingting Li, Yanpeng Li, Feng Qian, Chuanwu Zhu, Shujia Liang, Daniel Hoffmann, Ulf Dittmer, Binlian Sun, and Rongge Yang. Evaluation of Susceptibility of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Variants to Neutralization by a Panel of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Arch. Virol., 163(12):3303-3315, Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30196320.
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Wang2019
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Displaying record number 2640
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
PGT126 (PGT-126) |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
|
Epitope |
|
Ab Type |
gp120 V3 // V3 glycan (V3g) |
Neutralizing |
P View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG) |
Patient |
Donor 36 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody, co-receptor, computational prediction, effector function, escape, glycosylation, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, mother-to-infant transmission, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, review, structure, subtype comparisons, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 43 of
43 notes.
-
PGT126: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
PGT126: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PGT126: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT126: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
PGT126: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
PGT126: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: PGT126 was negative for neutralization, ADCC, and binding to infected cells.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT126: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
PGT126: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128 as well as 2G12 were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PGT126: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PGT126: Chemoenzymatic synthesis, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of the V3 N334 glycopeptides from HIV-1 A244 gp120 have been reported. A synthetic V3 glycopeptide carrying a N334 high-mannose glycan was recognized by bNAb PGT128 and PGT126 but not by 10-1074. Rabbit immunization with the synthetic three-component A244 glycopeptide immunogen elicited substantial glycan-dependent antibodies with broad reactivity to various HIV-1 gp120/gp140 carrying N332 or N334 glycosylation sites. PGT126 could bind all the V3 glycopeptides carrying a high-mannose glycan but not the glycopeptides carrying the complex-type N-glycan.
Cai2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PGT126: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. PGT126 was used for machine learning regression prediction and to analyze statistical details (Table S4).
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT126: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied and future directions for the field. PGT126 was isolated from human B cell clones and is functionally similar to super-Abs PGT121, PGT128 and PGT135. Antigenic region V3 glycan (Table:1).
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT126: A systems glycobiology approach was applied to reverse engineer the relationship between bNAb binding and glycan effects on Env proteins. Glycan occupancy was interrogated across every potential N-glycan site in 94 recombinant gp120 antigens. Using a Bayesian machine learning algorithm, bNAb-specific glycan footprints were identified and used to design antigens that selectively alter bNAb antigenicity. The novel synthesized antigens unsuccessfully bound to target bNAbs with enhanced and selective antigenicity.
Yu2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT126: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PGT126: SOSIP.664 trimer was modified at V3 positions 306 and 308 by Leucine substitution to create hydrophobic interactions with the tryptophan residue at position 316 and the V1V2 domain. These modifications stabilized the resulting SOSIP.v5.2 S306L R308L trimers. In vivo, the induction of V3 non-NAbs was significantly reduced compared with the SOSIP.v5.2 trimers. S306L plus R308L paired substitutions had no effect on the trimer reactivity of PGT126.
deTaeye2018
(broad neutralizer)
-
PGT126: Three strategies were applied to perturb the structure of Env in order to make the protein more susceptible to neutralization: exposure to cold, Env-activating ligands, and a chaotropic agent. A panel of mAbs (E51, 48d, 17b, 3BNC176, 19b, 447-52D, 39F, b12, b6, PG16, PGT145, PGT126, 35O22, F240, 10E8, 7b2, 2G12) was used to test the neutralization resistance of a panel of subtype B and C pseudoviruses with and without these agents. Both cold and CD4 mimicking agents (CD4Ms) increased the sensitivity of some viruses. The chaotropic agent urea had little effect by itself, but could enhance the effects of cold or CD4Ms. Thus Env destabilizing agents can make Env more susceptible to neutralization and may hold promise as priming vaccine antigens.
Johnson2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT126: A panel of mAbs (2G12, VRC01, HJ16, 2F5, 4E10, 35O22, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074) was tested to compare their efficacy in cell-free versus cell-cell transmission. Almost all bNAbs (with the exception of anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a) blocked cell-free infection with greater potency than cell-cell infection, and showed greater potency in neutralization of cell-free viruses. The lower effectiveness on neutralization was particularly pronounced for transmitted/founder viruses, and less pronounced for chronic and lab-adapted viruses. The study highlights that the ability of an antibody to inhibit cell-cell transmission may be an important consideration in the development of Abs for prophylaxis.
Li2017
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization)
-
PGT126: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
PGT126: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT126: Chimeric antigen receptors, i.e., fusion proteins made from single-chain antibodies, may be a useful approach to immunotherapy. A set of mAbs were chosen based on their binding to a variety of sites on Env and availability of antibody sequences. The chimeric receptors were created by fusing the antibody's heavy chain, light chain, and two signaling domains into a single molecule. All 7 antibodies used to make the chimeric receptors (10E8, 3BNC117, PGT126, VRC01, X5, PGT128, PG9) showed specific killing of HIV-1 infected cells and suppression of viral replication against a panel of HIV-1 strains.
Ali2016
(immunotherapy, chimeric antibody)
-
PGT126: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3. PGT126 had moderate to strong ADCC activity against cells infected with 3 of 3 strains tested.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
PGT126: HIV-1 bNAb eptiope networks were predicted using 4 algorithms informed by neutralization assays using 282 Env from multiclade viruses. Patch clusters of possible Ab epitope regions were tested for significant sensitivity by site-directed mutagenesis. Epitope (Ab binding site) networks of critical Env residues for 21 bNAb (b12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126, PGT127, PGT128, PGT130, PGT131, PGT135, PGT136, PGT137, PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, PGT144, PGT145 and PGV04) were delineated and found to be located mostly in variable loops of gp120, particularly in V1/V2.
Evans2014
(antibody binding site, computational prediction)
-
PGT126: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). V3 glycan bNAb, PGT121, neutralized the B41 pseudovirus and bound B41 trimer.
Pugach2015
-
PGT126: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. PGT126, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125 and PGT128, all N332-V3 glycan oligomannose patch bNAbs, were strongly, reciprocally competitive with one another. PGT126 also inhibited binding of CD4bs Ab, CH31 and markedly but incompletely inhibited CD4-IgG2.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PGT126: The native-like, engineered trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 induced potent NAbs against conformational epitopes of neutralization-resistant Tier-2 viruses in rabbits and macaques, but induced cross-reactive NAbs against linear V3 epitopes of neutralization-sensitive Tier-1 viruses. A different trimer, B41 SOSIP.664 also induced strong autologous Tier-2 NAb responses in rabbits. Sera from 6/20 BG505 SOSIP.664-D7324 trimer-immunized rabbits were capable of inhibiting VRC01 binding to V3-glycan. 4/4 similarly trimer-immunized macaque sera also inhibited VRC01 binding by >50%.
Sanders2015
(antibody generation, neutralization, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PGT126: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-V3 glycan bNAb PGT126, neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PGT126: Using an escape virus isolated from the PGT125-131 donor, this study found that mutating the V3 core and repositioning critical N-linked glycosylations N295 and N332 could restore virus sensitivity. PGT128 and PGT130 required different sets of changes in order to restore sensitivity, suggesting that this family of bNAbs has two recognition classes (Fig. 2). For example N332 repositioning and 7 amino acid mutations V307I, H308R, E321D, V322I, N325D, P326I, F320H restored PGT128 but not PGT130 virus sensitivity.
Krumm2016
(glycosylation, escape)
-
PGT126: The IGHV region is central to Ag binding and consists of 48 functional genes. IGHV repertoire of 28 HIV-infected South African women, 13 of whom developed bNAbs, was sequenced. Novel IGHV repertoires were reported, including 85 entirely novel sequences and 38 sequences that matched rearranged sequences in non-IMGT databases. There were no significant differences in germline IGHV repertoires between individuals who do and do not develop bNAbs. IGHV gene usage of multiple well known HIV-1 bNAbs was also analyzed and 14 instances were identified where the novel non-IMGT alleles identified in this study, provided the same or a better match than their currently defined IMGT allele. For PGT126 the published IMGT predicted allele was IGHV4-39*07 and alternate allele predicted from IGHV alleles in 28 South African individuals was IGHV4-39*7m2, with synonymous G298C nucleotide change.
Scheepers2015
(antibody lineage)
-
PGT126: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
PGT126: This study describes a new level of complexity in antibody recognition of the mixed glycan-protein epitopes of the N332 region of HIV gp120. A combination of three antibody families that target the high-mannose patch can lead to 99% neutralization coverage of a large panel of viruses containing the N332/334 glycan site and up to 66% coverage for viruses that lack the N332/334 glycan site. PGT126 was the most effective at neutralizing viruses with the N334 glycan site.
Sok2014a
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
PGT126: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10).
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
PGT126: Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP), involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Robust protection against virus infection was observed in preclinical settings when animals were given VIP to express monoclonal neutralizing Abs. This review article surveyed the status of antibody gene transfer, VIP experiments against HIV and its related virus conduced in humanized mice and macaque monkeys, and discuss the pros and cons of VIP and its opportunities and challenges towards clinical applications to control HIV/AIDS endemics.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
PGT126: A gp140 trimer mosaic construct (MosM) was produced based on M group sequences. MosM bound to CD4 as well as multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT126, PGT145, PG9 and PG16. The immunogenicity of this construct, both alone and mixed together with a clade C Env protein vaccine, suggest a promising approach for improving NAb responses.
Nkolola2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PGT126: Computational prediction of bNAb epitopes from experimental neutralization activity data is presented. The approach relies on compressed sensing (CS) and mutual information (MI) methodologies and requires the sequences of the viral strains but does not require structural information. For PGT123, CS predicted 6 and MI predicted 3 positions, overlapping in positions 297, 332, 334.
Ferguson2013
(computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT126: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. PGT126 showed very high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirus in a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PGT126: Diversity of Ab recognition at the N332 site was assessed using chimeric antibodies made of heavy and light chains of N332-directed bNAbs PGT121-137. Recognition was good when heavy and light chains came from the same donor, and poor when they came from different donors, indicating multiple modes of recognition.
Pancera2013a
(chimeric antibody)
-
PGT126: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to PGT128-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
PGT126: This study uncovered a potentially significant contribution of VH replacement products which are highly enriched in IgH genes for the generation of anti-HIV Abs including anti-gp41, anti-V3 loop, anti-gp120, CD4i and PGT Abs. IgH encoding PGT Abs are likely generated from multiple rounds of VH replacements. The details of PGT126 VH replacement products in IgH gene and mutations and amino acid sequence analysis are described in Table 1, Table 2 and Fig 4.
Liao2013a
(antibody sequence)
-
PGT126: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 glycan-V3 site, type penetrating CDR H3 binds two glycans and strand, PGT128 class, PGT128 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT126: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as V3 epitope involving carbohydrates bnAb, isolated after 2009 by neutralization screening of cultured, unselected IgG+ memory B cells.
Bonsignori2012b
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
-
PGT126: Glycan shield of HIV Env protein helps to escape the Ab recognition. Several of the PGT BnAbs interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of Fabs PGT127 and PGT128 showed that the high neutralizing potency was mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface. PGT126 binds to Man8/9 glycans on gp120 and potently neutralize across the clades.
Pejchal2011
(glycosylation, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PGT126: Glycan Asn332-targeting broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) antibodies were studied in 2 C-clade infected women. The ASn332 glycan was absent on infecting virus, but the BCN epitope with Asn332 evolved within 6 months though immune escape from earlier antibodies. Plasma from the subject CAP177 neutralized 88% of a large multi-subtype panel of 225 heterologous viruses, whereas CAP 314 neutralized 46% of 41 heterologous viruses but failed to neutralize viruses that lack glycan at 332. PGT126 targets Asn332 to neutralize.
Moore2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
PGT126: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. These MAbs were not polyreactive. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. PGT126 neutralized 52% of 162 isolates from major HIV clades at IC50<50 μg/ml, which was lower than 93% by VRC01, but the median antibody concentration required to inhibit HIV activity by 50% or 90% (IC50 and IC90 values) was almost 10-fold lower (that is, more potent) that of PG9, VRC01 and PGV04, and 100-fold lower than that of b12, 2G12 and 4E10. PGT MAbs 121-123, 130, 131 and 135-137 bound to monomeric gp120 and competed with glycan-specific 2G12 MAb and all MAbs except PGT 135-137 also competed with a V3-loop-specific antibody and did not bind to gp120ΔV3, suggesting that their epitopes are in proximity to or contiguous with V3. Glycan array analysis revealed that PGT MAbs 125–128 and 130 bound specifically to both Man8GlcNAc2 and Man9GlcNAc2, whereas the remaining antibodies showed no detectable binding to high-mannose glycans. Alanine substitution analysis suggested that N-linked glycans at positions 332 and/or 301 were important for neutralization by PGT MAbs 125–128, 130 and 131, suggesting their direct involvement in epitope formation.
Walker2011
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, variant cross-reactivity, broad neutralizer)
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Chenine2018
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deTaeye2018
Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Andrea Vecchione, Enzo Scutigliani, Kwinten Sliepen, Judith A. Burger, Patricia van der Woude, Anna Schorcht, Edith E. Schermer, Marit J. van Gils, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the gp120 V3 Loop through Hydrophobic Interactions Reduces the Immunodominant V3-Directed Non-Neutralizing Response to HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 293(5):1688-1701, 2 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29222332.
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Johnson2017
Jacklyn Johnson, Yinjie Zhai, Hamid Salimi, Nicole Espy, Noah Eichelberger, Orlando DeLeon, Yunxia O'Malley, Joel Courter, Amos B. Smith, III, Navid Madani, Joseph Sodroski, and Hillel Haim. Induction of a Tier-1-Like Phenotype in Diverse Tier-2 Isolates by Agents That Guide HIV-1 Env to Perturbation-Sensitive, Nonnative States. J. Virol., 91(15), 1 Aug 2017. PubMed ID: 28490588.
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Kumar2018
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Liang2016
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Liao2013a
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Mannar2021
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McCoy2015
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Moore2012
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, C. Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Molati Nonyane, Daniel J. Sheward, Tandile Hermanus, Shringkhala Bajimaya, Nancy L. Tumba, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Bronwen E. Lambson, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Lihua Ping, Nobubelo Ngandu, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Ronald I. Swanstrom, Michael S. Seaman, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Evolution of an HIV Glycan-Dependent Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope through Immune Escape. Nat. Med., 18(11):1688-1692, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23086475.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Pancera2013a
Marie Pancera, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Jason Gorman, Gabriel Lu, Jason S. McLellan, Jonathan Stuckey, Jiang Zhu, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. N332-Directed Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Use Diverse Modes of HIV-1 Recognition: Inferences from Heavy-Light Chain Complementation of Function. PLoS One, 8(2):e55701, 2013. PubMed ID: 23431362.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Pejchal2011
Robert Pejchal, Katie J. Doores, Laura M. Walker, Reza Khayat, Po-Ssu Huang, Sheng-Kai Wang, Robyn L. Stanfield, Jean-Philippe Julien, Alejandra Ramos, Max Crispin, Rafael Depetris, Umesh Katpally, Andre Marozsan, Albert Cupo, Sebastien Maloveste, Yan Liu, Ryan McBride, Yukishige Ito, Rogier W. Sanders, Cassandra Ogohara, James C. Paulson, Ten Feizi, Christopher N. Scanlan, Chi-Huey Wong, John P. Moore, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Pascal Poignard, William R. Schief, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield. Science, 334(6059):1097-1103, 25 Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21998254.
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Pugach2015
Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Sanders2015
Rogier W. Sanders, Marit J. van Gils, Ronald Derking, Devin Sok, Thomas J. Ketas, Judith A. Burger, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Cassandra Simonich, Leslie Goo, Heather Arendt, Helen J. Kim, Jeong Hyun Lee, Pavel Pugach, Melissa Williams, Gargi Debnath, Brian Moldt, Mariëlle J. van Breemen, Gözde Isik, Max Medina-Ramírez, Jaap Willem Back, Wayne C. Koff, Jean-Philippe Julien, Eva G. Rakasz, Michael S. Seaman, Miklos Guttman, Kelly K. Lee, Per Johan Klasse, Celia LaBranche, William R. Schief, Ian A. Wilson, Julie Overbaugh, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, David C. Montefiori, Hansi Dean, and John P. Moore. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Science, 349(6244):aac4223, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26089353.
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Scheepers2015
Cathrine Scheepers, Ram K. Shrestha, Bronwen E. Lambson, Katherine J. L. Jackson, Imogen A. Wright, Dshanta Naicker, Mark Goosen, Leigh Berrie, Arshad Ismail, Nigel Garrett, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Penny L. Moore, Simon A. Travers, and Lynn Morris. Ability to Develop Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Is Not Restricted by the Germline Ig Gene Repertoire. J. Immunol., 194(9):4371-4378, 1 May 2015. PubMed ID: 25825450.
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Sok2014a
Devin Sok, Katie J. Doores, Bryan Briney, Khoa M. Le, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Alejandra Ramos, Daniel W. Kulp, Jean-Philippe Julien, Sergey Menis, Lalinda Wickramasinghe, Michael S. Seaman, William R. Schief, Ian A. Wilson, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Promiscuous Glycan Site Recognition by Antibodies to the High-Mannose Patch of gp120 Broadens Neutralization of HIV. Sci. Transl. Med., 6(236):236ra63, 14 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24828077.
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vonBredow2016
Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Walker2018
Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Passive Immunotherapy of Viral Infections: `Super-Antibodies' Enter the Fray. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 18(5):297-308, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29379211.
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Yang2014
Lili Yang and Pin Wang. Passive Immunization against HIV/AIDS by Antibody Gene Transfer. Viruses, 6(2):428-447, Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24473340.
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Yu2018
Wen-Han Yu, Peng Zhao, Monia Draghi, Claudia Arevalo, Christina B. Karsten, Todd J. Suscovich, Bronwyn Gunn, Hendrik Streeck, Abraham L. Brass, Michael Tiemeyer, Michael Seaman, John R. Mascola, Lance Wells, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, and Galit Alter. Exploiting Glycan Topography for Computational Design of Env Glycoprotein Antigenicity. PLoS Comput. Biol., 14(4):e1006093, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29677181.
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vandenKerkhof2013
Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, K. Anton Feenstra, Zelda Euler, Marit J. van Gils, Linda W. E. Rijsdijk, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Jaap Heringa, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and Rogier W. Sanders. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures That Correlate with the Development of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Retrovirology, 10:102, 23 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24059682.
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Rudometova2022
N. B. Rudometova, N. S. Shcherbakova, D. N. Shcherbakov, O. S. Taranov, B. N. Zaitsev, and L. I. Karpenko. Construction and Characterization of HIV-1 env-Pseudoviruses of the Recombinant Form CRF63_02A and Subtype A6. Bull Exp Biol Med, 172(6):729-733 doi, Apr 2022. PubMed ID: 35501651
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Wieczorek2023
Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Michelle Zemil, Eric Lewitus, Erin Kavusak, Jonah Heller, Sebastian Molnar, Mekhala Rao, Gabriel Smith, Meera Bose, Amy Nguyen, Adwitiya Dhungana, Katherine Okada, Kelly Parisi, Daniel Silas, Bonnie Slike, Anuradha Ganesan, Jason Okulicz, Tahaniyat Lalani, Brian K. Agan, Trevor A. Crowell, Janice Darden, Morgane Rolland, Sandhya Vasan, Julie Ake, Shelly J. Krebs, Sheila Peel, Sodsai Tovanabutra, and Victoria R. Polonis. Evolution of HIV-1 envelope towards reduced neutralization sensitivity, as demonstrated by contemporary HIV-1 subtype B from the United States. PLoS Pathog, 19(12):e1011780 doi, Dec 2023. PubMed ID: 38055771
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Displaying record number 2124
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
PG9 |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp120(126-196) |
Epitope |
(Discontinuous epitope)
|
Subtype |
A |
Ab Type |
gp120 V2 // V2 glycan(V2g) // V2 apex, quaternary structure |
Neutralizing |
P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG1) |
Patient |
Donor 24 |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, contact residues, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, escape, genital and mucosal immunity, germline, glycosylation, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, junction or fusion peptide, memory cells, mimics, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, therapeutic vaccine, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 206 of
206 notes.
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PG9: This article reviews how B cell receptor sequence analyses and repertoires can be used in vaccine stratagem. Overall, multiple immunogens and their interactions driving bnAb development to generate Abs with special genetic characteristics of V gene restriction, long CDRH3 (bnAbs like PG9 have twice the length of the average naive or memory B cell receptor CDRH3, at 30 aa) and high load SHM are the current effective strategy being used.
Kreer2020
(antibody generation, neutralization, therapeutic vaccine, review, antibody sequence)
-
PG9: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: Membrane-bound BG505-based ApexGT Env trimer vaccine candidates, which bind to inferred germline variants of bnAbs PCT64 and PG9, were developed through directed evolution and characterized. The antigenicity of the most promising immunogen, ApexGT5, was also assessed in variants designed for mRNA delivery. PCT64 and PG9/PG16 lineages were identified to have the highest and most consistent frequencies of precursors in 14 HIV-unexposed donors among 5 V2-apex-targeting bnAb classes which also included PGT141-145/PGDM1400-1414, CH01-CH04 and CAP256-VRC26 lineages. PG9/PG16 heavy chain (HC) precursors were found in 9/14 donors with a median frequency of 0.23 precursors per million BCRs. Of the assessed soluble trimers, PG9 had the greatest binding affinity for ApexGT3 (KD 0.2 nM). PG9 also had a KD value of 8.59 nM for binding to ApexGT5. Membrane-bound DNA-expressed BG505 SOSIP.MD39 (MD39, background for Apex constructs), ApexGT5, ApexGT5.Congly and ApexGT5.Gmax, as well as membrane-bound mRNA-encoded MD39, ApexGT5 and ApexGT5Congly, all had generally similar antigenic profiles and bound PG9 at moderate levels. A 4.75 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of PG9 Fab and ApexGT3.2MUT (PDB 7T77) confirmed 1:1 stoichiometry, angle of approach and extensive apex glycan interaction. The N130 and H185H glycans, present on ApexGT3.2MUT, do not make direct contacts with the PG9 Fab. The observed binding angle could cause structural clashes with an elongated loop2B, such as is found in wild-type BG505, but was similar between germline PG9 iGL and mature PG9. A trimeric interface was required for binding to PG9 iGL, but not mature PG9. Negative stain EM data suggested that an open conformation of an Env trimer would be required to accommodate 3 PG9 Fabs.
Willis2022
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, contact residues)
-
PG9: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
PG9: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
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PG9: The polyclonal response of human subjects VC20013 and VC10014 demonstrated increasing neutralization breadth against a panel of HIV-1 isolates over time. Full-length functional env genes were cloned longitudinally from these subjects from months after infection through 2.6 to 5.8 years of infection. Motifs associated with the development of breadth in published, cross-sectional studies were found in the viral sequences of both subjects. To test the immunogenicity of envelope vaccines derived from time points obtained during and after broadening of neutralization activity within these subjects, rabbits were coimmunized 4 times with selected multiple gp160 DNAs and gp140-trimeric envelope proteins. In an assay of rabbit polyclonal responses, the most rapid and persistent neutralization of multiclade tier 1 viruses was elicited by envelopes that were circulating in plasma at time points prior to the development of 50% neutralization breadth in both human subjects. The breadth elicited in rabbits was not improved by exposure to later envelope variants. Env immunogen sequences were tested for binding to a panel of well studied mAbs of various binding types (VRC01, HJ16, b12, b6, PG9, PGT121, 2G12, 2F5, F240); all gp140s bound to weak or non-neutralizing antibodies b6 and F240. MAb b6 also bound BG505 SOSIP, while F240 did not, suggesting that cluster I gp41 epitopes, which become exposed during gp120 shedding, are more easily accessed on these trimers than on BG505-SOSIP. These data have implications for vaccine development in describing a target time point to identify optimal env immunogens.
Malherbe2014
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
PG9: This study assessed the ability of single bNAbs and triple bNAb combinations to mediate polyfunctional antiviral activity against a panel of cross-clade simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which are commonly used as tools for validation of therapeutic strategies in nonhuman primate models. Most bnAbs assayed were capable of mediating both neutralizing and nonneutralizing effector functions (ADCC and ADCP) against cross-clade SHIVs, although the susceptibility to V3 glycan-specific bNAbs was highly strain dependent. Several triple bNAb combinations were identified comprising of CD4 binding site-, V2-glycan-, and gp120-gp41 interface-targeting bNAbs that are capable of mediating synergistic polyfunctional antiviral activities against multiple clade A, B, C, and D SHIVs. In assays using the transmitted/founder SHIV.C.CH505, there was a correlation between the neutralization potencies and nonneutralizing effector functions of bnAbs: PG9 was positive for neutralization and binding to infected cells, but negative for ADCC.
Berendam2021
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: This study used directed evolution to overcome the instability and heterogeneity of a primary Env isolate (ADA) in order to design better immunogens. HIV-1 virions were subjected to iterative cycles of destabilization and replication to select for Envs with enhanced stability. Several mutations in Env were associated with increased trimer stability, primarily in the heptad repeat regions of gp41 and V1 of gp120. Mutations from the most stable Envs were combined into a variant Env, termed "comb-mut", with superior homogeneity and stability. Comb-mut had greater binding affinity for PGT128, PG9, PG16, 2G12, VRC01, b12, and CD4-IgG2, but decreased binding to 4E10, 2F5, b6, 19b, 17b, 7B2, and D50. Comb-mut was more sensitive to neutralization by PG9. One specific mutation (K574) was shown to decrease the neutralization IC50 of mAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10, b6, 2G12, 8K8 and inhibitors sCD4, T-20, and PF-68742. Several of the Env substitutions were shown to stabilize Env spikes from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. Spike stabilizing mutations may be useful in the development of Env immunogens that stably retain native, trimeric structure.
Leaman2013
(mimics, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PG9: Reduction in exposure of non-neutralizing Ab (nnAb) epitopes on native-like Env trimer immunogens results in bnAbs being elicited that have autologous tier 2 neutralization instead of tier 1. The design of trimer modifications to silence nnAb reactivity were directed towards (1) the V3 loop (2) epitopes exposed through CD4-induced conformational changes (CD4i epitopes) and (3) the exposed SOSIP trimer base that is usually buried within virus membrane. (1) In Steichen2016 2 Env variants of BG505 SOSIP.664 with reduced V3 nnAb-generating activity were created, one using mammalian display screens, BG505 MD39, and the other with an engineered disulfide bond, BG505 SOSIP.DS21. MD39's trimer design was improved by using the Rosetta Design platform and inserting 6 buried mutations to form BG505 Olio6, and both this trimer as well as the DS21 were shown to have reduced antigenicity for nnAb generation in a rabbit vaccine model. (2) To reduce CD4i epitope elicitation of nnAbs, saturation mutagenesis of Olio6 was performed, in search of the trimer that binds VRC01-class bnAbs but not CD4. BG505 Olio6.CD4KO containing the G473T mutation was identified. In addition, for the purposes of nucleic acid-based vaccine platform designs, the natural furin cleavage site between gp120 and gp41 was removed to abolish protease cleavage, by swapping the order of gp14 and gp120 in the gp160 gene, giving the trimer BG505 MD39.CP (circular permutation). (3) The exposed trimer base was masked with glycan in 3 under-glycosylated regions in order to direct bnAb responses to the distal regions (CD4bs, V2 apex, N332 superset) of the trimer instead, generating the GRSF (glycan resurfaced) MD39 and GRSF MD39.CP variants. Furthermore, variants with improved thermostability over MD39 were created, MD37 and MD64. All of these stabilizing mutations were transferred to diverse HIV isolates from different subtypes. Finally 3 subtype C (isolate 327c) trimers were assessed for binding to bnAbs, VRC01, PGT121, PGT151, PGT145, PG9 and to nnAbs, F105 and 17b - PG9 does bind all three.
Kulp2017
(antibody binding site, antibody generation, antibody interactions, assay or method development, autologous responses, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG9: Using subtype A BG505 Env structural information, improved variants of subtype B JRFL and subtype C 16055 Env native flexibly linked (NFL) trimers were generated. The trimer-derived (TD) residues that increased well-ordered, homogeneous, stable, and soluble trimers did not require positive or negative selection as previously needed [Guenaga2015, PLoS Pathos. 11(1):e1004570]. In JRFL trimer-derived Env immunogens, binding to PG9 was restored by the E168K mutation.
Guenaga2015a
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG9: Most published structures of bnAbs, yet none of non- or poorly-neutralizing mAbs, were structurally compatible with a newly generated crystal structure of a mature ligand-free endoglycosidase H-treated BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimer. Robust binding of the structurally incompatible V3- and CD4-bs targeting nAbs could be induced with CD4. A “DS” variant of BG505 SOSIP.664, containing a stabilizing disulfide bond between 201C and 433C mutations, was developed and appeared to represent an obligate intermediate in that it bound only a single CD4 and remained in a prefusion closed conformation. BnAb PG9 was structurally compatible with BG505 SOSIP.664 and had a breadth of 78% (IC50 < 50 μg/ml) in a panel of 170 diverse HIV-1 pseudoviruses.
Kwon2015
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG9: Primary HIV-1 Envs were expressed as SHIVs, and responses from infected rhesus macaques showed patterns of Env-antibody coevolution similar to those in humans. This included conserved immunogenetic, structural, and chemical solutions to epitope recognition and precise Env-amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions leading to virus persistence. One macaque mAb (RHA1.V2.01), neutralized 49% of a 208-strain panel, and structural analysis revealed a V2-apex mode of recognition that resembles human bnAbs PGT145 or PCT64-35S. Signature sites were analyzed for RHA1.V2.01 and 7 V2 bnAbs (PCT64-34M, PGDM1400, PG9, CH01, PGT145, VRC26.08, VRC26.25).
Roark2021
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, escape)
-
PG9: This paper comprehensively defined the effect of every viable single aa mutation in the ectodomain and transmembrane domain of BG505.T332N Env on binding by 9 individual bnAbs targeting 5 epitope classes (VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, 10-1074, PG9, PGT145, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 10E8), as well as by a mixture of 3BNC117 and 10-1074. Escape mutations mostly occurred in a small subset of structurally-defined contacts within <4 Å and at sites within 5-10 Å of the Ab. Escape from both V2-apex-targeting bnAbs, PG9 and PGT145, occurred through the elimination of the N160 glycan and/or positive charges from the epitope. Mutations in trimer apex contact sites also facilitated escape. Env sites with the largest cumulative mutational impact on PG9 binding were N160, K171, K169, and T162. See LANL Features and Contacts database for more details.
Dingens2019
(antibody binding site, escape, contact residues)
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PG9: This study aimed to define properties shared by transmitted viruses by comparing antigenic and functional properties of envelope glycoproteins of viral variants isolated during primary infection in 27 patients belonging to 8 transmission clusters. The neutralization of the 27 pseudotyped viruses was assayed with 8 human bnAbs targeting various regions of the virus. The infectious properties of the viruses was assessed by measuring their infectivity and sensitivity to entry inhibitors. Transmitted viruses from the same transmission chain shared many properties, including similar neutralization profiles, sensitivity to inhibitors, and infectivity. All transmitted viruses were CCR5-tropic, sensitive to maraviroc, and resistant to soluble forms of CD4, irrespective of cluster. They were also generally sensitive to bnAbs that target V3 (10-1074, PGT121), CD4bs (3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W), and MPER region (10E8), suggesting that the loss of these epitopes may affect a virus’s capacity to be transmitted. The viruses were somewhat less sensitive to bnAbs targeting the V1V2 region (PG9, PGT145) and gp120/gp41 interface (8ANC195). These data suggest that the transmission bottleneck is governed by selective forces.
Beretta2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
PG9: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
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PG9: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
PG9: HIV-1 and its SIV precursors share a bnAb epitope in Env V2 at the trimer apex. This study tested the immunogenicity of a chimpanzee SIV (SIVcpz) Env trimer. In mice expressing a human V2-apex bnAb heavy-chain precursor, trimer immunization induced V2-directed nAbs. Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-chimpanzee immunodeficiency viruses (SCIVs) elicited high-titer viremia, potent autologous neutralizing antibodies, rapid sequence escape in the canonical V2-apex epitope, and in some cases, low-titer heterologous plasma breadth mapping to the V2-apex. Antibody cloning from 2 macaques (T925 and T927) identified 7 lineages (53 mAbs) with long CDRH3 regions that cross-neutralize some primary HIV-1 strains with low potency. Electron microscopy of members of the two most cross-reactive lineages confirmed V2 targeting with an angle of approach distinct from prototypical V2-apex bNAbs; antibody binding either required or induced an occluded-open trimer. Probing with conformation-sensitive, nonneutralizing antibodies revealed that SCIV-expressed, but not wild-type SIVcpz Envs, as well as a subset of primary HIV-1 Envs, preferentially adopted a more open trimeric state. These results reveal the existence of a cryptic V2 epitope that is exposed in occluded-open SIVcpz and HIV-1 Env trimers and elicits cross-neutralizing responses of limited breadth and potency. This cryptic epitope, which in some Env backgrounds is immunodominant, needs to be considered in immunogen design. As part of the study, binding and neutralization assays used panels of nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, CH01, BG1, VRC38.01), non-nAbs (697-D, 1393A, CH58, CAP228-3D, 3074, 447-52D, 17b, A32), and unmutated ancestors (PG9-RUA, PG16-RUA, VRC26-UCA, CH01-RUA).
Bibollet-Ruche2023
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG9: A macaque sequential immunization protocol with increasingly native-like V3-glycan-targeting Env trimers multimerized onto virus-like particles elicited multiple on-target mAbs with heterologous, yet generally weak, neutralization activity and minimal protection in a subsequent intrarectal heterologous challenge with SHIVDH12-V3AD8. The priming immunogen was RC1-4fill (clade A/E, RC1 with 4 additional glycans), a low affinity Env trimer with additional glycans to facilitate V3-glycan targeting and mask BG505 glycan hole, while the boosting immunogens were 11MUTB-4fill (clade A/E), B41-5MUT or B41 wildtype (clade B), AMC011/Du422 (clade B/C), and consensus group M/consensus clade C Env trimers. In a RC1 binding assay, PG9 Fab competed moderately with isolated macaque mAbs (Ab1456 and Ab1461) and itself and modestly with isolated macaque mAb Ab1573.
Escolano2021
(antibody interactions, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: HIV-1 bnAbs require high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-catalyzed somatic mutations. Probable mutations occur at sites of frequent AID activity, while improbable mutations occur where AID activity is infrequent. The paper introduced the ARMADiLLO program, which estimates how probable a particular mAb mutation is, and thus the key improbable mutations were defined for a panel of 26 bnAbs. The number of improbable mutations ranged from 7 (PGT128) to 23 (VRC01 and 35O22); PG9 had 14 improbable mutations out of 28 total AA mutations, and 0 indels. Single-amino acid reversion mutants were made for key improbable mutations of 3 bnAbs (CH235, VRC01, and BF520.1), and these mutant mAbs were tested for their neutralization ability. The study also noted that bnAbs that had relatively small numbers of improbable single somatic mutations had other unusual characteristics that were due to additional improbable events, such as indels (PGT128) or extraordinary CDR H3 lengths (VRC26.25).
Wiehe2018
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PG9: 3 clonally-related autologously-neutralizing mAbs (43A, 43A1, and 43A2), isolated from rabbit 5743 which was co-immunized with BG505- and B41-based SOSIP soluble trimers [Klasse2016, PMID: 27627672], bind to an immunodominant epitope in V1 overlapping the bnAb N332 glycan supersite without interacting with glycans. Of the 43A family members, only 43A, at 2-50 μg/ml concentration, had limited competition with mAb PGT135 with 67-78% residual binding in a BG505 SOSIP.664 binding assay.
Nogal2020
(antibody interactions)
-
PG9: A panel of 33 CRF02_AG pseudoviruses was generated from HIV-1-infected individuals during early stages of infection. Samples represented a 15-year period 1997-2012. These viruses were best neutralized by the CD4bs-directed bnAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, and N6) and the MPER-directed bnAb 10E8 in terms of both potency and breadth. There was a higher resistance to bnAbs targeting the V1V2-glycan region (PG9 and PGT145) and the V3-glycan region (PGT121 and 10-1074). Neutralization by 8ANC195 was also assayed. Combinations of antibodies were predicted by the CombiNaber tool to achieve full coverage across this subtype. There was increased resistance to bnAbs targeting the CD4bs linked to the diversification of CRF02_AG Env over the course of the timespan sampled.
Stefic2019
(neutralization, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
PG9: To understand early bnAb responses, 51 HIV-1 clade C infected infants were assayed for neutralization of a 12-virus multi-clade panel. Plasma bnAbs targeting V2-apex on Env were predominant in infant elite and broad neutralizers. In infant elite neutralizers, multi-variant infection was associated with plasma bnAbs targeting diverse autologous viruses. A panel of mAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, VRC26.25, 10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 4E10, F105, 17b, A32, 48d, b6, 447-52d) was assayed for their ability to neutralize Env clones from infant elite neutralizers; circulating viral variants in infant elite neutralizers were most susceptible to V2-apex bnAbs.
Mishra2020a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: In vertically-infected infant AIIMS731, a rare HIV-1 mutation in hypervariable loop 2 (L184F) was studied. In patient sequences, this mutation was present in the majority of clones. A panel of 6 V2 bnAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256.25, and CH01) was assayed for neutralization of 6 patient viral clones. The AIIMS731 viral variants segregated into 4 neutralization-sensitive and 2 resistant clones; sensitive clones carried 184F, while resistant clones carried the rare 184L mutation. A large panel of bnAbs targeting non-V2 epitopes was used to assess the neutralization of the 6 patient viral variants. The bnAb panel consisted of V3/N332 glycan supersite bnAbs (10-1074, BG18, AIIMS-P01, PGT121, PGT128, and PGT135), CD4bs bnAbs (VRC01, VRC03, VRC07-523LS, N6, 3BNC117, and NIH45-46 G54W), a silent face-targeting bnAb (PG05), fusion peptide and gp120-gp41 interface bnAbs (PGT151, 35O22, and N123-VRC34.01), and MPER bnAbs (10E8, 4E10, and 2F5). All of these bnAbs had similar neutralization efficiencies for all 6 clones, suggesting that the L184F mutation was specific for viral escape from neutralization by V2 apex bnAbs. A panel of non-neutralizing mAbs (V3 loop-targeting non-nAbs 447-52D and 19b, and CD4-induced non-nAbs 17b, A32, 48d, and b6), were also assessed; 2 of the variants (the same 2 susceptible to the V2 bnAbs) showed moderate neutralization by 447-52D, 19b, 17b, and 48d. The structure of ligand-free BG505 SOSIP trimer revealed that the side chain of L184 was outward facing and did not make significant intraprotomeric interactions, but upon mutating L184 to F184, a disruption of the accessible surface between the bulky side chain of F184 on one protomer and R165 on the neighboring protomer was seen. Thus, the L184F mutation resulted in increased susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies known to target the relatively more open conformation of Env on tier 1 viruses, suggesting that the rare L184F mutation allowed Env to sample more open states resembling the CD4-bound conformation where the CCR5 binding site is exposed.
Mishra2020
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: This paper isolated and characterized V3-glycan bNAb Ab1485 produced by an elite neutralizing SHIVAD8-EO-infected macaque identified as CE8J. For comparison with Ab1485, the binding of apex mAb PG9 to BG505 was substantially inhibited by itself but not by mAbs 10-1074, 3BNC117, 8ANC195 and VRC34, which all targeted other regions of Env.
Wang2020
(antibody interactions)
-
PG9: A plant-based expression system was used to produce different glycoforms of the bnAbs PG9, PG16, 10–1074, NIH45–46G54W, 10E8, PGT121, PGT128, PGT145, PGT135, and b12. Also produced were mutated forms (N92T) of VRC01 (mVRC01) and NIH45–46G54W (mNIH45–46G54W). The in vivo properties of these mAbs were assessed in macaques to distinguish those most likely to comprise or become a component of an affordable and efficacious immunotherapeutic cocktails. N-glycans within the VL domain impaired the plasma stability of plant-derived bnAbs. While PGT121 and b12 exhibited no immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, VRC01, 10-1074 and NIH45-46G54W elicited high titer anti-idiotypic antibodies. The results indicated that that specific mutations in certain bnAbs caused immunogenicity in macaques. Such immunogenicity in humans would potentially compromise their value for immunotherapy. CHO1-31 was used as a positive control in a neutralization assay.
Rosenberg2015
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PG9: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
PG9: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128 as well as 2G12 were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG9: Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 immunity associated with VRC01-like antibodies was studied by isolation of VRC01-like neutralizers with CD4bs probe; structural definition of gp120 recognition by RSC3-identified antibodies from different donors; functional complementation of heavy and light chains among VRC01-like antibodies; identification of VRC01 antibodies by 454 pyrosequencing; and cross-donor phylogenetic analysis of sequences derived from the same precursor germline gene. b12, among with other RSC3-reactive antibodies, was used for several comparisons and showed dramatic differences in heavy-chain orientation relative to the VRC01. b12 had 48-66% sequence identity of its heavy and light chains to respective chains of VRC-PG04 and VRC-CH31. PG9 and PG16 Abs were compared to for % somatic hyper mutation.
Wu2011
(structure)
-
PG9: Analyses of all PDB HIV1-Env trimer (prefusion, closed) structures fulfilling certain parameters of resolution were performed to classify them on the basis of (a) antibody class which was informed by parental B cells as well as structural recognition, and (b) Env residues defining recognized HIV epitopes. Structural features of the 206 HIV epitope and bNAb paratopes were correlated with functional properties of the breadth and potency of neutralization against a 208-strain panel. Broadly nAbs with >25% breadth of neutralization belonged to 20 classes of antibodies with a large number of protruding loops and high degree of somatic hypermutation (SHM). Analysis of recognized HIV epitopes placed the bNAbs into 6 categories (viz. V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide and subunit interface). The epitopes contained high numbers of independent sequence segments and glycosylated surface area. PG9-Env formed a distinct group within the V1V2 category, Class PG9, and it has extensive D-gene contribution. Crystal structure data on B-cell culture identified PG9 Fab complexed to V1V2 region of strain ZM109 was found in PDB ID: 3U2S.
Chuang2019
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: In an effort to identify new Env immunogens able to elicit bNAbs, this study looked at Envs derived from rare individuals who possess bNAbs and are elite viral suppressors, hypothesizing that in at least some people the antibodies may mediate durable virus control. The Env proteins recovered from these individuals may more closely resemble the Envs that gave rise to bNAbs compared to the highly diverse viruses isolated from normal progressors. This study identified a treatment-naive elite suppressor, EN3 (patient record #4929), whose serum had broad neutralization. The Env sequences of EN3 had much fewer polymorphisms, compared to those of a normal progressor, EN1 (patient record #4928), who also had broad serum neutralization. This result confirmed other reports of slower virus evolution in elite suppressors. EN3 Envelope proteins were unusual in that most possessed two extra cysteines within an elongated V1 region. The impact of the extra cysteines on the binding to bNAbs, virus infectivity, and sensitivity to neutralization suggested that structural motifs in V1 can affect infectivity, and that rare viruses may be prevented from developing escape. As part of this study, the neutralization of pseudotype viruses for EN3 Env clones was assayed for several bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, VRC01, 4E10, and 35O22).
Hutchinson2019
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG9: Extensive structural and biochemical analyses demonstrated that PGT145 achieves recognition and neutralization by targeting quaternary structure of the cationic trimer apex with long and unusually stabilized anionic β-hairpin HCDR3 loops. Compared to PGT145, PG9 showed increased breadth, neutralization potency, and maximum percentage neutralization (MPN) in the presence of complex/hybrid glycans. In BG505.Env.C2 alanine-scanning neutralization assays, PG9 had similar results as CH01, consistent with both CH01 and PG9 being representatives of hammerhead-class, and very dissimilar results to PGT145-like antibodies.
Lee2017
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
PG9: Three vaccine regimens administered in guinea pigs over 200 weeks were compared for ability to elicit NAb polyclonal sera. While tier 1 NAb responses did increase with vaccination, tier 2 NAb heterologous responses did not. The 3 regimens were C97 (monovalent, Clade C gp140), 4C (tetravalent, 4 Clade C mosaic gp140s), ABCM (tetravalent, Clades A, B, C and mosaic gp140s). Polyclonal sera generated from the 4C and ABCM regimens, compared to the C97 regimen, were able to more successfully outcompete PG9 binding to gp140 antigens.
Bricault2018
(antibody generation, vaccine-induced immune responses, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
PG9: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. PGT121, PG9, PG16, and CH01 bound better to the E153C/R178C/G152E mutant than to SOSIP.664. The I184C/E190C mutant bound all the V2 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, and CH01) better than SOSIP.664. I184C/E190C was more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs compared with BG505 (by 5-fold for PG9, 3-fold for PG16, 6-fold for CH01, and 3-fold for PGDM1400).
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
PG9: The authors used genome-editing techniques (CRISPR-Cas9) to modify HIV specific B cell receptors. In particular, they replaced the heavy chain variable region in B cell lines with that from the HIV broadly neutralizing antibody PG9. The chimeric PG9 antibodies they created could neutralize one or more of the PG9-sensitive viruses, and most neutralized multiple viruses from different clades in a global panel, although none of the chimeric antibodies were as broadly neutralizing as the original PG9 HC/LC pair.
Voss2019
(neutralization, antibody sequence, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody)
-
PG9: This study looks at the role of somatic mutations within antibody variable and framework regions (FWR) in bNAbs and how these mutations alter thermostability and neutralization as the Ab lineage reaches maturation. The emergence and selection of different mutations in the complementarity-determining and framework regions are necessary to maintain a balance between antibody function and stability. The study shows that all major classes of bNAbs (DH270, CH103, CH235, PG9 etc.) have lower thermostability than their corresponding inferred UCA antibodies. Fab interdomain flexibility mutations are selected early in Ab development.
Henderson2019
(neutralization, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: Two HIV-1-infected individuals, VC10014 and VC20013, were monitored from early infection until well after they had developed broadly neutralizing activity. The bNAb activity developed about 1 year after infection and mapped to a single epitope in both subjects. Isolates from each subject, taken at five different time points, were tested against monoclonal bNAbs: VRC01, B12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, and 2F5. In subject VC10014, the bNAb activity developed around 1 year postinfection and targeted an epitope that overlaps the CD4-BS and is similar to (but distinct from) bNAb HJ16. In the case of VC20013, the bNAb activity targeted a novel epitope in the MPER that is critically dependent on residue 677 (mutation K677N).
Sather2014
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. PG9 was used as V2 Ab and Clade B was resistant to PG9. Based on structural contacts for PG9, phylogenetically corrected signatures and statistical support for other V2 Abs contacts were analyzed.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: The influence of a V2 State 2/3-stabilizing Env mutation, L193A, on ADCC responses mediated by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals was evaluated. Conformations spontaneously sampled by the Env trimer at the surface of infected cells had a significant impact on ADCC. State 1-preferring ligand PG9 recognized L193A variants of CH58 and CH77 IMCs with less efficiently compared to the WT.
Prevost2018
(effector function)
-
PG9: A simple method to quantify and compare serum neutralization probabilities in described. The method uses logistic regression to model the probability that a serum neutralizes a virus with an ID50 titer above a cutoff. The neutralization potency (NP) identifies where the probabilities of neutralizing and not neutralizing a virus are equal and is not absolute as it depends on the ID50 cutoff. It provides a continuous measure for sera, which builds upon established tier categories now used to rate virus sensitivity. These potency comparisons are similar to comparing geometric mean neutralization titers, but instead are represented in tier-like terms. Increasing the number of bNAbs increases NP and slope, where the higher the slope, the sharper the boundary (lower scatter) between viruses neutralized and not neutralized. PG9 was used in analysis of monoclonal bNAb combinations.
Hraber2018
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG9: This review summarizes current advances in antibody lineage-based design and epitope-based vaccine design. Antibody lineage-based design is described for VRC01, PGT121 and PG9 antibody classes, and epitope-based vaccine design is described for the CD4-binding site, as well as fusion peptide and glycan-V3 cites of vulnerability.
Kwong2018
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer, junction or fusion peptide)
-
PG9: This review discusses the identification of super-Abs, where and how such Abs may be best applied and future directions for the field. PG9, a prototype super-Ab, was isolated from direct functional screening of B cell clones from an HIV elite neutralizer and was an order of magnitude more potent than first-generation bNAbs. Recently recombinant native-like HIV Env trimers have enabled the identification of exceptionally potent ‘PG9-class’ bNAbs e.g., PG16, PGT141-144, CH01-04, PGDM1400–1412 and CAP256-VRC26.01-12. Antigenic region V2 apex (Table:1)
Walker2018
(antibody binding site, review, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: The authors selected an optimal panel of diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to represent the antigenic diversity of HIV globally in order to be used as antigen candidates. The selection was based on genetic and geographic diversity, and experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses. The eligibility of the envelopes as vaccine candidates was evaluated against a panel of antibodies for breadth, affinity, binding and durability of vaccine-elicited responses. The antigen panel was capable of detecting the spectrum of V2-specific antibodies that target epitopes from the V2 strand C (V2p), the integrin binding motif in V2 (V2i), and the quaternary epitope at the apex of the trimer (V2q).
Yates2018
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity)
-
PG9: The effects of 16 glycoengineering (GE) methods on the sensitivities of 293T cell-produced pseudoviruses (PVs) to a large panel of bNAbs were investigated. Some bNAbs were dramatically impacted. PG9 and were up to 30-fold more potent against PVs produced with co-transfected α-2,6 sialyltransferase. PGT151 and PGT121 were more potent against PVs with terminal SA removed. 35O22 and CH01 were more potent against PV produced in GNT1-cells. The effects of GE on bNAbs VRC38.01, VRC13 and PGT145 were inconsistent between Env strains, suggesting context-specific glycan clashes. Overexpressing β-galactosyltransferase during PV production 'thinned' glycan coverage, by replacing complex glycans with hybrid glycans. This impacted PV sensitivity to some bNAbs. Maximum percent neutralization by excess bnAb was also improved by GE. Remarkably, some otherwise resistant PVs were rendered sensitive by GE. Germline-reverted versions of some bnAbs usually differed from their mature counterparts, showing glycan indifference or avoidance, suggesting that glycan binding is not germline-encoded but rather, it is gained during affinity maturation. Overall, these GE tools provided new ways to improve bnAb-trimer recognition that may be useful for informing the design of vaccine immunogens to try to elicit similar bnAbs.
Crooks2018
(vaccine antigen design, antibody lineage)
-
PG9: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
PG9: A rare glycan hole at the V2 apex is enriched in HIV isolates neutralized by inferred precursors of prototype V2-apex bNAbs. To investigate whether this feature could focus neutralizing responses onto the apex bnAb region, rabbits were immunized with soluble trimers adapted from these Envs. Potent autologous tier 2 neutralizing responses targeting basic residues in strand C of the V2 region, which forms the core epitope for V2-apex bnAbs, were observed. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from these animals display features promising for subsequent broadening of the response. Four human anti-V2 bnAbs (PG9, CH01, PGT145, and CAP256.09) were used as a basis of comparison.
Voss2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: This study describes the generation of CHO cell lines stably expressing the following vaccine Env Ags: CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B). The antigenic profiles of the molecules were assessed with a panel of well-characterized mAbs recognizing critical epitopes and glycosylation analysis confirming previously identified sites and revealing unknown sites at non-consensus motifs. A244.AE gp120 showed low level of binding to PG9 in ELISA EC50 and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays. 6240.B gp120 exhibited binding to PG9.
Wen2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: The prophylactic and therapeutic potential of an engineered single gene–encoded tandem bispecific immunoadhesin (IA) molecule BiIA-SG was studied. Before engineering BiIAs, codon-optimized scFvs of bNAbs PG9, PG16, PGT128, VRC01, and Hu5A8 were synthesized. The VL/VH domain of each scFv was engineered as a corresponding IA by fusion with human IgG1-Fc to generate IA-PG9, IA-PG16, IA-PGT128, IA-VRC01, and IA-Hu5A8. While all IAs exhibited specific anti–HIV-1 activity, only IA-PGT128 displayed similar potency and the same sigmoidal slope of 100% neutralization as previously described for the native PGT128, and IA-PGT128 in combination with IA-Hu5A8 exhibited the best synergistic effect based on computational synergy volumes. IA-PGT128 and IA-Hu5A8 were therefore used for BiIA construction.
Wu2018
-
PG9: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. PG9 is polyreactive, but not autoreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG9: Panels of C clade pseudoviruses were computationally downselected from the panel of 200 C clade viruses defined by Rademeyer et al. 2016. A 12-virus panel was defined for the purpose of screening sera from vaccinees. Panels of 50 and 100 viruses were defined as smaller sets for use in testing magnitude and breadth against C clade. Published neutralization data for 16 mAbs was taken from CATNAP for the computational selections: 10-1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128, VRC26.25, VRC26.08, PGDM1400, PG9, PGT145, VRC07-523, 10E8, VRC13, 3BNC117, VRC07, VRC01, 4E10.
Hraber2017
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG9: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers.
Hogan2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: Env trimers were engineered with selective deglycosylation around the CD4 binding site to see if they could be useful vaccine antigens. The neutralization of glycan-deleted trimers was tested for a set of bnAbs (PG9, PGT122, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13, PGT151, 8ANC195, 35O22), and the antigens elicited potent neutralization based on the CD4 supersite. A crystal structure was made of one of these Env trimers bound to Fabs 35O22 and 3H+109L. Guinea pigs vaccinated with these antigens achieved neutralization of deglycosylated Envs. Glycan-deleted Env trimers may be useful as priming antigens to increase the frequency of CD4 site-directed antibodies.
Zhou2017
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG9: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs, regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
PG9: A panel of mAbs (2G12, VRC01, HJ16, 2F5, 4E10, 35O22, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074) was tested to compare their efficacy in cell-free versus cell-cell transmission. Almost all bNAbs (with the exception of anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a) blocked cell-free infection with greater potency than cell-cell infection, and showed greater potency in neutralization of cell-free viruses. The lower effectiveness on neutralization was particularly pronounced for transmitted/founder viruses, and less pronounced for chronic and lab-adapted viruses. The study highlights that the ability of an antibody to inhibit cell-cell transmission may be an important consideration in the development of Abs for prophylaxis.
Li2017
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization)
-
PG9: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
PG9: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
PG9: The ability of neutralizing and nonneutralizing mAbs to block infection in models of mucosal transmission was tested. Neutralization potency did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4bs-specific bNAbs, in particular VRC01, blocked HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. MPER (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bNAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while bNAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) were more variable. Non-nAbs alone and in combinations, were poorly protective against mucosal infection. The protection provided by specific bNAbs demonstrates their potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing mucosal entry. PG9 and PG16 were selected to represent mAbs of the V1-V2 glycan class.
Cheeseman2017
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
PG9: To understand HIV neutralization mediated by the MPER, antibodies and viruses were studied from CAP206, a patient known to produce MPER-targeted neutralizing mAbs. 41 human mAbs were isolated from CAP206 at various timepoints after infection, and 4 macaque mAbs were isolated from animals immunized with CAP206 Env proteins. Two rare, naturally-occuring single-residue changes in Env were identified in transmitted/founder viruses (W680G in CAP206 T/F and Y681D in CH505 T/F) that made the viruses less resistant to neutralization. The results point to the role of the MPER in mediating the closed trimer state, and hence the neutralization resistance of HIV. CH58 was one of several mAbs tested for neutralization of transmitted founder viruses isolated from clade C infected individuals CAP206 and CH505, compared to T/F viruses containing MPER mutations that confer enhanced neutralization sensitivity.
Bradley2016a
(neutralization)
-
PG9: This study performed cyclical permutation of the V1 loop of JRFL in order to develop better gp120 trimers to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Some mutated trimers showed improved binding to several mAbs, including VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, PGT128, PGT145, PGDM1400, b6, and F105. Guinea pigs immunized with prospective trimers showed improved neutralization of a panel of HIV-1 pseudoviruses. Binding of PG9 to JRFL was abolished by mutations N156K or N160K.
Kesavardhana2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG9: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. A bioinformatics analysis suggested shared features of one of the trimer VLP sera and monoclonal antibody PG9, consistent with its trimer-dependency. PG9 was 1 of 2 reference PG9-like bNAbs - PG9 and PGT145.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: Binding of PG9 to properly folded and glycosylated fragments of Env V1/V2 (scaffolds) is described. Scaffolds from 3 different clades of HIV-1 bound to PG9 with high affinity. Mutations I169K, E172V, T161M, N156I, S164G, D167G (includng those outside of the antibody contact region) improved binding.
Morales2016
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), i.e., fusion proteins made from single-chain antibodies, may be a useful approach to immunotherapy. A set of mAbs were chosen based on their binding to a variety of sites on Env and availability of antibody sequences. The chimeric receptors were created by fusing the antibody's heavy chain, light chain, and two signaling domains into a single molecule. All 7 antibodies used to make the chimeric receptors (10E8, 3BNC117, PGT126, VRC01, X5, PGT128, PG9) showed specific killing of HIV-1 infected cells and suppression of viral replication against a panel of HIV-1 strains.
Ali2016
(immunotherapy, chimeric antibody)
-
PG9: This review classified and mapped the binding regions of 32 bNAbs isolated 2010-2016.
Wu2016
(review)
-
PG9: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
PG9: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
PG9: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
PG9: HIV-1 bNAb eptiope networks were predicted using 4 algorithms informed by neutralization assays using 282 Env from multiclade viruses. Patch clusters of possible Ab epitope regions were tested for significant sensitivity by site-directed mutagenesis. Epitope (Ab binding site) networks of critical Env residues for 21 bNAb (b12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126, PGT127, PGT128, PGT130, PGT131, PGT135, PGT136, PGT137, PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, PGT144, PGT145 and PGV04) were delineated and found to be located mostly in variable loops of gp120, particularly in V1/V2.
Evans2014
(antibody binding site, computational prediction)
-
PG9: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. V1/V2 glycan bNAb PG9 bound cell surface tightly whether the trimer contained its C-terminal or not, and was competed out by sCD4. It was able to neutralize the 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: Factors that independently affect bNAb induction and evolution were identified as viral load, length of untreated infection, and viral diversity. Black subjects induced bNAbs more than white subjects, but this did not correlate with type of Ab response. Fingerprint analyses of induced bNAbs showed strong subtype dependency, with subtype B inducing significantly higher levels of CD4bs Abs and non-subtype B inducing V2-glycan specific Abs. Of the 239 bNAb antibody inducers found from 4,484 HIV-1 infected subjects,the top 105 inducers' neutralization fingerprint and epitope specificity was determined by comparison to the following antibodies - PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, PGT145 (V2 glycan); PGT121, PGT128, PGT130 (V3 glycan); VRC01, PGV04 (CD4bs) and PGT151 (interface) and 2F5, 4E10, 10E8 (MPER).
Rusert2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). V1/V2 glycan bNAb, PG9, neutralized B41 psuedovirus and bound B41 trimer well.
Pugach2015
-
PG9: The first generation of HIV trimer soluble immunogens, BG505 SOSIP.664 were tested in a mouse model for generation of nAb to neutralization-resistant circulating HIV strains. No such NAbs were induced, as mouse Abs targeted the bottom of soluble Env trimers, suggesting that the glycan shield of Env trimers is impenetrable to murine B cell receptors and that epitopes at the trimer base should be obscured in immunogen design in order to avoid non-nAb responses. Association and dissociation of known anti-trimer bNAbs (VRC01, PGT121, PGT128, PGT151, PGT135, PG9, 35O22, 3BC315 and PGT145) were found to be far greater than murine generated non-NAbs.
Hu2015
-
PG9: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. PG9, PG16 and PG145, all V1/V2 glycan trimer apex bNAbs, were strongly, reciprocally competitive with one another. V3 glycan bNAbs PGT121, PGT122, PGT123 inhibited binding of PG9 strongly, but in a non-reciprocal manner.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG9: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes against all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. The Clade C trimers are weakly reactive with the V1/V2 glycan bNAb, PG9, and while neutralization of the DU422 pseudotyped virus is robust, that of the ZM197M pseudovirus is moderate.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
PG9: HIV-1 escape from the N332-glycan dependent bNAb, PGT135, developed in an elite controller but without change to the PGT135-binding Env epitope itself. Instead an insertion increasing V1 length by up to 21 residues concomitant with an additional 1-3 glycans and 2-4 cysteines shields the epitope from PGT135. The majority of viruses tested developed a 14-fold resistance to PGT135 from month 7 to 11. In comparison, no significant difference in HIV-1 against bNAb PG9 was seen.
vandenKerkhof2016
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, escape)
-
PG9: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-V1/V2 glycan bNAb PG9, neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: This review discusses an array of methods to engineer more effective bNAbs for immunotherapy. Antibody PG9 was mentioned as an example of engineering through rational mutations; PG9-N100(F)Y stabilizes the CDR-H3 in the active conformation, thus improving neutralization.
Hua2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
PG9: Site-specific analysis of N-glycosylation sites of a soluble recombinant trimerBG505 SOSIP.664 is presented. Neutralization profiles for V1V2 Ab, PG9, to multiple epitopes were determined. Removing the N156 or N160 glycans from either of the BG505 test viruses reduced the neutralization activities of PG9.
Behrens2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
PG9: A mathematical model was developed to predict the Ab concentration at which antibody escape variants outcompete their ancestors, and this concentration was termed the mutant selection window (MSW). The MSW was determined experimentally for 12 pairings of diverse HIV strains against 7 bnAbs (b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT128, 2F5). The neutralization of of PG9 was assayed against 5 resistant and 5 sensitive strains.
Magnus2016
(neutralization, escape)
-
PG9: A panel of Env-specific mAbs was isolated from 6 HIV1-infected lactating women. Antibodies in colostrum may help prevent mucosal infection of the infant, so this study aimed to define milk IgGs for future vaccination strategies to reduce HIV transmission during lactation. Despite the high rate of VH1-69 usage among colostrum Env specific B cells, it did not correlate with distinct gp120 epitope specificity or function. PG9 was compared to the newly-derived mAbs; it had no cross-reactivity with gut bacteria, and tested negative in two tests of autoreactivity.
Jeffries2016
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
PG9: The study detailed binding kinetics of the interaction between BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer or its variants (gp120 monomer; first study of disulfide-stabilized variant gp120-gp41ECTO protomer) and several mAbs, both neutralizing (VRC01, PGV04, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT145, PGT151, 2G12) and non-neutralizing (b6, b12, 14e, 19b, F240). V1V2 quarternary-dependent epitope-binding bNAb, PG9, bound trimer best, but less well to protomer and BG505 gp120's monomer.
Yasmeen2014
(antibody binding site, assay or method development)
-
PG9: Neutralization breadth in 157 antiretroviral-naive individuals infected for less than 1 year post-infection was studied and compared to a cohort of 170 untreated chronic patients. A range of neutralizing activities was observed with a panel of six recombinant viruses from five different subtypes. Some sera were broadly reactive, predominantly targeting envelope epitopes within the V2 glycan-dependent region. The Env neutralization breadth was positively associated with time post infection. PG9 has been used as a control in detection of glycan-dependent HIV-1 neutralizing sera.
Sanchez-Merino2016
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
PG9: A new, current, mostly tier2 panel of 200 C-clade Env-psuedotyped viruses from early (< 100d) infection in southern Africa was used to assess antibody responses to natural infection and to vaccines. Viruses were assayed with bNAbs targeting the V2 glycan (PG9, VRC26.25), the MPER site (4E10), the CD4 binding site (VRC01), and the V3/C3 glycan site (PGT128). For 4E10 (and all other Abs besides PGT128) there was no significant difference in neutralization between pre-seroconversion and post-seroconversion viruses. Viruses collected pre-seroconversion were more resistant to neutralization by serum than those post-seroconversion. As the epidemic matured over 13 years, viruses also became more resistant to mAbs tested.
Rademeyer2016
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
PG9: The sequential development of three distinct bnAb responses within a single host, CAP257, over 4.5 years of infection has been described. It showed how escape from the first wave of Abs targeting V2 exposed a second site that was the stimulus for a new wave of glycan dependent bnAbs against the CD4 binding site. These data highlighted how Ab evolution in response to viral escape mutations served to broaden the host immune response to two epitopes. A third wave of neutralization targeting an undefined epitope that did not appear to overlap with the four known sites of vulnerability on the HIV-1 envelope has been reported. These data supported the design of templates for sequential immunization strategies.
Wibmer2013
(escape)
-
PG9: This study examined the neutralization of group N, O, and P primary isolates of HIV-1 by diverse antibodies. Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O isolates, 1 group N isolate, and the group P isolates were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations. None of the non-M primary isolates were neutralized by bNAbs targeting other regions, except 10E8, which weakly neutralized 2 group N isolates, and 35O22 which neutralized 1 group O isolate. Bispecific bNAbs (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab) very efficiently neutralized all non-M isolates with IC50 below 1 ug/mL, except for 2 group O strains. Anti V1/V2 bNAb PG9 was able to neutralize 5/16 tested non-M primary isolates at an IC50< 10µg/ml, 2 of them highly with a value under 1 µg/ml and 3 moderately.
Morgand2015
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. PG9, a V2-glycan bnAb belonged to a group with slopes <1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
PG9: This study evaluated the binding of 15 inferred germline (gl) precursors of bNAbs that are directed to different epitope clusters, to 3 soluble native-like SOSIP.664 Env trimers - BG505, B41 and ZM197M. The trimers bound to some gl precursors, particularly those of V1V2-targeted Abs. These trimers may be useful for designing immunogens able to target gl precursors. V1/V2 apex-binding gl-PG9 precursor bound to 2/3 trimers, BG505 and ZM197M.
Sliepen2015
(binding affinity, antibody lineage)
-
PG9: Computational modeling was used to examine antibody recognition of glycans, using a V1V2 bNAb (PG9) and a V3 bnAb (PGT128). Both PG9 and PGT128 have a long CDR H3 loop that can penetrate the glycan shield and form interactions with gp120. The modeling results showed that the tip of the CDR H3 loop is flexible in the free antibodies and is able to move within the bound conformation, which likely increases the penetrability of the glycan shield.
Qi2016
(glycosylation)
-
PG9: To test whether NAbs can inhibit viral transmission through mucosal tissue, 4 bNAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, 4E10) were tested in tissue culture models of human colonic and ectocervical tissues. All 4 nAbs reduced HIV transmission, with a relative efficacy of PG16 > PG9 > VRC01 >> 4E10. The nAbs had a good safety profile and were not affected by the presence of semen.
Scott2015
(immunotherapy)
-
PG9: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
PG9: Deep-sequencing and computational methods were used to identify HCDR3 sequences in HIV-naïve donors that mediated binding and neutralization of HIV by mimicking the bnAb PG9 long HCDR3 region when expressed in the context of the rest of the PG9 antibody sequence. 2 naturally occurring HCDR3 sequences from 2 different donors of 70 studied were predicted to adopt a PG9-like hammerhead conformation and were able to bind and neutralize PG9-susceptible viruses. In addition, computational design was used to mimic the process of maturation by somatic mutation of HCDR3 sequences from the HIV-1–naïve repertoire that were predicted to adopt a PG9-like hammerhead conformation. Two to seven mutations in eight different HCDR3 sequences facilitated neutralization of HIV when grafted on a PG9 Ab background.
Willis2016
(antibody lineage)
-
PG9: HIV-1 strains were isolated from 60 patients infected with CRFs 01_AE, 07_BC, and 08_BC. Eight CRF01 strains that produced high-titer Env pseudoviruses were studied further. All were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PG9, PG16, and NIH45-46, but insensitive to 2G12. The PG9 have affinity for epitopes located in the conserved regions of the V2-V3 loop. Binding of PG9 and PG16 with the virus was largely dependent on the same residues, although PG16 was more sensitive to V3 loop substitutions than PG9. Sequence analysis of PG9- and PG16-resistant viruses revealed complex mutation patterns associated with residues that are critical for PG9/PG16 binding. CNAE14 was shown to be resistant to both PG9 and PG16. It is likely that substitutions S158T, S162T, K305T, and I307T jointly contribute to this resistance phenotype.
Chen2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. PG9 neutralized 86% of the 199 viruses tested.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The study compared binding and neutralization of 4 V2 apex bnAbs (PG9, CH01, PGT145, and CAP256.VRC26.09). All recognized a core epitope on V1/V2 (the N-linked glycan at N160 and cysteine-linked lysine rich, HXB2:126-196), which includes residue N160 as well as N173. The lysine rich region on strand C of HIV-1 V2 that is key for binding to the nAb contains the sequence (168)KKQK(171). Inferred germline versions of three of the prototype bnAbs were able to neutralize specific Env isolates. Soluble Env derived from one of these isolates was shown to form a well-ordered Env trimer that could serve as an immunogen to initiate a V2-apex bnAb response. Escape from bnAb PG9 was seen in patient Donor_64 by mutations K169T and K171E. 99% amino acid sequence identity exists between PG9 and CAP256.09 in VH-germline gene.
Andrabi2015
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, escape, antibody lineage)
-
PG9: Double, triple or quadruple combinations of fifteen bNAbs that target 4 distinct epitope regions: the CD4 binding site (3BNC117, VRC01, VRC07, VRC07-523, VRC13), the V3-glycan supersite (10–1074, 10-1074V, PGT121, PGT128), the V1/V2-glycan site (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, CAP256-VRC26.08, CAP256-VRC26.25), and the gp41 MPER epitope (10E8) were studied. Their neutralization potency and breadth were assayed against a panel of 200 acute/early subtype C strains, and compared to a novel, highly accurate predictive mathematical model (no-overlap Bliss Hill model, CombiNaber tool, LANL HIV Immunology database). These data were used to predict the best combinations of bNAbs for immunotherapy.
Wagh2016
(neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
PG9: An atomic-level understanding of V1V2-directed bNAb recognition in a donor was used in the design of V1V2 scaffolds capable of interacting with quaternary-specific V1V2-directed bNAbs. The cocrystal structure of V1V2 with antibody CH03 from a second donor is reported and Env interactions of antibody CAP256-VRC26 from a third donor are modeled. V1V2-directed bNAbs used strand-strand interactions between a protruding Ab loop and a V1V2 strand but differed in their N-glycan recognition. Ontogeny analysis indicated that protruding loops develop early, and glycan interactions mature over time. Combination of the atomic-level information and negative-stain EM of PG9 in complex with a soluble trimeric Env mimic, BG505 SOSIP.664, suggest that the quaternary dependency of PG9 arises from its recognition of glycan N160 from a neighboring protomer24.
Gorman2016
(glycosylation, structure, antibody lineage)
-
PG9: The human Ab gene repertoires of uninfected and HIV-1-infected individuals were studied at genomic DNA (gDNA) and cDNA levels to determine the frequencies of putative germline Ab genes of known HIV-1 bnAbs. All libraries were deep sequenced and analysed using IMGT/HighV-QUEST software (http://imgt.org/HighV-QUEST/index. The human gDNA Ab libraries were more diverse in heavy and light chain V-gene lineage usage than the cDNA libraries. This implied that the human gDNA Ab gene repertoires may have more potential than the cDNA repertoires to develop HIV-1 bnmAbs. Relatively high frequencies of the VH and VKs and VLs that used the same V-genes and had the same CDR3 lengths as known HIV-1 bnmAbs regardless of (D)J-gene usage. Frequencies of the VLs with the identical VJ recombinations to PG9 were relatively high. The putative germline genes were determined for a set of mAbs (b12, VRC01, VRC03, NIH45-46, 3BNC60, PG9, PGT127, and X5).
Zhang2013
(antibody lineage, germline)
-
PG9: Galactosyl ceramide (Galcer), a glycosphingolipid, is a receptor for the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein. This study has mimicked this interaction by using an artificial membrane containing synthetic Galcer and recombinant HIV-1 Env proteins to identify antibodies that would block the HIV-1 Env-Galcer interaction. HIV-1 ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccinee-derived MAbs specific for the gp120 C1 region blocked Galcer binding of a transmitted/founder HIV-1 Env gp140. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating CH38 IgG and its natural IgA isotype were the most potent blocking antibodies. PG9 exhibited moderate Env-Galcer blocking.
Dennison2014
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation)
-
PG9: A unified convergent strategy for the rapid production of bi-, tri-, and tetra-antennary complex type N-glycans with and without terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid residues connected via the α-2,6 or α-2,3 linkages is reported which may facilitate the design of carbohydrate-based immunogens. A glycan microarray-based profiling of PG9 was used to understand the binding specificity. No detectable binding for PG9, probably due to (1) very weak binding affinity toward protein/peptide free glycans, (2) the requirement of closely spaced Man5GlcNAc2 (N160) and complex type glycan (N156/163) as PG9 epitopes, and (3) the heterogeneous distribution of NHS groups on glass slides resulting in uneven and low-density glycan arrays.
Shivatare2013
(glycosylation, structure)
-
PG9: The effect of PNGS on viral infectivity and antibody neutralization (2F5, 4E10, b12, VRC01, VRC03, PG9, PG16, 3869) was evaluated through systemic mutations of each PNGS on CRF07_BC strain. Mutations at N197 (C2), N301 (V3), N442 (C4), and N625 (gp41) rendered the virus more susceptible to neutralization by MAbs that recognize the CD4 binding site or gp41. Generally, mutations on V4/V5 loops, C2/C3/C4 regions, and gp41 reduced the neutralization sensitivity to PG16. However, mutation of N289 (C2) made the virus more sensitive to both PG9 and PG16. Mutations at N142 (V1), N355 (C3) and N463 (V5) conferred resistance to neutralization by anti-gp41 MAbs. Available structural information of HIV Env and homology modeling was used to provide a structural basis for the observed biological effects of these mutations.
Wang2013
(neutralization, structure)
-
PG9: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10).
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The neutralization abilities of Abs were enhanced by bioconjugation with aplaviroc, a small-molecule inhibitor of virus entry into host cells. Diazonium hexafluorophosphate was used. The conjugated Abs blocked HIV-1 entry through two mechanisms: by binding to the virus itself and by blocking the CCR5 receptor on host cells. Chemical modification did not significantly alter the potency and the pharmacokinetics. The PG9-aplaviroc conjugate was tested against a panel of 117 HIV-1 strains and was found to neutralize 100% of the viruses. PG9-aplaviroc conjugate IC50s were lower than those of PG9 in neutralization studies of 36 of the 117 HIV-1 strains.
Gavrilyuk2013
(neutralization)
-
PG9: This study investigated the immunogenicity of three ΔV1V2 deleted variants of the HIV-1 Env protein. The mutant ΔV1V2.9.VK induced a prominent response directed to epitopes effectively bound and neutralized the ΔV1V2 Env virus. This Env variant efficiently neutralized tier 1 virus SF162.This did not result in broad neutralization of neutralization-resistant virus isolates. BG505 SOSIP.664 trimers bind very efficiently to quaternary structure dependent, broadly neutralizing PG9 against the V1V2 domain.
Bontjer2013
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
PG9: This review surveyed the Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP) strategy, which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Recently published studies in humanized mice and macaques were discussed as well as the pros and cons of VIP towards clinical applications to control HIV endemics.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
PG9: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
PG9: Pairwise combinations of 6 NAbs (4E10, 2F5, 2G12, b12, PG9, PG16) were tested for neutralization of pseudoviruses and transmitted/founder viruses. Each of the NAbs tested targets a different region of gp120 or gp41. Some pairwise combinations enhanced neutralization synergistically, suggesting that combinations of NAbs may enhance clinical effectiveness.
Miglietta2014
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The infectious virion (iVirions) capture index (IVCI) of different Abs have been determined. bnAbs captured higher proportions of iVirions compared to total virus particles (rVirions) indicating the capacity, breadth and selectively of bnAbs to capture iVirions. IVCI was additive with a mixture of Abs, providing proof of concept for vaccine-induced effect of improved capacity. bnAb PG9 showed significantly high IVCI and captured 100% of CRF01_A/E infectious virions AE.92TH023 and AE.CM244, as well as subtype B MN virus.
Liu2014
(binding affinity)
-
PG9: Study evaluated 4 gp140 Env protein vaccine immunogens derived from an elite neutralizer donor VC10042, an HIV+ African American male from Vanderbilt cohort. Env immunogens, VC10042.05, VC10042.05RM, VC10042.08 and VC10042.ela, elicited high titers of cross-reactive Abs recognizing V1/V2 regions. PG9 exhibited very weak binding with trimeric VC10042.ela and moderate binding with monomeric form of all 4 immunogens.
Carbonetti2014
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG9: The study compared various factors affecting the accessibility of epitopes for antibodies targeting the V2 integrin (V2i) region, versus the V3 region. CD4 treament of BaL and JRFL pseudoviruses increased their neutralization sensitivity to V3 MAbs, but not to V2i MAbs. Viruses grown in a glycosidase inhibitor were more sensitive to neutralization by V3, but not V2i, MAbs. Increasing the time of virus-MAb interaction increased virus neutralization by some V2i MAbs and all V3 MAbs. The structural dynamics of V2i and V3 epitopes has important effects in neutralization. Some experiments also included V2p antibodies CH58, CH59, and PG9 for comparison.
Upadhyay2014
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: A gp140 trimer mosaic construct (MosM) was produced based on M group sequences. MosM bound to CD4 as well as multiple bNAbs, including VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT126, PGT145, PG9 and PG16. The immunogenicity of this construct, both alone and mixed together with a clade C Env protein vaccine, suggest a promising approach for improving NAb responses.
Nkolola2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: Cross-group neutralization of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, O, and P was tested with diverse patient sera and bNAbs PG9, PG16, 4E10, b12, 2F5, 2G12, VRC01, VRC03, and HJ16. The primary isolates displayed a wide spectrum of sensitivity to neutralization by the human sera, with some cross-group neutralization clearly observed. Among the bNAbs, only PG9 and PG16 showed any cross-group neutralization. The group N prototype strain YBF30 was highly sensitive to neutralization by PG9, and the interaction between their key residues was confirmed by molecular modeling. The conservation of the PG9/PG16 epitope within groups M and N suggests its relevance as a vaccine immunogen.
Braibant2013
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
PG9: The V2 region where PG9, an anti-V1V2 bNAb binds exists as a beta-strand.
Haynes2013
(review)
-
PG9: PG9 was one of 10 MAbs used to study chronic vs. consensus vs. transmitted/founder (T/F) gp41 Envs for immunogenicity. Consensus Envs were the most potent eliciters of response but could only neutralize tier 1 and some tier 2 viruses. T/F Envs elicited the greatest breadth of NAb response; and chronic Envs elicited the lowest level and narrowest response. This V1V2 conformational loop binding Nab bound well at <10 nM to 3/5 chronic Envs, 2/6 Consensus Envs and 2/7 T/F Envs.
Liao2013c
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
PG9: Design, synthesis and antigenic evaluation of novel cyclic V1V2 glycopeptides carrying defined N-linked glycans, N160 and N156/N173 has been reported in terms of PG9 and PG16 binding and neutralization. A Man5GlcNAc2 glycan at N160 and a sialyted N-glycan are crtical for antigen binding.
Amin2013
(glycosylation)
-
PG9: Binding properties of a synthesized V1V2 glycopeptide immunogen that selectively targets bnAbs' naive B cells is reported. The unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of PG9 showed nanomolar affinity to V1V2 bearing Man5GlcNAc2 glycan units. Binding of PG9 was undetectable however in the absence of the V2 backbone peptide suggesting a very weak binding affinity to oligomannose glycan alone. Disulfide-linked dimer formation was also required for PG9 binding to V1V2.
Alam2013
-
PG9: PG9 in combination with NAbs NH45-46m2 and NIH46-42m7 was able to control viremia as well as to reduce routes to escape of YU-2 HIV-1.
Diskin2013
-
PG9: This study showed that the inability of Env to elicit the production of broadly neutralizing Abs is due to the inability of diverse Env to engage the germ line B cell receptor forms of known bNAbs. PG9 showed binding to 61% of the recombinant Envs tested including 7 out of 17 clade B Envs, 11 of 16 clade C Envs, 6 of 7 clade A Envs and the gp120 form of A/E A244 Env. The predicted germ line version of PG9 did not exhibit any detectable binding against these Envs. Ca2+ influx through the PG9 BCR was also tested as a function of binding affinity.
McGuire2014
(antibody interactions, antibody lineage)
-
PG9: The neutralization profile of 1F7, a human CD4bs mAb, is reported and compared to other bnNAbs. 1F7 exhibited extreme potency against primary HIV-1, but limited breadth across clades. PG9 neutralized 83% of a cross-clade panel of 157 HIV-1 isolates (Fig. S1) while 1F7 neutralized only 20% of the isolates.
Gach2013
(neutralization)
-
PG9: This study reports the development of a new cell-line (A3R5)-based highly sensitive Ab detection assay. This T-lymphoblastoid cell-line stably expreses CCR5 and recognizes CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1. A3R5 cells showed greater neutralization potency compared to the current cell-line of choice TZM-bl. PG9 was used as a reference Ab in neutralization assay comparing A3R5 and TZM-bl.
McLinden2013
(assay or method development)
-
PG9: A highly conserved mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env is reported, showing that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1 infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. The mechanism might explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4v by the Vpu and Nef proteins. PG9 was used in CD4 coexpression and competitive binding assay.
Veillette2014
(effector function)
-
PG9: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. PG9 showed very high neutralization titer against BG505 pseudovirus in a competitive binding assay as shown in Table 1. Env sequence from PG9 donor showed potential N glycosylation (PNG) sites at position 160 and 156, suggesting that a substitution at one of these sites is not the primary cause of neutralization resistance to PG9 (Table 4). This emphasizes that the BG505 L111Agp120 immunogen can elicit a robust Ab response to PG9.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: High affinity binding of PG9 with a soluble SOSIP.664 gp140 trimer constructed from the Clade A BG505 sequence was demonstrated. This enabled structural and biophysical characterization of the PG9:Env trimer complex. Electron microscopy (EM) and other assays indicate that only a single PG9-Fab binds to the Env trimer. EM reconstruction also demonstrated that PG9 recognized the trimer asymmetrically at its apex via contact with 2 of the 3 gp120 protomers. In addition to N156 and N160 glycan interactions with a scaffolded V1/V2 domain, PG9 also makes secondary interactions with an N160 glycan from an adjacent gp120 protomer in the Ab-trimer complex. A glycan mutation to PG9 caused a >10fold reduction of Fab affinity for the BG505 SOSIP.664 gp 140 trimer reflecting adverse effects on trimer binding and virus neutralization. PG9 recognized glycosylated Env proteins with much higher affinity compared to non-glycosylated ones.
Julien2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, structure)
-
PG9: To focus immune responses to sites of NAb vulnerability while avoiding immune-evasion by the rest of Env, MPER, V1/V2, and V3 glycan sites were transplanted onto algorithm-identified acceptor scaffolds (proteins with a backbone geometry that recapitulates the antigenicity of the transplanted site). The V1/V2-transplant was not successful in eliciting a robust PG9 response.
Zhou2014
(vaccine antigen design)
-
PG9: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. PG9 is a V1/V2-directed Ab, with breadth 70%, IC50 0.31 μg per ml, and its unique feature is its extended CDR H3, which is often tyrosine-sulfated. Similar MAbs include PG16 and CH01-04.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
PG9: 8 bNAbs (PGT151 family) were isolated from an elite neutralizer. The new bNAbs bind a previously unknown glycan-dependent epitope on the prefusion conformation of gp41. These MAbs are specific for the cleaved Env trimer and do not recognize uncleaved Env trimer. PGT151 family Abs showed 1 log higher neutralization potency than PG9.
Falkowska2014
-
PG9: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. This small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including this one. The small panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
PG9: The conserved central region of gp120 V2 contains sulfated tyrosines (Tys173 and Tys177) that in the CD4-unbound prefusion state mediate intramolecular interaction between V2 and the conserved base of the third variable loop (V3), functionally mimicking sulfated tyrosines in CCR5 and anti-coreceptor-binding-site antibodies such as 412d. Enhancement of tyrosine sulfation decreased binding and neutralization of HIV-1 BaL by monomeric sCD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and increased recognition by the trimer-preferring antibodies PG9, PG16, CH01, and PGT145. Conversely, inhibition of tyrosine sulfation increased sensitivity to soluble CD4, 412d, and anti-V3 antibodies and diminished recognition by trimer-preferring antibodies. These results identify the sulfotyrosine-mediated V2-V3 interaction as a critical constraint that stabilizes the native HIV-1 envelope trimer and modulates its sensitivity to neutralization.
Cimbro2014
-
PG9:X-ray crystallography, surface plasmon resonance and pseudovirus neutralization were used to characterize a heavy chain only llama antibody, named JM4. The full-length IgG2b version of JM4 neutralizes over 95% of circulating HIV-1 isolates. JM4 targets a hybrid epitope on gp120 that combines elements from both the CD4 binding region and the coreceptor binding surface. JM4 IgG2b was able to potently neutralize the HIV-1 isolates that were resistant to PG9.
Acharya2013
(neutralization)
-
PG9: 12 somatically related nAbs were isolated from donor CAP256. All nAbs of CAP256-VRC26 lineage had long CDRH3 regions necessary to penetrate the glycan shield and engage the V1V2 epitope. Both CAP256-VRC26 Abs and PG9 class nAbs showed similarity in recognizing the trimeric V1V2 cap. Unlike PG9, the CAP256-VRC26 Abs were only partially and variably sensitive to loss of glycans at N160 and N156.
Doria-Rose2014
(glycosylation)
-
PG9: This is a review of a satellite symposium at the AIDS Vaccine 2012 conference, focusing on antibody gene transfer. Phil Johnson presented results comparing an immunoadhesin form of the antibody PG9 with the native IgG architecture in which he found that the native IgG architecture had a neutralization potency tenfold greater than that of the immunoadhesin, suggesting that natural antibody architectures are more preferable for further clinical development.
Balazs2013
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
PG9: A computational method to predict Ab epitopes at the residue level, based on structure and neutralization panels of diverse viral strains has been described. This method was evaluated using 19 Env-Abs, including PG9, against 181 diverse HIV-1 strains with available Ab-Ag complex structures.
Chuang2013
(computational prediction)
-
PG9: This study reports the glycan binding specificities and atomic level details of PG16 epitope and somatic mechanisms of clonal antibody diversification. Three PG16 specific residues Arg94LC, Ser95LC and His95LC (RSH) are found to be critical for sialic acid binding on complex glycan. RSH residues were introduced into PG9 to produce a chimeric antibody with enhanced neutralization. The co-crystal structure of PG9 bound to V1-V2 is discussed and compared to PG16 and PG9-PG16-RSH chimeric Ab based on its ability to recognize a combination of N-linked glycans and envelope polypeptide. PG9, PG16, and PG9-PG16-RSH were negative in assays of autoreactivity.
Pancera2013
(antibody binding site, autoantibody or autoimmunity, glycosylation, structure, chimeric antibody)
-
PG9: Four V2 MAbs CH58, CH59, HG107 and HG120 were isolated from RV144 Thai HIV-1 vaccinees. These MAbs recognized residue 169, neutralized laboratory HIV-1 (tier 1 strains) and mediated ADCC. PG9 was used in the study as a V1-V2 bnAb control to study the binding of the new mAb isolates. While PG9, PG16 and CH01 binding was abrogated by N160K and N156Q mutations and also by native glycosylation, the binding of CH58 and CH59 was not affected. Crystal structures revealed that CH58, CH59, and PG9 recognize overlapping V2 epitopes in dramatically different conformations, ranging from helical to beta strands.
Liao2013b
(effector function, structure)
-
PG9: The complexity of the epitopes recognized by ADCC responses in HIV-1 infected individuals and candidate vaccine recipients is discussed in this review. PG9 is discussed as the V2 region-targeting, anti-gp120 BNAb exhibiting ADCC activity and having a discontinuous epitope. RV144 vaccine induced mAbs CH58 and CH59 also bind to the same region of PG9, but do not display preferential binding to gp120 and don't bind to glycans in position 156 and 160.
Pollara2013
(effector function, review)
-
PG9: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
PG9: ADCC mediated by CD4i mAbs (or anti-CD4i-epitope mAbs) was studied using a panel of 41 novel mAbs. Three epitope clusters were classified, depending on cross-blocking in ELISA by different mAbs: Cluster A - in the gp120 face, cross-blocking by mAbs A32 and/or C11; Cluster B - in the region proximal to CoRBS (co-receptor binding site) involving V1V2 domain, cross-blocking by E51-M9; Cluster C - CoRBS, cross-blocking by 17b and/or 19e. The ADCC half-maximal effective concentrations of the Cluster A and B mAbs were generally 0.5-1 log lower than those of the Cluster C mAbs, and none of the Cluster A or B mAbs could neutralize HIV-1. Cluster A's A32- and C11-blockable mAbs were suggested to recognize conformational epitopes within the inner domain of gp120 that involve the C1 region. Neutralization potency and breadth were also assessed for these mAbs. No correlation was found between ADCC and neutralization Abs' action or functional responses.
Guan2013
(antibody interactions, effector function)
-
PG9: This study describes an ˜11 Angstrom cryo-EM structure of the trimeric HIV-1 Env precursor in its unliganded state. The three gp120 and gp41 subunits form a cage like structure with an interior void surrounding the trimer axis which restricts Ab access. crystal structure of PG9 was referred in the context of gp120 V1/V2 binding domains.
Mao2012
(structure)
-
PG9: Emergence and evolution of the earliest cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses were studied in B clade-infected individual, Two distinct epitopes on Env were targeted. First specificity appeared at 3 years post infection and targeted the CD4-binding site. Second specificity appeared a year later. It was due to PG9-like antibodies, which were able to neutralize those viruses not susceptible to the anti-CD4-BS antibodies in AC053.
Mikell2012
(neutralization, rate of progression, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: Neutralization profiles of 7 bnAbs were analyzed against 45 Envs (A, C, D clades), obtained soon after infection (median 59 days). The transmitted variants have distinct characteristics compared to variants from chronic patients, such as shorter variable loops and fewer potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS). PG9 neutralized 49% of these viruses.
Goo2012
(neutralization, rate of progression)
-
PG9: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
PG9: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 V1V2 site, penetrating CDR H3 binds two glycans and strand, PG9 class, PG9 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: This review discusses the new research developments in bnAbs for HIV-1, Influenza, HCV. Models of the HIV-1 Env spike and of Influenza visrus spike with select bnAbs bound are shown.
Burton2012
(review)
-
PG9: This review discusses how analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies and their genes may guide vaccine design. This MAb is listed as V1/V2 conformational epitope bnAb, isolated after 2009 by neutralization screening of cultured, unselected IgG+ memory B cells.
Bonsignori2012b
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, review)
-
PG9: Antigenic properties of 2 biochemically stable and homogeneous gp140 trimers (A clade 92UG037 and C clade CZA97012) were compared with the corresponding gp120 monomers derived from the same percursor sequences. The trimers had nearly all the antigenic properties expected for native viral spikes and were markedly different from monomeric gp120. Both trimers, but not monomers, bound to PG9 and PG16.
Kovacs2012
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: Glycan shield of HIV Env protein helps to escape the Ab recognition. Several of the PGT BnAbs interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of Fabs PGT127 and PGT128 showed that the high neutralizing potency was mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface. PGT128 was compared and referred as an order of magnitude more potent than PG9.
Pejchal2011
(glycosylation, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: PG9 and PG9-like V1V2-directed MAbs, that require an N-linked glycan at Env 160, were analyzed for gain-of-function mutations. 21 PG9-resistant HIV-1 isolates were analyzed by mutagenesis and neutralization assays. E to K mutations at positions 168, 169, 171 led to the most dramatic improvements on sensitivity to these MAbs (PG9, PG16, CH01, CH04, PGT141, PGT145).
Doria-RoseNA2012
(escape)
-
PG9: The study used the swarm of quasispecies representing Env protein variants to identify mutants conferring sensitivity and resistance to BnAbs. Libraries of Env proteins were cloned and in vitro mutagenesis was used to identify the specific AA responsible for altered neutralization/resistance, which appeared to be associated with conformational changes and exposed epitopes in different regions of gp160. The result showed that sequences in gp41, the CD4bs, and V2 domain act as global regulator of neutralization sensitivity. PG9 was used as BnAb to screen Env clones. wtR clone was weakly sensitive to PG9.
ORourke2012
(neutralization)
-
PG9: Glycan Asn332-targeting broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) antibodies were studied in 2 C-clade infected women. The ASn332 glycan was absent on infecting virus, but the BCN epitope with Asn332 evolved within 6 months though immune escape from earlier antibodies. Plasma from the subject CAP177 neutralized 88% of a large multi-subtype panel of 225 heterologous viruses, whereas CAP 314 neutralized 46% of 41 heterologous viruses but failed to neutralize viruses that lack glycan at 332. PG9 was referred to have second BCN Ab epitopes at AA 156 and 160 in addition to 332.
Moore2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
PG9: Crystal structures of unliganded core gp120 from HIV-1 clade B, C, and E were determined to understand the mechanism of CD4 binding capacity of unliganded HIV-1. The results suggest that the CD4 bound conformation represents "a ground state" for the gp120 core with variable loop. PG9 was used as a control to prove whether the purified and crystallized gp120 is in the CD4 bound conformational state or not.
Kwon2012
(structure)
-
PG9: Vaccination efficacy of RV144 is described. The authors proposed that RV144 induced antibodies against Env V1/V2. The relationship between vaccine status and V1/V2 sequence have been characterized. The estimated cumulative HIV-1 incidence curve in the vaccine and placebo groups showed immunogenicity for K169 and 1181X genotypes and no immunogenicity for the opposite residues. PG9 was discussed as the quaternary-structure-preferring (QSP) antibody and mutations at positions 169 and 181 were associated with significant alteration in neutralization.
Rolland2012
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
PG9: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. PG9 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes are reported. Cross-reactive plasma samples were identified and evaluated from 308 subjects tested. PG9 was used as a control mAb in the comprehensive set of assays performed. C1-0763 targeted a region similar to PG9 and PG16 recognizing a V1/V2 loop dependent epitope.
Tomaras2011
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. PG9 was used as a control. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: YU2 gp140 bait was used to characterize 189 new MAbs representing 51 independent IgG memory B cell clones from 3 clade A or B HIV infected patients exhibiting broad neutralizing activity. PG9 was referred to in discussing the efficiency of YU-2 gp140 trimer as a bait for Ab capture.
Mouquet2011
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The rational design of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is discussed in relation to understanding of vaccine recognition sites, the structural basis of interaction with HIV-1 env and vaccine developmental pathways. Role of PG9 has been discussed in terms of humoral immune response during HIV1 infection. The vulnerability sites on the viral spike shows quaternary structural constraints, and maps to the second and third variable regions of gp120 (variable loops V2 and V3). PG9 recognizes these regions and neutralizes 70%–80% of current circulating isolates.
Kwong2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
PG9: A panel of glycan deletion mutants was created by point mutation into HIV gp160, showing that glycans are important targets on HIV-1 glycoproteins for broad neutralizing responses in vivo. Enrichment of high mannose N-linked glycan(HM-glycan) of HIV-1 glycoprotein enhanced neutralizing activity of sera from 8/9 patients. PG9 was used as a control to compare the neutralizing activity of patients' sera.
Lavine2012
(neutralization)
-
PG9: Ab-driven escape and Ab role in infection control and prevention are reviewed. Main focus is on NAbs, but Ab acting through effector mechanisms are also discussed. PG9 is discussed in the context of developing broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies.
Overbaugh2012
(escape, review)
-
PG9: Neutralization activity was compared against MAb 10E8 and other broad and potent neutralizers in a 181-isolate Env-pseudovirus panel. PG9 neutralized 78% of viruses at IC50<50 μg/ml and 65% of viruses at IC50<1 μg/ml, compared with 98% and 72% of MAb 10E8, respectively.
Huang2012a
(neutralization)
-
PG9: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was dramatic compared to the parent WT VLPs, uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and PG9 neutralization, while trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: Broadly neutralizing antibodies circulating in plasma were studied by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Abs fell in 2 groups. One group consisted of antibodies with restricted neutralization breadth that had neutral isoelectric points. These Abs bound to envelope monomers and trimers versus core antigens from which variable loops and other domains have been deleted. Another minor group consisted of broadly neutralizing antibodies consistently distinguished by more basic isoelectric points and specificity for epitopes shared by monomeric gp120, gp120 core, or CD4-induced structures. The pI values estimated for neutralizing plasma IgGs were compared to those of human anti-gp120 MAbs, including 5 bnMAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, b12, and 2G12), 2 narrowly neutralizing MAbs (17b and E51), and 3 nonneutralizing MAbs (A32, C11, and 19e). bnMAbs PG9 and PG16 exhibited more-neutral pIs (around 7.8), matching the more-neutral end of the plasma-derived fraction series, showing broadly neutralizing, but not most potent activity.
Sajadi2012
(polyclonal antibodies)
-
PG9: Sensitivity to neutralization was studied in 107 full-length Env molecular clones from multiple risk groups in various locations in China. Neutralization sensitivity to plasma pools and bNAbs was not correlated. PG9 neutralized 81% (25/31) and PG16 neutralized 71% (22/31) of the viruses tested. Viruses insensitive to PG9 were all equally insensitive to PG16 but not the other way around, suggesting that PG9 can tolerate more viral glycoprotein amino acid substitutions than PG16.
Shang2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
PG9: The sensitivity to PG9 and PG16 of pseudotyped viruses was analysed carrying envelope glycoproteins from the viral quasispecies of three HIV-1 clade CRF01_AE-infected patients. It was confirmed that an acidic residue or a basic residue at position 168 in the V2 loop is a key element determining the sensitivity to PG9 and PG16. In addition, evidence is provided of the involvement of a conserved residue at position 215 of the C2 region in the PG9/PG16 epitopes. Sensitivity to PG9 in 10 Env-pseudotyped viruses was analyzed. Five clones from case 0377 presented a broad and continuous range of sensitivity to PG9. A broader range of sensitivity was observed in case 0978, clone 0978-M3 being resistant to PG9 whereas two other clones, 0978-M1 and 0978-M2, were highly sensitive. Similarly, two clones from case 0858 displayed peculiar patterns of neutralization: clone 0858-M1 was sensitive to neutralization by PG9 only whereas clone 0858-M2 was resistant to PG9. These results showed the broad heterogeneity in sensitivity to PG9 of closely genetically related envelope glycoproteins derived from single viral quasispecies. Clone 0978-M3 from case 0978 was resistant to PG9, whereas clones 0978-M1/M2 were highly sensitive to PG9. 0978-M3 E168K resulted in a high sensitivity to PG9. In contrast, 0978-M2 K168E conferred resistance to PG9. 0858-M2 M215I conferred sensitivity to PG9, whereas the mutant 0858-M2 M475I remained highly resistant to PG9. I215M diminished the sensitivity of all clones to PG9, except that of clone 5008CL2 for PG9.
Thenin2012a
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The interaction of CD4bs-binding MAbs (VRC01, VRC-PG04) and V1V2 glycan-dependent MAbs (PG9, PG16) was analyzed. MAb binding and neutralization studies showed that these two Env targets to not cross-compete and that their combination can mediate additive neutralization. The combination of MAbs VRC01 and PG9 provides a predicted coverage of 97% of 208 isolates at IC50 < 50 μg/ml and of 91% at IC50 < 50 μg/ml. In contrast, the combination of PG9 and PG16 (or the combination of VRC01 and VRC-PG04) was only marginally better than either MAb alone.
Doria-Rose2012
(antibody interactions)
-
PG9: The study showed that alteration between a rare lysine K and a common N-linked glycan at position 160 of HIV-1 gp120 is primarily responsible for toggling between 2909 and PG16/PG9 neutralization sensitivity. These neutralization profiles were mutually exclusive (160K for MAb 2909, 160N for PG16/PG9); there was no case of a virus that was sensitive to both 2909 and PG16/PG9 neutralization. Several more positions were studied: both the PG and 2909 MAbs do not require an asparagine at position 156 for neutralization, both the PG and 2909 antibodies tolerate amino acid variation at position 165, and neither the PG nor the 2909 MAb could tolerate a glutamic acid at position 168.
Wu2011a
(antibody binding site, escape)
-
PG9: An Env obtained from a slow progressing patient was resistant to PG9 and PG16 mAbs. Based on assays of neutralization and glycosylation, it is suggested that the overall neutralization sensitivity of an Env is the outcome of characteristic molecular features of the V2 loop. Neutralization by PG9/16 is balanced by the glycans, net positive charge in the β sheet C region of the V2 loop, and possibly the length of the V2 loop.
Ringe2012
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: The neutralization activities of IA versus IgG and Fab versions of three broadly neutralizing antibodies: PG9, PG16, and VRC01 was compared to more fully understand the potential trade-offs in vector and construct design. The potential to combine VCR01 and PG9/PG16 activities to produce a single reagent with two gp120 specificities was also explored. In an Env-pseudotyped HIV-1 neutralization assay against a panel of 30 strains, PG9 neutralized 22 strains in IgG form, 18 stains in Fab form, 20 strains in IA form and 10 strains in scFv form. It was found that the PG9, PG16, and VRC01 IAs were severalfold less potent than their IgG forms.
West2012
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The biological properties of 17 Env-pseudotyped viruses derived from variants of mother–infant pairs infected by HIV-1 strains of the CRF01_AE clade were compared, in order to explore their association with the restrictive transmission of the virus. Maternal clones issued from MIPs (mother-infant pairs) 0377, 0978 and 1021 displayed a broad and continuous range of sensitivity to both PG9 and PG16 whereas all infant clones were highly sensitive to both mAbs PG9 and PG16. When the four MIPs were considered in aggregate, infant clones were significantly more sensitive to PG9 and PG16 compared to maternal clones.
Thenin2012
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
PG9: gp120 was cyclically permuted and new N- and C-termini were created within the V1, V3, and V4 loop regions to reduce the length of the linker joining gp120 and M9. Addition of trimerization domains at the V1 loop of cyclic permutants of gp120 resulted in the formation of predominantly trimeric species, which bound CD4 and neutralizing antibodies b12, PG9, and PG16 with higher affinity.
Saha2012
(binding affinity)
-
PG9: The role of envelope expression context and producer cell type was characterized for nine novel replication-competent chimeric HIV-1 isolates from the dominant circulating HIV-1 subtypes in Africa, where most new HIV-1 infections are occurring. Pseudoviruses generated in 293T cells were the most sensitive to antibody neutralization. There was no difference in the neutralization sensitivity of PBMC versus 293T-derived viruses using the MAb PG9.
Provine2012
(neutralization)
-
PG9: Phenotypic activities of a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus from 24 acute individuals were compared to that of 17 viruses from chronics. There was a trend towards enhanced sensitivity to neutralization by PG9 of T/F Envs compared to chronic Envs.
Wilen2011
(neutralization)
-
PG9: HIV-1 adaptation to neutralization by MAbs VRC01, PG9, PG16 was studied using HIV-1 variants from historic (1985-1989) and contemporary (2003-2006) seroconverters. PG9 neutralized 52% of contemporary viruses at IC50 < 1 μ g/ml. The median IC50s of PG9 for viruses from historical and contemporary seroconverters were not significantly different. There was no clear correlation between the sensitivity to PG9 and presence or absence of certain amino acids, but more mutations were observed in viruses from contemporary seroconverters than from historical ones, and the absence of a potential N-linked glycosylation site at position 160 of V2 coincided with resistance to PG9.
Euler2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
PG9: Using U87 target cells, PGV04 neutralized 88% of 162 viruses, with IC50<50 μm/mg, with U87 target cells compared to 75% neutralized by PG9. The potency of neutralization was comparable. On the 97-virus panel, using TZM-bl target cells, the breadth of neutralization was similar, but PGV04 had increased potency. The neutralization potency of PG9, PG16, VRC01 and PGV04 was approximately 10-fold greater than that of MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. Alanine substitutions D279A, I420A and I423A abrogated PGV04 neutralization, but varied in their effects on VRC01, CD4-IgG and b12.
Falkowska2012
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. Although PG9 neutralized 77% of 162 isolates at IC50<50 μg/ml, it was almost 10-fold less potent than several new antibodies PGT 121-123 and 125-128, for which the median antibody concentration required to inhibit HIV activity by 50% or 90% (IC50 and IC90 values) was almost 10-fold lower than that of PG9, VRC01 and PGV04.
Walker2011
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
PG9: Atomic-level structure of V1/V2 in complex with PG9 is reported. Instead of being confounded by the N-linked glycan that shields most of gp120 from immune recognition, PG9 uses N-linked glycan for binding through a mechanism shared by a number of antibodies capable of effective HIV neutralization. The structure shows that the antibody recognizes glycopeptide conjugates and avoids diversity in V1/V2 by making sequence-independent interactions, such as hydrogen bonds. The structure of PG9 is consistent with published mutational data: some residues such as Phe 176 are critical because they form part of the hydrophobic core on the concave face of the V1/V2 sheet. Others form direct contacts: for example, the tyrosine sulphate at residue 100H of PG9 interacts with residue 168 when it is an Arg (strain ZM109) or Lys (strain CAP45), but would be repelled by a Glu (as in strain JR-FL); JR-FL is resistant to neutralization by PG9, but becomes sensitive if Glu 168 is changed to Lys10. V1/V2–PG9 interaction observed in the scaffolded V1/V2–PG9 crystal structures encompasses much of the PG9/PG16 epitope, and the structural integrity of this epitope is sensitive to appropriate assembly of the viral spike. With both CAP45 and ZM109 strains of gp120, the V1/V2 site recognized by PG9 consists primarily of two glycans and a strand. Minor interaction with strand B and with the B–C connecting loop complete the epitope, with the entire PG9-recognized surface of V1/V2 contained within the B–C hairpin.
McLellan2011
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
PG9: CDR H3 domains derived from 4 anti-HIV mAbs, PG16, PG9, b12, E51, and anti-influenza MAb AVF were genetically linked to glycosil-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) attachment signal of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) to determine whether the exceptionally long and unique structure of the CDR H3 subdomain of PG16 is sufficient for epitope recognition and neutralization. Similar degrees of cell surface expression of CDR H3(PG9)/hinge/His tag/DAFs (GPI-CDR H3(PG9)) was observed compared with those of the other GPI-CDR H3 constructs (PG16, AVF, and E51). GPI-CDR H3(PG9) exhibited the same degree of inhibition against 5 representative HIV-1 pseudotypes as that of GPI-CDR H3(PG16 and E51).
Liu2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, structure)
-
PG9: One Env clone (4–2.J45) obtained from a recently infected Indian patient (NARI-IVC4) had exceptional neutralization sensitivity compared to other Envs obtained at the same time point from the same patient. 4–2.J45 Env expressing M424 showed relative resistance to PG9 over 4–2.J45 expressing I424, wherein comparable sensitivities were found of other Envs to PG9 except YU2, which showed approximately 8 fold increase in neutralization sensitivity to PG9. The indistinctness in PG9/PG16 sensitivities of 4–2.J45 and YU2 Envs expressing M424 was possibly due to some compensatory and conformational changes elsewhere within Env.
Ringe2011
(neutralization)
-
PG9: Several soluble gp140 Env proteins recognized by PG9 and PG16 were identified, and the effect of Env trimerization, the requirement for specific amino acids at position 160 within the V2 loop, and the importance of proper gp120-gp41 cleavage for MAb binding to soluble gp140s were investigated along with whether and how the kinetics of PG9 and PG16 binding to soluble gp140 correlates with the neutralizing potencies of these MAbs. It is reported that the presence of the extracellular part of gp41 on certain gp140 constructs improves the recognition of the PG9 epitope on the gp120 subunit and the trimerization of soluble gp140 may lead to the partial occlusion of the PG9 epitope. PG9 most efficiently recognized modified SF162 Env, SF162K160N of the small number of soluble gp140 Envs tested. The absence of SF162 neutralization by PG9 is the presence of a lysine at position 160 instead of an asparagine. PG16 recognized a smaller number of gp140s tested here than PG9. It is suggested that any structural differences between the virion-associated Env form and the soluble gp140 form have a greater impact on the PG16 epitope than on the PG9 epitope.
Davenport2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG9: The characteristics of HIV-1-specific NAbs were evaluated in 100 breast-fed infants of HIV-1-positive mothers who were HIV-1 negative at birth and they were monitored until age 2. A panel of eight viruses that included variants representative of those in the study region as well as more diverse strains was used to determine the breadth of the infant NAbs. PG9 had low neutralization potency for 2 (QD435.100 M.ENV.A4 and THRO4156.18) out of 8 pseudoviruses in the panel but high for the rest of them. For maternal variants, PG9 had low neutralization potency for 3 (MF535.B1, MJ613.A2 and MK184.E4) out of 12 variants and high for the rest of them.
Lynch2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
PG9: CAP256, an HIV-1 subtype C-infected (and subsequently superinfected) participant enrolled in the CAPRISA Acute Infection cohort was studied. A subset of mutants were tested for neutralization by PG9/PG16 along with neutralization of ConC by CAP256 plasma nAb. The epitope recognized by CAP256 is distinct from but overlaps that of PG9/PG16.Like CAP256 plasma, both PG9 and PG16 were heavily dependent on K169 and somewhat dependent on K171. A V2 mutation (N160A) had a profound affect on PG9 and PG16 but a more moderate affect on CAP256. The adjacent D167N residue also impacted CAP256 neutralization but not PG9/PG16, and a K168A mutation reduced CAP256 neutralization but in fact enhanced the neutralization of ConC by PG9/16. Both PG9/16 and CAP256, in the context of the ConC backbone, were slightly affected by mutations in the V3 loop (I305, I309, and F317) with mild effect on neutralization sensitivity. The I307A mutation affected both PG9/PG16 slightly but had no discernible effect on CAP256 neutralization. Some similarities between CAP256 and PG9/16 neutralization along with significant differences suggest that the epitopes recognized by these Abs overlapped but were not identical.
Moore2011
(neutralization)
-
PG9: The impact of specific changes at distal sites on antibody binding and neutralization was examined on Q461 variants. The changes at position 675 in conjunction with Thr to Ala at position 569 resulted in a dramatic increase in the neutralization sensitivity to some gp41 and gp120 MAbs and plasma but had less effect on the more potent MAb VRC01. There was an increase in VRC01 neutralization sensitivity to viruses with both mutations with intermediate effect for the individual mutants. There was some detectable PG9 neutralization of the variant bearing the T569A mutation alone but PG9 neutralization was not achieved with a change at position 675 only.
Lovelace2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
PG9: This review discusses current understanding of Env neutralization by antibodies in relation to epitope exposure and how this insight might benefit vaccine design strategies. This MAb is in the list of current MAbs with notable cross-neutralizing activity.
Pantophlet2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
PG9: This review outlines the general structure of the gp160 viral envelope, the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response, the mechanisms of viral escape and the characterization of broadly neutralizing Abs. It is noted that this MAb shows a significant breadth of neutralization across all clades and extraordinary potency.
Gonzalez2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, review)
-
PG9: This review discusses recent rational structure-based approaches in HIV vaccine design that helped in understanding the link between Env antigenicity and immunogenicity. PG9 was isolated from a clade A infected donor using a high-throughput functional screening approach. This MAb was mentioned in the context of immunogens based on the epitopes recognized by bNAbs.
Walker2010a
(neutralization, review)
-
PG9: This review discusses the types of B-cell responses desired by HIV-1 vaccines and various methods used for eliciting HIV-1 inhibitory antibodies that include induction and characterization of vaccine-induces B-cell responses. PG9 was mentioned among new MAbs generated by isolating single Env-specific B cells by either single cell sorting by flow cytometry or from memory B-cell cultures coupled with high-throughput neutralization screening assays of B-cell supernatants. PG9 recognizes conserved regions of the variable loops in gp120 and is potent and broadly reactive against approximately 73-79% of HIV-1 strains.
Tomaras2010
(review)
-
PG9: This review discusses strategies for design of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines against HIV-1 and recent major advances in the field regarding isolation of potent broadly neutralizing Abs.
Sattentau2010
(review)
-
PG9: This review focuses on recent vaccine design efforts and investigation of broadly neutralizing Abs and their epitopes to aid in the improvement of immunogen design. NAb epitopes, NAbs response to HIV-1, isolation of novel mAbs, and vaccine-elicited NAb responses in human clinical trials are discussed in this review.
Mascola2010
(review)
-
PG9: Unlike the MPER MAbs tested, PG9 did not show any Env-independent virus capture in the conventional or in the modified version of the virus capture assay.
Leaman2010
-
PG9: Some of the key challenges for the development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine are discussed, such as challenges in identification of epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing epitopes, the impact of biological mechanisms in addition to Ab neutralization, and the poor persistence of anti-Env Ab responses in the absence of continuous antigenic stimulation.
Lewis2010
(review)
-
PG9: The role of HIV-1 envelope spike density on the virion and the effect it has on MAb avidity, and neutralization potencies of MAbs presented as different isotypes, are reviewed. Engineering approaches and design of immunogens able to elicit intra-spike cross-linking Abs are discussed.
Klein2010
(review)
-
PG9: Novel techniques for generation of broadly neutralizing Abs and how these Ab can aid in development of an effective vaccine are discussed.
Joyce2010
(review)
-
PG9: The review describes several different methods that have been used to isolate and characterize HIV MAbs within the human Ab repertoire. Relative advantages and limitations of methods such as EBV transformation, human hybridoma, non-immortalized B cell culture, combinatorial libraries from B cells and clonal sorting are discussed.
Hammond2010
(review)
-
PG9: This review summarizes novel techniques recently developed for isolation of broadly neutralizing monoclonal Abs from HIV-infected donors. Future challenges and importance of these techniques for development of HIV vaccines is also discussed.
Burton2010
(review)
-
PG9: PG9 epitope structure is reviewed. This review also summarizes data on the evolution of HIV neutralizing Abs, principles of Env immunogen design to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs, and future critical areas of research for development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine.
Hoxie2010
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
PG9: Novel methods for generation of broadly neutralizing Abs, such as PG9 and PG16 are reviewed. This review also summarizes PG9 and PG16 MAbs, and their similarity to 2909 MAb.
Kwong2009
(review)
-
PG9: Removal of N-linked glycosylation sites was shown to generally lead to a reduction in neutralization sensitivity to PG9, however, the position of the N-linked glycosylation site removed and the magnitude of the effect was isolate dependent. Loss of glycosylation sites in the V1, V2 and V3 loops had greatest effect on reduced neutralization sensitivity. Removal of the N160 glycan was the only substitution that universally eliminated sensitivity to neutralization by PG9. Binding of PG9 to Env transfected cells and to gp120 was not competed by monosaccharides indicating that PG9 sensitivity to glycosylation was due to the effect of glycans on gp120 conformation and PG9 epitope accessibility.
Doores2010
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
PG9: The CDR H3 region was shown critical for neutralization activity of the Ab. Affinity maturation of PG9 correlated with Ab neutralization breadth, as light chain V-gene reversion produced chimeric Abs with less neutralization. N-linked glycosylation of PG9 was not required for neutralization. Fab and IgG formats of PG9 had comparable neutralization potencies. The likely site of PG9 reaction with Env was determined to consist of CDR L1 and L2 and the CDR H3 elements.
Pancera2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: Broadly neutralizing sera from elite neutralizers exhibited significant sensitivities to mutations I165A, N332A, and N160K. PG9 neutralization activity was tested for pseudoviruses with the mutations relative to the WT. PG9 was shown to require N160K glycosylation for potent neutralizing activity. Pseudoviruses produced in cells treated with kifunensine were found resistant to PG9 neutralization. Donor sera that exhibited sensitivity to N160K showed diminished neutralizing activity against kifunensine-treated pseudoviruses, indicating that PG16 and PG9 MAbs mediate most of the sera neutralizing activity. PG16 and PG9 - like Ab were found in 21% of the donors.
Walker2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
PG9: Crystal structure of PG9 light chain was determined and a homology model of Fab PG9 was constructed for comparison to PG16 MAb. PG9 was shown to have a long CDR H3 that forms a unique stable subdomain. A 7-residue specificity loop within CDR H3 was shown to confer fine specificity of PG16 and PG9 MAbs, and to contain important contacts to gp120 as replacement of the 7 residues abolished PG9 neutralization. CDR H3 tyrosine for PG9 was doubly sulfated, and tyrosine sulfation was shown to play a role in both binding and neutralization. Glycosylation of PG9 light chain did not have a significant effect on neutralization.
Pejchal2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
PG9: This MAb was derived from clade A infected patient. PG9 failed to bind to recombinant gp120 or gp41 but exhibited high neutralization breadth and potency, neutralizing 127 out of 162 cross-clade viruses with a potency exceeding that of b12, 2G12, and 2F5. PG9 also potently neutralized IAVI-C18 virus, that is neutralization resistant to all four bNAbs. PG9 competed for gp120 binding with Abs against V2, V3 and CD4i. N-glycosylation sites N156 and N160 in the V2 region were critical in forming PG9 epitope. PG9 preferred binding to trimeric Env due to subunit presentation in this form. This Ab had a long CDRH3 loop.
Walker2009a
(antibody generation, glycosylation, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
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Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Ronnie M. Russell, Wenge Ding, Weimin Liu, Yingying Li, Kshitij Wagh, Daniel Wrapp, Rumi Habib, Ashwin N. Skelly, Ryan S. Roark, Scott Sherrill-Mix, Shuyi Wang, Juliette Rando, Emily Lindemuth, Kendra Cruickshank, Younghoon Park, Rachel Baum, John W. Carey, Andrew Jesse Connell, Hui Li, Elena E. Giorgi, Ge S. Song, Shilei Ding, Andrés Finzi, Amanda Newman, Giovanna E. Hernandez, Emily Machiele, Derek W. Cain, Katayoun Mansouri, Mark G. Lewis, David C. Montefiori, Kevin J. Wiehe, S. Munir Alam, I-Ting Teng, Peter D. Kwong, Raiees Andrabi, Laurent Verkoczy, Dennis R. Burton, Bette T. Korber, Kevin O. Saunders, Barton F. Haynes, Robert J. Edwards, George M. Shaw, and Beatrice H. Hahn. A Germline-Targeting Chimpanzee SIV Envelope Glycoprotein Elicits a New Class of V2-Apex Directed Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies.. mBio, 14(1):e0337022, 28 Feb 2023. PubMed ID: 36629414.
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Bonsignori2012b
Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, Laurent Verkoczy, Georgia D. Tomaras, Barton F. Haynes, and M. Anthony Moody. HIV-1 Antibodies from Infection and Vaccination: Insights for Guiding Vaccine Design. Trends Microbiol., 20(11):532-539, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22981828.
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Bontjer2013
Ilja Bontjer, Mark Melchers, Tommy Tong, Thijs van Montfort, Dirk Eggink, David Montefiori, William C. Olson, John P. Moore, James M. Binley, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comparative Immunogenicity of Evolved V1V2-Deleted HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. PLoS One, 8(6):e67484, 26 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23840716.
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M. Bouvin-Pley, M. Morgand, L. Meyer, C. Goujard, A. Moreau, H. Mouquet, M. Nussenzweig, C. Pace, D. Ho, P. J. Bjorkman, D. Baty, P. Chames, M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Poignard, F. Barin, and M. Braibant. Drift of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Toward Increased Neutralization Resistance over the Course of the Epidemic: A Comprehensive Study Using the Most Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(23):13910-13917, Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25231299.
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Bradley2016a
Todd Bradley, Ashley Trama, Nancy Tumba, Elin Gray, Xiaozhi Lu, Navid Madani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, Amanda Eaton, Shi-Mao Xia, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy M. Bowman, Susan Barnett, Salim S. Abdool-Karim, Scott D. Boyd, Bruno Melillo, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., Joseph Sodroski, Thomas B. Kepler, S. Munir Alam, Feng Gao, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, M Anthony Moody, David Montefiori, Sampa Santra, Lynn Morris, and Barton F. Haynes. Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity. EBioMedicine, 12:196-207, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27612593.
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Braibant2013
Martine Braibant, Eun-Yeung Gong, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Thierry Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, and Francis Barin. Cross-Group Neutralization of HIV-1 and Evidence for Conservation of the PG9/PG16 Epitopes within Divergent Groups. AIDS, 27(8):1239-1244, 15 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23343910.
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Bricault2018
Christine A. Bricault, James M. Kovacs, Alexander Badamchi-Zadeh, Krisha McKee, Jennifer L. Shields, Bronwyn M. Gunn, George H. Neubauer, Fadi Ghantous, Julia Jennings, Lindsey Gillis, James Perry, Joseph P. Nkolola, Galit Alter, Bing Chen, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, Michael S. Seaman, and Dan H. Barouch. Neutralizing Antibody Responses following Long-Term Vaccination with HIV-1 Env gp140 in Guinea Pigs. J. Virol., 92(13), 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29643249.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Burton2010
Dennis R. Burton and Robin A. Weiss. A Boost for HIV Vaccine Design. Science, 329(5993):770-773, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20705840.
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Burton2012
Dennis R. Burton, Pascal Poignard, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Present New Prospects to Counter Highly Antigenically Diverse Viruses. Science, 337(6091):183-186, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22798606.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Cai2017
Yongfei Cai, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Jia Chen, Sai Tian, Nicholas Fredette, Christine E. Linton, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Kshitij Wagh, James Theiler, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Stephen C. Harrison, Andrea Carfi, and Bing Chen. Antigenicity-Defined Conformations of an Extremely Neutralization-Resistant HIV-1 Envelope Spike. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114(17):4477-4482, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28396421.
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Carbonetti2014
Sara Carbonetti, Brian G. Oliver, Jolene Glenn, Leonidas Stamatatos, and D. Noah Sather. Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens Derived from an Elite Neutralizer Elicit Cross-Reactive V1V2 Antibodies and Low Potency Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS One, 9(1):e86905, 2014. PubMed ID: 24466285.
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Cheeseman2017
Hannah M. Cheeseman, Natalia J. Olejniczak, Paul M. Rogers, Abbey B. Evans, Deborah F. L. King, Paul Ziprin, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and Robin J. Shattock. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 91(1), 1 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27795431.
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Jia Chen, James M. Kovacs, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Donghyun Park, Elise Zablowsky, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Effect of the Cytoplasmic Domain on Antigenic Characteristics of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Science, 349(6244):191-195, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26113642.
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Chen2016
Danying Chen, Xiaozhou He, Jingrong Ye, Pengxiang Zhao, Yi Zeng, and Xia Feng. Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of CRF01\_AE HIV-1 env Clones from Patients Residing in Beijing, China. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 32(10-11):1113-1124, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27066910.
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Chenine2018
Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Melanie Merbah, Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Brendan Mann, Jenica Lee, Anne-Marie O'Sullivan, Meera Bose, Eric Sanders-Buell, Gustavo H. Kijak, Carolina Herrera, Robert McLinden, Robert J. O'Connell, Nelson L. Michael, Merlin L. Robb, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Neutralization Sensitivity of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Panel of Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 78(3):348-355, 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29528942.
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Chuang2013
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Priyamvada Acharya, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Robert T. Bailer, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Residue-Level Prediction of HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes Based on Neutralization of Diverse Viral Strains. J. Virol., 87(18):10047-10058, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23843642.
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Chuang2019
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Jing Zhou, Priyamvada Acharya, Reda Rawi, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Robert T. Bailer, Venkata P. Dandey, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Survey of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Env Trimer Delineates Epitope Categories and Characteristics of Recognition. Structure, 27(1):196-206.e6, 2 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30471922.
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Chun2014
Tae-Wook Chun, Danielle Murray, Jesse S. Justement, Jana Blazkova, Claire W. Hallahan, Olivia Fankuchen, Kathleen Gittens, Erika Benko, Colin Kovacs, Susan Moir, and Anthony S. Fauci. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Suppress HIV in the Persistent Viral Reservoir. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(36):13151-13156, 9 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25157148.
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Cimbro2014
Raffaello Cimbro, Thomas R. Gallant, Michael A. Dolan, Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Yin Lin, Huiyi Miao, Donald Van Ryk, James Arthos, Inna Gorshkova, Patrick H. Brown, Darrell E. Hurt, and Paolo Lusso. Tyrosine Sulfation in the Second Variable Loop (V2) of HIV-1 gp120 Stabilizes V2-V3 Interaction and Modulates Neutralization Sensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(8):3152-3157, 25 Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24569807.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Crooks2018
Ema T. Crooks, Samantha L. Grimley, Michelle Cully, Keiko Osawa, Gillian Dekkers, Kevin Saunders, Sebastian Ramisch, Sergey Menis, William R. Schief, Nicole Doria-Rose, Barton Haynes, Ben Murrell, Evan Mitchel Cale, Amarendra Pegu, John R. Mascola, Gestur Vidarsson, and James M. Binley. Glycoengineering HIV-1 Env Creates `Supercharged' and `Hybrid' Glycans to Increase Neutralizing Antibody Potency, Breadth and Saturation. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1007024, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29718999.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Thaddeus M. Davenport, Della Friend, Katharine Ellingson, Hengyu Xu, Zachary Caldwell, George Sellhorn, Zane Kraft, Roland K. Strong, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Binding Interactions between Soluble HIV Envelope Glycoproteins and Quaternary-Structure-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol., 85(14):7095-7107, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21543501.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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Dennison2014
S. Moses Dennison, Kara M. Anasti, Frederick H. Jaeger, Shelley M. Stewart, Justin Pollara, Pinghuang Liu, Erika L. Kunz, Ruijun Zhang, Nathan Vandergrift, Sallie Permar, Guido Ferrari, Georgia D. Tomaras, Mattia Bonsignori, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H Kim, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Vaccine-Induced HIV-1 Envelope gp120 Constant Region 1-Specific Antibodies Expose a CD4-Inducible Epitope and Block the Interaction of HIV-1 gp140 with Galactosylceramide. J. Virol., 88(16):9406-9417, Aug 2014. PubMed ID: 24920809.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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Dingens2019
Adam S. Dingens, Dana Arenz, Haidyn Weight, Julie Overbaugh, and Jesse D. Bloom. An Antigenic Atlas of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Distinguishes Functional and Structural Epitopes. Immunity, 50(2):520-532.e3, 19 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30709739.
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Diskin2013
Ron Diskin, Florian Klein, Joshua A. Horwitz, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, D. Noah Sather, Paola M. Marcovecchio, Terri Lee, Anthony P. West, Jr., Han Gao, Michael S. Seaman, Leonidas Stamatatos, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Restricting HIV-1 Pathways for Escape Using Rationally Designed Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Exp. Med., 210(6):1235-1249, 3 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23712429.
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Doores2010
Katie J. Doores and Dennis R. Burton. Variable Loop Glycan Dependency of the Broad and Potent HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol., 84(20):10510-10521, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20686044.
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Doria-Rose2012
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Zhongjia Yang, Sijy O'Dell, Martha Nason, Stephen D. Schmidt, Krisha McKee, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Neutralization Coverage Is Improved by Combining Monoclonal Antibodies That Target Independent Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(6):3393-3397, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22258252.
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Doria-Rose2014
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Chaim A. Schramm, Jason Gorman, Penny L. Moore, Jinal N. Bhiman, Brandon J. DeKosky, Michael J. Ernandes, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Helen J. Kim, Marie Pancera, Ryan P. Staupe, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Ema T. Crooks, Albert Cupo, Aliaksandr Druz, Nigel J. Garrett, Kam H. Hoi, Rui Kong, Mark K. Louder, Nancy S. Longo, Krisha McKee, Molati Nonyane, Sijy O'Dell, Ryan S. Roark, Rebecca S. Rudicell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Daniel J. Sheward, Cinque Soto, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Yongping Yang, Zhenhai Zhang, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, James M. Binley, Rogier W. Sanders, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, George Georgiou, Carolyn Williamson, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Lynn Morris, Peter D. Kwong, Lawrence Shapiro, and John R. Mascola. Developmental Pathway for Potent V1V2-Directed HIV-Neutralizing Antibodies. Nature, 509(7498):55-62, 1 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24590074.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin Georgiev, Sijy O'Dell, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Ryan P. Staupe, Jason S. McLellan, Jason Gorman, Marie Pancera, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. A Short Segment of the HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 Region Is a Major Determinant of Resistance to V1/V2 Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., Aug 2012. PubMed ID: 22623764.
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Escolano2021
Amelia Escolano, Harry .B Gristick, Rajeev Gautam, Andrew T. DeLaitsch, Morgan E. Abernathy, Zhi Yang, Haoqing Wang, Magnus A. G. Hoffmann, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Zijun Wang, Nicholas Koranda, Leesa M. Kakutani, Han Gao, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Henna Raina, Ana Gazumyan, Melissa Cipolla, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Victor Ramos, Darrell J. Irvine, Murillo Silva, Anthony P. West, Jr., Jennifer R. Keeffe, Christopher O. Barnes, Michael S. Seaman, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Malcolm A. Martin, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Sequential Immunization of Macaques Elicits Heterologous Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the V3-Glycan Patch of HIV-1 Env. Sci. Transl. Med., 13(621):eabk1533, 24 Nov 2021. PubMed ID: 34818054.
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Euler2011
Zelda Euler, Evelien M. Bunnik, Judith A. Burger, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Activity of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Including PG9, PG16, and VRC01, against Recently Transmitted Subtype B HIV-1 Variants from Early and Late in the Epidemic. J. Virol., 85(14):7236-7245, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21561918.
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Evans2014
Mark C. Evans, Pham Phung, Agnes C. Paquet, Anvi Parikh, Christos J. Petropoulos, Terri Wrin, and Mojgan Haddad. Predicting HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope Networks Using Neutralization Titers and a Novel Computational Method. BMC Bioinformatics, 15:77, 19 Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24646213.
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Falkowska2012
Emilia Falkowska, Alejandra Ramos, Yu Feng, Tongqing Zhou, Stephanie Moquin, Laura M. Walker, Xueling Wu, Michael S. Seaman, Terri Wrin, Peter D. Kwong, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. PGV04, an HIV-1 gp120 CD4 Binding Site Antibody, Is Broad and Potent in Neutralization but Does Not Induce Conformational Changes Characteristic of CD4. J. Virol., 86(8):4394-4403, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22345481.
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Falkowska2014
Emilia Falkowska, Khoa M. Le, Alejandra Ramos, Katie J. Doores, Jeong Hyun Lee, Claudia Blattner, Alejandro Ramirez, Ronald Derking, Marit J. van Gils, Chi-Hui Liang, Ryan Mcbride, Benjamin von Bredow, Sachin S. Shivatare, Chung-Yi Wu, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Yan Liu, Ten Feizi, Michael B. Zwick, Wayne C. Koff, Michael S. Seaman, Kristine Swiderek, John P. Moore, David Evans, James C. Paulson, Chi-Huey Wong, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies Define a Glycan-Dependent Epitope on the Prefusion Conformation of gp41 on Cleaved Envelope Trimers. Immunity, 40(5):657-668, 15 May 2014. PubMed ID: 24768347.
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Gach2013
Johannes S. Gach, Heribert Quendler, Tommy Tong, Kristin M. Narayan, Sean X. Du, Robert G. Whalen, James M. Binley, Donald N. Forthal, Pascal Poignard, and Michael B. Zwick. A Human Antibody to the CD4 Binding Site of gp120 Capable of Highly Potent but Sporadic Cross Clade Neutralization of Primary HIV-1. PLoS One, 8(8):e72054, 2013. PubMed ID: 23991039.
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Gavrilyuk2013
Julia Gavrilyuk, Hitoshi Ban, Hisatoshi Uehara, Shannon J. Sirk, Karen Saye-Francisco, Angelica Cuevas, Elise Zablowsky, Avinash Oza, Michael S. Seaman, Dennis R. Burton, and Carlos F. Barbas, 3rd. Antibody Conjugation Approach Enhances Breadth and Potency of Neutralization of Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies and CD4-IgG. J. Virol., 87(9):4985-4993, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23427154.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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Gonzalez2010
Nuria Gonzalez, Amparo Alvarez, and Jose Alcami. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and their Significance for HIV-1 Vaccines. Curr. HIV Res., 8(8):602-612, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21054253.
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Goo2012
Leslie Goo, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Barbra A. Richardson, and Julie Overbaugh. A Combination of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Distinct Epitopes Effectively Neutralizes Variants Found in Early Infection. J. Virol., 86(19):10857-10861, Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22837204.
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Gorman2016
Jason Gorman, Cinque Soto, Max M. Yang, Thaddeus M. Davenport, Miklos Guttman, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Brandon J. DeKosky, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Michael J. Ernandes, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marissa C. Jarosinski, M. Gordon Joyce, Thomas M. Lemmin, Sherman Leung, Mark K. Louder, Jonathan R. McDaniel, Sandeep Narpala, Marie Pancera, Jonathan Stuckey, Xueling Wu, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Ulrich Baxa, George Georgiou, Adrian B. McDermott, Mattia Bonsignori, Barton F. Haynes, Penny L. Moore, Lynn Morris, Kelly K. Lee, Lawrence Shapiro, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structures of HIV-1 Env V1V2 with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Reveal Commonalities That Enable Vaccine Design. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 23(1):81-90, Jan 2016. PubMed ID: 26689967.
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Guan2013
Yongjun Guan, Marzena Pazgier, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Roberta Kamin-Lewis, Salma Al-Darmarki, Robin Flinko, Elena Lovo, Xueji Wu, James E. Robinson, Michael S. Seaman, Timothy R. Fouts, Robert C. Gallo, Anthony L. DeVico, and George K. Lewis. Diverse Specificity and Effector Function Among Human Antibodies to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Epitopes Exposed by CD4 Binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(1):E69-E78, 2 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23237851.
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Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Henderson2019
Rory Henderson, Brian E. Watts, Hieu N. Ergin, Kara Anasti, Robert Parks, Shi-Mao Xia, Ashley Trama, Hua-Xin Liao, Kevin O. Saunders, Mattia Bonsignori, Kevin Wiehe, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Selection of Immunoglobulin Elbow Region Mutations Impacts Interdomain Conformational Flexibility in HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 10(1):654, 8 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30737386.
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Hoffenberg2013
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Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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Peter Hraber, Bette Korber, Kshitij Wagh, David Montefiori, and Mario Roederer. A Single, Continuous Metric To Define Tiered Serum Neutralization Potency against Hiv. eLife, 7, 19 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29350181.
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Casey K. Hua and Margaret E. Ackerman. Engineering Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention and Therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 103:157-173, 1 Aug 2016. PubMed ID: 26827912.
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Jennie M. Hutchinson, Kathryn A. Mesa, David L. Alexander, Bin Yu, Sara M. O'Rourke, Kay L. Limoli, Terri Wrin, Steven G. Deeks, and Phillip W. Berman. Unusual Cysteine Content in V1 Region of gp120 from an Elite Suppressor That Produces Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Front. Immunol., 10:1021, 2019. PubMed ID: 31156622.
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Joyce2010
Joseph G. Joyce and Jan ter Meulen. Pushing the Envelope on HIV-1 Neutralization. Nat. Biotechnol., 28(9):929-931, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20829830.
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Sannula Kesavardhana, Raksha Das, Michael Citron, Rohini Datta, Linda Ecto, Nonavinakere Seetharam Srilatha, Daniel DiStefano, Ryan Swoyer, Joseph G. Joyce, Somnath Dutta, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Jessica A. Flynn, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Structure-Based Design of Cyclically Permuted HIV-1 gp120 Trimers That Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Biol. Chem., 292(1):278-291, 6 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27879316.
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Joshua S. Klein and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Few and Far Between: How HIV May Be Evading Antibody Avidity. PLoS Pathog., 6(5):e1000908, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20523901.
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Kreer2020
Christoph Kreer, Henning Gruell, Thierry Mora, Aleksandra M. Walczak, and Florian Klein. Exploiting B Cell Receptor Analyses to Inform on HIV-1 Vaccination Strategies. Vaccines (Basel), 8(1):13 doi, Jan 2020. PubMed ID: 31906351
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Kulp2017
Daniel W. Kulp, Jon M. Steichen, Matthias Pauthner, Xiaozhen Hu, Torben Schiffner, Alessia Liguori, Christopher A. Cottrell, Colin Havenar-Daughton, Gabriel Ozorowski, Erik Georgeson, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Jordan R. Willis, Michael Kubitz, Yumiko Adachi, Samantha M. Reiss, Mia Shin, Natalia de Val, Andrew B. Ward, Shane Crotty, Dennis R. Burton, and William R. Schief. Structure-Based Design of Native-Like HIV-1 Envelope Trimers to Silence Non-Neutralizing Epitopes and Eliminate CD4 Binding. Nat. Commun., 8(1):1655, 21 Nov 2017. PubMed ID: 29162799.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kwon2012
Young Do Kwon, Andrés Finzi, Xueling Wu, Cajetan Dogo-Isonagie, Lawrence K. Lee, Lucas R. Moore, Stephen D. Schmidt, Jonathan Stuckey, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, David A. Vicic, Asim K. Debnath, Lawrence Shapiro, Carole A. Bewley, John R. Mascola, Joseph G. Sodroski, and Peter D. Kwong. Unliganded HIV-1 gp120 Core Structures Assume the CD4-Bound Conformation with Regulation by Quaternary Interactions and Variable Loops. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(15):5663-5668, 10 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22451932.
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Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Mining the B Cell Repertoire for Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies to HIV-1. Cell Host Microbe, 6(4):292-294, 22 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19837366.
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Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity, 48(5):855-871, 15 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29768174.
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Lavine2012
Christy L. Lavine, Socheata Lao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI). High-Mannose Glycan-Dependent Epitopes Are Frequently Targeted in Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(4):2153-2164, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22156525.
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Daniel P. Leaman and Michael B. Zwick. Increased Functional Stability and Homogeneity of Viral Envelope Spikes through Directed Evolution. PLoS Pathog., 9(2):e1003184, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23468626.
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George K. Lewis. Challenges of Antibody-Mediated Protection against HIV-1. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 9(7):683-687, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20624038.
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Hongru Li, Chati Zony, Ping Chen, and Benjamin K. Chen. Reduced Potency and Incomplete Neutralization of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 with Transmitted Founder Envs. J. Virol., 91(9), 1 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28148796.
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Yu Liang, Miklos Guttman, James A. Williams, Hans Verkerke, Daniel Alvarado, Shiu-Lok Hu, and Kelly K. Lee. Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J. Virol., 90(20):9224-9236, 15 Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27489265.
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Liao2013b
Hua-Xin Liao, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jason S. McLellan, Georgia D. Tomaras, M. Anthony Moody, Daniel M. Kozink, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Xi Chen, Chun-Yen Tsao, Pinghuang Liu, Xiaozhi Lu, Robert J. Parks, David C. Montefiori, Guido Ferrari, Justin Pollara, Mangala Rao, Kristina K. Peachman, Sampa Santra, Norman L. Letvin, Nicos Karasavvas, Zhi-Yong Yang, Kaifan Dai, Marie Pancera, Jason Gorman, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Punnee Pitisuttithum, James Tartaglia, Faruk Sinangil, Jerome H. Kim, Nelson L. Michael, Thomas B. Kepler, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Gary J. Nabel, Abraham Pinter, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Barton F. Haynes. Vaccine Induction of Antibodies Against a Structurally Heterogeneous Site of Immune Pressure within HIV-1 Envelope Protein Variable Regions 1 and 2. Immunity, 38(1):176-186, 24 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23313589.
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Liao2013c
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Liu2011
Lihong Liu, Michael Wen, Weiming Wang, Shumei Wang, Lifei Yang, Yong Liu, Mengran Qian, Linqi Zhang, Yiming Shao, Jason T. Kimata, and Paul Zhou. Potent and Broad Anti-HIV-1 Activity Exhibited by a Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol-Anchored Peptide Derived from the CDR H3 of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG16. J. Virol., 85(17):8467-8476, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21715497.
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Liu2014
Pinghuang Liu, Latonya D. Williams, Xiaoying Shen, Mattia Bonsignori, Nathan A. Vandergrift, R. Glenn Overman, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, Daniel J. Stieh, Kerrie L. McCotter, Audrey L. French, Thomas J. Hope, Robin Shattock, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Capacity for Infectious HIV-1 Virion Capture Differs by Envelope Antibody Specificity. J. Virol., 88(9):5165-5170, May 2014. PubMed ID: 24554654.
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Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Lovelace2011
Erica Lovelace, Hengyu Xu, Catherine A. Blish, Roland Strong, and Julie Overbaugh. The Role of Amino Acid Changes in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmembrane Domain in Antibody Binding and Neutralization. Virology, 421(2):235-244, 20 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22029936.
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John B. Lynch, Ruth Nduati, Catherine A. Blish, Barbra A. Richardson, Jennifer M. Mabuka, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Grace John-Stewart, and Julie Overbaugh. The Breadth and Potency of Passively Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Do Not Correlate with the Risk of Infant Infection. J. Virol., 85(11):5252-5261, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21411521.
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Magnus2016
Carsten Magnus, Lucia Reh, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV-1 Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies: Determination of Antibody Concentrations Leading to Escape Mutant Evolution. Virus Res., 218:57-70, 15 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26494166.
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Malherbe2014
Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, D. Noah Sather, Biwei Guo, Shilpi Pandey, William F. Sutton, Andrew B. Stuart, Harlan Robins, Byung Park, Shelly J. Krebs, Jason T. Schuman, Spyros Kalams, Ann J. Hessell, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Envelope variants circulating as initial neutralization breadth developed in two HIV-infected subjects stimulate multiclade neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. J Virol, 88(22):12949-67 doi, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25210191
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Mannar2021
Dhiraj Mannar, Karoline Leopold, and Sriram Subramaniam. Glycan Reactive Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein But Do Not Block Viral Entry. Sci. Rep., 11(1):12448, 14 Jun 2021. PubMed ID: 34127709.
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Mao2012
Youdong Mao, Liping Wang, Christopher Gu, Alon Herschhorn, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hillel Haim, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Subunit Organization of the Membrane-Bound HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 19(9):893-899, Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22864288.
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Mascola2010
John R. Mascola and David C. Montefiori. The Role of Antibodies in HIV Vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28:413-444, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20192810.
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McCoy2015
Laura E. McCoy, Emilia Falkowska, Katie J. Doores, Khoa Le, Devin Sok, Marit J. van Gils, Zelda Euler, Judith A. Burger, Michael S. Seaman, Rogier W. Sanders, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, and Dennis R. Burton. Incomplete Neutralization and Deviation from Sigmoidal Neutralization Curves for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 11(8):e1005110, Aug 2015. PubMed ID: 26267277.
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Andrew T. McGuire, Jolene A. Glenn, Adriana Lippy, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Diverse Recombinant HIV-1 Envs Fail to Activate B Cells Expressing the Germline B Cell Receptors of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies PG9 and 447-52D. J. Virol., 88(5):2645-2657, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352455.
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McLellan2011
Jason S. McLellan, Marie Pancera, Chris Carrico, Jason Gorman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Reza Khayat, Robert Louder, Robert Pejchal, Mallika Sastry, Kaifan Dai, Sijy O'Dell, Nikita Patel, Syed Shahzad-ul-Hussan, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, Jeffrey C. Boyington, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Devan Diwanji, Ivelin Georgiev, Young Do Kwon, Doyung Lee, Mark K. Louder, Stephanie Moquin, Stephen D. Schmidt, Zhi-Yong Yang, Mattia Bonsignori, John A. Crump, Saidi H. Kapiga, Noel E. Sam, Barton F. Haynes, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Laura M. Walker, Sanjay Phogat, Richard Wyatt, Jared Orwenyo, Lai-Xi Wang, James Arthos, Carole A. Bewley, John R. Mascola, Gary J. Nabel, William R. Schief, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure of HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 Domain with Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG9. Nature, 480(7377):336-343, 15 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22113616.
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McLinden2013
Robert J. McLinden, Celia C. LaBranche, Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Victoria R. Polonis, Michael A. Eller, Lindsay Wieczorek, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Stephen Perfetto, David C. Montefiori, Nelson L. Michael, and Jerome H. Kim. Detection of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in a Human CD4+/CXCR4+/CCR5+ T-Lymphoblastoid Cell Assay System. PLoS One, 8(11):e77756, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312168.
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Miglietta2014
Riccardo Miglietta, Claudia Pastori, Assunta Venuti, Christina Ochsenbauer, and Lucia Lopalco. Synergy in Monoclonal Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1 Pseudoviruses and Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Transl. Med., 12:346, 2014. PubMed ID: 25496375.
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Mikell2012
Iliyana Mikell and Leonidas Stamatatos. Evolution of Cross-Neutralizing Antibody Specificities to the CD4-BS and the Carbohydrate Cloak of the HIV Env in an HIV-1-Infected Subject. PLoS One, 7(11):e49610, 2012. PubMed ID: 23152926.
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Mishra2020
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Bimal Kumar Das, Sushil Kumar Kabra, Rakesh Lodha, and Kalpana Luthra. A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J. Virol., 94(19), 15 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32669335.
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Mishra2020a
Nitesh Mishra, Shaifali Sharma, Ayushman Dobhal, Sanjeev Kumar, Himanshi Chawla, Ravinder Singh, Muzamil Ashraf Makhdoomi, Bimal Kumar Das, Rakesh Lodha, Sushil Kumar Kabra, and Kalpana Luthra. Broadly Neutralizing Plasma Antibodies Effective against Autologous Circulating Viruses in Infants with Multivariant HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 11(1):4409, 2 Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32879304.
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Moore2011
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, Daniel Sheward, Maphuti Madiga, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Zhong Lai, William J. Honnen, Molati Nonyane, Nancy Tumba, Tandile Hermanus, Sengeziwe Sibeko, Koleka Mlisana, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Carolyn Williamson, Abraham Pinter, Lynn Morris, and CAPRISA 002 Study. Potent and Broad Neutralization of HIV-1 Subtype C by Plasma Antibodies Targeting a Quaternary Epitope Including Residues in the V2 loop. J. Virol., 85(7):3128-3141, Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21270156.
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Moore2012
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, C. Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Molati Nonyane, Daniel J. Sheward, Tandile Hermanus, Shringkhala Bajimaya, Nancy L. Tumba, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Bronwen E. Lambson, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Lihua Ping, Nobubelo Ngandu, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Ronald I. Swanstrom, Michael S. Seaman, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Evolution of an HIV Glycan-Dependent Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope through Immune Escape. Nat. Med., 18(11):1688-1692, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23086475.
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Morales2016
Javier F. Morales, Bin Yu, Gerardo Perez, Kathryn A. Mesa, David L. Alexander, and Phillip W. Berman. Fragments of the V1/V2 Domain of HIV-1 Glycoprotein 120 Engineered for Improved Binding to the Broadly Neutralizing PG9 antibody. Mol. Immunol., 77:14-25, Sep 2016. PubMed ID: 27449907.
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Morgand2015
Marion Morgand, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Alain Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, Craig S. Pace, Marie Pancera, David D. Ho, Pascal Poignard, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Hugo Mouquet, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Peter D. Kwong, Daniel Baty, Patrick Chames, Martine Braibant, and Francis Barin. A V1V2 Neutralizing Epitope Is Conserved in Divergent Non-M Groups of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 21 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26413851.
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Mouquet2011
Hugo Mouquet, Florian Klein, Johannes F. Scheid, Malte Warncke, John Pietzsch, Thiago Y. K. Oliveira, Klara Velinzon, Michael S. Seaman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Memory B Cell Antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 Cloned from Individuals Infected with Clade A and B Viruses. PLoS One, 6(9):e24078, 2011. PubMed ID: 21931643.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Nkolola2014
Joseph P. Nkolola, Christine A. Bricault, Ann Cheung, Jennifer Shields, James Perry, James M. Kovacs, Elena Giorgi, Margot van Winsen, Adrian Apetri, Els C. M. Brinkman-van der Linden, Bing Chen, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, and Dan H. Barouch. Characterization and Immunogenicity of a Novel Mosaic M HIV-1 gp140 Trimer. J. Virol., 88(17):9538-9552, 1 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 24965452.
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Nogal2020
Bartek Nogal, Laura E. McCoy, Marit J. van Gils, Christopher A. Cottrell, James E. Voss, Raiees Andrabi, Matthias Pauthner, Chi-Hui Liang, Terrence Messmer, Rebecca Nedellec, Mia Shin, Hannah L. Turner, Gabriel Ozorowski, Rogier W. Sanders, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. HIV Envelope Trimer-Elicited Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies Bind a Region Overlapping the N332 Glycan Supersite. Sci. Adv., 6(23):eaba0512, Jun 2020. PubMed ID: 32548265.
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ORourke2012
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Kathryn A. Mesa, Aaron L. Vollrath, Gwen P. Tatsuno, Briana To, Faruk Sinangil, Kay Limoli, Terri Wrin, and Phillip W. Berman. Sequences in Glycoprotein gp41, the CD4 Binding Site, and the V2 Domain Regulate Sensitivity and Resistance of HIV-1 to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 86(22):12105-12114, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22933284.
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Overbaugh2012
Julie Overbaugh and Lynn Morris. The Antibody Response against HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2(1):a007039, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22315717.
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Pancera2010
Marie Pancera, Jason S. McLellan, Xueling Wu, Jiang Zhu, Anita Changela, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Sanjay Phogat, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Crystal Structure of PG16 and Chimeric Dissection with Somatically Related PG9: Structure-Function Analysis of Two Quaternary-Specific Antibodies That Effectively Neutralize HIV-1. J. Virol., 84(16):8098-8110, Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20538861.
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Pancera2013
Marie Pancera, Syed Shahzad-ul-Hussan, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Jason S. McLellan, Robert T. Bailer, Kaifan Dai, Sandra Loesgen, Mark K. Louder, Ryan P. Staupe, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Robert Parks, Joshua Eudailey, Krissey E. Lloyd, Julie Blinn, S. Munir Alam, Barton F. Haynes, Mohammed N. Amin, Lai-Xi Wang, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, Carole A. Bewley, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Basis for Diverse N-Glycan Recognition by HIV-1-Neutralizing V1-V2-Directed Antibody PG16. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 20(7):804-813, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23708607.
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Pantophlet2010
Ralph Pantophlet. Antibody Epitope Exposure and Neutralization of HIV-1. Curr. Pharm. Des., 16(33):3729-3743, 2010. PubMed ID: 21128886.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Pejchal2010
Robert Pejchal, Laura M. Walker, Robyn L. Stanfield, Sanjay K. Phogat, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. Structure and Function of Broadly Reactive Antibody PG16 Reveal an H3 Subdomain That Mediates Potent Neutralization of HIV-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(25):11483-11488, 22 Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20534513.
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Pejchal2011
Robert Pejchal, Katie J. Doores, Laura M. Walker, Reza Khayat, Po-Ssu Huang, Sheng-Kai Wang, Robyn L. Stanfield, Jean-Philippe Julien, Alejandra Ramos, Max Crispin, Rafael Depetris, Umesh Katpally, Andre Marozsan, Albert Cupo, Sebastien Maloveste, Yan Liu, Ryan McBride, Yukishige Ito, Rogier W. Sanders, Cassandra Ogohara, James C. Paulson, Ten Feizi, Christopher N. Scanlan, Chi-Huey Wong, John P. Moore, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Pascal Poignard, William R. Schief, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield. Science, 334(6059):1097-1103, 25 Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21998254.
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Pollara2013
Justin Pollara, Mattia Bonsignori, M. Anthony Moody, Marzena Pazgier, Barton F. Haynes, and Guido Ferrari. Epitope Specificity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Responses. Curr. HIV Res., 11(5):378-387, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 24191939.
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Prevost2018
Jérémie Prévost, Jonathan Richard, Shilei Ding, Beatriz Pacheco, Roxanne Charlebois, Beatrice H Hahn, Daniel E Kaufmann, and Andrés Finzi. Envelope Glycoproteins Sampling States 2/3 Are Susceptible to ADCC by Sera from HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Virology, 515:38-45, Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29248757.
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Provine2012
Nicholas M. Provine, Valerie Cortez, Vrasha Chohan, and Julie Overbaugh. The Neutralization Sensitivity of Viruses Representing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Diverse Subtypes from Early in Infection Is Dependent on Producer Cell, as Well as Characteristics of the Specific Antibody and Envelope Variant. Virology, 427(1):25-33, 25 May 2012. PubMed ID: 22369748.
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Pugach2015
Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Yifei Qi, Sunhwan Jo, and Wonpil Im. Roles of Glycans in Interactions between gp120 and HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Glycobiology, 26(3):251-260, Mar 2016. PubMed ID: 26537503.
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Rademeyer2016
Cecilia Rademeyer, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Elena E. Giorgi, Ruwayhida Thebus, Alexander Robles, Daniel J. Sheward, Kshitij Wagh, Jetta Garrity, Brittany R. Carey, Hongmei Gao, Kelli M. Greene, Haili Tang, Gama P. Bandawe, Jinny C. Marais, Thabo E. Diphoko, Peter Hraber, Nancy Tumba, Penny L. Moore, Glenda E. Gray, James Kublin, M. Juliana McElrath, Marion Vermeulen, Keren Middelkoop, Linda-Gail Bekker, Michael Hoelscher, Leonard Maboko, Joseph Makhema, Merlin L. Robb, Salim Abdool Karim, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Jerome H. Kim, Beatrice H. Hahn, Feng Gao, Ronald Swanstrom, Lynn Morris, David C. Montefiori, and Carolyn Williamson. Features of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade C Viruses that Impact Antibody Recognition: Implications for Active and Passive Immunization. PLoS Pathog., 12(7):e1005742, Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27434311.
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Ren2018
Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Ringe2011
Rajesh Ringe, Deepak Sharma, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Sanjay Phogat, Arun Risbud, Madhuri Thakar, Ramesh Paranjape, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the C4 Region in gp120 Confers Enhanced Neutralization of HIV-1 by Modulating CD4 Binding Sites and V3 Loop. Virology, 418(2):123-132, 30 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21851958.
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Ringe2012
Rajesh Ringe, Sanjay Phogat, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Subtle Alteration of Residues Including N-Linked Glycans in V2 Loop Modulate HIV-1 Neutralization by PG9 and PG16 Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 426(1):34-41, 25 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22314018.
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Roark2021
Ryan S. Roark, Hui Li, Wilton B. Williams, Hema Chug, Rosemarie D. Mason, Jason Gorman, Shuyi Wang, Fang-Hua Lee, Juliette Rando, Mattia Bonsignori, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Kevin O. Saunders, Kevin Wiehe, M. Anthony Moody, Peter T. Hraber, Kshitij Wagh, Elena E. Giorgi, Ronnie M. Russell, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Weimin Liu, Jesse Connell, Andrew G. Smith, Julia DeVoto, Alexander I. Murphy, Jessica Smith, Wenge Ding, Chengyan Zhao, Neha Chohan, Maho Okumura, Christina Rosario, Yu Ding, Emily Lindemuth, Anya M. Bauer, Katharine J. Bar, David Ambrozak, Cara W. Chao, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Bob C. Lin, Mark K. Louder, Richard Nguyen, Baoshan Zhang, Mark G. Lewis, Donald D. Raymond, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Chaim A. Schramm, Daniel C. Douek, Mario Roederer, Thomas B. Kepler, Garnett Kelsoe, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, Bette T. Korber, Stephen C. Harrison, Barton F. Haynes, Beatrice H. Hahn, and George M. Shaw. Recapitulation of HIV-1 Env-Antibody Coevolution in Macaques Leading to Neutralization Breadth. Science, 371(6525), 8 Jan 2021. PubMed ID: 33214287.
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Rolland2012
Morgane Rolland, Paul T. Edlefsen, Brendan B. Larsen, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Eric Sanders-Buell, Tomer Hertz, Allan C. deCamp, Chris Carrico, Sergey Menis, Craig A. Magaret, Hasan Ahmed, Michal Juraska, Lennie Chen, Philip Konopa, Snehal Nariya, Julia N. Stoddard, Kim Wong, Hong Zhao, Wenjie Deng, Brandon S. Maust, Meera Bose, Shana Howell, Adam Bates, Michelle Lazzaro, Annemarie O'Sullivan, Esther Lei, Andrea Bradfield, Grace Ibitamuno, Vatcharain Assawadarachai, Robert J. O'Connell, Mark S. deSouza, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Merlin L. Robb, Jason S. McLellan, Ivelin Georgiev, Peter D. Kwong, Jonathan M. Carlson, Nelson L. Michael, William R. Schief, Peter B. Gilbert, James I. Mullins, and Jerome H. Kim. Increased HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy against Viruses with Genetic Signatures in Env V2. Nature, 490(7420):417-420, 18 Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22960785.
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Rosenberg2015
Yvonne Rosenberg, Markus Sack, David Montefiori, Celia Labranche, Mark Lewis, Lori Urban, Lingjun Mao, Rainer Fischer, and Xiaoming Jiang. Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Monoclonal Antibodies in Macaques. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120451, 25 Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807114.
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Rudometova2022
N. B. Rudometova, N. S. Shcherbakova, D. N. Shcherbakov, O. S. Taranov, B. N. Zaitsev, and L. I. Karpenko. Construction and Characterization of HIV-1 env-Pseudoviruses of the Recombinant Form CRF63_02A and Subtype A6. Bull Exp Biol Med, 172(6):729-733 doi, Apr 2022. PubMed ID: 35501651
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Rusert2016
Peter Rusert, Roger D. Kouyos, Claus Kadelka, Hanna Ebner, Merle Schanz, Michael Huber, Dominique L. Braun, Nathanael Hozé, Alexandra Scherrer, Carsten Magnus, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Valentina Cippa, Christian W. Thorball, Herbert Kuster, Matthias Cavassini, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Hoffmann, Alexandra Calmy, Manuel Battegay, Andri Rauch, Sabine Yerly, Vincent Aubert, Thomas Klimkait, Jürg Böni, Jacques Fellay, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Alexandra Trkola, and Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Determinants of HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Nat. Med., 22(11):1260-1267, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27668936.
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Saha2012
Piyali Saha, Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Sannula Kesavardhana, Edward Roshan Miranda, P. Shaik Syed Ali, Deepak Sharma, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Designed Cyclic Permutants of HIV-1 gp120: Implications for Envelope Trimer Structure and Immunogen Design. Biochemistry, 51(9):1836-1847, 6 Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22329717.
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Sajadi2012
Mohammad M. Sajadi, George K. Lewis, Michael S. Seaman, Yongjun Guan, Robert R. Redfield, and Anthony L. DeVico. Signature Biochemical Properties of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 86(9):5014-5025, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22379105.
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Sanchez-Merino2016
V. Sanchez-Merino, A. Fabra-Garcia, N. Gonzalez, D. Nicolas, A. Merino-Mansilla, C. Manzardo, J. Ambrosioni, A. Schultz, A. Meyerhans, J. R. Mascola, J. M. Gatell, J. Alcami, J. M. Miro, and E. Yuste. Detection of Broadly Neutralizing Activity within the First Months of HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 90(11):5231-5245, 1 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26984721.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Sather2014
D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, Andrew B. Stuart, Ann J. Hessell, Mathew D. Gray, Iliyana Mikell, Spyros A. Kalams, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Emergence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Viral Coevolution in Two Subjects during the Early Stages of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 88(22):12968-12981, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25122781.
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Sattentau2010
Quentin J. Sattentau and Andrew J. McMichael. New Templates for HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. F1000 Biol. Rep., 2:60, 2010. PubMed ID: 21173880.
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Schorcht2020
Anna Schorcht, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Christopher A. Cottrell, Joel D. Allen, Jonathan L. Torres, Anna-Janina Behrens, Edith E. Schermer, Judith A. Burger, Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Ilja Bontjer, Stephanie Gumbs, Gabriel Ozorowski, Celia C. LaBranche, Natalia de Val, Anila Yasmeen, Per Johan Klasse, David C. Montefiori, John P. Moore, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Max Crispin, Marit J. van Gils, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Neutralizing Antibody Responses Induced by HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein SOSIP Trimers Derived from Elite Neutralizers. J. Virol., 94(24), 23 Nov 2020. PubMed ID: 32999024.
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Scott2015
Yanille M. Scott, Seo Young Park, and Charlene S. Dezzutti. Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibodies Prevent HIV Infection of Mucosal Tissue Ex Vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 60(2):904-912, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26596954.
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Shang2011
Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Xuanling Shi, Teng Zuo, Mark Goldin, Dan Chen, Bing Han, Wei Sun, Hao Wu, Xinquan Wang, and Linqi Zhang. Genetic and Neutralization Sensitivity of Diverse HIV-1 env Clones from Chronically Infected Patients in China. J. Biol. Chem., 286(16):14531-14541, 22 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21325278.
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Shivatare2013
Sachin S. Shivatare, Shih-Huang Chang, Tsung-I Tsai, Chien-Tai Ren, Hong-Yang Chuang, Li Hsu, Chih-Wei Lin, Shiou-Ting Li, Chung-Yi Wu, and Chi-Huey Wong. Efficient Convergent Synthesis of Bi-, Tri-, and Tetra-Antennary Complex Type N-Glycans and Their HIV-1 Antigenicity. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 135(41):15382-15391, 16 Oct 2013. PubMed ID: 24032650.
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Sliepen2015
Kwinten Sliepen, Max Medina-Ramirez, Anila Yasmeen, John P. Moore, Per Johan Klasse, and Rogier W. Sanders. Binding of Inferred Germline Precursors of Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies to Native-Like Envelope Trimers. Virology, 486:116-120, Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26433050.
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Sliepen2019
Kwinten Sliepen, Byung Woo Han, Ilja Bontjer, Petra Mooij, Fernando Garces, Anna-Janina Behrens, Kimmo Rantalainen, Sonu Kumar, Anita Sarkar, Philip J. M. Brouwer, Yuanzi Hua, Monica Tolazzi, Edith Schermer, Jonathan L. Torres, Gabriel Ozorowski, Patricia van der Woude, Alba Torrents de la Pena, Marielle J. van Breemen, Juan Miguel Camacho-Sanchez, Judith A. Burger, Max Medina-Ramirez, Nuria Gonzalez, Jose Alcami, Celia LaBranche, Gabriella Scarlatti, Marit J. van Gils, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, Andrew B. Ward, Gerrit Koopman, John P. Moore, Robin J. Shattock, Willy M. Bogers, Ian A. Wilson, and Rogier W. Sanders. Structure and immunogenicity of a stabilized HIV-1 envelope trimer based on a group-M consensus sequence. Nat Commun, 10(1):2355 doi, May 2019. PubMed ID: 31142746
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Stefic2019
Karl Stefic, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Asma Essat, Clara Visdeloup, Alain Moreau, Cécile Goujard, Marie-Laure Chaix, Martine Braibant, Laurence Meyer, and Francis Barin. Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies of Recently Transmitted HIV-1 Clade CRF02\_AG Viruses with a Focus on Evolution over Time. J. Virol., 93(2), 15 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30404804.
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Stewart-Jones2016
Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Cinque Soto, Thomas Lemmin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Aliaksandr Druz, Rui Kong, Paul V. Thomas, Kshitij Wagh, Tongqing Zhou, Anna-Janina Behrens, Tatsiana Bylund, Chang W. Choi, Jack R. Davison, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Justin Taft, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Vidya S. Shivatare, Chang-Chun D. Lee, Chung-Yi Wu, Carole A. Bewley, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Mark Connors, Max Crispin, Ulrich Baxa, Bette T. Korber, Chi-Huey Wong, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165(4):813-826, 5 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27114034.
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Thenin2012
Suzie Thenin, Tanawan Samleerat, Elsa Tavernier, Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong, Gonzague Jourdain, Marc Lallemant, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Issued from Mother-Infant Pairs Display a Wide Spectrum of Biological Properties. Virology, 426(1):12-21, 25 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22310702.
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Thenin2012a
Suzie Thenin, Emmanuelle Roch, Tanawan Samleerat, Thierry Moreau, Antoine Chaillon, Alain Moreau, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Naturally Occurring Substitutions of Conserved Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Different Clades Are Involved in PG9 and PG16 Resistance to Neutralization. J. Gen. Virol., 93(7):1495-1505, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22492917.
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Tomaras2010
Georgia D. Tomaras and Barton F. Haynes. Strategies for Eliciting HIV-1 Inhibitory Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 5(5):421-427, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20978384.
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Tomaras2011
Georgia D. Tomaras, James M. Binley, Elin S. Gray, Emma T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, Penny L. Moore, Nancy Tumba, Tommy Tong, Xiaoying Shen, Nicole L. Yates, Julie Decker, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Philippa Easterbrook, Salim Abdool Karim, Gift Kamanga, John A. Crump, Myron Cohen, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Polyclonal B Cell Responses to Conserved Neutralization Epitopes in a Subset of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 85(21):11502-11519, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21849452.
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Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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Upadhyay2014
Chitra Upadhyay, Luzia M. Mayr, Jing Zhang, Rajnish Kumar, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Arthur Nádas, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Catarina E. Hioe. Distinct Mechanisms Regulate Exposure of Neutralizing Epitopes in the V2 and V3 Loops of HIV-1 Envelope. J. Virol., 88(21):12853-12865, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25165106.
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vandenKerkhof2013
Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, K. Anton Feenstra, Zelda Euler, Marit J. van Gils, Linda W. E. Rijsdijk, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Jaap Heringa, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and Rogier W. Sanders. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures That Correlate with the Development of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Retrovirology, 10:102, 23 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24059682.
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Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Steven W. de Taeye, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Dennis R. Burton, Neeltje A. Kootstra, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Rogier W. Sanders, and Marit J. van Gils. HIV-1 escapes from N332-directed antibody neutralization in an elite neutralizer by envelope glycoprotein elongation and introduction of unusual disulfide bonds. Retrovirology, 13(1):48, 7 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27388013.
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Veillette2014
Maxime Veillette, Anik Désormeaux, Halima Medjahed, Nour-Elhouda Gharsallah, Mathieu Coutu, Joshua Baalwa, Yongjun Guan, George Lewis, Guido Ferrari, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, James E. Robinson, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, and Andres Finzi. Interaction with Cellular CD4 Exposes HIV-1 Envelope Epitopes Targeted by Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J. Virol., 88(5):2633-2644, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352444.
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vonBredow2016
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Displaying record number 1370
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
2G12 (c2G12, G12) |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp120 |
Research Contact |
Herman Katinger, Inst. Appl. Microbiol. or Polymun Scientific Inc., Vienna, Austria, |
Epitope |
(Discontinuous epitope)
|
Subtype |
AD |
Ab Type |
gp120 glycosylation sites in C2, C3, C4, and V4, gp120 glycans |
Neutralizing |
L P View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG1κ) |
Patient |
|
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, brain/CSF, broad neutralizer, cell-line isolated antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, dendritic cells, drug resistance, dynamics, early treatment, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, enhancing activity, escape, genital and mucosal immunity, glycosylation, HAART, ART, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, isotype switch, kinetics, memory cells, mimics, mimotopes, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, NK cells, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, supervised treatment interruptions (STI), therapeutic vaccine, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 562 of
562 notes.
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2G12: Eighty clusters of overlapping epitopes that could bind to MHC Class II HLA-DR1*01:01 (DR1) allele were identified by LC-MS/MS using a cell-free processing system that incorporated soluble DR1, HLA-DM (DM), cathepsins, and full-length protein antigens (Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Tat, Rev, and Nef). Sixteen of Env CD4+ T cell epitopes identified in this study, which were primarily located in the vicinity of the gp120/gp41 interface or the CD4bs, were assessed for overlap with bnAb binding footprints. Only unglycosylated KAM432-444 (KAMYAPPISGQIR) overlapped with the binding footprint of V3 glycan-targeting bnAb 2G12.
Sengupta2023
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The study describes the generation, crystal structure, and immunogenic properties of a native-like Env SOSIP trimer based on a group M consensus (ConM) sequence. A crystal structure of ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer together with nAbs PGT124 and 35O22 revealed that ConM SOSIP.v7 is structurally similar to other Env trimers. In rabbits, the ConM SOSIP trimer induced serum nAbs that neutralized the autologous Tier 1A virus (ConM from 2004) and a related Tier 1B ConS virus (ConM from 2001). These responses target the trimer apex and were enhanced when the trimers were presented on ferritin nanoparticles. The neutralization of ConM and ConS pseudoviruses was tested against a large panel of nAbs and non-nAbs (2219, 2557, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, 830A, 654-30D, 1008-30D, 1570D, 729-30D, F105, 181D, 246D, 50-69D, sCD4, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, PG9, PG16, CH01, PGDM1400, PGT128, PGT121, 10-1074, PGT151, VRC43.01, 2G12, DH511.2_K3, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10); most nAbs were able to neutralize these pseudoviruses. Soluble ConM trimers were able to weakly activate B cells expressing PGT121 and PG16 BCRs but were inactive against those expressing VRC01 and PGT145. In contrast, at the same molar amount of trimers, the ConM SOSIP.v7-ferritin nanoparticles activated all 4 B cells efficiently. Binding of bnAbs 2G12 and PGT145 and non-nAbs F105 and 19b to ConM SOSIP.v7 trimer and SOSIP showed that the ferritin-bound trimer bound more avidly than the soluble trimer. This study shows that native-like HIV-1 Env trimers can be generated from consensus sequences, and such immunogens might be suitable vaccine components to prime and/or boost desirable nAb responses.
Sliepen2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Following the VRC018 clinical trial of the BG505 DS-SOSIP immunogen, donor N751 showed the highest BG505-reactive ELISA responses. B cells from this donor were sorted for binding to a novel BG505 trimer construct (BG505 glycan base); 8 clones were identified that bound to glycan-base BG505, and 2 were selected for characterization (2C06 and 2C09). The epitopes of 2C06.01 and 2C09.01 were similar to each other, and have substantial overlap with the epitope of VRC34.01, and lower overlap with two other FP-targeting mAbs, PGT151 and ACS202. Binding of mAbs to BG505 DS-SOSIP was compared with binding to the glycan base construct; some mAbs bound to both BG505 DS-SOSIP and glycan base (PGT145, VRC26.25, VRC01, PGT151, VRC34.01, and 2G12), some bound to neither (PG05, 447-52D, and 2557), and 4 base-binding mAbs bound to BG505 DS-SOSIP, but not to BG505 glycan base (1E6, 5H3, 3H2, and 9B9).
Wang2023
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
2G12: Pseudoviruses were made from 13 env sequences of subtypes A6 and CRF63_02A6, based on genetic variants of HIV-1 circulating in the Siberian Federal District. Neutralization of these viruses was tested for 8 bnAbs. Most of the pseudoviruses were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PGT126, and 10E8, moderately sensitive to PG9 and 4E10, and resistant to 2G12, PG16, and 2F5. All obtained variants of pseudoviruses were CCR5-tropic.
Rudometova2022
(co-receptor, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12:This study identified a B cell lineage of bNAbs in an HIV-1 elite post-treatment controller (ePTC; donor: PTC-005002). Circulating viruses in PTC escaped bNAb pressure but remained sensitive to autologous neutralization by other Ab populations. 2G12 was used as a reference control IgG. Inhibition of EPTC112 binding to SOSIP was moderately with 2G12 with blocking range of 28%–15%.
Molinos-Albert2023
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: The polyclonal response of human subjects VC20013 and VC10014 demonstrated increasing neutralization breadth against a panel of HIV-1 isolates over time. Full-length functional env genes were cloned longitudinally from these subjects from months after infection through 2.6 to 5.8 years of infection. Motifs associated with the development of breadth in published, cross-sectional studies were found in the viral sequences of both subjects. To test the immunogenicity of envelope vaccines derived from time points obtained during and after broadening of neutralization activity within these subjects, rabbits were coimmunized 4 times with selected multiple gp160 DNAs and gp140-trimeric envelope proteins. In an assay of rabbit polyclonal responses, the most rapid and persistent neutralization of multiclade tier 1 viruses was elicited by envelopes that were circulating in plasma at time points prior to the development of 50% neutralization breadth in both human subjects. The breadth elicited in rabbits was not improved by exposure to later envelope variants. Env immunogen sequences were tested for binding to a panel of well studied mAbs of various binding types (VRC01, HJ16, b12, b6, PG9, PGT121, 2G12, 2F5, F240); all gp140s bound to weak or non-neutralizing antibodies b6 and F240. MAb b6 also bound BG505 SOSIP, while F240 did not, suggesting that cluster I gp41 epitopes, which become exposed during gp120 shedding, are more easily accessed on these trimers than on BG505-SOSIP. These data have implications for vaccine development in describing a target time point to identify optimal env immunogens.
Malherbe2014
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
2G12: This study used directed evolution to overcome the instability and heterogeneity of a primary Env isolate (ADA) in order to design better immunogens. HIV-1 virions were subjected to iterative cycles of destabilization and replication to select for Envs with enhanced stability. Several mutations in Env were associated with increased trimer stability, primarily in the heptad repeat regions of gp41 and V1 of gp120. Mutations from the most stable Envs were combined into a variant Env, termed "comb-mut", with superior homogeneity and stability. Comb-mut had greater binding affinity for PGT128, PG9, PG16, 2G12, VRC01, b12, and CD4-IgG2, but decreased binding to 4E10, 2F5, b6, 19b, 17b, 7B2, and D50. Comb-mut was more sensitive to neutralization by PG9. One specific mutation (K574) was shown to decrease the neutralization IC50 of mAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10, b6, 2G12, 8K8 and inhibitors sCD4, T-20, and PF-68742. Several of the Env substitutions were shown to stabilize Env spikes from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. Spike stabilizing mutations may be useful in the development of Env immunogens that stably retain native, trimeric structure.
Leaman2013
(mimics, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Persistent (VP-1) and Non-persistent (VP-2) viruses were compared in a longitudinal study of a cross-reactive neutralizing serum-possessing patient, Patient B (H19554) over 9 years. Persisting VP-1 viral clones had more mutations in variable loops V1V2 and constant region C3 of Env, particularly in the number of PNGS (potential N-linked glycosylation sites) in V1V2. While VP-1 in vitro virus chimeras showed slower replication kinetics than VP-2, there was no neutralization sensitivity change based on whether they were R5 or X4 variants. The gp160 Env was longer in the VP-2 population; but both VP-1 and VP-2 chimeras were resistant to bnAb 2G12.
vanGils2011a
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, escape)
-
2G12: Native, well-ordered, soluble mimetics of the Env trimer from subtypes B (JRFL) and C (16055) were obtained from genetically identical samples of heterogeneous mixture of disordered Env SOSIPs. Negative selection by non-nAbs was used to remove disordered oligomers, leaving well-ordered trimers that were able to bind sCD4, a panel of bnAbs that bind CD4bs, and PGT15 which is a bnAb that binds only cleavage-dependent, well-ordered, Env trimer. Several biophysical techniques were used to interrogate the structure of the purified subtype B and C trimers. Trimer antigenicity was assessed by bio-layer interferometry against F105-like non-neutralizing Abs, and some bnAbs in solution. Glycan-targeting (around N332) Ab 2G12 recognizes both the subtype B JRFL trimers as well as subtype C 16055 trimers that lack N-linked glycan at N332 but the off-rate is faster; and 2G12 cannot neutralize subtype C trimers.
Guenaga2015
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
2G12: This paper describes the development and characterization of soluble, cleaved SOSIP gp140 Env trimers using a JR-FL background. In addition to a stabilizing disulfide bond, mediated by engineered mutations A501C and T605C that are also present in SOS gp140 proteins, SOSIP gp140 proteins have an I559P mutation (aka “IP”) that increases trimer stability. Further analyses suggested that I559P destabilizes the N-terminal helix necessary for the six-helix bundle structure in the postfusion conformation. Immunoprecipitation assays with mAbs CD4-IgG2, b12 (aka IgG1b12), 17b, 2F5, 2.2B and 4D4 demonstrated that I559P did not alter expected structural epitopes when compared to SOS gp140 proteins. Neutralizing mAb 2G12 was able to bind efficiently to its mannose-dependent gp120 epitope on both SOS and SOSIP gp140 proteins.
Sanders2002a
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: The study characterized viral evolution and changes in neutralizing activity and sensitivity of a long-term non-progressing patient (GX2016EU01) with HIV-1 CRF07_BC infection. Four plasma samples were derived from the patient between 2016 and 2020, and 59 full-length env gene fragments were obtained, revealing that potential N-linked glycosylation sites in V1 and V5 significantly increased over time. While 24 Env-pseudotyped viruses from the patient remained sensitive to autologous plasma, all were resistant to bNAbs 2G12, PGT121, and PGT135. The pseudoviruses were sensitive to 10E8, VRC01, and 12A21, but became more resistant to these bnAbs and to autologous plasma at later timepoints. The neutralization breadth of plasma from all 4 sequential samples was 100% against the global HIV-1 reference panel. Immune escape mutants resulted in increased resistance to bNAbs targeting different epitopes. The study identified known mutations F277W in gp41 and previously uncharacterized mutation S465T in V5 which may be associated with increased viral resistance to bNAbs.
Wang2022
(autologous responses, glycosylation, mutation acquisition, neutralization, escape, rate of progression, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: This study examined whether HIV-1-specific bnAbs are capable of cross-neutralizing simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees (n=11) or western gorillas (n=1). BnAbs directed against the epitopes at the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH03, VRC-CH31, F105, b13, NIH45-46G54W, 45-46m2, 45-46m7), V3 (10-1074, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12), and gp41-gp120 interface (8ANC195, 35O22, PGT151, PGT152, PGT158) failed to neutralize SIVcpz and SIVgor strains. V2-directed bNabs (PG9, PG16, PGT145) as well as llama-derived heavy-chain only antibodies recognizing the CD4 binding site or gp41 epitopes (JM4, J3, 3E3, 2E7, 11F1F, Bi-2H10) were either completely inactive or neutralized only a fraction of SIVcpz strains. In contrast, neutralization of SIVcpz and SIVgor strains was achieved with low-nanomolar potency by one antibody targeting the MPER region of gp41 (10E8), as well as functional CD4 and CCR5 receptor mimetics (eCD4-Ig, eCD4-Igmim2, CD4-218.3-E51, CD4-218.3-E51-mim2), mono- and bispecific anti-human CD4 mAbs (iMab, PG9-iMab, PG16-iMab, LM52, LM52-PGT128), and CCR5 receptor mAbs (PRO140, PRO140-10E8). Importantly, the latter antibodies blocked virus entry not only in TZM-bl cells but also in Cf2Th cells expressing chimpanzee CD4 and CCR5, and neutralized SIVcpz in chimpanzee CD4+ T cells. These findings provide new insight into the protective capacity of anti-HIV-1 bnAbs and identify candidates for further development to combat SIV infection.
Barbian2015
(neutralization, SIV, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A recombinant native-like Env SOSIP trimer, AMC009, was developed based on viral founder sequences of elite neutralizer H18877. The subtype B AMC009 Env was defined as a Tier 2 virus based on a neutralization assay against well known nAbs (VRC01, 3BNC117, CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGDM1400, 10-1074, PGT128, PGT121, PGT151, VRC34.01, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, DH511.2.K3_4, 10E8, and the mAb mixture CH01-31).The AMC009 SOSIP protein formed stable native-like trimers that displayed multiple bnAb epitopes. Its overall structure was similar to that of BG505 SOSIP.664, and it resembled one from another elite neutralizer, AMC011, in having a dense and complete glycan shield. When tested as immunogens in rabbits, AMC009 trimers did not induce autologous neutralizing antibody responses efficiently, while the AMC011 trimers did so very weakly, outcomes that may reflect the completeness of their glycan shields. The AMC011 trimer induced antibodies that occasionally cross-neutralized heterologous tier 2 viruses, sometimes at high titer. Cross-neutralizing antibodies were more frequently elicited by a trivalent combination of AMC008, AMC009, and AMC011 trimers, all derived from subtype B viruses. Each of these three individual trimers could deplete the nAb activity from rabbit sera. Mapping the polyclonal sera by electron microscopy revealed that antibodies of multiple specificities could bind to sites on both autologous and heterologous trimers.
Schorcht2020
(neutralization, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
2G12: The study assessed the breadths and potencies of 14 bnAbs against 36 viruses reactivated from peripheral blood CD4+ T cells from ARV-treated HIV-infected individuals by using paired neutralization and infected cell binding assays. Infected cell binding correlated with virus neutralization for 10 of 14 antibodies (VRC01, VRC07-523, 3BNC117, N6, PGT121, 10-1074, PGDM1400, PG9, 10E8, and 10E8v4-V5R-100cF). For example, the correlation for 3BNC117 had r=0.82 and P<0.0001. Heterogeneity was observed, however, with a lack of significant correlation for 2G12, CAP256.VRC26.25, 2F5, and 4E10. The study also performed paired infected cell binding and ADCC assays by using two reservoir virus isolates in combination with 9 bNAbs, and the results were consistent with previous studies indicating that infected cell binding is moderately predictive of ADCC activity for bNAbs with matched Fc domains. These data provide guidance on the selection of antibodies for clinical trials.
Ren2018
(effector function, neutralization, binding affinity, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
-
2G12: 3 clonally-related autologously-neutralizing mAbs (43A, 43A1, and 43A2), isolated from rabbit 5743 which was co-immunized with BG505- and B41-based SOSIP soluble trimers [Klasse2016, PMID: 27627672], bind to an immunodominant epitope in V1 overlapping the bnAb N332 glycan supersite without interacting with glycans. In a BG505 SOSIP.664 binding assay, mAbs 43A, 43A1, and 43A2, individually at 2-50 μg/ml concentrations, competed at various levels with mAb 2G12 with 30-35%, 58-62% and 57-67% residual binding, respectively.
Nogal2020
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: The authors review Fc effector functions, which cooperatively with Fab neutralization functions, could be used passively as immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic agents of HIV reservoir control or even infection prevention. One effector function, antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis (ADCML), is seen with IgG1 and IgG3 anti-V1/V2 glycan bnAbs, PG9, PG16, PGT145; but not with 2F5, 4E10, 2G12, VRC01 and 3BNC117 unless they are delivered with anti-regulators of complement activation (RCA) antibodies. Another effector function, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) can slow disease progression by NK-mediated degranulation of infected cells that are coated by bnAbs whose Fc region is recognized by the low affinity NK receptor, FcγRIIIA (or CD16). Strong ADCC was induced by NIH45-46, 3BNC117, 10-1074, PGT121 and 10E8, with intermediate activity for PG16 and VRC01, but no ADCC activation for 12A12, 8ANC195 and 4E10. A final effector function, antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADP) also eliminates infected cells but through phagocytosis mediated by Fc portions of coating anti-HIV antibodies interacting with other FcγR (or FcαR) on the surface of granulocytes, monocytes or macrophages. This protective mode is less well studied but bnAbs like VRC01 have been engineered to increase phagocytosis by neutrophils. Protein engineering of bispecifics against the surface of infected or reservoir virus cells has potential in the future.
Danesh2020
(antibody interactions, assay or method development, complement, effector function, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, immunotherapy, early treatment, review, broad neutralizer, HIV reservoir/latency/provirus)
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2G12: Env clones were obtained from donor CBJC515 plasma. The neutralization of these clones was tested against 3 donor serum samples (2005, 2006, 2008) and 6 bnAbs (10E8, 2G12, PGT121, PGT135, VRC01, 12A21). In phylogeny, the sequences clustered into 2 major clusters. Cluster I viruses vanished in 2006 and then appeared as recombinants in 2008. In Cluster II viruses, the V1 length and N-glycosylation sites increased over the four years of the study period. Most viruses were sensitive to concurrent and subsequent autologous plasma, and to bNAbs 10E8, PGT121, VRC01, and 12A21, but all viruses were resistant to PGT135. Overall, 90% of Cluster I viruses were resistant to 2G12, while 94% of Cluster II viruses were sensitive to 2G12. The study confirmed that HIV-1 continued to evolve even in the presence of bnAbs, and two virus clusters in this donor adopted different escape mechanisms under the same humoral immune pressure.
Hu2021
(autologous responses, glycosylation, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
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2G12: Improvements to the standardization of the HIV-1 pseudovirus production procedure by implementing an automated system for aliquoting of HIV-1 pseudovirus stocks up to liter-scale are described. The automated platform and the aliquoting process were validated on as accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. Lot-to-lot variations and virus stock integrity were assessed through two parallel neutralization assays run with the automatically aliquoted HIV pseudovirus and a manually aliquoted reference virus of the same type, by using five control reagents: sCD4, b12, 2F5, 4E10 and TriMab consisting of 2G12, IgG1b12 and 2F5.
Schultz2018
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: Novel Env clones of subtypes G (n=15) and F (n=7) were produced and tested for neutralization and coreceptor usage. All 15 subtype G-enveloped pseudoviruses were resistant to neutralization by MAbs b12 and 2G12, while a majority were neutralized by 2F5 and 4E10. All 7 subtype F pseudoviruses were resistant to 2F5 and b12, 6 were resistant to 2G12, and 6 were neutralized by 4E10. Coreceptor usage testing revealed that 21 of 22 envelopes were CCR5-tropic, including all 15 subtype G envelopes, 7 of which were from patients with CD4 T cell counts <200/ml. TriMab (a mixture of b12 + 2G12 + 2F5) neutralized only four (27%) viruses, and this activity correlated with that of the 2F5 component. These results confirm the broadly neutralizing activity of 4E10 on envelope clones across all tested group M clades, including subtypes G and F, reveal the resistance of most subtype F pseudoviruses to broadly neutralizing MAbs b12, 2G12, and 2F5, and suggest that, similarly to subtype C, CXCR4 tropism is uncommon in subtype G, even at advanced stages of infection.
Revilla2011
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Since cross-reactive antibodies can interfere in immunoassays, HIV-1 mAbs were tested for binding to the SARS-COV-2 spike (S) protein (SARS-COV-2 S cross-reactivity). The following 9 gp120-epitope binding HIV-1 mAbs are cross-reactive with COV-2 S: 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT145, PG9, PG16, 10-1074, and 35O22. CD4bs Abs VRC01 and VRC03 are not cross-reactive. Cross-reactivity of the 9 HIV-1 Abs was through glycoepitopes. Glycan-dependent, V3-loop-binding PGT126 and PGT128 as well as 2G12 were the strongest binders of COV-2 S and were found to be immunoreactive but incapable of neutralization or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Mannar2021
(antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation, computational prediction, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2G12: IgA and IgG bNAbs of 3 distinct B cell lineages were characterized in a viremic controller (pt7). Two lineages comprised only IgG+ or IgA+ blood memory B cells; the third combined both IgG and IgA clonal variants. BNAb 7-269 in the IgA-only lineage displayed the highest neutralizing capacity despite limited somatic mutation. Immunotherapy with 7-269 in humanized mice delayed viral rebound. AD8-infected cell killing by primary human natural killer (NK) cells via ADCC was observed with all pt7 bNAbs binding strongly to target cells and expressed as IgGs, except for 7-155. BNAbs in all three lineages targeted the N332 glycan supersite. Epitope mapping showed that all pt7 IgA and IgG bNAbs target the high-mannose patch centered on the N332 glycan without interacting with the V3 loop base, which contrasts with numerous bNAbs targeting the N332 supersite. The cryo-EM structure of 7-269 in complex with BG505 SOSIP revealed an epitope mainly composed of sugar residues comprising the N332 and N295 glycans; onto which 7-269 positions itself in a structurally similar way to 2G12. Binding and cryo-EM structural analyses showed that antibodies from the two other lineages interact mostly with glycans N332 and N386. Hence, multiple B cell lineages of IgG and IgA bNAbs focused on a unique HIV-1 site of vulnerability can codevelop in HIV-1 viremic controllers. Other antibodies used as controls included 10-188, 3BNC117, PGT121, PGT135, 10-1074, BG8, BG18, and SF12.
Lorin2022
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
2G12: Analyses of all PDB HIV1-Env trimer (prefusion, closed) structures fulfilling certain parameters of resolution were performed to classify them on the basis of (a) antibody class which was informed by parental B cells as well as structural recognition, and (b) Env residues defining recognized HIV epitopes. Structural features of the 206 HIV epitope and bNAb paratopes were correlated with functional properties of the breadth and potency of neutralization against a 208-strain panel. Broadly nAbs with >25% breadth of neutralization belonged to 20 classes of antibodies with a large number of protruding loops and high degree of somatic hypermutation (SHM). Analysis of recognized HIV epitopes placed the bNAbs into 6 categories (viz. V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide and subunit interface). The epitopes contained high numbers of independent sequence segments and glycosylated surface area. 2G12-Env formed a distinct group within the Glycan-V3 category, Class 2G12 due to its unique VH domain structure. Data for 2G12 complexed to BG505 DS-SOSIP trimer and VRC03 as a cryo-EM electron-density map was solved and deposited as EMD-8981. 2G12 epitope residues on Env were defined as residue 411 and glycans N295, N332, N339, and N392 from the cryo-EM reconstruction.
Chuang2019
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: Rabbits were immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding JR-CSF gp120. Five sera with potent autologous neutralizing activity were selected and compared with a human neutralizing plasma (Z23) and monoclonal antibodies targeting various regions of gp120 (VRC01, b12, b6, F425, 2F5, 2G12, and X5). The rabbit sera contained different neutralizing activities dependent on C3 and V5, C3 and V4, or V4 regions of the glycan-rich outer domain of gp120. All sera showed enhanced neutralizing activity toward an Env variant that lacked a glycosylation site in V4. The JR-CSF gp120 epitopes recognized by the sera were distinct from those of the mAbs. The activity of one serum required specific glycans that are also important for 2G12 neutralization, and this serum blocked the binding of 2G12 to gp120. The findings show that different fine specificities can achieve potent neutralization of HIV-1, yet this strong activity does not result in improved breadth.
Narayan2013
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
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2G12: The study compared well-characterized nAbs (2G12, b12, VRC01, 10E8, 17b) with 4 mAbs derived from a Japanese patient (4E9C, 49G2, 916B2, 917B11) in their neutralization and ADCC activity against viruses of subtypes B and CRF01. CRF01 viruses were less susceptible to neutralization by 2G12 and b12, while VRC01 was highly effective in neutralizing CRF01 viruses. 49G2 showed better neutralization breadth against CRF01 than against B viruses. CRF01_AE viruses from Japan also showed a slightly higher susceptibility to anti-CD4i Ab 4E9C than the subtype B viruses, and to CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam. Neutralization breadth of other anti-CD4i Abs 17b, 916B2 and 917B11 was low against both subtype B and CRF01_AE viruses. Anti-CD4bs Ab 49G2, which neutralized only 22% of the viruses, showed the broadest coverage of Fc-mediated signaling activity against the same panel of Env clones among the Abs tested. The CRF01_AE viruses from Japan were more susceptible to 49G2-mediated neutralization than the CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam, but Fc-mediated signaling activity of 49G2was broader and stronger in the CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam than the CRF01_AE viruses from Japan.
Thida2019
(effector function, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: Novel Env pseudoviruses were derived from 22 patients in China infected with subtype CRF01_AE viruses. Neutralization IC50 was determined for 11 bNAbs: VRC01, NIH45-46G54W, 3BNC117, PG9, PG16, 2G12, PGT121, 10-1074, 2F5, 4E10, and 10E8. The CRF01_AE pseudoviruses exhibited different susceptibility to these bNAbs. Overall, 4E10, 10E8, and 3BNC117 neutralized all 22 env-pseudotyped viruses, followed by NIH45-46G54W and VRC01, which neutralized more than 90% of the viruses. 2F5, PG9, and PG16 showed only moderate breadth, while the other three bNAbs neutralized none of these pseudoviruses. Specifically, 10E8, NIH45-46G54Wand 3BNC117 showed the highest efficiency, combining neutralization potency and breadth. Mutations at position 160, 169, 171 were associated with resistance to PG9 and PG16, while loss of a potential glycan at position 332 conferred insensitivity to V3-glycan-targeting bNAbs. These results may help in choosing bNAbs that can be used preferentially for prophylactic or therapeutic approaches in China.
Wang2018a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
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2G12: The authors selected an optimal panel of diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins to represent the antigenic diversity of HIV globally in order to be used as antigen candidates. The selection was based on genetic and geographic diversity, and experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses. The eligibility of the envelopes as vaccine candidates was evaluated against a panel of antibodies for breadth, affinity, binding and durability of vaccine-elicited responses. The antigen panel was capable of detecting the spectrum of V2-specific antibodies that target epitopes from the V2 strand C (V2p), the integrin binding motif in V2 (V2i), and the quaternary epitope at the apex of the trimer (V2q).
Yates2018
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity)
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2G12: Soluble versions of HIV-1 Env trimers (sgp140 SOSIP.664) stabilized by a gp120-gp41 disulfide bond and a change (I559P) in gp41 have been structurally characterized. Cross-linking/mass spectrometry to evaluate the conformations of functional membrane Env and sgp140 SOSIP.664 has been reported. Differences were detected in the gp120 trimer association domain and C terminus and in the gp41 HR1 region which can guide the improvement of Env glycoprotein preparations and potentially increase their effectiveness as a vaccine. 2G12 broadly neutralized HIV-1AD8 full-length and cytoplasmic tail-deleted Envs.
Castillo-Menendez2019
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
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2G12: HIV Env glycoproteins were expressed by incorporation into live attenuated rubella viral vectors strain RA27/3. These vectors can stably express Env core derived glycoproteins ranging in size up to 363 amino acids from HIV clade C strain 426c. By themselves, the vectors elicited modest Ab titers to the Env insert. But the combination of rubella/env prime followed by a homologous protein boost gave a strong response. Cell lysates infected with different rubella/env vectors were immunoprecipitated with 2G12, which binds total Env protein, regardless of native folding.
Virnik2018
(vaccine antigen design)
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2G12: Two conserved tyrosine (Y) residues within the V2 loop of gp120, Y173 and Y177, were mutated individually or in combination, to either phenylalanine (F) or alanine (A) in several strains of diverse subtypes. In general, these mutations increased neutralization sensitivity, with a greater impact of Y177 over Y173 single mutations, of double over single mutations, and of A over F substitutions. The Y173A Y177A double mutation in HIV-1 BaL increased sensitivity to most of the weakly neutralizing MAbs tested (2158, 447-D, 268-D, B4e8, D19, 17b, 48d, 412d) and even rendered the virus sensitive to non-neutralizing antibodies against the CD4 binding site (F105, 654-30D, and b13). In the case of V2 mAb 697-30D, residue Y173 is part of its epitope, and thus abrogates its binding and has no effect on neutralization; the Y177A mutant alone did increase neutralization sensitivity to this mAb. When the double mutant was tested against bnAbs, there was a large decrease in neutralization sensitivity compared to WT for many bnAbs that target V1, V2, or V3 (PG9, PG16, VRC26.08, VRC38, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, PGT135, VRC24, CH103). The double mutation had lesser or no effect on neutralization by one V3 bnAb (2G12) and by most bnAbs targeting the CD4 binding site (VRC01, VRC07, VRC03, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, 12A12, 3BNC117, N6), the gp120-gp41 interface (35O22, PGT151), or the MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8).
Guzzo2018
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the N332 supersite recognized by PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, and 2G12, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
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2G12: To reduce local V2 flexibility and improve the binding of V2-dependent bNAbs and germline precursor bNAbs, the authors designed BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer variants whose V1 and V2 domains were stabilized by introducing disulfide bonds either within the V2 loop or between the V1 and V2 loops. The resulting SOSIP trimer variants — E153C/K178C, E153C/K178C/G152E and I184C/E190C — have improved reactivity with V2 bNAbs and their inferred germline precursors and are more sensitive to neutralization by V2 bNAbs. Compared with BG505 SOSIP.664, the E153C/R178C V1-V2 disulfide mutant bound the VRC01, PGT151, and 2G12 slightly less well and the G152E compensatory mutation improved VRC01, PGT151, and 2G12 binding. However, sensitivity to antibodies 2G12 and PGT151 was not affected for either mutant virus E153C/K178C/G152E or I184C/E190C.
deTaeye2019
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
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2G12: This study looks at the role of somatic mutations within antibody variable and framework regions (FWR) in bNAbs and how these mutations alter thermostability and neutralization as the Ab lineage reaches maturation. The emergence and selection of different mutations in the complementarity-determining and framework regions are necessary to maintain a balance between antibody function and stability. The study shows that all major classes of bNAbs (DH270, CH103, CH235, VRC01, PGT lineage etc.) have lower thermostability than their corresponding inferred UCA antibodies. Fab interdomain flexibility mutations are selected early in Ab development.
Henderson2019
(neutralization, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
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2G12: Two HIV-1-infected individuals, VC10014 and VC20013, were monitored from early infection until well after they had developed broadly neutralizing activity. The bNAb activity developed about 1 year after infection and mapped to a single epitope in both subjects. Isolates from each subject, taken at five different time points, were tested against monoclonal bNAbs: VRC01, B12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, and 2F5. In subject VC10014, the bNAb activity developed around 1 year postinfection and targeted an epitope that overlaps the CD4-BS and is similar to (but distinct from) bNAb HJ16. In the case of VC20013, the bNAb activity targeted a novel epitope in the MPER that is critically dependent on residue 677 (mutation K677N).
Sather2014
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
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2G12: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: The influence of a V2 State 2/3-stabilizing Env mutation, L193A, on ADCC responses mediated by sera from HIV-1-infected individuals was evaluated. Conformations spontaneously sampled by the Env trimer at the surface of infected cells had a significant impact on ADCC. 2G12 was used as a conformation-independent antibody.
Prevost2018
(effector function)
-
2G12: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
2G12: A systems glycobiology approach was applied to reverse engineer the relationship between bNAb binding and glycan effects on Env proteins. Glycan occupancy was interrogated across every potential N-glycan site in 94 recombinant gp120 antigens. Using a Bayesian machine learning algorithm, bNAb-specific glycan footprints were identified and used to design antigens that selectively alter bNAb antigenicity. The novel synthesized antigens unsuccessfully bound to target bNAbs with enhanced and selective antigenicity.
Yu2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The first cryo-EM structure of a cross-linked vaccine antigen was solved. The 4.2 Å structure of HIV-1 BG505 SOSIP soluble recombinant Env in complex with a bNAb PGV04 Fab fragment revealed how cross-linking affects key properties of the trimer. SOSIP and GLA-SOSIP trimers were compared for antigenicity by ELISA, using a large panel of mAbs previously determined to react with BG505 Env. Non-NAbs globally lost reactivity (7-fold median loss of binding), likely because of covalent stabilization of the cross-linked ‘closed’ form of the GLA-SOSIP trimer that binds non-NAbs weakly or not at all. V3-specific non-NAbs showed 2.1–3.3-fold reduced binding. Three autologous rabbit monoclonal NAbs to the N241/N289 ‘glycan-hole’ surface, showed a median ˜1.5-fold reduction in binding. V3 non-NAb 4025 showed residual binding to the GLA-SOSIP trimer. By contrast, bNAbs like 2G12 broadly retained reactivity significantly better than non-NAbs, with exception of PGT145 (3.3-5.3 fold loss of binding in ELISA and SPR).
Schiffner2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
2G12: This study describes the generation of CHO cell lines stably expressing the following vaccine Env Ags: CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B). The antigenic profiles of the molecules were assessed with a panel of well-characterized mAbs recognizing critical epitopes and glycosylation analysis confirming previously identified sites and revealing unknown sites at non-consensus motifs. A244.AE gp120 showed low level of binding to 2G12 in ELISA EC50 and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays. 6240.B gp120 exhibited binding to 2G12.
Wen2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Assays of poly- and autoreactivity demonstrated that broadly neutralizing NAbs are significantly more poly- and autoreactive than non-neutralizing NAbs. 2G12 is neither autoreactive nor polyreactive.
Liu2015a
(autoantibody or autoimmunity, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2G12: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers.
Hogan2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: SOSIP.664 trimer was modified at V3 positions 306 and 308 by Leucine substitution to create hydrophobic interactions with the tryptophan residue at position 316 and the V1V2 domain. These modifications stabilized the resulting SOSIP.v5.2 S306L R308L trimers. In vivo, the induction of V3 non-NAbs was significantly reduced compared with the SOSIP.v5.2 trimers. S306L plus R308L paired substitutions had no effect on the trimer reactivity of 2G12.
deTaeye2018
(broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: Repetitive immunization of macaques over 3 years with an Env expressing V3-high mannose glycan, CON-S gp140CFI, elicited plasma antibodies neturalizing HIV-1 expressing high mannose glycans only. NAb DH501 was isolated and found to possess a structure where 3 VH chain CDRs formed a cavity into which the HIV-1 Env V3-glycan could insert. Rhesus DH501 possessed characteristics of V3-glycan bNAb precursors but its binding to M.CON-S gp140CFI was blocked 70% by 2G12.
Saunders2017
(vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
2G12: Nanodiscs (discoidal lipid bilayer particles of 10-17 nm surrounded by membrane scaffold protein) were used to incorporate Env complexes for the purpose of vaccine platform generation. The Env-NDs (Env-NDs) were characterized for antigenicity and stability by non-NAbs and NAbs. Most NAb epitopes in gp41 MPER and in the gp120:gp41 interface were well exposed while non-NAb cell surface epitopes were generally masked. Anti-gp120 glycan NAb 2G12, had a Kd of 10.16 nM and bound the Env-ND well.
Witt2017
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2G12: DS-SOSIP.4mut (4mut) was identified as the most immunogenic and stable of 4 engineered, soluble, closed prefusion HIV-1 Env trimers. 4mut contained 4 mutations (M154, M300, M302 and L320) designed to form hydrophobic interactions between V1V1 and V3 loops. After V3-negative selection, V3-glycan-targeted mAb 2G12 recognized 4mut, the other 3 designed trimers (DS-SOSIP.6mut containing 4mut mutations, Y177W and I420M, DS-SOSIP.I423F and DS-SOSIP.A316W), and related trimers DS-SOSIP and BG505 SOSIP.664. The latter had the lowest binding affinity. Each DS-SOSIP variant was able to elicit trimer-specific responses ,comparable to BG505 SOSIP.664, in guinea pigs after 4 immunizations, but none elicited heterologous neutralizing activity. Crystal structures were generated for 4mut and 6mut.
Chuang2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2G12: Three strategies were applied to perturb the structure of Env in order to make the protein more susceptible to neutralization: exposure to cold, Env-activating ligands, and a chaotropic agent. A panel of mAbs (E51, 48d, 17b, 3BNC176, 19b, 447-52D, 39F, b12, b6, PG16, PGT145, PGT126, 35O22, F240, 10E8, 7b2, 2G12) was used to test the neutralization resistance of a panel of subtype B and C pseudoviruses with and without these agents. Both cold and CD4 mimicking agents (CD4Ms) increased the sensitivity of some viruses. The chaotropic agent urea had little effect by itself, but could enhance the effects of cold or CD4Ms. Thus Env destabilizing agents can make Env more susceptible to neutralization and may hold promise as priming vaccine antigens.
Johnson2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Man9-V3, a synthetic minimal immunogen designed to reflect the HIV-1 native Env V3-glycan bNAb epitope, binds memory B cells and V3-glycan bNAbs as well as germline bNAbs. Man9-V3 was used to isolate a bNAb from an HIV-1+ subject and also induce V3-glycan-targeting antibodies in rhesus macaques. Using the crystal structure of PGT128-gp120 Env OD (outer domain), Man9-V3 glycopeptide was synthesized based on Clade B JRFL with deletion of residues 305-320, retention of P321 and stabilization of disulfide bridge C296-C331. High mannose-glycans presented on Man9-V3 were appropriately spaced for binding to 2G12.
Alam2017
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Env from of a highly neutralization-resistant isolate, CH120.6, was shown to be very stable and conformationally-homogeneous. Its gp140 trimer retains many antigenic properties of the intact Env, while its monomeric gp120 exposes more epitopes. Thus trimer organization and stability are important determinants for occluding epitopes and conferring resistance to antibodies. Among a panel of 21 mAbs, CH120.6 was resistant to neutralization by all non-neutralizing and strain-specific mAbs, regardless of the location of their epitopes. It was weakly neutralized by several broadly-neutralizing mAbs (VRC01, NIH45-46, 12A12, PG9, PG16, PGT128, 4E10, and 10E8), and well neutralized by only 2 (PGT145 and 10-1074).
Cai2017
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Mice twice-primed with DNA plasmids encoding HIV-1 gp120 and gag and given a double boost with HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) i.e. DDVV immunization, elicited Env-specific antibody responses as well as Env- and Gag-specific CTL responses. In vivo electroporation (EP) was used to increase breadth and potency of response. Human anti-gp120 2G12 was used to prove that the VLP spike included the broad neutralization epitope recognized by it.
Huang2017a
(therapeutic vaccine, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: A panel of mAbs (2G12, VRC01, HJ16, 2F5, 4E10, 35O22, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074) was tested to compare their efficacy in cell-free versus cell-cell transmission. Almost all bNAbs (with the exception of anti-CD4 mAb Leu3a) blocked cell-free infection with greater potency than cell-cell infection, and showed greater potency in neutralization of cell-free viruses. The lower effectiveness on neutralization was particularly pronounced for transmitted/founder viruses, and less pronounced for chronic and lab-adapted viruses. The study highlights that the ability of an antibody to inhibit cell-cell transmission may be an important consideration in the development of Abs for prophylaxis.
Li2017
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization)
-
2G12: Compared to patient-derived mAbs, vaccine-elicited mAbs are often less able to neutralize the virus, due to a less-effective angle of approach to the Env spike. This study engineered an immunogen consisting of the gp120 core in complex with a CD4bs mAb, 17b. Rabbits immunized with this antigen displayed earlier affinity maturation and better virus neutralization compared to those immunized with the gp120 core alone. VRC01 and 2G12 bound to the the 17b-gp120 complex more avidly than to the gp120 core alone.
Chen2016b
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, structure)
-
2G12: The amino acid at gp120 position 375 is embedded in the Phe43 cavity, which affects susceptibility to ADCC. Most M-group strains of HIV-1 have serine at position 375, but CRF01 typically has histidine, which is a bulky residue. MAbs 2G12 and 10E8 were not affected by changes in residue 375, while recognition by CD4i mAbs 17b and A32 was increased by mutations of residue 375 to histidine or tryptophan. Participants in the AIDSVAX vaccine trial were infected by CRF01, and a significant part of the efficacy of this vaccine rested on ADCC responses. The ADCC response of MAbs derived from AIDSVAX participants (CH29, CH38, CH40, CH51, CH52, CH54, CH77, CH80, CH81, CH89, CH91, CH94) was dependent on the presence of 375H and greatly decreased by the presence of 375S.
Prevost2017
(effector function, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2G12: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2G12: Prevalence, breadth, and potency of NAb responses in 98 CRF07_BC-infected individuals using a multi-subtype panel of 30 tier 2-3 Env-pseudotyped viruses were identified and the neutralization pattern of CRF07_BC-infected people was compared with that of subtype B'-infected individuals in China. 18% of 98 plasma samples neutralized >80% of viruses, and 53% neutralized >50%, suggesting the presence of broadly NAbs. CRF07_BC-infected individuals generated higher but less broad neutralization titers against intra-subtype viruses than subtype B'-infected individuals with longer infection length, indicating the transition from narrow autologous to broad heterologous neutralization over time. Neutralization activity of the top six plasmas from each cohort was attributable to the IgG fraction, and half of them developed CD4 binding site antibody reactivity. VRC01 and 2G12 were used as controls.
Hu2017
(broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: This study investigated Ab binding abilities of saccharide ligands and the effects of the inner water molecules of ligand–Ab complexes. 2G12 complexes with saccharide ligands were studied by modeling to estimate how inner water molecules of the protein affect the dynamics of the complexes as well as the ligand–Ab interaction. This indicates that D -fructose’s strong affinity to the Ab was partly due to the good retentiveness of solvent water molecules of the ligand and its stability of the ligand’s conformation and relative position in the active site.
Ueno-Noto2016
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions)
-
2G12: The results confirm that Nef and Vpu protect HIV-1-infected cells from ADCC, but also show that not all classes of antibody can mediate ADCC. Anti-cluster-A antibodies are able to mediate potent ADCC responses, whereas anti-coreceptor binding site antibodies are not. Position 69 in gp120 is important for antibody-mediated cellular toxicity by anti-cluster-A antibodies. The angle of approach of a given class of antibodies could impact its capacity to mediate ADCC. MAb 2G12 was used as a CD4-independent outer-domain-recognizing antibody to show that more Env is present on the cell surface in cells infected with Vpu-deleted HIV.
Ding2015
(effector function)
-
2G12: The ability of neutralizing and nonneutralizing mAbs to block infection in models of mucosal transmission was tested. Neutralization potency did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4bs-specific bNAbs, in particular VRC01, blocked HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. MPER (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bNAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while bNAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) were more variable. Non-nAbs alone and in combinations, were poorly protective against mucosal infection. The protection provided by specific bNAbs demonstrates their potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing mucosal entry. 2G12 was selected to represent mAbs of the outer domain glycan class.
Cheeseman2017
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. Fig S7 showed that gp120 monomer and gp140F trimer both interfered with mAb 2G12 neutralization, but 2G12 was unable to inhibit CD4bs NAb binding.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: Nedd8 activation enzyme inhibitor, MLN4924, partially blocks Vpu activity through CD4 downregulation. Host antiviral factor BST2, however, is not inhibited and so reversal of Vpu activity is partial, exposing CD4-induced eptiopes that recruit ADCC-mediated host defense. Ab 2G12 which recognizes a CD4-independent epitope was used to show that even under best conditions, MLN4924 only minimally increases the binding of 2G12 to Env.
Tokarev2015
(effector function)
-
2G12: New antibodies were isolated from 3 patients: Donor 14 (PDGM11, PGDM12, PGDM13, PGDM14), Donor 82 (PGDM21), and Donor 26 (PGDM31). These bnAbs bound both the GDIR peptide (Env 324-327) and the high-mannose patch glycans, enabling broad reactivity. N332 glycan was absolutely required for neutralization, while N301 glycan modestly affected neutralization. Removing N156 and N301 glycans together while retaining N332 glycan abrogated neutralization for PGDM12 and PGDM21. Neutralization by PGDM11-14 bnAbs depended on R327A and H330A substitutions and neutralization by PGDM21 depended on D325A and H330A substitutions. G324A mutation resulted in slight loss of neutralization for both antibody families. In comparison, 2G12 and PGT135 did not show any dependence on residues in the 324GDIR327 region for neutralization activity, although PGT135 did show dependence on H330.
Sok2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
2G12: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
2G12: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
2G12: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
2G12: Two stable homogenous gp140 Env trimer spikes, Clade A 92UG037.8 Env and Clade C C97ZA012 Env, were identified. 293T cells stably transfected with either presented fully functional surface timers, 50% of which were uncleaved. A panel of neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs were tested for binding to the trimers. Glycan Ab 2G12 bound cell surface gp160 weakly and strongly bound it without its C-terminal (gp160ΔCT), whether in the presence of sCD4 or not. It was unable to neutralize the 92UG037.8 HIV-1 isolate.
Chen2015
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). OD glycan bNAb, 2G12, neutralized and bound B41 pseudovirus and trimer.
Pugach2015
-
2G12: A comprehensive antigenic map of the cleaved trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 was made by bNAb cross-competition. Epitope clusters at the CD4bs, quaternary V1/V2 glycan, N332-oligomannose patch and new gp120-gp41 interface and their interactions were delineated. Epitope overlap, proximal steric inhibition, allosteric inhibition or reorientation of glycans were seen in Ab cross-competition. Thus bNAb binding to trimers can affect surfaces beyond their epitopes. 2G12 non-reciprocally out-competed PGT135 and PGT136, all N332-outer domain (OD) glycan oligomannose patch bNAbs.
Derking2015
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
2G12: Two clade C recombinant Env glycoprotein trimers, DU422 and ZM197M, with native-like structural and antigenic properties involving epitopes for all known classes of bNAbs, were produced and characterized. These Clade C trimers (10-15% of which are in a partially open form) were more like B41 Clade B trimers which have 50-75% trimers in the partially open configuration than like B505 Clade B trimers, almost 100% in the closed, prefusion state. The Clade C trimers are reactive with bNAb 2G12, which was used to purify antigenically high quality, native-like trimers. OD-glycan binding 2G12 however, was not able to neutralize the equivalent pseudotyped viruses for either trimer.
Julien2015
(assay or method development, structure)
-
2G12: Env trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 as well as the clade B trimer B41 SOSIP.664 were stabilized using a bifunctional aldehyde (glutaraldehye, GLA) or a heterobifunctional cross-linker, EDC/NHS with modest effects on antigenicity and barely any on biochemistry or structural morphology. ELISA, DSC and SPR were used to test recognition of the trimers by bNAbs, which was preserved and by weakly NAbs or non-NAbs, which was reduced. Cross-linking partially preserves quaternary morphology so that affinity chromatography by positive selection using quaternary epitope-specific bNAabs, and negative selection using non-NAbs, enriched antigenic characteristics of the trimers. Mannose patch-specific gp120-binding bNAb, 2G12, was conformationally insensitive to mild denaturation during ELISA and bound timers.
Schiffner2016
(assay or method development, binding affinity, structure)
-
2G12: The native-like, engineered trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 induced potent NAbs against conformational epitopes of neutralization-resistant Tier-2 viruses in rabbits and macaques, but induced cross-reactive NAbs against linear V3 epitopes of neutralization-sensitive Tier-1 viruses. A different trimer, B41 SOSIP.664 also induced strong autologous Tier-2 NAb responses in rabbits. Sera from only 2/20 BG505 SOSIP.664-D7324 trimer-immunized rabbits were capable of inhibiting N332 glycan-dependent 2G12 binding to outer domain glycans.
Sanders2015
(antibody generation, neutralization, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-OD glycan bNAb 2G12 neutralized BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and was shown to recognize and bind the immunogen too.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: This review discusses the application of bNAbs for HIV treatment and eradication, focusing on bnAbs that target key epitopes, specifically: 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, VRC01, 3BNC117, PGT121, VRC26.08, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, and 10-1074. Antibodies 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 were among the first bnAbs available for clinical testing, and a cocktail of these 3 Abs was assessed in human trials.
Stephenson2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: This study described a natural interaction between Abs and mucin protein, especially, MUC16 that is enhanced in chronic HIV infection. Agalactosylated (G0) Abs demonstrated the highest binding to MUC16. Binding of Abs to epithelial cells was diminished following MUC16 knockdown, and the MUC16 N-linked glycans were critical for binding.These point to a novel opportunity to enrich Abs at mucosal sites by targeting Abs to MUC16 through changes in Fc glycosylation, potentially blocking viral movement. In 2G12 differential G0 content was linked to MUC16 binding supporting a role for G0 glycosylation in preferential MUC16 binding, independent of antigen specificity (Fig: S4).
Gunn2016
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
2G12: A mathematical model was developed to predict the Ab concentration at which antibody escape variants outcompete their ancestors, and this concentration was termed the mutant selection window (MSW). The MSW was determined experimentally for 12 pairings of diverse HIV strains against 7 bnAbs (b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT128, 2F5). The neutralization of 2G12 was assayed against JRFL-N332S (resistant strain) and JRFL (sensitive strain).
Magnus2016
(neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: The study detailed binding kinetics of the interaction between BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer or its variants (gp120 monomer; first study of disulfide-stabilized variant gp120-gp41ECTO protomer) and several mAbs, both neutralizing (VRC01, PGV04, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT145, PGT151, 2G12) and non-neutralizing (b6, b12, 14e, 19b, F240). Glycan-binding 2G12 bound similarly to monomer and trimer and marginally better to protomer.
Yasmeen2014
(antibody binding site, assay or method development)
-
2G12: 2G12 was expressed in transgenic rice endosperm to evaluate the potential of rice seeds as a vehicle for inexpensive microbicide production. Although the heavy chain was predominantly aglycosylated, the heavy and light chains assembled into functional antibodies with more potent HIV-neutralizing activity than other plant-derived forms of 2G12 bearing typical high-mannose or plant complex-type glycans. Assembled antibody accumulated predominantly in protein storage vacuoles but also induced the formation of novel, spherical storage compartments surrounded by ribosomes indicating that they originated from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Vamvaka2016
-
2G12: Neutralization breadth in 157 antiretroviral-naive individuals infected for less than 1 year post-infection was studied and compared to a cohort of 170 untreated chronic patients. A range of neutralizing activities was observed with a panel of six recombinant viruses from five different subtypes. Some sera were broadly reactive, predominantly targeting envelope epitopes within the V2 glycan-dependent region. The Env neutralization breadth was positively associated with time post infection. 2G12 has been used as a control in detection of glycan-dependent HIV-1 neutralizing sera.
Sanchez-Merino2016
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. Outer domain glycan-binding, first generation mAb, 2G12 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=2.43 µg/ml for 2/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 17%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
2G12: The neutralization of 14 bnAbs was assayed against a global panel of 12 or 17 Env pseudoviruses. From IC50, IC80, IC90, and IC99 values, the slope of the dose-response curve was calculated. Each class of Ab had a fairly consistent slope. Neutralization breadth was strongly correlated with slope. An IIP (Instantaneous Inhibitory Potential) value was calculated, based on both the slope and IC50, and this value may be predictive of clinical efficacy. 2G12, a high mannose (HM) cluster bnAb belonged to a group with slopes ˜1.
Webb2015
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The study's goal was to produce modified SOSIP trimers that would reduce the exposure - and, by inference, the immunogenicity - of non-NAb epitopes such as V3. The binding of several modified SOSIP trimers was compared among 12 neutralizing (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12, PGT135, VRC01, CH103, CD4, IgG2, PGT151, 35O22) and 3 non-neutralizing antibodies (14e, 19b, b6). The V3 non-NAbs 447-52D, 39F, 14e, and 19b bound less well to all A316W variant trimers compared to wild-type trimers. Mice and rabbits immunized with modified, stabilized SOSIP trimers developed fewer V3 Ab responses than those immunized with native trimers.
deTaeye2015
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: HIV-1 strains were isolated from 60 patients infected with CRFs 01_AE, 07_BC, and 08_BC. Eight CRF01 strains that produced high-titer Env pseudoviruses were studied further. All were sensitive to neutralization by VRC01, PG9, PG16, and NIH45-46, but insensitive to 2G12. Of the 8 strains, 7 lacked glycans at Env 295 or 332, or both, suggesting that these glycosylation sites play a role in 2G12 binding and neutralization.
Chen2016
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. 2G12 neutralized 20% of the 199 viruses tested, whereas a previous study had estimated this value at 41%.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A flow-cytometry-based assay allowed non-radioactive measurement of ADCC-mediated elimination of HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-coated target cells. This assay relies on staining target and effector cells with different dyes, which allows precise gating and permits the calculation of the number of surviving target cells by normalization to flow-cytometry particles.
Richard2014
(anti-idiotype, assay or method development, effector function)
-
2G12: This study describes a new level of complexity in antibody recognition of the mixed glycan-protein epitopes of the N332 region of HIV gp120. A combination of three antibody families that target the high-mannose patch can lead to 99% neutralization coverage of a large panel of viruses containing the N332/334 glycan site and up to 66% coverage for viruses that lack the N332/334 glycan site. PGT121, PGT128 and PGT135 families were studied. 2G12 was used as control since its binding is N332-dependent but it is less potent and broad in neutralization, recognizes glycans solely, and has a unique domain-exchanged structure.
Sok2014a
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
2G12: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10). Among the panel tested, antibodies b12, 2G12, PGT136, and PGT137 had relatively few viruses neutralized with an IC50 <1 ug/ml.
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The neutralization abilities of Abs were enhanced by bioconjugation with aplaviroc, a small-molecule inhibitor of virus entry into host cells. Diazonium hexafluorophosphate was used. The conjugated Abs blocked HIV-1 entry through two mechanisms: by binding to the virus itself and by blocking the CCR5 receptor on host cells. Chemical modification did not significantly alter the potency and the pharmacokinetics. Improvements in potency over the parent Ab was ∼3-fold for 2G12-aplaviroc against the JR-FL isolate.
Gavrilyuk2013
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Galactosyl ceramide (Galcer), a glycosphingolipid, is a receptor for the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein. This study has mimicked this interaction by using an artificial membrane containing synthetic Galcer and recombinant HIV-1 Env proteins to identify antibodies that would block the HIV-1 Env-Galcer interaction. HIV-1 ALVAC/AIDSVAX vaccinee-derived MAbs specific for the gp120 C1 region blocked Galcer binding of a transmitted/founder HIV-1 Env gp140. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating CH38 IgG and its natural IgA isotype were the most potent blocking antibodies.2G12 did not block Env-Galcer binding.
Dennison2014
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, effector function, glycosylation)
-
2G12: This review surveyed the Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP) strategy, which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Recently published studies in humanized mice and macaques were discussed as well as the pros and cons of VIP towards clinical applications to control HIV endemics. A single injection of AAV8 vector achieved peak Ab production in serum at week 6 and offered moderate protection. 2G12 (˜250 μg/mL) yielded partial protection.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
2G12: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Pairwise combinations of 6 NAbs (4E10, 2F5, 2G12, b12, PG9, PG16) were tested for neutralization of pseudoviruses and transmitted/founder viruses. Each of the NAbs tested targets a different region of gp120 or gp41. Some pairwise combinations enhanced neutralization synergistically, suggesting that combinations of NAbs may enhance clinical effectiveness.
Miglietta2014
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The study compared various factors affecting the accessibility of epitopes for antibodies targeting the V2 integrin (V2i) region, versus the V3 region. CD4 treament of BaL and JRFL pseudoviruses increased their neutralization sensitivity to V3 MAbs, but not to V2i MAbs. Viruses grown in a glycosidase inhibitor were more sensitive to neutralization by V3, but not V2i, MAbs. Increasing the time of virus-MAb interaction increased virus neutralization by some V2i MAbs and all V3 MAbs. The structural dynamics of V2i and V3 epitopes has important effects in neutralization. Some experiments also included CD4BS antibodies b12, 2G12 and NIH45-46.
Upadhyay2014
-
2G12: Dimeric 2G12 is much more potent than the monomeric form. This study compared monomeric and dimeric 2G12 by examination of crystal structures and electron microscopy. The greater potency and breadth of the dimeric form were attributed to intermolecular domain exchange, flexibility, and the avidity effects of bivalent binding.
Wu2013
(structure)
-
2G12: Cross-group neutralization of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, O, and P was tested with diverse patient sera and bNAbs PG9, PG16, 4E10, b12, 2F5, 2G12, VRC01, VRC03, and HJ16. The primary isolates displayed a wide spectrum of sensitivity to neutralization by the human sera, with some cross-group neutralization clearly observed. Among the bNAbs, only PG9 and PG16 showed any cross-group neutralization. The group N prototype strain YBF30 was highly sensitive to neutralization by PG9, and the interaction between their key residues was confirmed by molecular modeling. The conservation of the PG9/PG16 epitope within groups M and N suggests its relevance as a vaccine immunogen.
Braibant2013
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: The binding affinity of 2G12 for sugar molecules associated with glycans was tested through computer modeling. Affinity for D-fructose was greater than for D-mannose.
Koyama2014
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: The structure of 2G12 in association with Env trimer from HIV strain BG505-SOSIP was characterized. The 2G12 epitope overlaps with several other bNAbs that target the N332 supersite of vulnerability. Glycans N295, N392, and N339 are centrally located within the footprint of the antibody, while N448 and N386 are on the periphery. 2G12 may block membrane fusion by inducing steric hindrance upon primary receptor binding, thus abrogating Env's interaction with coreceptors.
Murin2014
(structure)
-
2G12: 2G12 was one of 10 MAbs used to study chronic vs. consensus vs. transmitted/founder (T/F) gp41 Envs for immunogenicity. Consensus Envs were the most potent eliciters of response but could only neutralize tier 1 and some tier 2 viruses. T/F Envs elicited the greatest breadth of NAb response; and chronic Envs elicited the lowest level and narrowest response. This Glycan binding Nab bound well at <10 nM to 3/5 chronic Envs, 4/6 Consensus Envs and 4/7 T/F Envs.
Liao2013c
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The infectious virion (iVirions) capture index (IVCI) of different Abs have been determined. bnAbs captured higher proportions of iVirions compared to total virus particles (rVirions) indicating the capacity, breadth and selectively of bnAbs to capture iVirions. IVCI was additive with a mixture of Abs, providing proof of concept for vaccine-induced effect of improved capacity. bnAb 2G12 showed significantly high IVCI >1.0, but did not capture HIV subtype B T/F CH040, subtype C CH185.C, or subtype A/E AE.92TH023.
Liu2014
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Study evaluated 4 gp140 Env protein vaccine immunogens derived from an elite neutralizer donor VC10042, an HIV+ African American male from Vanderbilt cohort. Env immunogens, VC10042.05, VC10042.05RM, VC10042.08 and VC10042.ela, elicited high titers of cross-reactive Abs recognizing V1/V2 regions. All the Env protein except VC10042.ela bound to 2G12, but none of the parental Env were neutralized by 2G12.
Carbonetti2014
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2G12: The effect of low pH and HIV-1 Abs which increased the transcytosis of the virus by 20 fold, has been reported. This enhanced transcytosis was due to the Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn), which facilitates HIV-1's own transmission by usurping Ab responses directed against itself. Both infectious and noninfectious viruses were transcytosed by 2G12.
Gupta2013
-
2G12: This study examined how the conserved gp120-gp41 association site adapts to glycan changes that are linked to neutralization sensitivity, using a DSR mutant virus, K601D. K601D has a defective gp120-association, and was sequentially passaged in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to select for suppressor mutations. Mutations 136 and/or glycan 142 increased the sensitivity of T138N and ΔN.
Drummer2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
2G12: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. 2G12 bound to BG505L111A monomer, but failed to neutralize BG505 pseudovirus.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: The neutralization profile of 1F7, a human CD4bs mAb, is reported and compared to other bnNAbs. 1F7 exhibited extreme potency against primary HIV-1, but limited breadth across clades. 2G12 neutralized 33% of a cross-clade panel of 157 HIV-1 isolates (Fig. S1) while 1F7 neutralized only 20% of the isolates.
Gach2013
(neutralization)
-
2G12: This study reported the Ab binding titers and neutralization of 51 patients with chronic HIV-1 infection on supressive ART for 3 yrs. A high titer of Ab against gp120, gp41, and MPER was found. Patient sera were evaluated for binding against recombinant gp120JR-FL mutants lacking either the V1/V2 loop or the V3 loop. Significantly higher end point binding titers and HIV1JR-FL neutralization were noticed in patients with >10 compared to <10 yrs of detectable HIV RNA. 2G12 was used as a CD4b Ab control.
Gach2014
(neutralization, HAART, ART)
-
2G12: This study reports the development of a new cell-line (A3R5)-based highly sensitive Ab detection assay. This T-lymphoblastoid cell-line stably expreses CCR5 and recognizes CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1. A3R5 cells showed greater neutralization potency compared to the current cell-line of choice TZM-bl. 2G12 was used as a reference Ab in neutralization assay comparing A3R5 and TZM-bl.
McLinden2013
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: The crystal structure of PGT135 with gp120, CD4 and Fab 17b was analyzed to study how PGT135 recognizes its Asn332 glycan-dependent epitope. The combined structural studies of PGT 135, PGT 128 and 2G12 show this Asn332-dependent epitope is highly accessible and much more extensive than initially appreciated, allowing for multiple binding modes and varied angles of approach, thus representing a supersite of vulnerability for antibody neutralization.
Kong2013
(structure)
-
2G12: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. 2G12 is a V3-glycan Ab, with breadth 18%, IC50 4.85 μg per ml, and its unique feature is glycan-only recognition.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
2G12: A32 and 2G12 MAbs were used to trigger ADCC activity and to show that HIV Nef and Vpu protect HIV-infected CD4+ T cells from ADCC through down-modulation of CD4 and BST2.
Pham2014
(effector function)
-
2G12: A highly conserved mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env is reported, showing that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1 infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. The mechanism might explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4v by the Vpu and Nef proteins. 2G12 was used in CD4 coexpression and competitive binding assay. Results showed a strong correlation of deletion of vpu gene and 2G12 binding.
Veillette2014
(effector function)
-
2G12: The ability of MAb A32 to recognize HIV-1 Env expressed on the surface of infected CD4(+) T cells as well as its ability to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity was investigated. This study demonstrates that the epitope defined by MAb A32 is a major target on gp120 for plasma ADCC activity. 2G12 was used as a control and A32 showed >3 fold higher ADCC activity than 2G12.
Ferrari2011a
(effector function)
-
2G12: Env pseudo-typed viruses generated from 7 transmitting and 4 non-transmitting mothers and their children were studied to identify phenotypes that associate with the risk of mother to child transmission. There were no differences in neutralization with 2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and b12, but transmitting mothers had higher autologous NAb responses against gp120/gp41, suggesting that strong autologous neutralization activity can associate with risk of transmission and be in fact detrimental.
Baan2013
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. This small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including this one. The small panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: A panel of NAbs and non-neutralizing Abs (NoNAbs) displaying the highest Fc γR-mediated inhibitory activity and significant ADCC were selected and formulated in a microbicidal gel and tested for their antiviral activity against SHIVSF162P3 vaginal challenge in non-human primates. Combination of 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 fully prevented vaginal transmission. Two NoNAbs 246-D and 4B3 had no impact on viral acquisition, but reduced plasma viral load.
Moog2014
(effector function, SIV)
-
2G12: The complexity of the epitopes recognized by ADCC responses in HIV-1 infected individuals and candidate vaccine recipients is discussed in this review. 2G12 is discussed as the C2, C3, C4 and V4 glycation sites-targeting neutralizing anti-gp120 mAb exhibiting ADCC activity and having a discontinuous epitope.
Pollara2013
(effector function, review)
-
2G12: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195. This mAb belongs to 10E8-like cluster.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
2G12: This paper reported the nature of junk Env glycan that undermine the development of Ab responses against gp120/gp41 trimers and evaluated enzyme digestion as a way to remove aberrant Env to produce "trimer VLPs". 2G12 with its high-mannose glycan profile showed binding to gp160ER, considered as VLP-contaminant.
Crooks2011
(glycosylation)
-
2G12: This study described a potential novel conformational epitope that is present in a subtype C infected subject during early infection. This epitope was recognized by three different B cell receptors and elicited both glycan dependent and independent MAbs. This also showed the power of a single strategically placed amino acid change in viral escape. 2G12 was discussed as a BnAb directed against glycan in describing the role of "glycan shield" in viral escape.
Lynch2011a
(glycosylation, escape, cell-line isolated antibody)
-
2G12: The role of NK cells and NK cell receptor polymorphisms in the assessment of HIV-1 neutralization is reported. 2G12 was used in viral inhibition assay as a control to compare NK cells participation and activity.
Brown2012
(neutralization, NK cells)
-
2G12: This study describes an ˜11 Angstrom cryo-EM structure of the trimeric HIV-1 Env precursor in its unliganded state. The three gp120 and gp41 subunits form a cage like structure with an interior void surrounding the trimer axis which restricts Ab access. 2G12 was used in ELISA to asses the recognition of the purified Env glycoproteins and recognized a high-mannose glycan array on the gp120 outer domain.
Mao2012
(structure)
-
2G12: The sera of 20 HIV-1 patients were screened for ADCC in a novel assay measuring granzyme B (GrB) and T cell elimination and reported that complex sera mediated greater levels of ADCC than anti-HIV mAbs. The data suggested that total amount of IgG bound is an important determinant of robust ADCC which improves the vaccine potency. 2G12 was used as an anti-gp120 to study effects of Ab specificity and affinity on ADCC against HIV-1 infected targets.
Smalls-Mantey2012
(assay or method development, effector function)
-
2G12: Isolation of VRC06 and VRC06b MAbs from a slow progressor donor 45 is reported. This is the same donor from whom bnMAbs VRC01, VRC03 and NIH 45-46 were isolated and the new MAbs are clonal variants of VRC03. 2G12 was used as a glycan specific Ab and as a negative control to compare binding specificity of VRC06.
Li2012
-
2G12: Immunogenicity of gp120 immunogens from two pairs of clade B and two pairs of clade C mother-to-child transmitted HIV-1 variants was studied in rabbits. While high level Env-specific antibody responses were elicited by all immunogens, their abilities to NAb responses differed and neutralization-resistant variants elicited broader NAb. Each of the six Env antigens resistant to 2G12 lacked at least one of the four Potential N-Linked Glycosylation sites (PNGS) important for 2G12 binding.
Wang2012
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: Protective potency of PGT121 was evaluated in vivo in rhesus macaques. PGT121 efficiently protected against high-dose challenge of SHIV SF162P3 in macaques. Sterilizing immunity was observed in 5/5 animals administered 5 mg/kg antibody dose and in 3/5 animals administered 0.2 mg/kg, suggesting that a protective serum concentration for PG121 is in the single-digit mg/mL. PGT121was effective at serum concentration 600-fold lower than for 2G12 and 100-fold lower than for b12.
Moldt2012a
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: The unbinding kinetics of the gp120-2G12, Man(4)-2G12, and Man(5)-2G12 interactions were measured by single-molecule force spectroscopy. This is the first single-molecule study aimed at dissecting the carbohydrate-antibody recognition of the gp120-2G12 interaction. The study confirmed crystallographic models that show both the binding of the linear Man(4) arm to 2G12 and also the multivalent gp120 glycan binding to 2G12.
Martines2012
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Three mouse B cell lines expressing domain-exchanged 2G12 WT, the non-domain-exchanged 2G12 I19R variant, and 2G12 gl as IgM B cell receptors (BCRs) were used to determine the potential of carbohydrate immunogens to elicit Y-shaped or domain-exchanged antibodies in vivo. HIV envelope glycoproteins and candidate glycoconjugate vaccines were compared for their ability to activate these B cell lines. Several of these immunogens were able to activate both 2G12 WT and 2G12 I19R B cell lines, and the discrete cluster of oligomannose glycans could selectively activate the domain-exchanged 2G12 WT cells. None of the immunogens tested were able to activate the germ line 2G12 B cells. The engineered B cell lines were more sensitive than standard ELISA binding assays and may help in the design of immunogens that elicit 2G12-like domain-exchanged antibodies in vivo.
Doores2013
(assay or method development, glycosylation)
-
2G12: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
2G12: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 glycan-V3 site, type glycans and domain swapping, 2G12 class, 2G12 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: This review discusses the new research developments in bnAbs for HIV-1, Influenza, HCV. Models of the HIV-1 Env spike and of Influenza visrus spike with select bnAbs bound are shown.
Burton2012
(review)
-
2G12: Somatic hypermutations are preferably found in CDR loops, which alter the Ab combining sites, but not the overall structure of the variable domain. FWR of CDR are usually resistant to and less tolerant of mutations. This study reports that most bnAbs require somatic mutations in the FWRs which provide flexibility, increasing Ab breadth and potency. To determine the consequence of FWR mutations the framework residues were reverted to the Ab's germline counterpart (FWR-GL) and binding and neutralizing properties were then evaluated. 2G12, which recognizes carbohydrates, was among the 17 bnAbs which were used in studying the mutations in FWR. Fig S4C described the comparison of Ab framework amino acid replacement vs. interactive surface area on 2G12.
Klein2013
(neutralization, structure, antibody lineage)
-
2G12: Antigenic properties of 2 biochemically stable and homogeneous gp140 trimers (A clade 92UG037 and C clade CZA97012) were compared with the corresponding gp120 monomers derived from the same percursor sequences. The trimers had nearly all the antigenic properties expected for native viral spikes and were markedly different from monomeric gp120. 2G12 bound trimers and monomers equally well, indicating that the epitope is fully accessible in both forms.
Kovacs2012
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Crystal structure and mechanistic analysis of 2F5-gp41 complex is reported. b12 has been referred as a BnAb directed against the exterior gp120 envelope glycoprotein.
Ofek2004
(antibody interactions, structure)
-
2G12: Glycan shield of HIV Env protein helps to escape the Ab recognition. Several of the PGT BnAbs interact directly with the HIV glycan coat. Crystal structures of Fabs PGT127 and PGT128 showed that the high neutralizing potency was mediated by cross-linking Env trimers on the viral surface. 2G12 was discussed in terms of recognizing terminal dimannose and binding to glycan coat.
Pejchal2011
(glycosylation, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: Intrinsic reactivity of HIV-1, a new property regulating the level of both entry and sensitivity to Abs has been reported. This activity dictates the level of responsiveness of Env protein to co-receptor, CD4 engagement and Abs. 2G12 has been used as a control CD4BS binding Ab in neutralization assays.
Haim2011
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Glycan Asn332-targeting broadly cross-neutralizing (BCN) antibodies were studied in 2 C-clade infected women. The ASn332 glycan was absent on infecting virus, but the BCN epitope with Asn332 evolved within 6 months though immune escape from earlier antibodies. Plasma from the subject CAP177 neutralized 88% of a large multi-subtype panel of 225 heterologous viruses, whereas CAP 314 neutralized 46% of 41 heterologous viruses but failed to neutralize viruses that lack glycan at 332. CAP177 or CAP314 clones were not sensitive to 2G12.
Moore2012
(neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: This study reports the isolation of a panel of Env vaccine elicited CD4bs-directed macaque mAbs and genetic and functional features that distinguish these Abs from CD4bs MAbs produced during chronic HIV-1 infection. 2G12 was used as a negative control Abs in competitive binding assay with non human primates mAbs.
Sundling2012
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2G12: The goal of this study was to improve the humoral response to HIV-1 by targeting trimeric Env gp140 to B cells. The gp140 was fused to a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B cell activation factor (BAFF) and CD40 ligand (CD40L). These fusion proteins increased the expression of activation-induced-cytidine deaminase (AID) responsible for somatic hypermutation, Ab affinity maturation, and Ab class switching. The Env-APRIL induced high anti-Env responses against tier1 viruses. 2G12 was used in BN-PAGE trimer shift assay.
Melchers2012
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Existing structural and sequence data was analyzed. A set of signature features for potent VRC01-like (PVL) and almost PVL abs was proposed and verified by mutagenesis. 2G12 has been referred in discussing the breadth and potency of antiCD4 abs.
West2012a
(antibody lineage)
-
2G12: Synthesis of an engineered soluble heterotrimeric gp140 is described. These gp140 protomers were designed against clade A and clade B viruses. The heterotrimer gp140s exhibited broader anti-tier1 isolate neutralizing antibody responses than homotrimer gp140. 2G12 was used to determine and compare the immunogenicity of homo and heterotrimers gp140s. 2G12 didn't exhibit any difference in binding to homotrimeric clade A and clade B gp140 binding.
Sellhorn2012
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: This paper showed that nAb 2G12, which binds to gp120 N glycans with α (1,2)-linked mannose termini and inhibits replication after passive transfer to patients, neutralizes by slowing entry of adsorbed virus. It is suggested that 2G12 competitively inhibits interactions between gp120 V3 loop and the tyrosine sulfate containing amino terminus, thus reducing assembly of complexes that catalyze entry.
Platt2012
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
2G12: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. 2G12 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
2G12: Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes are reported. Cross-reactive plasma samples were identified and evaluated from 308 subjects tested. 2G12 was used as a control mAb in the comprehensive set of assays performed. Plasma samples C1-0763 and C1-0219 showed comparable activities with 2G12 in competition ELISA.
Tomaras2011
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: Role of envelope deglycosylation in enhancing antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 epitopes is reported. The mechanism of induction of broad neutralizing Abs is discussed. The hypothesis of presence of "holes" in the naive B cell repertoires for unmutated B cell receptor against HIV-1 Env was tested. The authors inferred that glycan interferences control the binding of unmutated ancestor Abs of broad neutralizing mAb to Env gp41.
Ma2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: The rational design of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is discussed in relation to understanding of vaccine recognition sites, the structural basis of interaction with HIV-1 env and vaccine developmental pathways. 2G12 has been mentioned regarding the recognition of high-mannose glycans
Kwong2011
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2G12: A single-cell Ab cloning method is described to isolate neutralizing Abs using truncated gp160 transfected cells as bait. Among the 15 Abs reported, only two are found to be broadly neutralizing and bind to a novel conformational HIV-1 spike epitope. 2G12 was used as a control in neutralizing assay.
Klein2012
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. 2G12 was used as a control in virus neutralization assay. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: YU2 gp140 bait was used to characterize 189 new MAbs representing 51 independent IgG memory B cell clones from 3 clade A or B HIV infected patients exhibiting broad neutralizing activity. 2G12 has been used as a positive control for epitope mapping and evaluating these anti-gp-140 antibodies and a non-sensitive control to DMR/AAA triple mutation.
Mouquet2011
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A panel of glycan deletion mutants was created by point mutation into HIV gp160, showing that glycans are important targets on HIV-1 glycoproteins for broad neutralizing responses in vivo. Enrichment of high mannose N-linked glycan(HM-glycan) of HIV-1 glycoprotein enhanced neutralizing activity of sera from 8/9 patients. 2G12 was used as a control.
Lavine2012
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Ab-driven escape and Ab role in infection control and prevention are reviewed. Main focus is on NAbs, but Ab acting through effector mechanisms are also discussed. 2G12 which was isolated in 1996 and discussed in the context of developing broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies.
Overbaugh2012
(escape, review)
-
2G12: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. 2G12 bound gp120 and Env-VLPs equivalently. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and 2G12 neutralization, while trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The ability of several broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind gp10 or gp41 to inhibit cell-cell fusion between Clone69TRevEnv cells induced to express the viral envelope proteins, gp120/gp41 and highly CD4-positive SupT1 cells was investigated. Little or no inhibitory effect on cell-cell fusion was observed. MAbs b12, m14 IgG and 2G12 had moderate inhibitory activity; MAbs 4E10 and 2F5 had no inhibitory activity.
Yee2011
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Plasma from 14 R5-tropic SHIV-infected macaques was screened for broadly neutralizing activity. A macaque with highly potent cross-clade plasma NAb response was identified. Longitudinal studies showed that the development of broad and autologous NAb responses occurred coincidentally in this animal. Serum-mapping studies, using pseudovirus point mutants and antigen adsorption assays, indicated that the plasma bNAbs are specific for epitopes that include carbohydrates and are critically dependent on the glycan at position 332 of Env gp120. MAb 2G12 was used for comparison.
Walker2011a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: The role of V1V2 in the resistance of HIV-1 to neutralizing Abs was studied using a panel of neutralization-sensitive and -resistant HIV-1 variants and through exchanging regions of Env between neutralization-sensitive and -resistant viruses. An increase in the length of the V1V2 loop and/or the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) in that same region of Env was directly involved in the neutralization resistance. The virus that was sensitive to neutralization by autologous serum was also sensitive to neutralization by MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10, while the virus that was resistant to neutralization by autologous serum was also resistant to neutralization by all of these antibodies except MAb 2G12.
vanGils2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: A standardized proficiency testing program for measurements of HIV-1-specific NAbs in the TZM-bl assay was developed. Three rounds of optimization involving 21 different test laboratories were required to design the final proficiency testing kit. MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10 and TriMab (b12+2G12+2F5) were used for testing.
Todd2012
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: The inhibitory activity of HIV-1-specific Abs against HIV-1 replication in langerhans cells (LCs) and interstitial dendritic cells (IDCs) was analyzed. Five well-known NAbs 447-52D, 4E10, b12, 2G12, 2F5 strongly inhibited HIV-1BaL and HIV-1TV1 replication in LCs and IDCs, and their inhibitory activities were stronger than those measured on PBMCs. Inhibition was more efficient by IgGs than corresponding IgAs, due to an Fc receptor-dependent mechanism, where HIV-1 inhibition occurs by binding of the Fc portion of IgGs to Fc receptors.
Peressin2011
(genital and mucosal immunity, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: The reactivity profiles of MAbs 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12 to those of four pathogenic autoAbs derived from patients with antiphospholipid-syndrome (APS), and to serum from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were compared using an autoantigen microarray comprising 106 connective tissue disease-related autoantigens. The reactivity profiles of bNt anti-HIV-1 MAbs were distinct from those of pathogenic autoAbs.
Singh2011
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
2G12: Broadly neutralizing antibodies circulating in plasma were studied by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Abs fell in 2 groups. One group consisted of antibodies with restricted neutralization breadth that had neutral isoelectric points. These Abs bound to envelope monomers and trimers versus core antigens from which variable loops and other domains have been deleted. Another minor group consisted of broadly neutralizing antibodies consistently distinguished by more basic isoelectric points and specificity for epitopes shared by monomeric gp120, gp120 core, or CD4-induced structures. The pI values estimated for neutralizing plasma IgGs were compared to those of human anti-gp120 MAbs, including 5 bnMAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, b12, and 2G12), 2 narrowly neutralizing MAbs (17b and E51), and 3 nonneutralizing MAbs (A32, C11, and 19e). bnMAbs VRC01, 2G12 and b12 had basic pIs (8.1 to >9).
Sajadi2012
(polyclonal antibodies)
-
2G12: Small sized CD4 mimetics (miniCD4s) were engineered. These miniCD4s by themselves are poorly immunogenic and do not induce anti-CD4 antibodies. Stable covalent complexes between miniCD4s and gp120 and gp140 were generated through a site-directed coupling reaction. These complexes were recognized by CD4i antibodies as well as by the HIV co-receptor CCR5 and elicited CD4i antibody responses in rabbits. A panel of MAbs of defined epitope specificities, was used to analyze the antigenic integrity of the covalent complexes using capture ELISA. MAb 2G12 was used to normalize the concentration of gp140 vs gp140-miniCD4 complex.
Martin2011
(mimics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Sensitivity to neutralization was studied in 107 full-length Env molecular clones from multiple risk groups in various locations in China. Neutralization sensitivity to plasma pools and bNAbs was not correlated. MAbs 2F5 and G12 failed to neutralize almost all viruses in the C/07/08/B'C subtype group. 2F5 was potent in neutralizing viruses in subtype B′ and CRF01_AE, while 2G12, could only neutralize a 6/9 of subtype B′ viruses and none of the CRF01_AE viruses. 23/24 2G12-resistant viruses lacked the glycan at position 295 or 332 or both.
Shang2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The long-term effect of broadly bNAbs on cell-free HIV particles and their capacity to irreversibly inactivate virus was studied. MPER-specific MAbs potently induced gp120 shedding upon prolonged contact with the virus, rendering neutralization irreversible. The kinetic and thermodynamic requirements of the shedding process were virtually identical to those of neutralization, identifying gp120 shedding as a key process associated with HIV neutralization by MPER bNAbs. Neutralizing and shedding capacity of 7 MPER-, CD4bs- and V3 loop-directed MAbs were assessed against 14 divergent strains. Neutralization with 2G12 was reversible, as 2G12 immediately lost the majority of neutralization activity once access antibody was removed. 2G12 induced 30-60% shedding with 5/14 probed viruses, suggesting that although not a potent shedding inducer, 2G12 can not be considered incapable of inducing shedding.
Ruprecht2011
(neutralization, kinetics)
-
2G12: Circulating HIV-1 virion-immune complexes (ICs), present in approximately 90% of acute subjects were quantified, and the levels and antibody specificity to those in chronic infection were compared. Similar to a nonneutralizing anti-gp41 MAb 7B2, purified plasma IgG from acute HIV-1 subjects bound both infectious and noninfectious virions. This was in contrast to the neutralizing antibody 2G12 MAb that bound predominantly infectious virions.
Liu2011c
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Gold nanoparticles coated with self-assembled monolayers of synthetic oligomannosides [manno-gold glyconanoparticles (GNPs)], which are present in gp120, bound 2G12 with high affinity and interfered with 2G12/gp120 binding. GNPs coated with a linear tetramannoside could block the 2G12-mediated neutralization of a replication-competent virus under conditions that resemble the ones in which normal serum prevents infection of the target cell.
Marradi2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: Deglycosylations were introduced into the 24 N-linked glycosylation sites of a R5 env MWS2 cloned from semen. Mutants N156-T158A, N197-S199A, N262-S264A and N410-T412A conferred decreased infectivity and enhanced sensitivity to a series of antibodies and entry inhibitors. Mutant N156-T158A showed enhanced neutralization sensitivity to MAb 17b in the absence of soluble CD4, suggesting that deglycosylation in these sites on gp120 may be beneficial for the exposure of a CD4 induced epitope which only exists in the CD4-liganded form of gp120.
Huang2012
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: This study analyzed the neutralization sensitivity of sequential HIV-1 primary isolates during their natural evolution in 5 subtype B and CRF02_AG HIV-1 infected drug naive individuals to 13 anti-HIV-1 MAbs (including this MAb) directed at epitopes in the V2, V3, CD4bd and carbohydrates. Patient viruses evolved to become more sensitive to neutralization by MAbs directed at epitopes at V2, V3 and CDbd, indicating that cross sectional studies are inadequate to define the neutralization spectrum of MAb neutralization with primary HIV-1 isolates.
Haldar2011
(neutralization)
-
2G12: This is a detailed systematic study of the molecular recognition of five synthetic oligomannosides 1–5 in solution by the antibody 2G12 by using ligand-based NMR techniques, specifically saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy and transferred NOE experiments.
Enriquez-Navas2011
(glycosylation, structure)
-
2G12: The sensitivity to PG9 and PG16 of pseudotyped viruses was analysed carrying envelope glycoproteins from the viral quasispecies of three HIV-1 clade CRF01_AE-infected patients. It was confirmed that an acidic residue or a basic residue at position 168 in the V2 loop is a key element determining the sensitivity to PG9 and PG16. In addition, evidence is provided of the involvement of a conserved residue at position 215 of the C2 region in the PG9/PG16 epitopes. B clones were tested against 2G12 MAb recognizing a conformational glycan-dependent epitope on gp120 but 2G12 was not used for the CRF01_AE clones since all of them lacked the N332 residue, which constitutes one of the essential N-glycosylation sites of the 2G12 epitope. 2G12 sensitivity of B clones remained comparable, with only one resistant clone, 5008CL3, which became moderately sensitive.
Thenin2012a
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Given the potential importance of cell-associated virus during mucosal HIV-1 transmission, sensitivity of bNAbs targeting HIV-1 envelope surface unit gp120 (VRCO1, PG16, b12, and 2G12) and transmembrane domain gp41 (4E10 and 2F5) was examined for both cell-free and mDC-mediated infections of TZM-bl and CD4+ T cells. It was reported that higher gp120-bNAb concentrations, but not gp41-directed bNAb concentrations, are required The IC50 and IC90 for anti-gp120–directed bNAb 2G12, were significantly higher for almost all mDC-mediated virus transmission (Lai, NL4-3, Lai/Balenv), compared with cell-free HIV-1 infection.to inhibit mDC-mediated virus spread, compared with cell-free transmission. Only cell-free and mDC-mediated infection of 89.6 virus particles demonstrated no significant IC50 difference against 2G12. 2G12 did not readily bind mDCs in the absence of virus. Around 18% of the mDC–T cell synaptic junctions displayed colocalization of Gag-eGFP VLPs with 2G12. Furthermore, 2G12 did not localize at DC–T cell synaptic junctions in the absence of Gag-eGFP VLPs.
Sagar2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: To overcome the many limitations of current systems for HIV-1 virus-like particle (VLP) production, a novel strategy was developed to produce HIV-1 VLP using stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells by cotransfecting S2 cells with plasmids encoding an envelope glycoprotein (consensus B or consensus C), a Rev-independent Gag (Pr55) protein, and a Rev protein, along with a pCoBlast selection marker. Except for antigenic epitope PG16, all other broadly neutralizing antigenic epitopes 2G12, b12, VRC01, and 4E10 tested are preserved on spikes of HIV-1 VLP produced by S2 clones.
Yang2012
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: In order to increase recognition of CD4 by Env and to elicit stronger neutralizing antibodies against it, two Env probes were produced and tested - monomeric Env was stabilized by pocket filling mutations in the CD4bs (PF2) and trimeric Env was formed by appending trimerization motifs to soluble gp120/gp14. PF2-containing proteins were better recognized by bNMAb against CD4bs and more rapidly elicited neutralizing antibodies against the CD4bs. Trimeric Env, however, elicited a higher neutralization potency that mapped to the V3 region of gp120.
Feng2012
(neutralization)
-
2g12: A way to produce conformationally intact, deglycosylated soluble, cleaved recombinant Env trimers by inhibition of the synthesis of complex N-glycans during Env production, followed by treatment with glycosidases under conditions that preserve Env trimer integrity is described to facilitate crystallography and immunogenicity studies. As expected, the glycan-dependent 2G12 did not bind to the deglycosylated trimers.
Depetris2012
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The sera of 113 HIV-1 seroconverters from three cohorts were analyzed for binding to a set of well-characterized gp120 core and resurfaced stabilized core (RSC3) protein probes, and their cognate CD4bs knockout mutants. 2G12 bound strongly to RSC3, RSC3/G367R and RSC3 Δ3711, weakly bound to RSC3 Δ3711/P363N, very weakly bound to gp120 core and did not bind to gp120 core D368R.
Lynch2012
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Sensitivity to bNAbs of primary R5 HIV-1 isolates sequentially obtained before and after AIDS onset was studied. End-stage disease HIV R5 isolates were more sensitive to neutralization by TriMab, an equimolar mix of the IgGb12, 2F5 and 2G12 antibodies, than R5 isolates from the chronic phase. The increased sensitivity correlated with low CD4+ T cell count at time of virus isolation and augmented viral infectivity. Envs from end-stage R5 variants had increased positive surface charge and reduced numbers of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS). These molecular changes in Env also correlated to sensitivity to neutralization by the individual 2G12 MAb. Molecular modeling suggested that the glycosylation sites lost at end-stage disease are located in close proximity to the 2G12 epitope.
Borggren2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: To test whether HIV-1 particle maturation alters the conformation of the Env proteins, a sensitive and quantitative imaging-based Ab-binding assay was used to probe the conformations of full-length and cytoplasmic tail (CT) truncated Env proteins on mature and immature HIV-1 particles. Binding of MPER-specific MAb Z13e1 to immature particles was greater than to mature virions and the increase was abolished by truncation of the gp41 CT. Z13e1 bound immature particles approximately 1.5 to 2 times as well as mature particles when the median binding signals were compared indicating that the recognized neutralization-sensitive epitopes undergo conformational masking during HIV-1 particle maturation.
Joyner2011
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Humoral responses to specific, linear gp41 epitopes were that were already known to be the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies were compared in a cohort of sub-Saharan mother-child pairs. TriMab positive-control Abs (2F5, 2G12, and b12) neutralized all viruses tested: the subtype B laboratory strains SF162 (R5-B) and IIIB (X4-B), and the low-sensitivity subtype C strains, primary isolates DU172 and DU156 (both R5-C). The TriMab control inhibited strain DU156 when all neutralization assays were performed on the DU156 HIV isolate (C-R5) with cord blood specimens from EUN babies.
Diomede2012
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The possibility to construct a polyepitope B-cell immunogen (TBI-2g12) containing linear mimetics of conformational epitopes and its immunogenic properties was examined. The aim was to select the most active peptide mimetic recognized by MAb 2G12 and to construct the protein immunogen by attaching the selected peptide mimotope VGAFGSFYRLSVLQS to a protein carrier. It was shown that the TBI-2g12 as well as the original TBI induce antibodies, that recognize HIV-1 proteins, TBI protein using ELISA and immunoblotting. Though only anti-TBI-2g12 serum recognized the synthetic peptide mimotope VGAFGSFYRLSVLQS, whereas the antibodies against original TBI don’t recognize it. The neutralization assay demonstrated that serum antibodies of the mice immunized with TBI-2g12 possess virus neutralizing activity suggesting that principal epitope responsible for virus neutralizing activity was formed from VGAFGSFYRLSVLQS peptide in the structure of TBI-2g12 protein.
Karpenko2012
(mimotopes, neutralization)
-
2G12: 162 full-length envelope (env) clones were generated from plasma RNA obtained from 5 HIV-1 Clade B infected mother-infant pairs and their V1-V5 genotypes and phylogeny were extensively characterized. All clones from three infants were resistant to 2G12 and exhibited mutations eliminating one of five PNGS implicated in 2G12 binding. Most maternal clones from these pairs exhibited similar levels of 2G12 resistance, and displayed the corresponding mutations.
Kishko2011
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: HIV-1 adaptation to neutralization by MAbs VRC01, PG9, PG16 was studied using HIV-1 variants from historic (1985-1989) and contemporary (2003-2006) seroconverters. 2G12 was included for comparison and neutralized 5% of contemporary viruses at IC50 < 1 μ g/ml and 14% at IC50 < 5 μ g/ml. TriMab construct, consisting of MAbs b12, 2F5 and 2G12 in equal concentrations, showed the highest neutralization correlation with 2F5 and little similarity with 2G12.
Euler2011
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The neutralization potency of PG9, PG16, VRC01 and PGV04 was approximately 10-fold greater than that of MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10.
Falkowska2012
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. Although 2G12 neutralized 32% of 162 isolates at IC50<50 μg/ml, it was almost 100-fold less potent than several new antibodies PGT 121-123 and 125-128, for which the median antibody concentration required to inhibit HIV activity by 50% or 90% (IC50 and IC90 values) was almost 100-fold lower than that of b12, 2G12 and 4E10.
Walker2011
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Studies were conducted to determine whether differences in immunogenic potential exist between two previously reported primary Env antigens (Clade B primary Env antigens LN40 and B33) with closely related gene sequences and completely different phenotypic features. The B33 Env is resistant to MAb 2G12, while the LN40 Env, having the opposite phenotype of B33, is sensitive to MAb 2G12.
Vaine2011
(neutralization)
-
2G12: HIV-1 subtype C env genes from 19 mother-infant pairs: 10 transmitting in utero (IU) and 9 transmitting intrapartum (IP) were analyzed. A severe genetic bottleneck during transmission was confirmed in all pairs. Compared to the maternal viral population, viruses transmitted IP tended to have shorter variable loops and fewer putative N-linked glycosylation sites than viruses transmitted IU. The pseudotyped viruses displayed some sensitivity to 4E10 and soluble CD4 but were resistant to 2G12, 2F5, and IgG1b12.
Russell2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: The influence of potential N-linked glycosylation site (PNGS) N302 on 2G12 sensitivity was assessed based on chimeric envelope genes created by swapping the V1V2 domains of the two env clones. Both the exchange of the V1V2 domain and the introduction of the PNGS at N302 on the 2G12-sensitive clone induced a significant decrease in sensitivity to 2G12. In contrast, the reverse V1V2 exchange and the removal of the PNGS at N302 on the 2G12-resistant clone increased sensitivity to 2G12, confirming the influence of these regions on 2G12 sensitivity. It suggests that both the V1V2 loop and an additional PNGS in V3 might limit access to the 2G12 epitope.
Chaillon2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, structure)
-
2G12: To elicit 2G12-like Ab response it was shown that Manα1→2Man motif was the primary carbohydrate neutralization determinant of HIV-1 that elicited Abs to the self oligomannose glycans. While 2G12 is known to bind to this motif, the specificity of the mannan immune serum (ΔMnn1: S. cerevisiae deficient in the α1→3 mannosyltransferase gene) seemed narrower than some alternative modes of binding postulated for 2G12. ΔMnn1 immune sera revealed fine carbohydrate specificity to Manα1→2Man units, closely matching that of 2G12. The sera also appeared to tolerate the presence of D1 glucosylation indicating perhaps a somewhat wider degree of monosaccharide or linkage specificity compared to 2G12.
Dunlop2010
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The development and characterization of a tier 1 R5 SHIV, termed SHIV-1157ipEL is reported. SHIV-1157ipEL is a chimera of the "early", neutralization-sensitive SHIV-1157ip envelope and the "late", neutralization-resistant engineered backbone of SHIV-1157ipd3N4. Molecular modeling revealed a possible mechanism for the increased neutralization resistance of SHIV-1157ipd3N4 Env: V2 loops hindering access to the CD4 binding site, shown experimentally with NAb b12. Sequence analysis performed of the SHIV-1157ipEL-p showed a loss of N295, a key amino acid residue in the epitope of 2G12 that caused SHIV-1157ipEL to become resistant to 2G12. 2G12 only neutralized SHIV-SF162P4 out of the 4 C clade and 2 B clade SHIV strains tested.
Siddappa2010
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Purified MAb 2G12, produced by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana using replicating and non-replicating systems based on deleted versions of Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNA-2, was expressed and characterized based on biochemical properties, in vitro activity and neutralization capabilities. The plant derived purified 2G12 (delRNA-2 + RNA-1 or CPMV-HT) was not as pure as CHO-produced 2G12 (reference standard) although no significant differences were observed between 2G12 produced by delRNA-2 with RNA-1 or by CPMV-HT. Also, 2G12 glycosylation was not greatly affected by the presence of RNA-1 or CPMV-HT. The binding activity of plant derived 2G12 was slightly lower than CHO-produced 2G12 although its neutralization capability was similar to that of CHO-produced 2G12.
Sainsbury2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: This review discusses current understanding of Env neutralization by antibodies in relation to epitope exposure and how this insight might benefit vaccine design strategies. This MAb is in the list of current MAbs with notable cross-neutralizing activity.
Pantophlet2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
2G12: This review outlines the general structure of the gp160 viral envelope, the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response, the mechanisms of viral escape and the characterization of broadly neutralizing Abs. The review discusses the special structure of 2G12 which allows it to overcome the glycan masking strategy that HIV-1 uses to protect itself from antibody recognition. It is noted also that 2G12 can neutralize a significant number of primary isolates from clade B, but is less effective against non-clade B viruses and is not active against most clade C. 2G12 provided protection in macaques against SHIV.
Gonzalez2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, review)
-
2G12: The expression and characterization of different glycoforms of V3-Fc fusion protein along with its binding to HIV-neutralizing Abs 2G12 and 447-52D was examined. The binding affinity of 2G12 was significantly high for the high-mannose type glycoforms of V3-Fc (V3-Fc-HM, V3-Fc-M9 and the two mutants:N301A and Fc-N297A) following a quick association/dissociation kinetic process, although it was not measurable for the complex type glycoform V3-Fc-CT. The affinity to 2G12 was reduced more by removal of the N-glycan at the N301 site than at the N297 site. Very high affinity to 2G12 was observed for gp120 with extremely slow dissociation rate.
Yang2010a
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2G12: This review discusses recent rational structure-based approaches in HIV vaccine design that helped in understanding the link between Env antigenicity and immunogenicity. This MAb is mentioned in the context of immunogens based on the epitopes recognized by bNAbs. 2G12 adopts an unusual domain exchanged structure to recognize a conserved cluster of oligomannose residues on the outer domain of gp120 and has provided a basis for the design of immunogens to target the HIV-1 glycan shield.
Walker2010a
(neutralization, review)
-
2G12: 37 Indian clade C HIV-1 Env clones obtained at different time points from five patients with recent infection, were studied in neutralization assays for sensitivities to their autologous plasma antibodies and mAbs. All Env variants were resistant to 2G12, except those obtained from IVC-3 patient. This resistance was associated with the absence of N-linked glycosylation site at position 295 at the N-terminal base of V3 loop. The sensitivity of IVC-3 clones was due to the presence of N295, atypical of clade C.
Ringe2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: This review discusses strategies for design of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines against HIV-1 and recent major advances in the field regarding isolation of potent broadly neutralizing Abs.
Sattentau2010
(review)
-
2G12: The effect of absence and presence of sCD4 on accessibility and binding of HIV-1 gp41 MPER-binding epitopes on CCR5-tropic pseudoviruses from five different clades to the mAbs was studied. The 2G12 N-sites 295, 332, 339, 386, 392 were examined. 2G12 showed high binding affinity to pseudoviruses from clade A (epitope mutant:tWFDIs), clade B (NWFDIT) and clade D (NWFsIT), and very low binding affinity to clade A (NWFDIs), clade B (sWFsIT), clade C (sWFsIT), clade D (NWFsIT) and clade CRF01_AE (NWFDIT) and no binding to clade C (sWFsIT) and clade CRF01_AE (NWFDIs).
Peachman2010a
(variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Most of the 34 Env-pseudotyped viruses from HIV-1 CRF01_AE - infected plasma samples collected in China could efficiently infect target cells in the presence of high concentrations of 2G12 MAb. Only 1/34 viruses showed low 2G12 susceptibility and all viruses lacked one or more glycans at positions critical for 2G12 neutralization.
Nie2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: This review discusses the studies done on poly-reactive antibodies (binding to two different epitopes), and the importance of polyreactivity. Low polyreactivity has been reported for 2G12.
Pluckthun2010
(review, antibody polyreactivity)
-
2G12: A lentiviral vector encoding the heavy and light chains of 2G12 was transduced in the primary human B cells and directed production of 2G12. NOD/SCID/γc mice were transplanted with human hematopoetic stem cells (hu-HSC) transduced with the vector and the animals were inoculated with HIV-1. Mice engrafted with the 2G12-transducted cells displayed a 70-fold reduction in plasma RNA levels and a 200-fold reduction in HIV-1 infected spleen cells compared to control mice, indicating inhibition of in vivo HIV infection by this gene therapy approach.
Joseph2010
-
2G12: This paper shows that a highly neutralization-resistant virus is converted to a neutralization sensitive virus with a rare single mutation D179N in the C-terminal portion of the V2 domain for several antibodies. 2G12, however, did not neutralize any of the mutants tested.
ORourke2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: MAb m9 showed superior neutralization potency compared to 2G12 in a TZM-bl assay, where it neutralized all 15 isolates compared to 2G12 that neutralized only 4 clade B isolates but not clade A or C isolates.
Zhang2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A side-by-side comparison was performed on the quality of Ab responses in humans elicited by three vaccine studies focusing on Env-specific Abs. Minimal presence of 2G12-like Abs was detected in the three vaccine trials. 17% of sera from the HVTN 203 trial, 0% of sera from the HVTN 041 trial, and 24% of sera from the DP6-001 trial were able to outcompete binding to 2G12 MAb.
Vaine2010
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: This review focuses on recent vaccine design efforts and investigation of broadly neutralizing Abs and their epitopes to aid in the improvement of immunogen design. NAb epitopes, NAbs response to HIV-1, isolation of novel mAbs, and vaccine-elicited NAb responses in human clinical trials are discussed in this review.
Mascola2010
(review)
-
2G12: Naturally occurring human and experimentally induced murine and rabbit GBV-C E2 Abs were studied for their ability to neutralize diverse HIV-isolates and showed that broadly neutralizing HIV Abs were elicited on immunization of rabbits with GBV-C E2. MAb 2G12 neutralized R5 and dual R5-X4 HIV-1 isolates of subtypes A and B in primary human PBMCs. The TriMAb control including 2G12 did not neutralize the HIV-1 R5 isolate in TZM-bl cells but did in PBMCs.
Mohr2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A mathematical framework is designed to determine the number of Abs required to neutralize a single trimer called the stoichiometry of trimer neutralization. 15 different virus antibody combinations divided into five groups based on antibody binding sites were used in the designed model. 2G12 is in a group by itself as it recognizes a carbohydrate-dependent epitope on gp120. The number of 2G12 Abs needed to neutralize a single trimer was estimated as 1 with 97 percent probability.
Magnus2010
-
2G12: BanLec is a lectin isolated from the fruit of bananas that was shown to inhibit HIV-1 isolates of different subtypes and tropisms. Pretreatment of gp120 with BanLec inhibited recognition by 2G12 in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that BanLec inhibits HIV-1 by binding to high-mannose structures also recognized by 2G12.
Swanson2010
-
2G12: Four human anti-phospholipid mAbs were reported to inhibit HIV-1 infection of human PBMC's by binding to monocytes and releasing soluble chemokines. The ability of different anti-phospholid mAbs to inhibit pseudovirus infection was studied. Four out of nine anti-phospholid mAbs inhibited HIV-1 infectivity in PBMC-based virus infection inhibition assay where a mixture of mAbs 2F5, IgG1b12, and 2G12 (TriMab) was used as a positive control.
Moody2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A naturally occurring dimeric form of 2G12 was shown to have increased neutralization potency and increased ADCC activity compared to the monomeric form of 2G12. An ADCC-enhancing double mutation improved the ADCC activity of 2G12 monomer more than 2G12 dimer.
Klein2010a
(effector function)
-
2G12: Targeted neutralizing epitopes have been identified based on the change in sensitivity to neutralization due to variations in known immunoepitopes studied in 17 subjects. The glycan removal by N332S mutant from gp120 outer domain decreased the neutralization of gp160 by 2G12. In addition, the N332S mutant escaped neutralization by two patient sera.
Nandi2010
(neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: Molecular modeling was used to construct a 3D model of an anti-gp120 RNA aptamer, B40t77, in complex with gp120. Externally exposed residues of gp120 that participated in stabilizing interaction with the aptamer were mutated. Binding of 2G12 to gp120 was inhibited by B40t77, which is suggested to be due to distant conformational changes of gp120 induced by the aptamer.
Joubert2010
(binding affinity, structure)
-
2G12: A yeast glycosylation mutant was created to expose numerous terminal Man1,2-Man residues. Although the yeast did not bind to 2G12, immunization of rabbits resulted in sera containing Manα1,2-Manα1,2-Man-specific Abs that cross-reacted with Env glycoproteins from HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C.
Luallen2010
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: 2G12 was shown to capture virion particles completely devoid of HIV-1 Env. Virus capture assay was modified with added incubation of virions and MAbs in solution followed by removal of unbound MAbs, which nearly eliminated the Env-independent binding by this Ab. This modification also allowed for relative affinity of 2G12 for virions to be quantified. There was an overall reduction in the efficiency of capture of molecular clones (MC) relative to pseudotyped virions by 2G12. In addition, trimeric JR-FL MC was captured more efficiently by 2G12 than nontrimeric Envs from JR-CSF MC virus.
Leaman2010
(assay or method development, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The role of HIV-1 envelope spike density on the virion and the effect it has on MAb avidity, and neutralization potencies of MAbs presented as different isotypes, are reviewed. Engineering approaches and design of immunogens able to elicit intra-spike cross-linking Abs are discussed.
Klein2010
(review)
-
2G12: 18 unique Env clones of subtype C HIV-1 derived from six African countries and Scotland were tested for their neutralization susceptibility by 2G12. 2G12 neutralized only one of the isolates.
Koh2010a
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Glycoconjugates were designed consisting of four- and eight-valent high-mannose HIV-1 related oligosaccharides clustered onto flexible polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrons and subsequently conjugated to well-characterized nontoxic diphtheria toxin mutant CRM197 as a carrier. The multivalent presentation of oligomannoses increased the avidity to 2G12. Antisera of mice and rabbits immunized with the glycoconjugates failed to recognize recombinant HIV-1 proteins.
Kabanova2010
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The effect of presence and absence of V1 loop was assessed using two approaches: remove V1 loop from the soluble trimeric gp140 construct (ΔV1SF162gp140) and second, substitute the V1 loop on SF162gp140 construct with four different V1 loops from 89.6, YU2, JRFL, and HxB2 (heterologous HIV-1 viruses). Deletion or substitution of V1 loop did not affect neutralization by 2G12 and there was only a small change in binding affinity to 2G12. D368R modification to SF162gp120 did not affect the binding by 2G12, although it abrogated neutralization by 2G12 at lower MAb concentrations.
Ching2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A hybrid nonself sugar was designed based on the crystal structure of D-fructose in complex with 2G12 Fab to elicit high 2G12 Ab response based on much enhanced (9 times) affinity of 2G12 for D-fructose compared to D-mannose. Introduction of nonself modifications into the D1 arm of high-mannose sugars led to additional interactions of nonself modifications to the 2G12 binding site resulting in enhanced antigenicity. The nonself glycan enhanced 2G12 binding compared to the self glycan, and the antibodies generated in immunized rabbits cross-reacted with the self glycan present in different conjugates, but did not bind the self D1 glycan motif when present on gp120.
Doores2010c
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The effect of HIV-1 complement opsonization on 2G12 activity was evaluated in three instances: HIV-1 transcytosis through epithelial cells, HIV-1 attachment on immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (iMDDC), and infectivity of iMDDC. 2G12 was not able to inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis. 2G12 inhibited the attachment of non-opsonised HIV to iMDDC but had no effect on the opsonized HIV-1 attachment. 2G12 was able to inhibit production of both opsonized and non-opsonized HIV-1 in iMDDCs.
Jenabian2010
(complement)
-
2G12: A germ line version of 2G12 was constructed that was not domain exchanged and did not detectably bind to gp120. Introducing increasing number of substitutions to germ line 2G12 resulted in domain exchanged wild type form of this Ab. Only 5-7 crucial substitutions were found necessary to induce considerable domain exchange of germ line 2G12; Ih19, Rh57, Eh75, Rh39, Ah14, Vh84 and Ph113.
Huber2010
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Clustering analysis was performed to find patterns of neutralization reactivity for the dataset of 103 patients sera against 20 viruses. The clustering by five MAbs (including 2G12) against the 20 isolates was less statistically robust than that with serum titers, resulting in three clusters for both cases. The membership in an isolate cluster defined by serum titers was compared with its sensitivity to every MAb to understand the relationship of serum and MAb reactivity. Membership in all the three clusters did not correlate with sensitivity to 2G12.
Doria-Rose2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The sensitivity of subtype C viruses to lectins GRFT, CV-N and SVN was analysed and compared to that of subtype A and B viruses which showed same sensitivity by all three viruses for all the three lectins. It was also examined whether lectin binding interfered with the access to the 2G12 epitope and there was competition among the compounds for virus capture. GRFT and CV-N inhibited the virus capture more effectively than SVN. Virus capture by 2G12 was inhibited for all three viruses using same amount of lectin concentrations. The results suggested overlap of 2G12 epitope with the binding sites of all the three lectins.
Alexandre2010
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Addition of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) had no effect on the potency of 2G12 neutralization in TZM-bl assay but addition of LPS in PBMC assay increased neutralization potency of 2G12. Endotoxin contamination was shown to mediate release of antiviral chemokines in PBMCs and is thus suggested to be able to cause false-positive results in PBMC-based neutralization assays.
Geonnotti2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: In order to overcome problems of the PBMC-based neutralization assay a novel approach was developed utilizing a platform based on Renilla luciferase (LucR) expressing HIV-1 proviral backbone. Env-IMC-LucR reporter viruses expressing HIV-1 envs from different virus strains were incubated with NAbs, such as 2G12, and used to infect donor PBMCs. The inhibition was assessed by measuring virus-encoded LucR activity in the cell lysates. There was a dosage dependent effect of 2G12 on virus infectivity. Variation in sensitivity to 2G12 was observed among different donor PBMCs, and this high variability was suggested to be a real biological effect attributable to use of different donor PBMCs, rather than assay-to-assay variability.
Edmonds2010
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: The identity of N-linked glycans from primary isolates of subtypes A, B and C was studied. Results showed highly conserved virus-specific glycan profile devoid of medial Golgi-mediated processing. When mutant viruses with glycosylation site deletions that disrupt the 2G12 epitope were analyzed, there was a modest decrease of Man8-9GlcNAc2 glycans, but the overall profile remained unperturbed. This confirmed the sensitivity of 2G12 for a small subset of Manα1-2Man glycans.
Doores2010b
(glycosylation)
-
2G12: Subtype B HIV-1 variants from historical seroconverters (individuals that seroconverted between 1985 and 1989) were equally sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 as variants isolated from contemporary seroconverters (ndividuals that seroconverted between 2003 and 2006).
Bunnik2010a
(neutralization, dynamics)
-
2G12: 17b was linked with sCD4 and the construct was tested for its neutralization breadth and potency. sCD4-17b showed significantly greater neutralization breadth and potency compared to 2G12, neutralizing 100% of HIV-1 primary isolates of subtypes A, B, C, D, F, CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG, while 2G12 neutralized some isolates of subtypes B and D. Unlike sCD4-17b, 2G12 was not equivalently active against virus particles generated from different producer cell types.
Lagenaur2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: A set of Env variants with deletions in V1/V2 was constructed. Replication competent Env variants with V1/V2 deletions were obtained using virus evolution of V1/V2 deleted variants. Sensitivity of the evolved ΔV1V2 viruses was evaluated to study accessibility of their neutralization epitopes. 2G12 neutralized and bound to both cleaved and uncleaved ΔV1V2 variants more potently compared to the wild type virus, indicating better accessibility of the 2G12 epitope when the V1V2 domain is deleted.
Bontjer2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Five different glycoforms of 2G12, generated in wild type and glycoengineered plants and in Chinese hamster ovary cells, were used to investigate the impact of Ab Fc glycosylation on the antiviral activity of the Ab. All five 2G12 glycoforms had similar binding profiles to cells expressing FcγRI, FcγRIIa or FcγRIIb. In contrast, two glycoforms of 2G12 lacking fucose showed significantly enhanced binding to cells expressing FcγRIIIa, compared to 2G12 glycoforms carrying core fucose. The two non-fucosylated forms of 2G12 also showed stronger antiviral activity against HIV-1 and SIV in ADCVI-assays compared to the fucosylated forms of 2G12.
Forthal2010
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A single amino acid substitution (I19R) was used to produce a nondomain-exchanged variant of 2G12 (2G12 I19R). 2G12 I19R was able to recognize the same mannose motifs on recombinant gp120, synthetic glycoconjugates, and on Candida albicans as the wild type 2G12. However, 2G12 I19R was unable to recognize the cluster of mannose motifs in the context of HIV envelope trimer, and was unable to neutralize 2G12-sensitive HIV-1 pseudovirions. Crystallographic structure of 2G12 I19R showed that this Ab and the wild type 2G12 have identical Fab binding units but that they display dramatically different juxtapositioning of their variable versus constant regions. These differences lead to remarkably different binding characteristics.
Doores2010a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
2g12: Various UV-activatable azido- and iodo-based hydrophobic compounds have been studied for their ability to inactivate HIV-1 virus while preserving their surface antigenic structures. The virus was inactivated by treating it with azido-containing hydrophobic compounds and UV irradiation. The preservation of known neutralizing epitopes on the viral surface of treated virus was tested using the known neutralizing Abs. There was no significant effect on 2g12 recognition and capture of the virus treated with azido-compounds and irradiated with UV for 2 or 15 minutes compared to the untreated virus, hence no damage to its epitopes.
Belanger2010
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: This review discusses recent research done to improve the production, quality, and cross-reactivity of binding Abs, neutralizing Abs, monoclonal Abs with broad neutralizing activity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI), and catalytic Abs. Studies focusing on several aspects of BNAb roles in vaccine development, and studies done to better understand the broad binding capacity of BNAbs are reviewed.
Baum2010
(effector function, neutralization, review)
-
2G12: Parent and GnTI (complex glycans of the neutralizing face are replaced by fully trimmed oligomannose stumps) viruses were equally sensitive to neutralization by 2G12, indicating that replacement of complex glycans does not affect the already exposed 2G12 epitope on the silent domain of the virus. Absence of the glycan at residue N301 (N301Q mutant virus) had no effect on 2G12 neutralization. Viruses subjected to removal of outer domain glycans by Endo H treatment were recognized less efficiently by 2G12.
Binley2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: Pseudoviruses containing Env mutations (V255E, S375N or A433T), which were in vitro selected with the small CD4-mimicking compound NBD-556, showed the same neutralization sensitivities as the wild type virus to 2G12.
Yoshimura2010
(mimics, neutralization)
-
2G12: Neutralizing sensitivity of L669S mutant virus to 2G12 was not significantly different from the neutralizing sensitivity of the wild type virus.
Shen2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Neutralization potency of 2G12 was compared to that of HK20 scFv in TZM-based assay using 45 Tier 1 and Tier 2 HIV isolates. 2G12 neutralized 12/45 isolates. In addition, 2G12 was used in TriMab, together with 2F5 and b12, to examine neutralization of 9 clade A, B, C, D and E isolates in PBMC assay. Here, TriMab neutralized 7 isolates with 2 not determined.
Sabin2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Using a humanized mouse model it was shown that passively transferred 2G12 dimer was more potent than 2G12 monomer at preventing CD4 T cell loss and suppressing increase in viral load in mice challenged with JR-CSF virus. 100µg/ml of combined 2G12 monomer and dimer significantly reduced the severity of HIV-1 infection in mice with high-dose challenge, but this 2G12 dose resulted in escape mutations at the N295 residue. Providing 2G12 dimers continuously at 5-25µg/ml by IgG tumor backpacks in mice resulted in effective protection against HIV-1, while complete escape to 2G12 neutralization was not observed.
Luo2010
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, escape, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: B cell depletion in an HIV-1 infected patient using rituximab led to a decline in NAb titers and rising viral load. Recovery of NAb titers resulted in control of viral load, and the newly emerged virus population was examined. The common ancestor of this new viral population showed evidence of positive selection and presence of N339E mutation, which inhibited neutralization by 2G12 fourfold. However, there was no binding competition between patient sera and 2G12.
Huang2010
(antibody interactions, escape)
-
2G12: The role of several N-glycosylation sites in 2G12 binding and neutralization was investigated on Envs of LN40 and B33 strains. Glycans at N295, N332, N386 and N392 were critical for 2G12 binding and neutralization. Substitutions in Envs which affect CD4 binding were also shown to have a strong effect on 2G12 neutralization. These residues were within and proximal to CD4bs but not involved in glycosylation. Increased avidity to CD4 did not correlate with 2G12 sensitivity, indicating that the determinants within CD4bs may act to reorient glycans on gp120.
Duenas-Decamp2010
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Unlike for b12, decreasing neutralization sensitivity during the course of infection was not observed for 2G12 in 15 patients studied. Changes in three amino acid residues (154, 178 and 389) were found to confer resistance to b12, but they did not increase resistance of LAI strain to 2G12 neutralization.
Bunnik2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Fusion of CD4 with 2G12 scFv resulted in CD4-scFv2G12 reagent with neutralization potency improved by inclusion of an IgG Fc region and by linkage of CD4 to the heavy chain of 2G12. The resulting CD4hc-IgG12G12 was, like 2G12, expressed as a mixture of monomers and dimers. CD4hc-IgG12G12 dimers showed comparable neutralization potencies with 2G12, and CD4hc-IgG12G12 monomers showed enhanced neutralization potencies. Unlike 2G12, CD4hc-IgG12G12 had the ability to neutralize some clade C HIV-1 strains.
West2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The specificities and structural analyses of 2G12 binding to Env are reviewed. This review also summarizes data on the evolution of HIV neutralizing Abs, principles of Env immunogen design to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs, and future critical areas of research for development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine.
Hoxie2010
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2G12: Three 2G12 heavy chain mutants with multiple germ line amino acid substitutions in the VDJ region were created to investigate the mechanism of domain swapping in 2G12. There were qualitative structural differences between 2G12 mutants and 2G12 wild type, and the mutants failed to neutralize or to capture free virus. Structural analyses revealed that the domain-exchanged configuration of 2G12 was fostered by single or combined effects of 4 amino acid side chains that help stabilize the elbow region (H113). The proline at H113 was not required for the domain swapping capability of 2G12. 2G12-3H6 mutant, which had the whole Vh region exchanged with that of another Ab (3H6), lacked domain swapping capability, indicating that CDR3 and J region are not sufficient to promote Vh domain exchange.
Gach2010
(neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
2G12: 58 mAbs, including 3 broadly neutralizing mAbs, were isolated from memory B cells of HIV-1 infected donors using an improved EBV immortalization method combined with a broad screening strategy. 2G12 neutralization activity was compared to the three new broadly neutralizing mAbs. 2G12 did not compete for binding to gp120 with any of the new mAbs. 2G12 neutralized 67% of Tier 1 and 23% of Tier 2 viruses, the neutralization of Tier 2 viruses being inferior to that of the new MAb HJ16. 2G12 rarely neutralized clade C isolates.
Corti2010
(neutralization)
-
2G12: 433 Abs were cloned from HIV envelope-binding memory B cells from 6 patients with broadly neutralizing sera. The Abs had neutralizing activity directed against several epitopes on gp120 and the majority neutralized Tier 1 viruses. Tier-2 neutralization was observed only with mixtures of MAbs, but only at high concentrations. 2G12 was used as a control and it neutralized 4/5 Tier 1 and 4/5 Tier 2 viruses.
Scheid2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Exogenous epitope tags were introduced in different parts of three variable regions, V1, V2 and V4, of two HIV isolates, SF162 and SF33. Almost all SF162 and SF33 tagged Envs were as susceptible to neutralization by 2G12 as the wild type, except V4-tagged Envs, which were significantly more resistant to neutralization by this Ab compared to wild type. However, V4-tagged Envs were recognized by 2G12.
Wallace2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: This review discusses obstacles to elicitation of protective NAbs, recent data on viral epitopes vulnerable to broadly NAbs, qualitative and quantitative implications of NAb response for vaccine development, and possible future areas of investigation to improve understanding of Env structure and stimulation of appropriate B cell responses.
Stamatatos2009
(review)
-
2G12: The structure and dynamic of the virion spike and the 2G12 epitope are discussed. Challenges to eliciting broadly neutralizing anticarbohydrate response, such as weak protein-carbohydrate interactions and small size of glycan patches for Ab binding, are reviewed. 2G12 domain swapping solution to these problems and the implication of the data for immunogen design are discussed.
Schief2009
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2G12: TZM-bl and PBMC systems were compared to investigate the influence of target cell environment on HIV entry inhibition. The sensitivity of TZM-bl system was confirmed by inhibitory capacity of 2G12, 2F5 and b12. Virus entry increased on addition of polycation additives, but neither concentration nor type of polycation had a significant impact on the inhibitory activity of 2G12. 2G12 was shown to be significantly less active on TZM-bl cells, where it failed to inhibit 12 viruses, while it failed to inhibit 9 viruses in PBMC assay. HIV isolates were less sensitive to inhibition by 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, with up to 100-fold lower sensitivity in the TZM-bl assay.
Rusert2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: To examine the antigenicity of a defined Ab epitope on the functional envelope spike, a panel of chimeric viruses engrafted at different positions with the hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tag was constructed. The neutralization sensitivity of the all but three HA-tagged viruses to 2G12 was similar to the neutralization sensitivity of wild type virus to this Ab. The three viruses with HA-tag insertions in the V4 region were more resistant to 2G12 than the wild type virus.
Pantophlet2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: This review summarizes targets of autologous neutralizing Abs (AnAbs) in early and chronic infections. V1V2 is a frequent target of AnAbs, while V4 and V5 have marginal role and anti-V3 Abs do not contribute to autologous neutralization. In addition to variable regions, C3 is a neutralization target in subtype C viruses, and is thought to interact with V4. gp41 is thought to have marginal effect as a target of AnAbs, with only one study showing 4E10-resistant variants suggesting escape from AnAbs targeting this region. AnAb specificities and sequential development, and their role in preventing superinfection is also reviewed. The relatively high Ab titer required for prevention of superinfection and control of viremia, and the low inhibitory potential of b12, 2F5, 4E10 and 2G12 compared to antiretroviral drugs is discussed.
Moore2009
(autologous responses, review)
-
2G12: This review describes obstacles that have been encountered in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine that induces broadly neutralizing Abs, and unusual features of existing broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 2G12. Importance of identification and characterization of new epitopes, and of B-cell stimulation, is discussed.
Montefiori2009
(review)
-
2G12: An overview of the different expression strategies to over produce HIV neutralizing Abs, including 2G12, in plants. The attention is specially focused on expression strategies of Nef protein.
Marusic2009
(review)
-
2G12: Env clones of 6 out of 12 viruses were shown to be highly sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 in PBMC assay but were not inhibited by 2G12 in TZM-bl assay. All 6 envelopes carried a mutation in the core epitope of 2G12. Viruses from patients receiving passive immunization with 2G12 were sensitive to 2G12 both in vivo and in PBMC assay. Upon emergence of 2G12 resistant viruses in vivo, the viruses were shown resistant to neutralization by 2G12 in PBMC assay. The study suggests that TZM-bl assay can fail to detect neutralizing activity of in vivo relevance but may be more prone to detect epitope mismatches. Causes of the observed differences between the PBMC and TZM-bl assays were due to virus producer cells and target cells, that could influence virus entry inhibition.
Mann2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: NAb specificities of a panel of HIV sera were systematically analyzed by selective adsorption with native gp120 and specific mutant variants. The integrity and specificity of gp120 beads in adsorption assay were validated by their ability to adsorb binding activity of 2G12. gp120 point mutation D368R was used to screen the sera for CD4bs- Abs, and it was shown that this mutant could adsorb binding activity of 2G12. To test for presence of coreceptor binding region MAbs in sera, gp120 I420 mutant was used. This mutant was recognized by 2G12 at equal levels as the wild type, and it could adsorb binding activity of 2G12 in adsorption assay. In some of the broadly neutralizing sera, the gp120-directed neutralization was mapped to CD4bs. Some sera were positive for NAbs against coreceptor binding region. A subset of sera also contained NAbs directed against MPER.
Li2009c
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: 2G12 domain swapping mode of epitope recognition is reviewed in detail. The review also summarizes on how different modes of Ab binding and recognition are used to overcome viral evasion tactics and how this knowledge may be used to re-elicit responses in vivo.
Kwong2009a
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2G12: The review discusses the implications of HIV-1 diversity on vaccine design and induction of neutralizing Abs, and possible novel approaches for rational vaccine design that can enhance coverage of HIV diversity. Patterns of within-clade and between-clade diversity in core epitopes of known potent neutralizing Abs, including 2G12, is displayed.
Korber2009
(review)
-
2G12: 2G12 alone was not able to trigger complement-mediated lysis (CML) of 93BR020 and 92UG037 strains, however, it did so in combination with 4E10. Lysis experiments of viruses from three donors showed that 2G12 in combination with allotype-specific Abs Cw4 or Cw7 significantly increased CML. 2G12 in combination with Abs against HLA A1 resulted in significant reduction in CML.
Hildgartner2009
(complement)
-
2G12: The effect of continuous 2G12 infusion on protection from infection and on viral load is reviewed.
Haigwood2009
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2G12: FcγR-mediated inhibition and neutralization of HIV by 2G12 and other MAbs is reviewed. The review also summarizes the role of ADCC and ADCVI Abs on HIV infection inhibition and neutralization.
Forthal2009
(review)
-
2G12: A set of Env variants with deletions in V1/V2 were constructed. Replication competent Env variants with V1/V2 deletions were obtained using virus evolution of V1/V2 deleted variants. Most variants were found more sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 than the wild type, indicating that deletion of V1/V2 increases 2G12 epitope accessibility.
Bontjer2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: This review summarizes novel approaches to mapping broad neutralizing activities in sera and novel technologies for targeted MAb retrieval.
Binley2009
(assay or method development, review)
-
2G12: Resurfaced stabilized core 3 (RSC3) protein was designed to preserve the antigenic structure of the gp120 CD4bs neutralizing surface but eliminate other antigenic regions of HIV-1. RSC3 retained strong reactivity with 2G12. Memory B cells were selected that bound to RSC3 and full IgG mAbs were expressed. Binding profiles of the three newly detected mAbs (VRC1, VRC2 and VRC3) were compared to binding profile of 2G12.
Wu2010
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Glycosylation patterns of HIV-1 were altered using different glycosidase inhibitors or a mutant cell line. Recombinant production of gp120 in the presence of kifunensine resulted in increased neutralization by 2G12, while swainsonine and NB-DNJ treatment resulted in neutralization similar to the wild type.
Doores2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
2G12: In 25% of cases, the broad and potent neutralizing activity of sera from elite neutralizers displayed critical correlation to the N-linked glycosylation at position 332 of HIV-1. Although this N-linked glycan is important for formation of the 2G12 epitope, none of the donor sera inhibited 2G12 binding to gp120, indicating presence of NAbs distinct of 2G12. Unlike PG9 and PG16, 2G12 neutralized kifunensine-treated pseudoviruses with similar potency as wild type pseudoviruses.
Walker2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Ab gene divergence analyses found that 2G12 Ab was significantly more divergent from the closest germline Abs than were hmAbs against other viruses. Germline-like 2G12 was constructed in a scFv format. It was shown that germline-like 2G12 did not bind to recombinant gp140 although the corresponding mature 2G12 showed binding.
Xiao2009
(binding affinity, antibody sequence)
-
2G12: Patient sera from 13 HIV controllers and 75 chronic viremic patients were tested for the ability to block binding of 2G12 to Env JRFL gp140 oligomers. There was no difference observed between the controllers and chronic viremic patients. The NAb response was significantly lower in controllers, while ADCC was detected in all controllers but in only 40% of viremic patients.
Lambotte2009
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization)
-
2G12: One functional Env clone from each of 10 HIV-1 infected seroconverting individuals from India were analyzed for their sensitivity to MAbs and plasma pools of subtypes B, C and D. All 10 Envs were resistant to 2G12, and the resistance was associated with the absence of a PNLG at position 295. HIVIG neutralized all 10 Envs, and the Envs were most sensitive to neutralization by subtype C pool, followed by subtype D and B pools, respectively. Amino acid signature patterns that associated with neutralization clusters were found. Signature patterns included PNLG at positions 295, 392 and 448, which participate in the 2G12 epitope.
Kulkarni2009
(glycosylation, neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: Combinations of loop alternations, filling hydrophobic pockets (F-mutations) and introduction of inter-domain cysteine pairs (D-mutations) were used to construct four immunogens with stabilized gp120 core. Modified truncations of the V1V2 and the V3 loop had no impact on 2G12 binding. However, introduction of stabilizing F and D mutations in one case slightly reduced 2G12 affinity and in other two cases slightly increased it.
Dey2009
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: A review about the in vivo efficacy of 2G12 and other MAbs against HIV-1, and about inhibition of HIV-1 infection by Ab fragments Fab, scFv and engineered human Ab variable domains or "domain antibodies" (dAbs).
Chen2009b
(neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: Env derivatives from R3A TA1 virus with eliminated V1 and V2 regions, truncated V3, and deleted cleavage, fusion, and interhelical domains were able to bind 2G12. A membrane anchored variant of this outer domain glycoprotein was also shown to bind to 2G12. Truncations of the β20-β21 hairpin increased reactivity with 2G12. Replacement of the central 20 amino acids of the V3 loop with a basic hexapeptide further significantly increased binding to 2G12.
Wu2009a
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: During purification of 2G12 from mammalian cells, two forms of 2G12 were discovered, a monomeric and a dimeric form. The 2G12 dimer had an average increased potency of 82-fold compared to the monomer and was able to neutralize three out of 20 strains not neutralized by the monomer. Clade C strains were resistant to neutralization by both 2G12 dimer and monomer. A dimeric form of 2G12 was constructed that was more potent in neutralization of 2G12-sensitive strains than the monomeric form. There was no significant difference observed in binding of 2G12 dimers and monomers to gp120.
West2009
(neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: 2G12 neutralization breadth and potency was compared to that of two broadly neutralizing Abs PG9 and PG16 in a panel of 162 multi-clade viruses. 2G12 exhibited lower neutralization potency than PG9 and PG16. 2G12 bound with high affinity to both monomeric gp120 and trimeric Env. Binding of 2G12 to Endo H and mock treated gp120 was determined.
Walker2009a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
-
2G12: NL4.3 virus was cultured with cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) and CADA-resistant virus was selected. 2G12 MAb showed a slightly higher neutralizing potency against the CADA-resistant virus compared to wildtype. The mutations in CADA-resistant virus are suggested to stabilize the conformation of gp120 and reduce glycosylation.
Vermeire2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Glyco-engineered tobacco plants were used for efficient expression of recombinant 2G12 with quantitative β1,4-galactosylation (AA structure). Antigen binding capacity of 2G12 glycoforms compared to CHO-derived 2G12 was 115-140%. Neutralization activity of fully galactosylated 2G12 was more than 3 times higher than that of other plant-derived glycoforms and CHO-derived 2G12.
Strasser2009
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: An analytical selection algorithm and a reduced virus screening panel were created for assessment of serum neutralizing activity. It is suggested that selection of pseudoviruses for neutralization assays should focus on the overall resistance profile of the pseudovirus and against MAbs b12, 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12. Neutralization profiles of all viruses used for screenings were determined for 2G12.
Simek2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Substantial increase in neutralization potency (58-fold) of 2G12 was observed in cells expressing FcγRI against HIV 6535.3 virus strain while there was no effect on the neutralization potency of this Ab against QH0692 strain. With virus SC422661.8, FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb impaired the neutralizing activity of 2G12, suggesting possible infection enhancement.
Perez2009
(enhancing activity, neutralization)
-
2G12: Aqueous two-phase partition system (ATPS) was used to successfully separate 2G12 from unclarified tobacco extract with a yield of 85%. ATPS was successfully combined with affinity chromatography and yielded Ab was stable without any major contaminating proteins or degraded Ab variants.
Platis2009a
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: Δ49-12a, a mutant virus derived from an in-vitro passaged virus with four residues removed from the V3 stem, was shown to be completely resistant to CCR5 inhibitors but was 3-fold more sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 compared to the parental R3A virus. TA1, a mutant with a 15 amino acid deletion of the distal half of V3, was resistant to neutralization by 2G12.
Nolan2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Swarm analysis of viruses from one patient resulted in isolation of several different clones with different neutralization sensitivities against four HIV-1 positive sera. None of the clones were sensitive to neutralization by 2G12.
ORourke2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: Binding of 2G12 to gp120 was not inhibited by YZ23, an Ab derived from mice immunized with eletcrophilic analogs of gp120 (E-gp120), indicating no overlap of these MAb epitopes.
Nishiyama2009
-
2G12: Binding of 2G12 to various lipid antigens was studied. 2G12 did not bind to any lipids.
Matyas2009
-
2G12: There was no association between 2G12 Abs and anticardiolipin in serum samples from slow progressors.
Martinez2009
(autoantibody or autoimmunity)
-
2G12: By manipulation of the glycosylation machinery of S. cerevisiae a heavily glycosylated yeast protein, Pst1, was identified, that presents closely arrayed N-glycans. Pst1 produced in TM yeast bound 2G12 with high affinity and was able to inhibit 2G12 binding to gp120 more efficiently than a heterologous gp120 from the same subtype. Pst1 was also able to inhibit 2G12 neutralization of HxB and SF162 Env.
Luallen2009
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Subtype A gp140 SOSIP trimers bound to 2G12. Sera from rabbits immunized with SOSIP gp140 and gp120 were unable to capture pseudovirions of the homologous virus by 2G12. 2G12 was unable to bind to the 295 N/A mutant of the virus.
Kang2009
-
2G12: Five rhesus macaques were intravenously treated with 40mg/kg 2G12, which resulted in a high 2G12 serum concentration, and challenged with SHIV SF162P3. Three animals were protected against infection. One animal showed delayed and lower peak viremia compared to controls. Sequence analysis of one of the infected animals showed presence of T388A mutation disrupting the N-glycosylation consistent with escape. Thus, 2G12 can offer protection at relatively low titers, where a titer of 1:1 was sufficient to protect 60% of animals against infection. Vaginal concentrations of 2G12 and b12 were similar when compared in 3 animals, and thus unlikely to contribute to protection differences between the two MAbs.
Hessell2009
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape, immunotherapy, rate of progression)
-
2G12: Ten new non-neutralizing, cross-reactive mAbs were found in immunized mice. 2G12 only reacted with a subset of different Env subtypes tested. 2G12 also reacted with cells expressing A1.con, B.con, B_17779 and B_MN Envs. None of the new mAbs could bind free virus particles while 2G12 did. Binding of 2G12 to B_JRFL oligomer was not blocked by any of the newly detected mAbs.
Gao2009
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: The heavy and light chains of 2G12 were expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. The accumulation of the Ab chains was increased 2-3-fold by elastin-like peptide (ELP) fusion in both leaves and seeds of the plant. The quality of leaf-derived Abs was comparable to 2G12 generated in CHO cells, and the presence of ELP did not affect N-glycan processing nor intracellular trafficking. Plant-derived 2G12 lacking ELP was more efficient in neutralizing HIV-1 than CHO-2G12, but the fusion of ELP to either of the Ab chains significantly reduced the neutralization efficacy.
Floss2009
(neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: An international collaboration (NeutNet) was organized to compare the performance of a wide variety of HIV-1 neutralization assays performed in different laboratories. Four neutralizing agents were evaluated: 4E10, 447-52D, sCD4 and TriMab (equal mixture of 2F5, 2G12 and b12). For TriMab, the mean IC50 values were always lower in the pseudovirus assays than in virus infectivity assays. In general, there were clear differences in assay sensitivities that were dependent on both the neutralizing agent and the virus. No single assay was capable of detecting the entire spectrum of neutralizing activities.
Fenyo2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: Gene encoding gp140 was fused with three trimerization motifs, T4F, GCN and ATC. gp140, gp140(-)(with mutations in the furin-cleavage site), gp140(-)T4F and gp140(-)GCN bound 2G12 as well, or better than, gp120. gp140(-)ATC bound 2G12 less strongly than gp120.
Du2009
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: Four groups of Abs were detected in a CRF02_AG infected patient directed against mimotopes of MPER, V3, C1 and LLP2. Out of four pseudoviruses from 4 different time points of infection, only one showed moderate susceptibility to 2G12.
Dieltjens2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A phylogenetic analysis of gp120 evolution was performed in patients with different patterns of disease progression. In the LNTP patient group, and in 2 NPs, many N-linked glycosylation sites were shown to be under positive selection and exposed on the surface, indicating that Abs binding close to or to 2G12 binding site exert selective pressure on the viral surface in some patients.
Canducci2009
(glycosylation, rate of progression)
-
2G12: Neutralization profiles of cloned Envs derived from recent heterosexual infections by subtypes A, C, D, and A/D from Kenya were determined. The transmitted env variants were generally resistant to neutralization by 2G12, as only 4/31 variants were neutralized by this Ab. These were also the only variants that maintained all five PNGS within the 2G12 epitope.
Blish2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: This report investigated whether mannose removal alters gp120 immunogenicity in mice. Approximately 55 mannose residues were removed from gp120 by mannosidase digestion creating D-gp120 for immunization. 2G12 was unable to bind to D-gp120, indicating that 2G12 epitope was eliminated and that the mannosidase digestion was functional.
Banerjee2009
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
2G12: HIV-1 variants derived from 5 patients at different timepoints during chronic infection were analysed for their sensitivity to neutralization by b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. In four of the patients, almost all variants from all time points were resistant to neutralization by 2G12. In two of these patients, resistance to neutralization coincided with the absence of N-linked glycans at position 339 at all time points. In one patient, resistance to neutralization by 2G12 correlated with absence of N-linked glycans at positions 295, 332 and/or 339, and in the second patient, resistance correlated with absence of glycans at positions 295, 339, 386, and/or 339. In the fifth patient, early viruses were sensitive to neutralization by 2G12, but late variants were resistant, which coincided with the loss of N-linked glycans at either 386 or 392 positions.
Bunnik2009
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: 2G12 neutralized infection of PBLs with various HIV-1 strains with high potency. However, 2G12 did not inhibit transcytosis of cell-free or cell-associated virus across a monolayer of epithelial cells. A mixture of 13 MAbs directed to well-defined epitopes of the HIV-1 envelope, including 2G12, did not inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis, indicating that envelope epitopes involved in neutralization are not involved in mediating HIV-1 transcytosis. When the mixture of 13 MAbs and HIV-1 was incubated with polyclonal anti-human γ chain, the transcytosis was partially inhibited, indicating that agglutination of viral particles at the apical surface of cells may be critical for HIV transcytosis inhibition by HIV-specific Abs.
Chomont2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: 5 loop structures surrounding the CD4 binding site in the gp120 liganded conformation were identified that may protect gp120 from Abs. Loops A, B, C and E were located in the C2, C3, C4 and C5 regions respectively, and loop D was situated in the V5 region. Binding of 2G12 to gp120 was unaffected by loop deletions, as this Ab bound equally to HIV-1 IIIB wild type and its loop B deletion mutant, and to HIV-1 89.6 wild type and its loop C deletion mutant.
Berkower2008
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: A reference panel of recently transmitted Tier 2 HIV-1 subtype B envelope viruses was developed representing a broad spectrum of genetic diversity and neutralization sensitivity. The panel includes viruses derived from male-to-male, female-to-male, and male-to-female sexual transmissions, and CCR5 as well as CXCR4 using viruses. The envelopes displayed varying degrees of neutralization sensitivity to 2G12, with 11 of 19 envelopes sensitive to neutralization by this Ab.
Schweighardt2007
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: Pre-treatment of gp120 with 2G12 strongly inhibited induction of IL-10, indicating that interaction between gp120 and a mannose C-type lectin receptor is a critical trigger for IL-10 induction.
Shan2007
-
2G12: Modeling of protein-protein interaction based on the gp120 crystal structure, X-ray crystal structure of 2G12 and its complexes with glycans, suggested that the glycans attached to N295 and N302 from the V3 loop are the two most likely involved in the conformational epitope of 2G12.
Sirois2007
(review, structure)
-
2G12: A chimeric protein entry inhibitor, L5, was designed consisting of an allosteric peptide inhibitor 12p1 and a carbohydrate-binding protein cyanovirin (CNV) connected via a flexible linker. The L5 chimera inhibited 2G12-gp120 interaction, as did CNV alone, indicating that the chimera has the high affinity binding property of the CNV molecule.
McFadden2007
-
2G12: This review summarizes data on possible vaccine targets for elicitation of neutralizing Abs and discusses whether it is more practical to design a clade-specific than a clade-generic HIV-1 vaccine. Development of a neutralizing Ab response in HIV-1 infected individuals is reviewed, including data that show no apparent division of different HIV-1 subtypes into clade-related neutralization groups. Also, a summary of the neutralizing activity of MAb 2G12 in different HIV-1 clades is provided.
McKnight2007
(variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
2G12: HIV-1 passaged in the presence of chloroquine was observed to have lost two glycosylation sites important for 2G12 binding, at positions 332 and 397 in the gp120 region, indicating that the drug can alter the immunogenic properties of gp120.
Naarding2007
-
2G12: This review provides information on the HIV-1 glycoprotein properties that make it challenging to target with neutralizing Abs. 2G12 structure and binding to HIV-1 envelope and current strategies to develop versions of the Env spike with functional trimer properties for elicitation of broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 2G12, are discussed. In addition, approaches to target cellular molecules, such as CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, and MHC molecules, with therapeutic Abs are reviewed.
Phogat2007
(review)
-
2G12: This review summarizes current knowledge on the various functional properties of antibodies in HIV-1 infection, including 2G12 MAb, in vivo and in vitro activity of neutralizing Abs, the importance and downfalls of non-neutralizing Abs and antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and the complement system, and summarizes data on areas that need future investigation on Ab-mediated immune control.
Huber2007
(review)
-
2G12: A new high throughput method was developed for neutralization analyses of HIV-1 env genes by adding cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate enhancer/promoter to the 5' end of the HIV-1 rev/env gene PCR products. The PCR method eliminates cloning, transformation, and plasmid DNA preparation steps in the generation of HIV-1 pseudovirions and allows for sufficient amounts of pseudovirions to be obtained for a large number of neutralization assays. Pseudovirions generated with the PCR method showed similar sensitivity to 2G12 Ab, indicating that the neutralization properties are not altered by the new method.
Kirchherr2007
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: 2G12 structure, binding, neutralization, and strategies that can be used for vaccine antigen design to elicit 2G12-like Abs, are reviewed in detail.
Lin2007
(vaccine antigen design, review, structure)
-
2G12: This review summarizes 2G12Ab epitope, properties and neutralization activity. 2G12 use in passive immunization studies in primates and possible mechanisms explaining protection against infection are discussed.
Kramer2007
(immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: gp120 proteins were developed with double mutation T257S+S375W, which alters the cavity at the epicenter of the CD4 binding region, and used to immunize rabbits. The ability of rabbit sera to affect binding of CD4 to unmodified gp120 proteins was tested. CD4 binding to gp120 was unaffected by 2G12.
Dey2007a
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The various effects that neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-envelope Abs have on HIV infection are reviewed, such as Ab-mediated complement activation and Fc-receptor mediated activities, that both can, through various mechanisms, increase and decrease the infectivity of the virus. The importance of these mechanisms in vaccine design is discussed. The unusual features of the 2G12 MAb, and its neutralization capacities, are described.
Willey2008
(neutralization, review)
-
2G12: Current insights into CTLs and NAbs, and their possible protective mechanisms against establishment of persistent HIV/SIV infection are discussed. Pre- and post-infection sterile and non-sterile protection of NAbs against viral challenge, and potential role of NAbs in antibody-mediated antigen presentation in modification of cellular immunity, are reviewed. Use of 2G12 in immunization experiments and its in vivo anti-viral activity in suppression of viral rebound in HIV-1 infected humans undergoing structured treatment interruptions are described.
Yamamoto2008
(immunotherapy, supervised treatment interruptions (STI), review)
-
2G12: A yeast strain was produced (TM) with a deletion of genes encoding two key carbohydrate processing enzymes, Och1 and Mnn1, that resulted in efficient recognition of the TM yeast by 2G12 MAb. Four heavily glycosylated yeast proteins were isolated that supported 2G12 binding. Removal of high-mannose-type N-linked carbohydrates from the proteins resulted in loss of 2G12 recognition. Sera from rabbits immunized with TM yeast cells contained Abs that could cross-react with HIV-1 gp120 and that recognized a variety of clade B, C and SIV gp120 proteins. Like 2G12, binding of these Abs to Env proteins was abrogated by removal of N-linked high mannose glycans. The elicited Abs had 50-100-fold lower gp120 binding activity than 2G12, and the antiserum recognized a larger variety of mannose-dependent epitopes. There was no observed neutralizing activity of the sera. The results indicate that immunizations with TM yeast can elicit 2G12-like Abs.
Luallen2008
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: A mathematical model was developed and used to derive transmitted or founder Env sequences from individuals with acute HIV-1 subtype B infection. All of the transmitted or early founder Envs were sensitive to neutralization by 2G12.
Keele2008
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: This review summarizes the obstacles that stand in the way of making a successful preventive HIV-1 vaccine, such as masked or transiently expressed Ab epitopes, polyclonal B-cell class switching, and inefficient, late, and not sufficiently robust mucosal IgA and IgG responses. Possible reasons why HIV-1 envelope constructs expressing 2G12 epitope fail to induce broadly neutralizing Abs are discussed.
Haynes2008
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2G12: Transmission of HIV-1 by immature and mature DCs to CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher for CXCR4- than for CCR5-tropic strains. In addition, preneutralization of X4 virus with 2G12 prior to capture efficiently blocked transmission to 36%, while transmission of R5 was blocked to 63%, indicating that 2G12 treatment results in more efficient transfer of X4 than of R5 HIV-1.
vanMontfort2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: 2G12 did not neutralize a clade C SHIV strain in the TZM-bl based assay.
Zhang2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Sera from both gp120 DNA prime-protein boost immunized rabbits and from protein-only immunized rabbits did not compete for binding to 2G12, indicating no elicitation of 2G12-like Abs by either of the immunization regimens.
Vaine2008
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: An R5 HIV variant, in contrast to its parental virus, was shown to infect T-cell lines expressing low levels of cell surface CCR5 and to infect cells in the absence of CD4. The variant was neutralized less efficiently by 2G12 than the parental virus, indicating conformational changes in gp120. These properties of the mutant virus were determined by alternations in gp41.
Taylor2008
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
2G12: In order to assess whether small molecule CCR5 inhibitor resistant viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by NAbs, two escape mutant viruses, CC101.19 and D1/85.16, were tested for their sensitivity to neutralization by 2G12, compared to the sensitivity of CC1/85 parental isolate and the CCcon.19 control isolate. The CC101.19 escape mutant has 4 sequence changes in V3 while the D1/85.16 has no sequence changes in V3 and relies on other sequence changes for its resistance. D1/85.16, but not CC101.19 escape variant, was markedly more sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 (approx. 50-fold). As 2G12 had no significantly higher affinity for gp120 from D1/85.16, the increased sensitivity of this virus is most likely due to alternation in the conformation or accessibility of the 2G12 epitope on its Env trimer. Overall, the study suggests that CCR5 inhibitor-resistant viruses are likely to be somewhat more sensitive to neutralization than their parental viruses.
Pugach2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, escape, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The sensitivity of R5 envelopes derived from several patients and several tissue sites, including brain tissue, lymph nodes, blood, and semen, was tested against a range of inhibitors and Abs targeting CD4, CCR5, and various sites on the HIV envelope. All but one envelopes from brain tissue were macrophage-tropic while none of the envelopes from the lymph nodes were macrophage-tropic. Macrophage-tropic envelopes were also less frequent in blood and semen. There was a clear variation in sensitivity to 2G12, where most envelopes were sensitive, while some were resistant to neutralization by this Ab. There was a significant correlation between increased envelope macrophage-tropism and decreased 2G12 sensitivity. It is suggested that the macrophage-tropic brain variants are less protected by glycosylation due to absence of Abs in the brain, thus lacking N-glycosylation sites critical for 2G12 neutralization. Three of nine brain envelopes were resistant to 2G12, while only one of nine lymph node envelopes were resistant to 2G12.
Peters2008a
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: To examine sequence and conformational differences between subtypes B and C, several experiments were performed with 11 MAbs regarding binding and neutralization. Both binding and neutralization studies revealed that the 11 MAbs could be divided in three different groups, and that the most differences between the subtypes were located in the stem and turn regions of V3. 2G12 was used as control in neutralization assays, and was able to neutralize JR-FL and SF162 isolates, as well as a chimeric SF162 variant with a JR-FL-like V3 sequence.
Patel2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Contemporaneous biological clones of HIV-1 were isolated from plasma of chronically infected patients and tested for their functional properties. The clones showed striking functional diversity both within and among patients, including differences in infectivity and sensitivity to inhibition by 2G12. There was no correlation between clonal virus infectivity and sensitivity to 2G12 inhibition, indicating that these properties are dissociable. The sensitivity to 2G12 inhibition was, however, a property shared by viruses from a given patient, suggesting that the genetic determinants that define this sensitivity may lie in regions that are not necessarily subject to extensive diversity.
Nora2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A peptide 2G12.1, that binds to 2G12, was derived by screening of phage-displayed peptide libraries with 2G12. Comparison of the crystal structure of the Fab 2G12 bound to 2G12.1 peptide, and 2G12 bound to carbohydrate, revealed that 2G12 binding to peptide and carbohydrate occurs through different Ab interactions. The 2G12.1 peptide occupied a site different from, but adjacent to, the primary carbohydrate binding site on 2G12. Thus, this does not support structural mimicry of the peptide to the native carbohydrate epitope on gp120. In addition, the 2G12.1 peptide was not an immunogenic mimic of the 2G12 epitope either, since the sera from mice immunized with the peptide did not bind gp120.
Menendez2008
(mimics, structure)
-
2G12: Maize was evaluated as a potential inexpensive large-scale production system for therapeutic antibodies against HIV. 2G12 was expressed in maize endosperm. In vitro cell assays demonstrated that the HIV-neutralizing properties of the maize-produced 2G12 MAb were equivalent to those of Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived MAb 2G12.
Rademacher2008
-
2G12: Neutralization susceptibility of CRF01_AE Env-recombinant viruses, derived from blood samples of Thai HIV-1 infected patients in 2006, was tested to 2G12. Most of the 35 viruses tested replicated efficiently in the presence of 2G12, in spite of highly conserved PNLG sites recognized by this Ab, indicating that CRF01_AE is not susceptible to neutralization by 2G12. These results suggest that the protein structure , including conformation of the CD4 binding domain, may somehow be different between CRF01_AE and subtype B Env gp120.
Utachee2009
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Concentrations of neutralizing Abs in long-term non-progressors (LNTPs) were significantly higher than the concentrations in asymptomatic subjects and subjects with AIDS, with no statistically significant difference between the two latter groups. Amino acid substitutions in the 2G12 epitope were found in both asymptomatic subjects and subjects with AIDS, while no such mutations were found among LNTPs. Eight different mutations were found at five N-glycosylation linked sites: 295V/T/D/K, 297I, 332E. 334N, and 386D. The mutation rates of the conserved 2G12 neutralization epitopes were significantly different among LNTPs, asymptomatic patients, and patients with AIDS.
Wang2008
(escape, rate of progression)
-
2G12: Synergy of 2F5 with MAbs 2G12, D5, and peptide C34 was examined. 2G12 exhibited synergy in inhibition of HIV-1 89.6 with MAb 2F5. 2G12 was not as synergistic when combined with D5 as 2F5 was.
Hrin2008
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: A series of peptide conjugates were constructed via click reaction of both aryl and alkyl acetylenes with an internally incorporated azidoproline 6 derived from parent peptide RINNIPWSEAMM. Many of these conjugates exhibited increase in both affinity for gp120 and inhibition potencies at both the CD4 and coreceptor binding sites. None of the high affinity peptides inhibited the interactions of YU2 gp120 with 2G12 Ab. The aromatic, hydrophobic, and steric features in the residue 6 side-chain were found important for the increased affinity and inhibition of the high-affinity peptides.
Gopi2008
-
2G12: Three constructs of the outer domain (OD) of gp120 of subtype C, fused with Fc, were generated for immunization of mice: OD(DL3)-Fc (has 29 residues from the center of the V3 loop removed), OD(2F5)-Fc (has the same deletion reconstructed to contain the sequence of 2F5 epitope), and the parental OD-Fc molecule. All OD variants contained substitutions at residues 295 and 394 that reintroduced the 2G12 epitope into the used sequence. All three OD-variants reacted with 2G12, indicating that the isolated outer domain is conformationally immobile. Despite the presence of the 2G12 epitope, none of the sera from mice immunized with the three OD-constructs showed 2G12-like reactivity.
Chen2008a
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: The goal of the study was to measure NAb responses in patients infected with HIV-1 prevalent subtypes in China. g160 genes from plasma samples were used to establish a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. 2G12 neutralized 33% of subtype B clones but not subtype BC and AE clones.
Chong2008
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: To investigate B-cell responses immediately following HIV-1 transmission, Env-specific Ab responses to autologous and consensus Envs in plasma donors were determined. Broadly neutralizing Abs with specificity similar to 2G12 did not appear during the first 40 days after plasma virus detection.
Tomaras2008
(acute/early infection)
-
2G12: The neutralization profile of early R5, intermediate R5X4, and late X4 viruses from a rhesus macaque infected with SHIV-SF162P3N was assessed. 2G12 neutralized all three viruses with similar low potency.
Tasca2008
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
C2G12: Neutralization of HIV-1 IIIB LAV isolate by 2G12 was within the same range as the neutralization of the virus by natural antibodies from human sera against the gal(α1,3)gal disaccaride linked to CD4 gp120-binding peptides, indicating that the activity of natural antibodies can be re-directed to neutralize HIV-1.
Perdomo2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A new purification method was developed using a high affinity peptide mimicking CD4 as a ligand in affinity chromatography. This allowed the separation in one step of HIV envelope monomer from cell supernatant and capture of pre-purified trimer. Binding of 2G12 to gp120SF162 purified by the miniCD4 affinity chromatography and a multi-step method was comparable, suggesting that the miniCD4 allows the separation of HIV-1 envelope with intact 2G12 epitope. gp140DF162ΔV2 was purified by the miniCD4 method to assess its ability to capture gp140 trimers. Binding of 2G12 to gp140DF162ΔV2 purified by the miniCD4 affinity chromatography and a multi-step method was comparable, suggesting that the SF162 trimer antigenicity was preserved.
Martin2008
(assay or method development, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A divalent Man9ClcNAc2 glycopeptide, that binds to 2G12, was covalently coupled to the OMPC carrier and used as immunogen to test its efficacy to induce 2G12-like neutralizing Ab response. High levels of carbohydrate-specific Ab were induced in both guinea pigs and rhesus macaques, but these Ab showed poor recognition of recombinant gp160 and failed to neutralize a panel of subtype B isolates. Sera from HIV-1 positive individuals was tested for binding to the synthetic antigen but failed to recognize the mimetics, although two of the patients showed presence of 2G12-like Abs. These results suggest that presentation of Man9ClcNAc2 on the constrained cyclic scaffold is insufficient to induce a polyclonal response that recognizes native 2G12 epitope.
Joyce2008
(mimotopes, neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: MAb 2G12 binds to gp120 and is essentially inactive after CD4 engagement, with a neutralization half-life of less than 1 minute. Thus, the binding site for 2G12 on gp120 is unavailable once the CD4-induced conformational changes in gp120 have occurred.
Gustchina2008
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics)
-
2G12: Variable domains of three heavy chain Abs, the VHH, were characterized. The Abs were isolated from llamas, who produce immunoglobulins devoid of light chains, immunized with HIV-1 CRF07_BC, to gp120. It was hypothesized that the small size of the VHH, in combination with their protruding CDR3 loops, and their preference for cleft recognition and binding into active sites, may allow for recognition of conserved motifs on gp120 that are occluded from conventional Abs. 2G12 provided some inhibition of binding of the three neutralizing VHH Abs to gp120, suggesting that 2G12 imposes steric hinderance to binding of the VHH Abs to gp120.
Forsman2008
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: 24 broadly neutralizing plasmas from HIV-1 subtype B and C infected individuals were investigated using a series of mapping methods to identify viral epitopes targeted by NAbs. In competitive virus capture assays on 2G12 coated plates, some of the subtype B plasmas, and two of the subtype C plasmas, inhibited virus capture. Mutant versions of JR-FL trimers were designed to selectively eliminate neutralization epitopes, but the plasma titers against the 2G12-eliminated mutant were similar to those against the wildtype. This indicated that very few, if any, 2G12-like Abs were present in the plasmas, and that a fraction of patients developed Abs that overlap the 2G12 epitope but do not neutralize the virus.
Binley2008
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: 32 human HIV-1 positive sera neutralized most viruses from clades A, B, and C. Two of the sera stood out as particularly potent and broadly reactive. Two CD4-binding site defective mutant Env proteins were generated to evaluate whether Abs to the CD4-binding site are involved in the neutralizing activity of the two sera. The integrity of the wildtype and mutant proteins was tested for their reactivity to 2G12.
Li2007a
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: A recombinant gp120-Fc bound to 2G12, indicating it was conformationally intact. 2G12 binding to gp120 was inhibited by the soluble recombinant extracellular domain (ECD) of DC-SIGN in a dose-dependent fashion, but 2G12 did not inhibit binding of gp120 to DC-SIGN. Many single, double, and triple N-glycan mutations in the 2G12 epitope did not affect binding of gp120 to DC-SIGN, however, some of the N-glycan sites within the 2G12 epitope were shown to be optimally positioned to significantly contribute to DC-SIGN binding. Thus, it is suggested that DC-SIGN can bind to a flexible combination of N-glycans on gp120, both within and outside of the 2G12 epitope, but that its optimal binding site overlaps with specific N-glycans within the 2G12 epitope.
Hong2007
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: HIV-1 env clones resistant to cyanovirin (CV-N), a carbohydrate binding agent, showed amino acid changes that resulted in deglycosylation of high-mannose type residues in the C2-C4 region of gp120. Compared to their parental virus HIV-1 IIIB, these CV-N resistant viruses were also completely resistant to 2G12, as they lost one or more 2G12 binding glycans on gp120.
Hu2007
(neutralization, escape)
-
2G12: Chemical inhibition of mammalian glycoprotein synthesis with the plant alkaloid kifunensine resulted in an abundance of oligomannose-type glycans on the cell surface, and binding of 2G12 to previously non-antigenic self proteins and cells. Expression of gp120 in the presence of kifunensine also increased both binding and valency of gp120 to 2G12.
Scanlan2007
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2G12: The ability of 2G12 to neutralize recently transmitted viruses was examined in four homosexual and two parenteral transmission couples. The vast majority of recently transmitted viruses from homosexual recipients were resistant to neutralization by 2G12, although viruses isolated later in the course of infection showed increased sensitivity to 2G12 in one of the patients. In the parenteral transmission, one of the recipients had early viruses resistant to 2G12 neutralization, and one had viruses somewhat sensitive to 2G12 neutralization. The neutralization sensitivity patterns of recipient viruses to 2G12 did not correlate to the neutralization sensitivity patterns of their donors in the homosexual couples, while the HIV-1 variants from the one of the two parenteral pairs were similarly resistant to neutralization by 2G12. 12% of 2G12 resistant viruses had all five PNGS of the 2G12 epitope. 88.5% of the 2G12 resistant viruses lacked at least one of the five PNGS, and viruses isolated later in infection that had become sensitive to 2G12 neutralization had restored the 2G12 epitope.
Quakkelaar2007a
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: Three MAbs, 2G12, 4E10 and 2F5, were administered to ten HIV-1 infected individuals treated with ART during acute and early infection, in order to prevent viral rebound after interruption of ART. MAb infusions were well tolerated with essentially no toxicity. Viral rebound was not prevented, but was significantly delayed in 8/10 patients. 2G12 activity was dominant among the MAbs used. Baseline susceptibility to 2G12 was inversely correlated with the time to viral rebound. Escape from 2G12 was associated with viral rebound. Long-term suppression of viremia was achieved in 3/10 patients.
Mehandru2007
(escape, immunotherapy, supervised treatment interruptions (STI))
-
2G12: MBL, a lectin present in human serum that recognizes mannose-rich N-glycans, was shown to mediate increased HIV-1 infectivity, and to reduce 2G12-mediated neutralization of HIV-1.
Marzi2007
(neutralization)
-
2G12: The study compared Ab neutralization against the JR-FL primary isolate and trimer binding affinities judged by native PAGE. There was direct quantitative relationship between monovalent Fab-trimer binding and neutralization, implying that neutralization begins as each trimer is occupied by one Ab. In BN-PAGE, neutralizing Fabs, 2G12 in particular, and sCD4 were able to shift JR-FL trimers. In contrast, most non-neutralizing Fabs bound to monomer, but their epitopes were conformationally occluded on trimers, confirming the exclusive relationship of trimer binding and neutralization. For 2G12, there was a ladder of partially and fully liganded trimers
Crooks2008
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Five amino acids in the gp41 N-terminal region that promote gp140 trimerization (I535, Q543, S553, K567 and R588) were considered. Their influence on the function and antigenic properties of JR-FL Env expressed on the surfaces of pseudoviruses and Env-transfected cells was studied. Various non-neutralizing antibodies bind less strongly to the Env mutant, but neutralizing antibody binding is unaffected. There was no difference in 2G12 binding to wild type and mutant JR-FL, and 2G12 inhibited infection of the two pseudoviruses with comparable potencies.
Dey2008
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: The study explores how the V1 loop of Env influences the neutralization susceptibilities of heterologous viruses to antibodies elicited by the SF162gp140 immunogen. All viruses expressing the WT Envs were susceptible to neutralization by 2G12. Replacement of the V1 loops by that of SF162 did not alter the neutralization susceptibilities of the viruses.
Ching2008
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Molecular mechanism of neutralization by MPER antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, was studied using preparations of trimeric HIV-1 Env protein in the prefusion, the prehairpin intermediate and postfusion conformations. MAb 2G12 was used to analyze antigenic properties of construct 92UG-gp140-Fd, derived from isolate 92UG037.8 and stabilized by a C-terminal foldon tag. 92UG-gp140-Fd binds 2G12 with high affinity.
Frey2008
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: The study explores the development of a carbohydrate immunogen that could elicit 2G12-like neutralizing ABs to contribute to an AIDS vaccine. Specifically, the study describes the development of neoglycoconjugates displaying variable copy numbers of synthetic tetramannoside (Man(4) on bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecules by conjugation to Lys residues. Immunization of rabbits with BSA-(Man(4))(14) elicits significant serum Ab titers to Man(4). However, these Abs are unable to bind gp120.
Astronomo2008
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Addition of a glycosylation site at position V295N in three different subtype C envelope clones (COT9.6, COT6.15 and Du151.2) resulted in increase in binding of 2G12. However, only one of the viral clones (COT9.6) became sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 at high Ab concentrations. Introduction of glycosylation site at position 448 in COT6.15 further increased its binding to 2G12 and resulted in viruses more sensitive to neutralization. Furthermore, addition of glycosylation at position 442 increased binding and neutralization sensitivity of the corresponding viruses to 2G12, and deletion of glycosylation at position 386 resulted in reduction in binding and resistance to neutralization by 2G12.
Gray2007a
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: A D386N change in the V4 region, which results in restoration of N-glycosylation at this site, did not have any impact on the neutralization of a mutant virus by 2G12 compared to wildtype. Also, there was no association between increased sensitivity to 2G12 neutralization and enhanced macrophage tropism.
Dunfee2007
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: This review summarizes data on the development of HIV-1 centralized genes (consensus and ancestral) for induction of neutralizing antibody responses. Functionality and conformation of native epitopes in proteins based on the centralized genes was tested and confirmed by binding to 2G12 and other MAbs. Antibodies induced by immunization with these centralized proteins did not, however, have the breadth and potency compared to that of 2G12 and other broadly neutralizing MAbs.
Gao2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2G12: Macaques were immunized with either CD4, gp120, cross-linked gp120-human CD4 complex (gp120-CD4 XL), and with single chain complex containing gp120 rhesus macaque CD4 domains 1 and 2 (rhFLSC). Sera from the rhFLSC immunized animals showed slightly higher competition titers, being able to block gp120-CD4 complex interactions with 2G12 slightly more efficiently than sera from animals immunized with the three other proteins.
DeVico2007
(neutralization)
-
2G12: 2G12-blocking activity was very low in all of the sera from guinea pigs immunized with gp120 protein, or with three types of VLPs: disulfide-shackled functional trimers (SOS-VLP), uncleaved nonfunctional Env (UNC-VLP), naked VLP bearing no Env.
Crooks2007
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Interactions of this Ab with gp120 monomer and two cleavage-defective gp140 trimers were studied. It was shown that 2G12 interactions with the soluble monomers and trimers were minimally affected by GA cross-linking of the proteins, indicating that the 2G12 epitope was maintained after cross-linking. This Ab was associated with a small entropy change upon gp120 binding. This Ab was shown to have a kinetic advantage as it bound to gp120 faster than other less neutralizing Abs.
Yuan2006
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: No significant levels of 2G12 were shown to bind to HA/gp41 expressed on cell surfaces and this Ab did not stain cells expressing HA/gp41 in a fluorescence assay. However, it did bind to HIV 89.6 Env expressing cells.
Ye2006
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Viruses with wild-type HIV-1JR-FL Envs were neutralized by this Ab at much lower concentrations than HIV-1 YU2 Env viruses.
Yang2006
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: SHIV SF162p4 virus used as challenge in ISCOM vaccinated macaques was shown to be highly sensitive to neutralization by this Ab.
Pahar2006
(neutralization)
-
2G12: All subtype C env-pseudotyped clones derived from individuals in acute/early stage of HIV-1 infection were highly resistant to neutralization by this Ab, since each of the clones lacked a PNLG at one or more critical epitope positions. The sensitivity of clones to a mix of Abs IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5 was tracked to IgG1b12.
Li2006a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: This Ab was used as a control since its epitope is independent of either V1/V2 or V3 domains confirmed in its equal neutralization of SF162 and variants SF162(JR-FL V3), SF162(JR-FL V1/V2) and SF162(JR-FL V1/V2/V3). This Ab was also shown to neutralize viruses with V3 sequences from several different subtypes (B, F, A1, H, C, CRF02_AG and CRF01_AE).
Krachmarov2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Binding of 2G12 to wt gp120 and two constructs with 5 and 9 residues deleted in the middle of the beta3-beta5 loop in the C2 region of gp120 was examined. The deletions of the loop residues did not affect the conformation of 2G12 epitope as 2G12 Ab binding and kinetics were identical for the wt gp120 and both constructs.
Rits-Volloch2006
(antibody binding site, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: This Ab was used as a positive control in the neutralization assay. At the highest Ab concentrations, 2G12 was able to neutralize several primary isolates but not all, with a neutralization pattern similar to that of rabbit sera immunized with monovalent and polyvalent DNA-prime/protein-boost Env from different HIV-1 subtypes. At a reduced concentrations, 2G12 showed much weaker neutralizing activities.
Wang2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Novel approaches based on sequential (SAP) and competitive (CAP) antigen panning methodologies, and use of antigens with increased exposure of conserved epitopes, for enhanced identification of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing Abs are reviewed. Previously known broadly neutralizing human mAbs are compared to Abs identified by these methods.
Zhang2007
(review)
-
2G12: This Ab was used in the analysis of clade C gp140 (97CN54) antigenicity and was shown not to bind to this molecule, as the glycan epitope is absent.
Sheppard2007a
(binding affinity)
-
2G12: 2 glycosylation site additions to asparagines 295 and 392 on the clade C gp120 backbone (gp120CN54+) were used to reconstruct the 2G12 epitope, as the gp120CN54+ construct showed excellent reactivity with 2G12. gp120CN54+ and an Fc tagged outer domain of gp120 (ODCN54+-Fc) bound equally well to 2G12, while Fc fusion to gp120CN54+ reduced 2G12 binding, indicating partial occlusion of the 2G12 epitope.
Chen2007a
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Pseudoviruses derived from gp120 Env variants that evolved in multiple macaques infected with SHIV 89.6P displayed a range of degrees of virion-associated Env cleavage. Pseudoviruses with higher amount of cleaved Env were more sensitive to neutralization by 2G12, as they contained peripheral glycan N386, not present in the wildtype 89.6P.
Blay2007
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Carbohydrate-binding agents, including 2G12, are reviewed regarding to their antiviral activity, resistance development, and their potential use as therapeutic agents.
Balzarini2007
(review)
-
2G12: Increased neutralization sensitivity was observed for (R5)X4 viruses from timepoints both early and late after emergence of X4 compared to their coexisting R5 variants in one patient, and only for the early (R5)X4 viruses in another patient. In a third patient, in contrast, late (R5)X4 viruses were found to be significantly more resistant to 2G12 neutralization than their coexisting R5 variants.
Bunnik2007
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
2G12: Neutralization sensitivity of maternal and infant viruses to 2G12 close to transmission timepoint was shown to be poor. Even the viruses from one mother, that were shown to be sensitive to maternal Abs and pooled plasma, were not neutralized by 2G12, indicating that Abs in plasma are not directed to this Ab epitope.
Rainwater2007
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: 2G12-neutralized HIV-1 captured on Raji-DC-SIGN cells or immature monocyte-derived DCs (iMDDCs) was successfully transferred to CD4+ T lymphocytes, indicating that the 2G12-HIV-1 complex was disassembled upon capture by DC-SIGN-cells.
vanMontfort2007
(neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: Synthetic monomeric D1 arm oligosaccharide, corresponding to the D1 arm of Man9 which has a high affinity to 2G12, and its fluorinated derivative interacted with 2G12 only weakly. However, when four units of synthetic D1 arm tetrasaccharide were introduced to a cyclic decapeptide template, it showed high affinity to 2G12. Introduction of two T-helper epitopes onto the template did not affect 2G12 binding, indicating that the construct could be used as a new type of immunogen for raising carbohydrate-specific neutralizing Abs against HIV.
Wang2007b
(mimotopes, vaccine antigen design, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Infusion of a MAb cocktail (4E10, 2G12 and 2F5) into HIV-1 infected subjects was shown to be associated with increased levels of serum anti-cardiolipin and anti-phosphatidylserine Ab titers, and increased coagulation times. In the absence or in the presence of adult and neonate plasma, 2G12 did not bind to either phosphatidylserine nor to cardiolipin, and did not induce significant prolongations of clotting times in human plasma, indicating that infusion of 2G12 was not responsible for autoreactivity and prolonged clotting times.
Vcelar2007
(antibody interactions, autoantibody or autoimmunity, binding affinity, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: The major infectivity and neutralization differences between a PBMC-derived HIV-1 W61D strain and its T-cell line adapted counterpart were conferred by the interactions of three Env amino acid substitutions, E440G, D457G and H564N. Chimeric Env-pseudotyped virus Ch5, containing all three of the mutations, was equally neutralization sensitive to 2G12 as Ch2, which did not contain any of these mutations.
Beddows2005a
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Four primary isolates (PIs), Bx08, Bx17, 11105C and Kon, were tested for binding and neutralization by 2G12. 2G12 was only able to neutralize Bx08, but bound well to both Bx08 and Bx17 and less well to 11105C and Kon. There was no direct correlation between binding and neutralization of the four PIs by 2G12. CD4-induced gp120 shedding resulted in a decrease of 2G12 binding to Bx08. Presence of gp160 depleted of the principal immunodominant domain (PID) significantly decreased capture of Bx17 and Kon by 2G12. Presence of both gp160ΔPID and PID slightly improved the inhibition of virus capture compared to PID peptide alone, revealing an additive effect.
Burrer2005
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A panel of 60 HIV-1 isolates, with complete genome sequences available, was formed for neutralization assay standardization. It comprises of 10 isolates from each of the subtypes A, B, C, D, CRF01_AE and CRF02AG, with majority of the viruses being of R5 phenotype and few of X4 phenotype. Neutralization profile of each isolate was assessed by measuring neutralization by sCD4, a cocktail of MAbs including 2G12, 2F5 and IgG1b12, and a large pool of sera collected from HIV-1 positive patients. The MAb cocktail neutralized with >50% a large portion of the isolates (51/60) including: 10 subtype A isolates, 8 subtype B isolates, 8 subtype C isolates, 9 subtype D isolates, 7 CRF-01_AE isolates, and 9 CRF_02AG isolates.
Brown2005a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The unique structure of the 2G12 MAb, and the reasons for its unique ability to recognize oligomannose chains on the silent face of the gp120, are reviewed. Engineering of Abs based on revealed structures of broadly neutralizing MAbs is discussed.
Burton2005
(antibody binding site, review, structure)
-
2G12: SFV-gp140(-GCN4) was constructed for analysis of its immunogenic properties in animal models. Both gp120 and gp140(-GCN4) secreted from rSFV-infected cells were recognized by 2G12, suggesting that the proteins retained their native folding.
Forsell2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Monomeric gp120 and trimeric gp140CF proteins synthesized from an artificial group M consensus Env gene (CON6) bound efficiently to 2G12, indicating correct exposure of the 2G12 epitope. A mix of 2G12, 2F5 and b12 MAbs (TriMab2) was used for neutralization assessment of some subtype B isolates, but showed no significant neutralization.
Gao2005a
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: 2G12 neutralized viral isolates HXBc2, SF162, 89.6 and BaL. ADA isolate was poorly neutralized and the YU2 isolate was not neutralized. Neutralization was concentration dependent, as higher MAb concentration resulted in higher % of neutralization. The exception was the YU2 isolate, where higher concentration of 2G12 resulted in enhancement of viral infection.
Grundner2005
(enhancing activity, neutralization)
-
2G12: 2G12 bound with a higher maximal mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) to Env protein on the surface of cells producing gp140Δct-pseudotyped neutralization resistant 3.2P strain, than to the Env of pseudotyped neutralization sensitive HXBc2. Neutralization assays with the pseudotyped viruses showed that 2G12 neutralized both viruses with same potency. Furin co-transfection did not have an effect on the reactivity of pseudoviruses with 2G12 or on their neutralization sensitivity. Presence or absence of sialic acid residues did not affect Env reactivity with 2G12.
Herrera2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Why broadly neutralizing Abs, such as 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, are extremely rare, and their protective abilities and potential role in immunotherapy are discussed.
Julg2005
(neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: Point mutations in the highly conserved structural motif LLP-2 within the intracytoplasmic tail of gp41 resulted in conformational alternations of both gp41 and gp120. The alternations did not affect virus CD4 binding, coreceptor binding site exposure, or infectivity of the virus, but did result in increased relative neutralization resistance of the LLP-2 mutant virus to 2G12, compared with wildtype virus. The increased neutralization resistance of LLP-2 virus was associated with decreased 2G12 binding to its epitope.
Kalia2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A series of genetically modified Env proteins were generated and expressed in both insect and animal cells to be monitored for their antigenic characteristics. For 2G12, two of the modified proteins expressed in insect cells, dV1V2 mutant (V1V2 deletions) followed by the dV2 mutant, showed higher binding to the Ab than the wildtype Env did, indicating that V1V2 deletion exposes epitopes against 2G12 better than other proteins. Unlike for most of the other MAbs, 3G mutant (mutations in 3 glycosylation sites) did not show a higher binding affinity to 2G12. When expressed in animal cells, only dV2 mutant resulted in higher binding to 2G12, while all other modified proteins showed lower binding compared to the wildtype.
Kang2005
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Full-length gp160 clones were derived from acute and early human HIV-1 infections and used as env-pseudotyped viruses in neutralization assays for their characterization as neutralization reference agents. 12 out of 19 pseudoviruses were neutralized by 2G12, as were SF162.LS and IIIB strains but not the MN strain. Resistance to 2G12 was generally associated with lack of N-glycosylation sites, except in one case, where the clone was resistant to neutralization in spite of presence N-glycosylation sites. Two clones lacked N-glycosylation at residues 339 and 386, but remained sensitive to 2G12. A mixture of IgG1b12, 2F5 and 2G12 (TriMab) exhibited potent neutralizing activity against all Env-pseudotyped viruses except one. 7 out of 12 Env-pseudotyped viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 than their uncloned parental PBMC-grown viruses.
Li2005a
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: Pseudoviruses expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from BL01, BR07 and 89.6 strains were compared in neutralization assays to replication competent clone derived from transfection of 293T cells (IMC-293T) and to the IMC-293T derived from a single passage through PBMC (IMC-PBMC). The neutralization responses of pseudoviruses and corresponding IMC-293T to 2G12 were similar, while a significant decrease in viral neutralization sensitivity to 2G12 was observed for all three IMC-PBMC viruses. The decrease was associated with an increase in average virion envelope glycoprotein content on the PBMC-derived virus.
Louder2005
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: 2G12 was used as isolating template for screening of a phage library in order to develop mimotopes that target carbohydrate antigens of gp120. Specific binding of 2G12 to three phages expressing peptides was observed, however, 2G12 did not bind to the peptides themselves.
Pashov2005a
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: 2G12 neutralized JR-FL, but not YU2 HIV-1 strain. 2G12 and other neutralizing mAbs recognized JR-FL cleavage-competent and cleavage-defective env glycoproteins, while non-neutralizing Abs only recognized JR-FL cleavage-defective glycoproteins. It is suggested that an inefficient env glycoprotein precursor cleavage exposes non-neutralizing determinants, while only neutralizing regions remain accessible on efficiently cleaved spikes. For YU2, both cleavage-competent and -defective glycoproteins were recognized by both neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs.
Pancera2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A short review of 2F5 and 4E10 interaction with autoantigens, epitope accessibility, structure, neutralizing capability, and the reasons for their infrequent appearance in nature. Immunotherapy and escape to 2G12 is also discussed.
Nabel2005
(escape, immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: Viruses containing substitutions at either L568 or K574 of the gp41 hydrophobic pocket were resistant to D5-IgG1 but were as sensitive to 2G12 as the wildtype virus.
Miller2005
-
2G12: This short review summarizes recent findings of the role of neutralizing Abs in controlling HIV-1 infection. Certain neutralizing MAbs and their potential role in immunotherapy and vaccination, as well as the reasons for their poor immunogenicity, are discussed.
Montefiori2005
(antibody binding site, therapeutic vaccine, escape, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Virions containing a single point mutation Y706C in gp41 had a 10-fold increase in binding to 2G12 compared to wildtype. This, together with the same p24 supernatant levels after transfection with wildtype and mutant virus, indicated that the mutant virions contained more envelope on a per-particle basis.
Poon2005
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Escape mutations in HR1 of gp41 that confer resistance to Enfuvirtide reduced infection and fusion efficiency and also delayed fusion kinetics of HIV-1. They also conferred increased neutralization sensitivity to a subset of neutralizing MAbs that target fusion intermediates or with epitopes exposed following receptor interactions. Enhanced neutralization correlated with reduced fusion kinetics. None of the mutations had a significant effect on 2G12 neutralization of virus.
Reeves2005
(antibody binding site, drug resistance, neutralization, escape, HAART, ART)
-
2G12: There was no difference found in the neutralization sensitivity of viruses isolated from acutely and from chronically infected HIV-1 patients to this Ab, suggesting that the glycosylation sites manifesting the epitope of 2G12 are well conserved throughout the course of infection.
Rusert2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
2G12: This review summarizes data on the role of NAb in HIV-1 infection and the mechanisms of Ab protection, data on challenges and strategies to design better immunogens that may induce protective Ab responses, and data on structure and importance of MAb epitopes targeted for immune intervention. The importance of standardized assays and standardized virus panels in neutralization and vaccine studies is also discussed.
Srivastava2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, immunotherapy, review, structure)
-
2G12: Six acutely and eight chronically infected patients were passively immunized with a mix of 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 neutralizing Abs during treatment interruption. Two chronically and four acutely infected individuals showed evidence of a delay in viral rebound during Ab treatment suggesting that NAbs can contain viremia in HIV-1 infected individuals. All subjects with virus sensitive to 2G12 developed Ab escape mutants resulting in loss of viremia and failure to treatment. In several cases resistance to 2G12 emerged rapidly. Plasma levels of 2G12 were substantially higher than those of 2F5 and 4E10, and the 2G12 levels exceeded the in vitro required 90% inhibitory doses by two orders of magnitude in subjects that responded to Ab treatment. This suggested that high levels of NAbs are required for inhibition in vivo.
Trkola2005
(neutralization, acute/early infection, escape, immunotherapy, early treatment, HAART, ART, supervised treatment interruptions (STI))
-
2G12: Ab neutralization of viruses with mixtures of neutralization-sensitive and neutralization-resistant envelope glycoproteins was measured. It was concluded that binding of a single Ab molecule is sufficient to inactivate function of an HIV-1 glycoprotein trimer. The inhibitory effect of the Ab was similar for neutralization-resistant and -sensitive viruses indicating that the major determinant of neutralization potency of an Ab is the efficiency with which it binds to the trimer. It was also indicated that each functional trimer on the virus surface supports HIV-1 entry independently, meaning that every trimer on the viral surface must be bound by an Ab for neutralization of the virus to be achieved.
Yang2005b
(neutralization)
-
2G12: A substantial fraction of soluble envelope glycoprotein trimers contained inter-subunit disulfide bonds. Reduction of these disulfide bonds had little effect on binding of the 2G12 to the glycoprotein, indicating that the inter-S-S bonds had no impact on the exposure of 2G12 epitope.
Yuan2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: This review focuses on the importance of neutralizing Abs in protecting against HIV-1 infection, including mechanisms of Ab interference with the viral lifecycle, Ab responses elicited during natural HIV infection, and use of monoclonal and polyclonal Abs in passive immunization. In addition, vaccine design strategies for eliciting of protective broadly neutralizing Abs are discussed. MAbs included in this review are: 2F5, Clone 3 (CL3), 4E10, Z13, IgG1b12, 2G12, m14, 447-52D, 17b, X5, m16, 47e, 412d, E51, CM51, F105, F425, 19b, 2182, DO142-10, 697-D, 448D, 15e and Cβ1.
McCann2005
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity, immunotherapy, review, structure)
-
2G12: 2G12 was investigated in different neutralization formats, including the standard format that measures activity over the entire infection period and several formats that emphasize various stages of infection. The activity of 2G12 was induced in the post-CD4 format and was less pronounced in the standard format. 2G12 did not neutralize after CD4/CCR5 engagement. HIV-1+ human plasma mediated high-levels of post-CD4 neutralization indicating presence of b12 and 2G12 -like Abs.
Crooks2005
(antibody binding site, assay or method development, neutralization)
-
2G12: This review summarizes data on the polyspecific reactivities to host antigens by the broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. It also hypothesizes that some broadly reactive Abs might not be routinely made because they are derived from B cell populations that frequently make polyspecific Abs and are thus subjected to B cell negative selection.
Haynes2005a
(antibody interactions, review)
-
2G12: This review summarizes data that indicate that the V3 region of HIV-1 may be an epitope to target for the induction of protective Abs. Data shows that the V3 region can induce broadly-reactive, cross-neutralizing Abs, that it is partially exposed during various stages of the infectious process, and that it is immunogenic. 2G12 is the only highly neutralizing MAb targeting the carbohydrate region of gp120, suggesting that this region does not induce protective Abs. The carbohydrate epitope is poorly immunogenic and 2G12 has an aberrant structure probably extremely rare in the human Ab repertoire.
Zolla-Pazner2005
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
2G12: In addition to gp120-gp41 trimers, HIV-1 particles were shown to bear nonfunctional gp120-gp41 monomers and gp120-depleted gp41 stumps on their surface. 2G12 effectively neutralized wildype virus particles. 2G12 was found to bind to both nonfunctional monomers and to gp120-gp41 trimers. Binding of 2G12 to trimers correlated with its neutralization of wildtype virus particles. Monomer binding did not correlate with neutralization, but it did correlate with virus capture. It is hypothesized that the nonfunctional monomers on the HIV-1 surface serve to divert the Ab response, helping the virus to avoid neutralization.
Moore2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: A carbohydrate mimetic peptide with central motif versions RYRY and YPYRY was shown to precipitate human IgG Ab that bind to gp120 and to immunoprecipitate gp120 from transfected cells. 2G12 showed significant binding only to the PYPY motif version of the peptide.
Pashov2006
(mimotopes)
-
Macaques were immunized with SF162gp140, ΔV2gp140, ΔV2ΔV3gp140 and ΔV3gp140 constructs and their antibody responses were compared to the broadly reactive NAb responses in a macaque infected with SHIV SF162P4, and with pooled sera from humans infected with heterologous HIV-1 isolates (HIVIG). 2G12 recognized all four gp140 proteins equally. Low titers of Abs capable of blocking the binding of 2G12 were present in the sera from the SHIV-infected macaque, but were absent in the sera from the gp140-immunized animals.
Derby2006
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Development of neutralizing Abs and changes to Env gp120 were analyzed in SHIV infected macaques during a period of 1 year. 4 macaques showed little viral divergence while the remaining 7 showed significant env divergence from the inoculum, associated with higher titers of homologous NAbs. In five of the 7 divergent animals, the glycosylation site N386, which is a part of the 2G12 epitope, was significantly added. Glycosylation sites N392, on the inner domain of gp120, and N295, on the silent face, also forma a part of the 2G12 epitope, and were found to be highly conserved.
Blay2006
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: 2G12 did not inhibit binding of Fc-gp120 to CD4, however, it inhibited binding of Fc-gp120, and of the virus itself, to the CCR5 coreceptor and to the DC-SIGN. Thus 2G12 probably inhibits HIV-1 by two mechanisms: blocking of gp120-CCR5 and of gp120-DC-SIGN interactions. Pre-incubation of virus with sCD4 did not affect its neutralization by 2G12. This Ab was also shown to effectively inhibit trans-infection of virus from primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) to CD4+ T-cells. Attachment of Fc-gp120 to MDDCs and PBLs was partially inhibited by 2G12, while b12 and sCD4 did not inhibit binding to MDDCs but did inhibit binding to PBLs. The results indicate that Env attachment is mediated through DC-SIGN and other receptors on MDDCs while it is predominantly mediated by CD4 and CCR5 on PBLs.
Binley2006
(antibody binding site, co-receptor, neutralization, binding affinity, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: A fusion protein (FLSC R/T-IgG1) that targets CCR5 was expressed from a synthetic gene linking a single chain gp120-CD4 complex containing an R5 gp120 sequence with the hinge-Ch2-Ch3 portion of human IgG1. The fusion protein did not activate the co-receptor by binding. In cell-line based assays, the FLSC R/T-IgG1 was less potent in neutralizing R5 HIV-1 primary isolates than 2G12, while in PBMC assays they were comparable.
Vu2006
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Env-pseudotyped viruses were constructed from the gp160 envelope genes from seven children infected with subtype C HIV-1. 2G12 failed to neutralize any of the seven viruses, correlating with the absence of crucial N-linked glycans that define 2G12 epitope on these viruses. When this Ab was mixed with IgG1b12 and 2F5, the neutralization was similar as to IgGb12 alone, indicating that the majority of the pool activity was due to IgG1b12. When 4E10 was added to this mix, all isolates were neutralized.
Gray2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, responses in children, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: Pharmacokinetic properties of this Ab were studied in HIV infected patients infused with high doses of 2G12. The Ab did not elicit an endogenous immune response and had distribution and systemic clearance values similar to other Abs. The elimination half-life was measured to 21.8 days, which is significantly longer than the elimination half-life of 4E10 and 2F5.
Joos2006
(kinetics, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Inhibition of 2G12 binding to gp120 by 2G12-like Abs in sera from long-term non-progressors (LTNP) was determined. 2G12-like Abs were present in almost all sera from LTNPs but at a lower levels than b12. Higher 2G12-like Ab levels were significantly associated with the broadest neutralizing activity in sera from LNTPs.
Braibant2006
(enhancing activity, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Neutralization rates and rate constants for the neutralization of clade B primary isolates SF33, SF162 and 89.6 by this Ab were determined. Statistically significant neutralization was not observed for isolate SF162. It was shown that neutralization sensitivity is not associated with neutralization of cell-associated or free virus.
Davis2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, kinetics)
-
2G12: Cloned Envs (clades A, B, C, D, F1, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, CRF06_cpx and CRF11_cpx) derived from donors either with or without broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies were shown to be of comparable susceptibility to neutralization by 2G12.
Cham2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The ability of this Ab to inhibit viral growth was increased when macrophages and immature dendritic cells (iDCs) were used as target cells instead of PHA-stimulated PBMCs. It is suggested that inhibition of HIV replication by this Ab for macrophages and iDCs can occur by two distinct mechanisms, neutralization of infectivity involving only the Fab part of the IgG, and, an IgG-FcγR-dependent interaction leading to endocytosis and degradation of HIV particles.
Holl2006
(neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: Viruses with cleavage-competent 2G12-knockout Env and cleavage-defective Env able to bind 2G12 were constructed. The amount of Env precipitated by 2G12 was same when the two pseudotyped virus variants were mixed as with the wildtype alone, suggesting formation of heterotrimers consisting of both cleavage-competent and defective Envs. The presence of nonfunctional Envs on the surface of infectious virions did not affect the neutralization by 2G12. The neutralization by the CD4-binding agents was also unaffected by 2G12 binding to uncleaved Env indicating that the function of a trimer is unaffected sterically by the binding of an antibody to adjacent trimer.
Herrera2006
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
2G12: Inhibition of R5 HIV replication by monoclonal and polyclonal IgGs and IgAs in iMDDCs was evaluated. The neutralizing activity of 2G12 was higher in iMDDCs than in PHA-stimulated PBMCs. A 90% reduction of HIV infection was observed without induction of MDDC maturation by this MAb. Blockade of FcgammaRII on iMDDCs decreased the anti-HIV activity of 2G12 while increased expression of FcgammaRI increased inhibition of HIV by 2G12, suggesting the involvement of these receptors in the HIV-inhibitory activity of this Ab.
Holl2006a
(neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
2G12: G1 and G2 recombinant gp120 proteins, consisting of 2F5 and 4E10, and 4E10 epitopes, respectively, engrafted into the V1/V2 region of gp120, were tested as an immunogen to see if they could elicit MPER antibody responses. Deletion of V1/V2 from gp120 or its replacement with G1 and G2 grafts, did not greatly affect binding of 2G12 to gp120. Shortening of the N and C termini of the V3 loop nearly abolished binding of 2G12.
Law2007
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: This review describes the effectiveness of the current HIV-1 immunogens in eliciting neutralizing antibody responses to different clades of HIV-1. It also summarizes different evasion and antibody escape mechanisms, as well as the most potent neutralizing MAbs and their properties. MAbs reviewed in this article are: 2G12, IgG1b12, 2F5, 4E10, A32, 447-52D and, briefly, D50. Novel immunogen design strategies are also discussed.
Haynes2006a
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape)
-
2G12: 2G12 was used as a negative control to investigate the relationship of MAb 412d epitope to the CCR5 binding site of gp120. These two MAbs were incubated with soluble CD4 and ADA gp120 in the presence of a peptide shown to block the association of gp120-CD4 with CCR5. As expected, the presence of the peptide did not inhibit precipitation of gp120 by 2G12, since it binds an epitope distinct from the CCR5 binding domain, while it did inhibit the 412d.
Choe2003
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The gp140δCFI protein of CON-S M group consensus protein and gp140CFI and gp140CF proteins of CON6 and WT viruses from HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C were expressed in recombinant vaccinia viruses and tested as immunogens in guinea pigs. 2G12 was shown to bind specifically to all recombinant proteins except for the subtype B gp140δCF and subtype A gp140δCFI. The specific binding of this Ab to CON-S indicated that its conformational epitope was intact. This Ab also bound specifically to the two tested subtype B gp120 proteins.
Liao2006
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Cross-neutralization was limited in this study. 2G12 neutralized subtype A strain UG273 and subtype B strains US2, NL4-3, and IIIB. It did not neutralize subtype C strain ETH2220, subtype D UG270, CRF01 A/E ID12; subtype F BZ163; nor subtype G BCF06. 3 HIV-2 strains and SIVmac 251 were also not neutralized. 2G12 bound to MN and NDK, but did not neutralize them. Neutralization resistance was selected in culture using strains NL43 and IIIB. NL43 escaped via loss of the glycosylation sequon at positions 295-297, IIIB escaped via sequon losses at positions 392-394 and 295-297, or 406-408, as expected from earlier studies defining critical mannose residues for 2G12 binding. The loss of the mannose actually enhanced mannose-specific lectin inhibition of the virus.
Huskens2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Binding of 2G12 to gp120 was not significantly affected by the small molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitor IC9564. IC9564 induces conformational change of gp120 to allow CD4i antibody 17b to bind, but inhibits CD4-induced gp41 conformational changes.
Huang2007
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The neutralizing activity of this antibody for the JR-FL Env variant with the N160K/E160K mutations was measured in comparison with the neutralizing activity of 2909, which was found to be higher.
Honnen2007
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Controlled attachment of Ab-bound HIV to cells was not affected by the presence of this Ab. However, the virus was still efficiently neutralized indicating that binding of 2G12 to the cell-free virus interferes with a step of infection subsequent to cell attachment.
Haim2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics)
-
2G12: This Ab was used to help define the antigenic profile of envelopes used in serum depletion experiments to attempt to define the neutralizing specificities of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing serum. It bound to JR-FL and JR-CSF gp120 monomers and to a lesser extent to core JR-CSF gp120 monomer.
Dhillon2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
2G12: SOSIP Env proteins are modified by the introduction of a disulfide bond between gp120 and gp41 (SOS), and an I559P (IP) substitution in gp41, and form trimers. The KNH1144 subtype A virus formed more stable trimers than did the prototype subtype B SOSIP Env, JRFL. The stability of gp140 trimers was increased for JR-FL and Ba-L SOSIP proteins by substituting the five amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of gp41 with corresponding residues from KNH1144 virus. b12, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10 and CD4-IgG2 all bound similarly to the WT and to the stabilized JRFL SOSIP timers, suggesting that the trimer-stabilizing substitutions do not impair the overall antigenic structure of gp140 trimers.
Dey2007
-
2G12: 15 subtype A HIV-1 envelopes from early in infection were not neutralized by 2G12, likely because of a deletion or shift in one or more of the 5 glycosylation sites associated with 2G12 recognition. SF162 was neutralized as expected.
Blish2007
(neutralization, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: This Ab was found to be able to bind to a highly stable trimeric rgp140 derived from a HIV-1 subtype D isolate containing intermonomer V3-derived disulfide bonds and lacking gp120/gp41 cleavage.
Billington2007
-
2G12: Yeast display was compared to phage display and shown to select all the scFv identified by phage display and additional novel antibodies. Biotinylated C11 and 2G12 were used to minimize selection of non-gp120 specific clones from the yeast displayed antibody library; these MAbs were used as they have unique epitopes with limited overlap with most known epitopes.
Bowley2007
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: Four consensus B Env constructs: full length gp160, uncleaved gp160, truncated gp145, and N-linked glycosylation-site deleted (gp160-201N/S) were compared. All were packaged into virions, and all but the fusion defective uncleaved version mediated infection using the CCR5 co-receptor. Primary isolate Envs were completely resistant or just somewhat sensitive to neutralization by 2G12 while the consensus B constructs were sensitive. Thus the 2G12 epitope is present on the consensus B Env glycoprotein and was not influenced by the Env modifications in this study.
Kothe2007
(vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Newborn macaques were challenged orally with the highly pathogenic SHIV89.6P and then treated intravenously with a combination of IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 one and 12 hours post-virus exposure. All control animals became highly viremic and developed AIDS. In the group treated with mAbs 1 hour post-virus exposure, 3/4 animals were protected from persistent systemic infection and one was protected from disease. In the group treated with mAbs 12 hour post-virus exposure, one animal was protected from persistent systemic infection and disease was prevented or delayed in two animals. IgG1b12, 2G12, and 4E10 were also given 24 hours after exposure in a separate study; 4/4 treated animals become viremic, but with delayed and lower peak viremia relative to controls. 3/4 treated animals did not get AIDS during the follow up period, and 1 showed a delayed progression to AIDS , while the 4 untreated animals died of AIDS. Thus the success of passive immunization with NAbs depends on the time window between virus exposure and the start of immunoprophylaxis.
Ferrantelli2007
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: Antigens were designed to attempt to target immune responses toward the IgG1b12 epitope, while minimizing antibody responses to less desirable epitopes. One construct had a series of substitutions near the CD4 binding site (GDMR), the other had 7 additional glycans (mCHO). The 2 constructs did not elicit b12-like neutralizing antibodies, but both antigens successfully dampened other responses that were intended to be dampened while not obscuring b12 binding. 2G12 had diminished binding to both antigen constructs.
Selvarajah2005
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
2G12: Concanavalin A (ConA) binds to mannose and blocks 2G12 binding, but 2G12 does not block ConA binding. ConA binding is less sensitive to mutations in glycosylation sites than 2G12. Furthermore, ConA neutralizes HIV-1 at a post-CD4 binding step. Thus, this report indicates that designing antigens based on the HIV-1 mannose residues that bind ConA may be an effective vaccine strategy, as antibodies elicited might be broadly cross-reactive.
Pashov2005
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Passive immunization of 8 HIV-1 infected patients with 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12 (day 0, 4E10; days 7, 14 and 21 4E10+2G12+2F5; virus isolated on days 0 and 77) resulted in 0/8 patients with virus that escaped all three NAbs. Three patients had viruses that escaped 2G12, and two of these were sequenced. Each had lost two of the glycosylation sites required for 2G12 binding (one had 295 N->D and 332 N->T changes, the other had 295 N->T and 392 N->T changes). In a companion in vitro study, resistance to a single MAb emerged in 3-22 weeks, but triple combination resistance was slower and characterized by decreased viral fitness. In contrast to the in vivo escape study, only one N was lost in the in vitro experiments, a 386 N->K change in a triple resistant mutant. The lack of resistance to the combination of MAbs in vivo and the reduced fitness of the escape mutants selected in vitro suggests passive immunotherapy may be of value in HIV infection.
Nakowitsch2005
(escape, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Nine anti-gp41 bivalent Fabs that interacted with either or both of the six-helix bundle and the internal coiled-coil of N-helices of gp41 were selected from a non-immune human phage display library. The IC50 the range for the inhibition of LAV ENV-mediated cell-fusion was 6-61 ug/ml -- for context, 2F5 and 2G12 (IC50s of 0.5-1.5 ug/ml) were about an order of magnitude more potent in this assay than the best Fabs generated here.
Louis2005
(neutralization)
-
2G12: Retrovirus inactivation for vaccine antigen delivery was explored through lipid modification by hydrophobic photoinduced alkylating probe 1.5 iodonaphthylazide (INA). The viral proteins were shown to be structurally intact in the treated non-infectious virus, through the preservation of antibody binding sites for polyclonal anti-gp120 serum, and for broadly neutralizing MAbs 2G12, b12 and 4E10, although the modifications of the lipid disabled viral infection.
Raviv2005
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: This study is about the V2 MAb C108g, that is type-specific and neutralizes BaL and HXB2. JR-FL is a neutralization resistant strain; modification of JRFL at V2 positions 167 and 168 (GK->DE) created a C108g epitope, and C108g could potently neutralize the modified JR-FL. The modification in V2 also increased neutralization sensitivity to V3 MABs 4117c, 2219, 2191, and 447-52D, but only had minor effects on neutralization by CD4BS MAb 5145A, and broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5.
Pinter2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The HIV-1 Bori-15 variant was adapted from the Bori isolate for replication in microglial cells. Bori-15 had increased replication in microglial cells and a robust syncytium-forming phenotype, ability to use low levels of CD4 for infection, and increased sensitivity to neutralization by sCD4 and 17b. Four amino acid changes in gp120 V1-V2 were responsible for this change. Protein functionality and integrity of soluble, monomeric gp120-molecules derived from parental HIV-1 Bori and microglia-adapted HIV-1 Bori-15 was assessed in ELISA binding assays using CD4BS MAbs F105 and IgG1b12, glycan-specific 2G12, and V3-specific 447-52D, and were unchanged. Association rates of sCD4 and 17b were not changed, but dissociation rates were 3-fold slower for sCD4 and 14-fold slower for 17b.
Martin-Garcia2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Sera from subtype A infected individuals from Cameroon have antibodies that react strongly with subtype A and subtype B V3 loops in fusion proteins, and neutralize SF162 pseudotypes, while sera from 47 subtype B infected individuals reacted only with subtype B V3s. Sera from Cameroon did not neutralize primary A or B isolates, due to indirect masking by the V1/V2 domain rather than due to loss of the target epitope. Neutralization by Cameroonian sera MAbs was blocked by Clade A and B V3 loop fusion proteins, while NAbs to non-V3 epitopes, 2F5, 2G12, and b12, were not blocked.
Krachmarov2005
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Of 35 Env-specific MAbs tested, only 2F5, 4E10, IgG1b12, and two CD4BS adjacent MAbs (A32 and 1.4G) and gp41 MAbs (2.2B and KU32) had binding patterns suggesting polyspecific autoreactivity, and similar reactivities may be difficult to induce with vaccines because of elimination of such autoreactivity. Unlike the other three broadly neutralizing human anti-HIV-1 MAbs, 2G12 has no indication of polyspecific autoreactivity.
Haynes2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: 2909 is a human anti-Env NAb that was selected by a neutralization assay and binds to the quaternary structure on the intact virion. ELISA-based competition assays and subsequent mutational analysis determined that the CD4BS and V2 and V3 loops contribute to the 2909 epitope: 2909 binding was inhibited by MAbs 447-52d (anti-V3), 830A (anti-V2), and IgG1b12 (anti-CD4BS) and sCD4. 2909 was not inhibited by MAbs 670, 1418, nor 2G12; in fact, 2G12 enhanced 2909 binding.
Gorny2005
-
2G12: Precise characterization of 2G12 binding to carbohydrate was undertaken; the 2G12 Fab was co-crystallized with four oligomannose derivatives, Man4, Man5, Man7 and Man8. 2G12 recognizes the terminal Manα1-2Man both in the context of the D1 arm (Manα1-2Manα1-2Man) and D3 arm (Manα1-2Manα1-6Man) of the Man9GlcNAc2 moiety, but not the D2 arm. This gives the 2G12 more binding flexibility than previously thought, as only the D1 arm binding had been shown previously.
Calarese2005
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
2G12: The lack of glycosylation sites at residues Asn 295 and Thy 394 within C-clade gp120s generally causes the loss of 2G12 recognition. Introduction of glycans in the subtype C strain HIV-1CN54 at these positions restored 2G12 binding, and addition of just a single glycan partially restored binding (V295N + A394T >> V295N > A395T). 2G12 epitope recovery decreased b12 binding.
Chen2005
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: By adding N-linked glycosylation sites to gp120, epitope masking of non-neutralizing epitopes can be achieved leaving the IgG1b12 binding site intact. This concept was originally tested with the addition of four glycosylation sites, but binding to b12 was reduced. It was modified here to exclude the C1 N-terminal region, and to include only three additional glycosylation sites. This modified protein retains full b12 binding affinity and it binds to the neutralizing MAb 2G12. It masks other potentially competing epitopes, and does not bind to 21 other MAbs to 7 epitopes on gp120.
Pantophlet2004
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Infusions of 2F5 and 2G12 intravenously administered 24h prior to vaginal SHIV-89.P challenge are able to protect macaques from infections. Animals that receive a IL-2 adjuvanted DNA immunization SIV Gag and HIV Env have T-cell responses and lower viral loads, but were not protected. Suboptimal levels of 2F5 and 2G12 were not able to confer sterile protection in combination with the T-cell responses stimulated by DNA immunizations.
Mascola2003
-
2G12: Nabs against HIV-1 M group isolates were tested for their ability to neutralize 6 randomly selected HIV-1 O group strains. 2G12 did not neutralize O group strains, although it was included in a quadruple combination of b12, 2F5, 2G12, and 4E10, that neutralized the six Group O viruses between 62-97%.
Ferrantelli2004a
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Neonatal rhesus macaques were exposed orally to a pathogenic SHIV, 89.6P. 4/8 were given an intramuscular, passive immunization consisting of NAbs 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10, each given at a different body sites at 40 mg/kg per Ab, at one hour and again at 8 days after exposure to 89.6P. The four animals that were untreated all died with a mean survival time of 5.5 weeks, the four animals that got the NAb combination were protected from infection. This model suggests Abs may be protective against mother-to-infant transmission of HIV.
Ferrantelli2004
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: 93 viruses from different clades were tested for their neutralization cross-reactivity using a panel of HIV antibodies. 2G12 primarily neutralized B clade viruses with sporadic neutralization of A, D, and two AC recombinants, and no C or CRF01 (E) isolates. Envelopes from subtypes C and E have generally lost critical glycans for 2G12 binding.
Binley2004
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Env sequences were derived from 4 men at primary infection and four years later; the antigenicity in terms of the ability to bind to 2G12, 2F5 and IgG1b12 was determined. 2G12 bound primarily to late clones in 3 of the 4 patients, and to both early and late in the other patient. Neither 2F5 nor IgG1b12 showed a difference in binding affinity to early or late envelopes. The number of glycosylation sites increased in the three patients. The ability to bind to 2G12 correlated perfectly with having all three sites known to be important for binding: N295 in C2, N332 in C3, and N392 in the V4 loop.
Dacheux2004
(antibody binding site, acute/early infection, kinetics)
-
2G12: Crystal structure analysis of Fab 2G12 alone or complexed with Manα1-2Man or Man9GlcNac2 demonstrates that the exchange of VH domains forms stable dimers for gp120 binding. Two Fabs assemble in an interlocked VH domain swapped dimer, providing an extended surface for multivalent interaction with the cluster of oligomannose on gp120, allowing high-affinity recognition of repeated epitopes in the carbohydrate structure. Ala substitutions of the 2G12 VH/VH' interface residues Ile H19, Arg H57, Phe H77, Tyr H80, Val H84 and Pro H113 result in the loss of 2G12-gp120 JR-FL binding.
Calarese2003
(antibody binding site, antibody sequence, structure)
-
2G12: Synthetic mannose Man9 clusters arranged on a scaffold were used to mimic the epitope of 2G12. Bi-, tri, and tetra-valent clusters had a 7-, 22-, and 73-fold higher affinities for 2G12 than the monomers, suggesting that 2G12 binds best to multiple carbohydrate moieties. 2G12 bound larger mannose oligosaccharides with higher affinity: Ma9GlcNAc bound 210- and 74-fold more effectively that Man6GlcNac and Man5GlcNAc, respectively.
Wang2004
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: This review discusses research presented at the Ghent Workshop of prevention of breast milk transmission and immunoprophylaxis for HIV-1 in pediatrics (Seattle, Oct. 2002), and makes the case for developing passive or active immunoprophylaxis in neonates to prevent mother-to-infant transmission. Macaque studies have shown that passive transfer of NAb combinations (for example, IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10; or 2G12 and 2F5) can confer partial or complete protection to infant macaques from subsequent oral SHIV challenge.
Safrit2004
(immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: A primary isolate, CC1/85, was passaged 19 times in PBMC and gradually acquired increased sensitivity to FAb b12 and sCD4 that was attributed to changes in the V1V2 loop region, in particular the loss of a potential glycosylation site. The affinity for sCD4 was unchanged in the monomer, suggesting that the structural impact of the change was manifested at the level of the trimer. The passaged virus, CCcon19, retained an R5 phenotype and its neutralization susceptibility to other Abs was essentially the same as CC1/85. The IC50 for 2G12 was 1.8 for CC1/85, and was 4.2 for CCcon19, so both the primary and passaged viruses were neutralized.
Pugach2004
(variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
2G12: V1V2 was determined to be the region that conferred the neutralization phenotype differences between two R5-tropic primary HIV-1 isolates, JRFL and SF162. JRFL is resistant to neutralization by many sera and MAbs, while SF162 is sensitive. All MAbs tested, anti-V3, -V2, -CD4BS, and -CD4i, (except the broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2F5, and 2G12, which neutralized both strains), neutralized the SF162 pseudotype but not JRFL, and chimeras that exchanged the V1V2 loops transferred the neutralization phenotype. 2G12 was the only MAb that neutralized JRFL more efficiently than SF162, with a 6-fold lower ND50 for JRFL. 2G12 also had a higher affinity for JRFL.
Pinter2004
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: An antigen panel representing different regions of gp41 was generated, and sera from 23 individuals were screened. 2G12 was a control, binding to gp120 but to none of the gp41 peptides in the experiment.
Opalka2004
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: A set of HIV-1 chimeras that altered V3 net charge and glycosylation patterns in V1V2 and V3, involving inserting V1V2 loops from a late stage primary isolate taken after the R5 to X4 switch, were studied with regard to phenotype, co-receptor usage, and MAb neutralization. The loops were cloned into a HXB2 envelope with a LAI viral backbone. It was observed that the addition of the late-stage isolate V1V2 region and the loss of V3-linked glycosylation site in the context of high positive charge gave an X4 phenotype. R5X4 viruses were more sCD4 and 2G12 neutralization resistant than either R5 or X4, but the opposite pattern was observed for b12. Addition of the late stage V1V2 altered neutralization for both MAbs, but this alteration was reversed with the loss of the V3 glycan.
Nabatov2004
(antibody binding site, co-receptor)
-
2G12: Mice susceptible to MV infection were intraperitoneally immunized with native HIV-1 89.6 env gp160 and gp140 and δV3 HIV-1 89.6 mutants expressed in live attenuated Schwarz measles vector (MV). The gp160ΔV3 construct raised more cross-reactive NAbs to primary isolates. A HIVIG/2F5/2G12 combination was used as a positive control and could neutralize all isolates.
Lorin2004
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: 2G12 was used as a positive control in a study that showed that A32-rgp120 complexes open up the CCR5 co-receptor binding site, but did not induce neutralizing antibodies with greater breadth among B subtype isolates than did uncomplexed rgp120 in vaccinated guinea pigs.
Liao2004
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: A set of oligomeric envelope proteins were made from six primary isolates for potential use as vaccine antigens: 92/UG/037 (clade A), HAN2/2 (clade B), 92/BR25/025 (clade C), 92/UG/021 (clade D), 93/BR/029 (clade F) and MVP5180 (clade O). This was one of a panel of MAbs used to explore folding and exposure of well characterized epitopes. The clade C isolate BR25 is apparently misfolded, as conformation-dependent antibodies did not bind to it. 2G12 bound to clade A, B, D and F HIV-1 primary isolates. Polyclonal sera raised in rabbits against these antigens cross-bound the other antigens, but none of the sera had neutralizing activity.
Jeffs2004
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The peptide 12p1 (RINNIPWSEAMM) inhibits direct binding of YU2 gp120 or Env trimer to CD4, CCR5 and MAb 17b in a concentration-dependent allosteric manner. 12p1 is thought to bind to unbound gp120 near the CD4 binding site, with a 1:1 stoichiometry. 12p1 also inhibited MAb F105 binding; presumably because F105 favors an unactivated conformation, but not MAbs 2G12 or b12. The 1:1 stoichiometry, the fact that the peptide binding site is accessible on the trimer, the non-CD4 like aspect of the binding, and an ability to inhibit viral infection in cell cultures make it a promising lead for therapeutic design.
Biorn2004
-
2G12: This paper is a review of anti-HIV-1 Envelope antibodies. This unique epitope is formed from carbohydrates. The mechanism of MAb neutralization is thought to be steric inhibition of CCR5 binding. 2G12 neutralizes many TCLA strains and about 40% of primary isolates tested.
Gorny2003
(review)
-
2G12: A gp120 molecule was designed to focus the immune response onto the IgG1b12 epitope. Ala substitutions that enhance the binding of IgG1b12 and reduce the binding of non-neutralizing MAbs were combined with additional N-linked glycosylation site sequons inhibiting binding of non-neutralizing MAbs; b12 bound to the mutated gp120. C1 and C5 were also removed, but this compromised b12 binding.
Pantophlet2003b
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: scFv 4KG5 reacts with a conformational epitope. Of a panel of MAbs tested, only NAb b12 enhanced 4KG5 binding to gp120. MAbs to the V2 loop, V3 loop, V3-C4 region, and CD4BS diminished binding, while MAbs directed against C1, CD4i, C5 regions didn't impact 4KG5 binding. These results suggest that the orientation or dynamics of the V1/V2 and V3 loops restricts CD4BS access on the envelope spike, and IgG1b12 can uniquely remain unaffected. 2G12 had no impact on 4KG5 binding.
Zwick2003a
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: The broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 2G12 were class-switched from IgG to IgA and IgM isotypes. Neutralizing potency was increased with valence for 2G12 so the IgM form was most potent, but for 2F5 the IgG form was most potent. Eight primary isolates were tested including two subtype A isolates. The polymeric IgM and IgA Abs, but not the corresponding IgGs, could interfere with HIV-1 entry across a mucosal epithelial layer, although they were limited in a standard neutralization assay. All isotypes could interact with activated human sera, presumably through complement, to inhibit HIV replication.
Wolbank2003
(complement, genital and mucosal immunity, isotype switch, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: The antiviral response to intravenously administered MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 was evaluated in 7 HAART-naïve asymptomatic HIV-1 infected patients during a treatment period of 28 days. MAb therapy reduced plasma HIV RNA in 3/7 patients during the treatment period, and transiently reduced viral load in two more. CD4 counts were up in 3/7 through day 28, and transiently increased in three more. Vigorous complement activation was observed after 48/56 Ab infusions. Virus derived from 2/7 patients could be neutralized by 2G12, and escape from 2G12 was observed in both cases after infusion; one year after the infusion, isolates were again sensitive to 2G12.
Stiegler2002
(complement, variant cross-reactivity, escape, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Env genes derived from uncultured brain biopsy samples from four HIV-1 infected patients with late-stage AIDS were compared to env genes from PBMC samples. Brain isolates did not differ in the total number or positions of N-glycosylation sites, patterns of coreceptor usage, or ability to be recognized by gp160 and gp41 MAbs. 2G12 was the only MAb tested to recognize all blood and brain isolates from all four patients by gp120 immunoprecipitation.
Ohagen2003
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: AC10 is a subject who was given treatment early after infection, and had a viral rebound after cessation of therapy, which then declined to a low level. The polyclonal sera from AC10 could potently neutralize the rebound virus, and NAb escape followed with a neutralizing response against the escape variant and subsequent escape from that response. Viral loads remained low in this subject despite escape. The rebound isolate that was potently neutralized by autologous sera was not particularly neutralization sensitive, as it resisted neutralization by sCD4 and MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5, and was only moderately sensitive to sera from other HIV+ individuals that had high titers of NAbs to TCLA strains.
Montefiori2003
(acute/early infection, escape)
-
2G12: Polyclonal Abs raised against soluble trivalently linked N35CCG-N13 and N34CCG, the internal trimeric core of the coiled-coil ectodomain, inhibit HIV-1 Env-mediated cell fusion at levels comparable to 2G12.
Louis2003
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Thermodynamics of binding to gp120 was measured using isothermal titration calorimetry for sCD4, 17b, b12, 48d, F105, 2G12 and C11 to intact YU2 and the HXBc2 core. The free energy of binding was similar, except for 2G12, which might not have bound well to the carbohydrate additions on the Drosophila expressed core. Enthalpy and entropy changes were divergent, but compensated. Not only CD4 but MAb ligands induced thermodynamic changes in gp120 that were independent of whether the core or the full gp120 protein was used. Non-neutralizing CD4BS and CD4i MAbs (17b, 48d, 1.5e, b6, F105 and F91) had large entropy contributions to free energy (mean: 26.1 kcal/mol) of binding to the gp120 monomer, but the potent CD4BS neutralizing MAb b6 had a much smaller value of 5.7 kcal/mol. The high values suggest surface burial or protein folding an ordering of amino acids. 2G12 had an entropy value of -1.6. These results suggest that while the trimeric Env complex has four surfaces, a non-neutralizing face (occluded on the oligomer), a variable face, a neutralizing face and a silent face (protected by carbohydrate masking), gp120 monomers further protect receptor binding sites by conformational or entropic masking, requiring a large energy handicap for Ab binding not faced by other anti-gp120 Abs.
Kwong2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 were tested for their ability to neutralize two primary HIV-1 clade A isolates (UG/92/031 and UG/92/037) and two primary HIV-1 clade D isolates (UG/92/001 and UG/92/005). 4E10 demonstrated the most potent cross-neutralization activity. Quadruple administration of MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 induced strong synergistic neutralization of 4 clade A isolates (UG/92/031, UG/92/037, RW/92/020 and RW/92/025) as well as 5 clade D isolates (UG/92/001,UG/9/005, /93/086/RUG/94/108, UG/94/114). The authors note this combination of 4 MAbs neutralizes primary HIV A, B, C, and D isolates.
Kitabwalla2003
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis, variant cross-reactivity, mother-to-infant transmission, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: This paper shows that binding of CD4BS MAbs to Env blocks the conformational shift that allows co-receptor CCR5 binding and CD4-independent mediated cell fusion. CD4BS MAbs IgG1b12, F91 and F105 and their Fab counterparts (except for C11, used as a negative control) inhibited CD4-independent JR-FL and YU-2 gp120-CCR5 binding to CCR5-expressing Cf2Th cells and syncytium formation. The carbohydrated binding MAb 2G12 also inhibited CD4-independent syncytium formation.
Raja2003
(co-receptor)
-
2G12: To begin to design vaccine antigens that can mimic the carbohydrate structure, the gp120 peptide 336-342 was synthesized with Man(9), Man(6), and Man(5) moieties attached.
Singh2003
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Review of current neutralizing antibody-based HIV vaccine candidates and strategies of vaccine design. Strategies for targeting of the epitopes for NAbs 2F5, 2G12, 4E10, b12, and Z13 are described. They have shown that both N-glycans, at 295N and 332N are required for 2G12 binding, emphasizing the oligosaccharide cluster nature of the epitope, and suggest the uniqueness of the target structure may not result in autoimmune reactions.
Wang2003
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
2G12: Most plasma samples of patients from early infection had NAb responses to early autologous viruses, and NAbs against heterologous strains tended to be delayed. Serial plasma samples were tested against serial isolates, and neutralization escape was shown to be rapid and continuous throughout infection. Autologous neutralization-susceptible and resistant viruses from four patients were tested for susceptibility to neutralizing Ab responses using MAbs 2G12, IgG1b12 and 2F5. No correlation was established, all viruses tested were susceptible to at least one of the neutralizing MAbs. Two patients that did not have an autologous NAb response also did not evolve changes in susceptibility to these MAbs, while one patient with a pattern of autologous neutralization and escape acquired a 2G12 sensitive virus at month 6, and lost IgG1b12 sensitivity at month 21.
Richman2003
(autologous responses, acute/early infection, escape)
-
2G12: This review discusses the importance and function of protective antibody responses in animal model studies in the context of effective vaccine development. SHIV models have shown protection using high levels of MAbs can prevent infection, and partial protection that can influence disease course can be obtained from modest levels of NAbs. SHIV challenges studies conducted with infusions of combinations of MAbs b12, 2G12, and 2F5 are reviewed.
Mascola2003a
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2G12: This study investigates the effects of glycosylation inhibitors on the binding between HIV-1 gp120 and mannose-binding lectin (MBL). Mannosidase I inhibitor deoxymannojirimycin (dMM) inhibits formation of complex and hybrid N-linked saccharides and yields virus with more mannose residues. dMM added during viral production significantly enhanced the binding 2F5 and 2G12, but not IgG1b12 in a viral capture assay.
Hart2003
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: UK1-br and MACS2-br are R5 isolates derived from brain tissue samples from AIDS patients with dementia and HIV-1 encephalitis; both are neurotropic, but only UK1-br induced neuronal apoptosis and high levels of syncytium formation in macrophages. UK1-br Env had a greater affinity for CCR5 than MACS-br, and required low levels of CCR5 and CD4 for cell-to-cell fusion and single round infection. PBMC infected with UK1-br and MACS2-br virus isolates were resistant to neutralization by MAb 2G12. UK1-br was more sensitive than MACS2-br to IgG1b12, 2F5 and CD4-IgG2 neutralization.
Gorry2002
(brain/CSF, co-receptor)
-
2G12: Four newborn macaques were challenged with pathogenic SHIV 89.6 and given post exposure prophylaxis using a combination of NAbs 2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and IgG1b12. 2/4 treated animals did not show signs of infection, and 2/4 macaques maintained normal CD4+ T cell counts and had a lower delayed peak viremia compared to the controls.
Ferrantelli2003
(immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: A sCD4-17b single chain chimera was made that can bind to the CD4 binding site, then bind and block co-receptor interaction. This chimeric protein is a very potent neutralizing agent, more potent than IgG1b12, 2G12 or 2F5 against Ba-L infection of CCR5-MAGI cells. It has potential for prophylaxis or therapy.
Dey2003
(co-receptor)
-
2G12:The MAb B4e8 binds to the base of the V3 loop, neutralizes multiple primary isolates and was studied for interaction with other MAbs. B4e8 and 2G12 enhanced each other's binding, and gave synergistic neutralization. B4e8 could neutralize R5X4 virus 92HT593 better than 2G12, while 2G12 was better at neutralizing R5 virus 92US660.
Cavacini2003
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: This study examined Ab interactions, binding and neutralization with a B clade R5 isolate (92US660) and R5X4 isolate (92HT593). Abs generally bound and neutralized the R5X4 isolate better than the R5 isolate. Anti-gp41 MAb F240 did not affect binding of 2G12 to either R5X4 and R5 isolates, and anti-V3 MAb B4a1 increased 2G12 binding to R5X4 virions but not R5. Neutralization with B4al and 2G12 was additive for the R5X4 virus, and was enhanced for the R5 virus.
Cavacini2002
(antibody interactions, co-receptor, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Neutralization assays with rsCD4, MAbs, and serum samples from SHIV-infected macaques and HIV-1 infected individuals were used to characterize the antigenic properties of the env glycoprotein of six primary isolate-like or TCLA SHIV variants. 2G12 neutralized the five SHIV strains tested, HXBc2, KU2, 89.6, 89.6P and KB9, in MT-2 cells.
Crawford1999
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: The SOS mutant envelope protein introduces a covalent disulfide bond between gp120 surface and gp41 transmembrane proteins into the R5 isolate JR-FL by adding cysteines at residues 501 and 605. Pseudovirions bearing this protein bind to CD4 and co-receptor bearing cells, but do not fuse until treatment with a reducing agent, and are arrested prior to fusion after CD4 and co-receptor engagement. 2G12 is able to neutralize both the wildtype and SOS protein comparably, but 2G12 could not neutralize SOS when added post-attachment.
Binley2003
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: IgG1b12 neutralized many South African (5/8) and Malawian (4/8) clade C primary HIV-1 isolates, being more effective than 2F5 which neutralized only two Malawian and no South African isolates. 2G12 did not neutralize any of the 16 isolates.
Bures2002
(subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: SOS-Env is a mutant protein engineered to have a disulfide bond between gp120 and gp41. Cells expressing SOS-Env due not fuse with target cells expressing CD4 and CCR5, although the fusion process proceeds to an intermediate state associated with CD4 and co-receptors, prior to the formation of the six helix bundle that allows fusion.2G12 was used to monitor surface expression of SOS-Env compared to wildtype.
Abrahamyan2003b
(co-receptor, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: 2G12 was used as a positive control to test for a NAb activity in mice intranasally immunized with gp120 or gp140 with IL-12 and Cholera Toxin B.
Albu2003
-
2G12: NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program: 1476.
-
2G12: UK Medical Research council AIDS reagent: ARP3030.
-
2G12: CD4BS MAbs b12 (neutralizing) and 205-42-15, 204-43-1, 205-46-9 (non-neutralizing) all cross-competed for binding to monomeric gp120, indicating the topological proximity of their epitopes, however, the non-neutralizing CD4BS MAbs did not interfere with the neutralization activity of MAb b12 -- 2G12 was used to normalize and as a control in these experiments.
Herrera2003
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Alanine scanning mutagenesis was used to compare substitutions that affected anti-CD4BS NAb b12 -- rec gp120s were engineered to contain combinations of Alanine substitutions that enhanced b12 binding, and while binding of b12 to these gp120 monomers was generally maintained or increased, binding by five non-neutralizing anti-CD4bs MAbs (b3, b6, F105, 15e, and F91) was reduced or completely abolished -- 2G12 binding was largely unperturbed, indicating these proteins were not grossly misfolded.
Pantophlet2003
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Review of NAbs that discusses mechanisms of neutralization, passive transfer of NAbs and protection in animal studies, and vaccine strategies.
Liu2002
(review)
-
2G12: Review of NAbs that notes 2G12 alone or in combination with other MAbs can protect some macaques against SHIV infection, that it has strong ADCC activity, and that it is safe and well tolerated in humans.
Ferrantelli2002
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: A rare mutation in the neutralization sensitive R2-strain in the proximal limb of the V3 region caused Env to become sensitive to neutralization by MAbs directed against the CD4 binding site (CD4BS), CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes, soluble CD4 (sCD4), and HNS2, a broadly neutralizing sera -- 2/12 anti-V3 MAbs tested (19b and 694/98-D) neutralized R2, as did 2/3 anti-CD4BS MAbs (15e and IgG1b12), 2/2 CD4i MAbs (17b and 4.8D), and 2G12 and 2F5 -- thus multiple epitopes on R2 are functional targets for neutralization and the neutralization sensitivity profile of R2 is intermediate between the highly sensitive MN-TCLA strain and the typically resistant MN-primary strain.
Zhang2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Rhesus macaques were better protected from vaginal challenge with SHIV89.6D (MAb 2G12, 2/4; MAbs 2F5/2G12, 2/5; and HIVIG/2F5/2G12, 4/5 infected) than from intravenous challenge (MAb 2G12, 0/3; MAbs 2F5/2G12, 1/3; and HIVIG/2F5/2G12, 3/6 infected)-- the animals that were infected by vaginal challenge after Ab infusion had low or undetectable viral RNA levels and modest CD4 T-cell decline.
Mascola2002
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: HIV-1 gp160deltaCT (cytoplasmic tail-deleted) proteoliposomes (PLs) containing native, trimeric envelope glycoproteins from R5 strains YU2 and JRFL, and X4 strain HXBc2, were made in a physiologic membrane setting as candidate immunogens for HIV vaccines -- 2F5 bound to gp160deltaCT with a reconstituted membrane ten-fold better than the same protein on beads, while such an affinity difference was not seen with F105 and 2G12 -- anti-CD4BS MAbs IgG1b12 and F105, A32 (C1-C4), C11 (C1-C5), and 39F (V3) MAbs bound gp160deltaCT PLs indistinguishably from gp160deltaCT expressed on the cell surface.
Grundner2002
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic domain of X4, R5, and X4R5 viruses forces a conformation that more closely resembles the CD4 bound state of the external Envelope, enhancing binding of CD4i MAbs 17b and 48d and of CD4BS MAbs F105, b12, and in most cases of glycosylation site dependent MAb 2G12 and the anti-gp41 MAb 246D -- in contrast, binding of the anti-V2 MAb 697D and the anti-V3 MAb 694/98D were not affected -- viruses bearing the truncation were more sensitive to neutralization by MAbs 48d, b12, and 2G12 -- the anti-C5 MAb 1331A was used to track levels of cell surface expression of the mutated proteins.
EdwardsBH2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: A modified gp140 (gp140deltaCFI), with C-term mutations intended to mimic a fusion intermediate and stabilize trimer formation, retained antigenic conformational determinants as defined by binding to CD4 and to MAbs 2F5, 2G12, F105, and b12, and enhanced humoral immunity without diminishing the CTL response in mice injected with a DNA vaccine.
Chakrabarti2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Passive immunization of neonate macaques with a combination of F105+2G12+2F5 conferred complete protection against oral challenge with SHIV-vpu+ or -- the combination b12+2G12+2F5 conferred partial protection against SHIV89.6 -- such combinations may be useful for prophylaxis at birth and against milk born transmission -- the synergistic combination of IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 neutralized a collection of HIV clade C primary isolates.
Xu2002
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: Uncleaved soluble gp140 (YU2 strain, R5 primary isolate) can be stabilized in an oligomer by fusion with a C-term trimeric GCN4 motif or using a T4 trimeric motif derived from T4 bacteriophage fibritin -- stabilized oligomer gp140 delta683(-FT) showed strong preferential recognition by NAbs IgG1b12 and 2G12 relative to the gp120 monomer, in contrast to poorly neutralizing MAbs F105, F91, 17b, 48d, and 39F which showed reduced levels of binding, and MAbs C11, A32, and 30D which did not bind the stabilized oligomer.
Yang2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Ab binding characteristics of SOS gp140 were tested using SPR and RIPA -- SOS gp140 is gp120-gp41 bound by a disulfide bond -- NAbs 2G12, 2F5, IgG1b12, CD4 inducible 17b, and 19b bound to SOS gp140 better than uncleaved gp140 (gp140unc) and gp120 -- non-neutralizing MAbs 2.2B (binds to gp41 in gp140unc) and 23A (binds gp120) did not bind SOS gp140 -- 2G12 complexes with SOS gp140 or with gp120 had a very unusual linear structure.
Schulke2002
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Alanine scanning mutagenesis used in conjunction with competition and replacement studies of N-linked carbohydrates and sugars suggest that the 2G12 epitope is formed from mannose residues contributed by the glycans attached to N295 and N332, with the other N-linked carbohydrates in positions N339, N386, and N392 playing a role in maintaining conformation relevant to 2G12 binding -- N295A and N332A mutants showed essentially unchanged anti-CD4BS NAb b12 binding affinities, while N339A, N386A and N392A mutants displayed significantly lowered b12 affinity, presumably due to conformational changes.
Scanlan2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The 2G12 epitope is composed of carbohydrates involving high-mannose and hybrid glycans of residues 295, 332, and 392, with peripheral glycans from 386 and 448 contributing on either flank, and with little direct gp120 protein surface involvement -- these mannose residues are proximal to each other near the chemokine receptor binding surface.
Sanders2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The fusion process was slowed by using a suboptimal temperature (31.5 C) to re-evaluate the potential of Abs targeting fusion intermediates to block HIV entry -- preincubation of E/T cells at 31.5 C enabled polyclonal anti-N-HR Ab and anti-six-helix bundle Abs to inhibit fusion, indicating six-helix bundles form prior to fusion -- the preincubation 31.5 C step did not alter the inhibitory activity of neutralizing Abs anti-gp41 2F5, or anti-gp120 2G12, IG1b12, 48d, and 17b.
GoldingH2002
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: A phase I trial in seven HIV+ individuals was conducted with MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 -- no clinical or laboratory abnormalities were observed throughout the study -- eight infusions were administered over a 4-week period (total dose 14 g) -- the elimination half-life (t1/2) was calculated to be 7.94 (range, 3.46--8.31) days for 2F5 and 16.48 (range, 12.84--24.85) days for 2G12.
Armbruster2002
(kinetics, immunotherapy)
-
2G12: Chloroquine reduces the HIV-1-infectivity of H9 IIIB cells, apparently through altering the conformation of envelope -- there is a reduction of reactivity of 2G12 to its epitope in chloroquine treated cultures.
Savarino2001
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Twenty HIV clade C isolates from five different countries were susceptible to neutralization by anti-clade B MAbs in a synergistic quadruple combination of mAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10.
Xu2001
(antibody interactions, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: A combination of MAbs IgG1b12, 2F5, and 2G12 was given postnatally to four neonates macaques that were then challenged with highly pathogenic SHIV89.6P -- one of the four infants remained uninfected after oral challenge, two infants had no or a delayed CD4(+) T-cell decline.
HofmannLehmann2001
(immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: A panel of 12 MAbs was used to identify those that could neutralize the dual-tropic primary isolate HIV-1 89.6 -- six gave significant neutralization at 2 to 10 ug/ml: 2F5, 50-69, IgG1b12, 447-52D, 2G12, and 670-D six did not have neutralizing activity: 654-D, 4.8D, 450-D, 246-D, 98-6, and 1281 -- no synergy, only additive effects were seen for pairwise combinations of MAbs, and antagonism was noted between gp41 MAbs 50-69 and 98-6, as well as 98-6 and 2F5.
Verrier2001
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: A luciferase-reporter gene-expressing T-cell line was developed to facilitate neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays -- luciferase and p24 antigen neutralization titer end points were found comparable using NAb from sera from HIV+ donors, and MAbs 2F5, 2G12 and IgG1b12.
Spenlehauer2001
(assay or method development)
-
2G12: Neutralizing synergy between MAbs 1b12, 2G12 and 2F5 was studied using surface plasmon resonance to determine the binding kinetics for these three MAbs with respect to monomeric and oligomeric Env protein gp160 IIIB -- the 2G12 epitope is highly accessible on both monomeric and oligomeric Envs, 1b12 is highly accessible on monomers but not oligomers, and 2F5 on neither form -- binding of 2G12 exposes the 2F5 epitope on gp160 oligomers -- 2G12-gp160 oligomer interactions were best fitted to a two state model, with the first complex having a high association constant and fast dissociation, stabilized by conformational changes induced by the binding of a second MAb.
ZederLutz2001
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, kinetics)
-
2G12: Structural aspects of the interaction of neutralizing Abs with HIV-1 Env are reviewed -- Env essentially has three faces, one is largely inaccessible on the native trimer, and two that exposed but have low immunogenicity on primary viruses -- neutralization is suggested to occur by inhibition of the interaction between gp120 and the target cell membrane receptors as a result of steric hindrance and it is noted that the attachment of approximately 70 IgG molecules per virion is required for neutralization, which is equivalent to about one IgG molecule per spike -- the 2G12, 17b and b12 epitopes are discussed in detail -- although it is potently neutralizing, 2G12 does not interfere with CD4 and coreceptor binding, and this Ab specificity is uncommon in sera from HIV-1-infected individuals.
Poignard2001
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2G12: Moore and colleagues review structural aspects of gp120 and how they relate to antigenic domains, and review the data concerning the lack of a clear relationship between genetic subtype and serotype -- an exception exists for human MAb 2G12, which does not recognize CRF01 envelopes because of an unusual additional disulfide bond in the V4 loop region that appears to be unique to the subtype E, CRF01 gp120 protein.
Moore2001
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2G12: SF162DeltaV2 is a virus that has a 30 amino acids deletion in the V2 loop that does not abrogate its infectivity but renders it highly susceptible to neutralization -- when incorporated into a codon-optimized DNA vaccine with a CMV promoter and delivered by gene gun, SF162DeltaV2 gave higher neutralizing Ab titers against SF162 than did SF162 itself, and Abs that cross-neutralized non-homologous primary isolates were obtained only when SF162DeltaV2, but not intact SF162, was used as the immunogen -- Control MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 could neutralize all of the following primary isolates: 91US056(R5), 92US714(R5), 92US660(R5), 92HT593(R5X4), and BZ167(R5X4), while after the first protein boost, the sera from two SF162DeltaV2 immunized macaques could neutralize 91US056(R5), 92US714(R5), 92US660(R5) and ADA(R5), but not 92HT593(R5X4) or 92US657(R5) -- the pattern of cross-recognition shifted after the second boost.
Barnett2001a
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Review of studies in macaques that have shown immune control of pathogenic SHIV viremia, improved clinical outcome, and protection, and the implications of the observations for HIV vaccines.
Mascola2001
(review)
-
2G12: Neutralization synergy between anti-HIV NAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 was studied -- a classic fixed-ratio method was used, as well as a method where one Ab was fixed at a low neutralization titer and the other was varied -- using primary isolates, a two-four fold enhancement of neutralization was observed with MAb pairs, and a ten-fold enhancement with a quadruple Ab combination -- no synergy was observed with any MAb pair in the neutralization of TCLA strain HXB2 -- there was no evidence for cooperativity of binding between b12 and 2G12 to envelope spikes expressed on the cell surface of TCLA or primary isolates.
Zwick2001c
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: SHIV-HXBc2 is a neutralization sensitive non-pathogenic virus, and several in vivo passages through monkey's yielded highly pathogenic SHIV KU-1 -- HXBc2 and the KU-1 clone HXBc2P3.2 differ in 12 amino acids in gp160 -- substitutions in both gp120 and gp41 reduced the ability of sCD4, IgG1b12, F105 and AG1121 to Env achieve saturation and full occupancy, and neutralize KU-1 -- 17b and 2F5 also bound less efficiently to HXBc2P3.2, although 2G12 was able to bind both comparably.
Si2001
-
2G12: Six mutations in MN change the virus from a high-infectivity neutralization resistant phenotype to low-infectivity neutralization sensitive -- V3, CD4BS, and CD4i MAbs are 20-100 fold more efficient at neutralizing the sensitive form -- 2G12 was an exception and could not neutralize MN in either form.
Park2000
-
2G12: To determine the antigenicity of virus killed by thermal and chemical inactivation, retention of conformation-dependent neutralization epitopes was examined, and exposure of CD4BS epitopes was found to be enhanced (MAbs IgG1b12, 205-46-9, and 205-43-1) -- binding to 2G12 and 447-52D epitopes was essentially unaltered -- the 17b CD4i epitope was also exposed.
Grovit-Ferbas2000
(vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: A triple combination of 2F5, F105 and 2G12 effectively neutralized perinatal infection of macaque infants when challenged with SHIV-vpu+ -- the mean plasma half-life was 14.0 +/- 7.9 days, the longest of the three Abs.
Baba2000
(immunoprophylaxis, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
2G12: A mini-review of observations of passive administration of IgG NAbs conferring protection against intervenous or vaginal SHIV challenge, that considers why IgG MAbs might protect against mucosal challenge. Database note: First author "RobertGuroff" is also found as "Robert-Guroff" on annotated papers in this database.
RobertGuroff2000
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
2G12: The MAbs with the broadest neutralizing activity, IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5, all have high affinity for the native trimer, indicating that they were raised in an immune response to the oligomer on the virion surface rather than dissociated subunits -- a disulfide linked gp120-gp41 (SOS gp140) was created by introducing A501C and T605C mutations to mimic the native conformation of Env and explore its potential as an immunogen -- SOS gp140 is recognized by NAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, and CD4-IgG2, and also by anti-V3 MAbs 19b and 83.1 -- SOSgp140 is not recognized by C4 region MAbs that neutralize only TCLA strains, G3-42 and G3-519 -- nor did it bind C11, 23A, and M90, MAbs that bind to gp120 C1 and C5, where it interacts with gp41 -- MAbs that bind CD4 inducible epitopes, 17b and A32 were very strongly induced by CD4 in SOS gp140 -- anti-gp41 MAbs that bind in the region that interacts with gp120, 7B2, 2.2B, T4, T15G1 and 4D4, did not bind to SOSgp140, in contrast to 2F5, which binds to the only gp41 epitope that is well exposed in native gp120-gp41 complexes.
Binley2000
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design)
-
2G12: Because HIV-1 is most often transmitted across mucosal surfaces, the ability of passive transfer of infused HIVIG/2F5/2G12 to protect against mucosal exposure of macaques to pathogenic SHIV 89.6PD was studied -- HIVIG/2F5/2G12 protected 4/5 animals against vaginal challenge, 2F5/2G12 combined protected 2/5 animals, and 2G12 alone protected 2/4 animals -- in contrast, Mascola and co-workers had previously shown single MAbs could not protect against intervenous challenge -- Ab treated animals that got infected through vaginal inoculation had low viral loads and only modest declines in CD4 counts -- the infused Abs were detected in the nasal, vaginal, and oral mucosa.
Mascola2000a
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: Combinations of HIVIG, 2F5, 2G12 were administered in passive-transfer experiments 24 hours prior to challenge with pathogenic SHIV 89.6PD -- 3/6 animals given HIVIG/2F5/2G12 were completely protected, the others had reduced viremia and normal CD4 counts -- 1/3 monkeys given 2F5/2G12 showed transient infection, the other two had reduced viral load -- all monkeys that received HIVIG, 2F5, or 2G12 alone became infected and developed high-level plasma viremia, although animals that got HIVIG or 2G12 had a less profound CD4 T cell decline.
Mascola1999
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Review of the neutralizing Ab response to HIV-1.
Parren1999
(review)
-
2G12: Hu-PBL-SCID mice were infected with HIV-1s JRCSF and SF162 to study the effect of NAbs on an established infection -- no significant differences in the initial rate of decrease in viral load or the plateau levels of viral RNA between the b12 treated and control mice were seen -- in most of the Ab treated mice b12 escape mutants were observed with varying patterns of mutations -- a combination of b12, 2G12 and 2F5 protected 1/3 mice, and an isolate from one of the other two was resistant to neutralization by all three MAbs.
Poignard1999
(antibody interactions, escape)
-
2G12: A Semliki Forest virus (SFV) expression system carrying BX08 Env was used to study the conformation of gp120 Env -- intracytoplasmic gp120 was recognized by the anti-V3 MAbs K24 and F5.5, while gp120 at the plasma membrane was detected only by conformation dependent MAbs 2G12, 670-D and 694/98D and not V3 MAbs -- expression in rat brain also showed that surface expressed Env was recognized only by the conformation-dependent Abs and not by anti-V3 Abs.
Altmeyer1999
-
2G12: rgp120 derived from a R5X4 subtype B virus was used to vaccinate healthy volunteers and the resulting sera were compared with sera from HIV-1 positive subjects and neutralizing MAbs -- 2G12 was able to bind with low affinity to the rgp120 monomer HIV-1 W61D.
Beddows1999
-
2G12: A meeting summary presented results regarding neutralization --MAbs 2G12 and 2F5 tested for their ability to neutralize primary isolate infection of genetically engineered cell lines (cMAGI and others, presented by T. Matthews, A. Trkola, J. Bradac) -- an advantage of such cells lines over PBMCs is that markers (X-Gal) can be added for staining to simplify the assay -- the consensus of the meeting was that these engineered cell lines did not improve the sensitivity of detection of primary isolate neutralization -- D. Burton and J. Mascola presented results concerning passive immunization and protection of hu-PBL-SCID mice and macaques, respectively, and both found combinations of MAbs that were able to achieve 99% neutralization in vitro corresponded to efficacy in vivo.
Montefiori1999
(review)
-
2G12: Infection of dendritic cells cultured from CD14+ blood cells or from cadaveric human skin was blocked by neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, or 2F5 and 2G12 delivered together, but not by control non-neutralizing anti-gp120 MAb 4.8D, indicating that NAbs could interrupt early mucosal transmission events.
Frankel1998
(genital and mucosal immunity)
-
2G12: In a study of the influence of the glycan at position 306 of the V3 loop on MAb recognition, 2G12 was found to neutralize an HIV-BRU mutant virus that lacks the V3 loop glycan and has a mutation at the tip of the loop more efficiently than it neutralizes HIV-BRU.
Schonning1998
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The complete V, J and D(H) domain was sequenced -- unlike non-neutralizing anti-gp41 MAb 3D6, five neutralizing MAbs (2F5, 2G12, 1B1, 1F7, and 3D5) showed extensive somatic mutations giving evidence of persistent antigenic pressure over long periods -- 2G12 D(H) has the best homology to a D(H) segment between D3-22 and D4-23, a region not usually considered for heavy-chain rearrangement because it lacks associated recombination signals in the flanking regions, Kunert et al. suggest this may be why Abs that compete with 2G12 are rare.
Kunert1998
(antibody sequence)
-
2G12: Review of the antigenic and receptor binding-domains of gp120 in relation to the structure of the molecule -- MAbs are discussed by category (anti-V2, anti-V3, CD4i, CD4BS...), however as 2G12 binds to a rarely immunogenic region, and it is dependent on glycosylation, it was discussed individually.
Wyatt1998a
(review)
-
2G12: Neutralization synergy was observed when the MAbs 694/98-D (V3), 2F5 (gp41), and 2G12 (gp120 discontinuous) were used in combination, and even greater neutralizing potential was seen with the addition of a fourth MAb, F105 (CD4 BS).
Li1998
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: MAbs 2G12, 2F5 and b12 are broadly neutralizing, as are some human polyconal sera, but this paper describes a set of primary isolates that are resistant to all three MAbs and 2 broadly neutralizing sera -- results indicate that resistance levels of pediatric isolates might be higher than adult isolates -- resistance in general did not seem to be conferred by a loss of binding affinity for gp120 or gp41, rather by a more global perturbation of oligomeric Envelope.
Parren1998a
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Induces complement-mediated lysis in MN but not primary isolates -- primary isolates are refractive to CML.
Takefman1998
(complement, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Notes that 2G12 and 2F5, potent neutralizing antibodies, were identified by screening for cell surface (oligomeric Envelope) reactivity.
Fouts1998
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: A wide range of neutralizing titers was observed that was independent of co-receptor usage.
Trkola1998
(co-receptor, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: A panel of MAbs were shown to bind with similar or greater affinity and similar competition profiles to a deglycosylated or variable loop deleted core gp120 protein (Delta V1, V2, and V3), thus such a core protein produces a structure closely approximating full length folded monomer -- MAb 2G12 was the only exception to this, showing reduced binding efficiency.
Binley1998
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Does not compete with binding of MAb generated in response to gp120-CD4 complex, CG10.
Sullivan1998
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Ab from gp120 vaccinated individuals prior to infection, who subsequently became HIV infected, could not achieve 90% neutralization of the primary virus by which the individuals were ultimately infected -- these viruses were not particularly refractive to neutralization, as determined by their susceptibility to neutralization by MAbs 2G12, IgG1b12, 2F5 and 447-52D.
Connor1998
-
2G12: Enhances Hx10 binding to CD4 positive or negative HeLa cells, but inhibited binding to CD4+ T-cell line A3.01 -- neutralizes Hx10 infection of the HeLa cells.
Mondor1998
-
2G12: Summary of the implications of the crystal structure of gp120 combined with what is known about mutations that reduce NAb binding -- probable mechanism of neutralization by 2G12 is unknown, but dependent on proper glycosylation and 2G12 is predicted to be oriented toward the target cell when bound, so neutralization may be due to steric hindrance -- mutations in positions N 295, T 297, S 334, N 386, N 392 and N 397 HXBc2 (IIIB) decrease 2G12 binding, and the binding region is 25 angstroms from the CD4 binding site -- probably the Ab binds in part to carbohydrates, which may account for both its broad reactivity and the scarcity of Abs in the same competition group.
Wyatt1998
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: The MAb and Fab binding to the oligomeric form of gp120 and neutralization were highly correlated -- authors suggest that neutralization is determined by the fraction of Ab sites occupied on a virion irrespective of the epitope.
Parren1998
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Post-exposure prophylaxis was effective when MAb 694/98-D was delivered 15 min post-exposure to HIV-1 LAI in hu-PBL-SCID mice, but declined to 50% if delivered 60 min post-exposure, and similar time constraints have been observed for HIVIG, 2F5 and 2G12, in contrast to MAb BAT123 that could protect when delivered 4 hours post infection.
Andrus1998
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
2G12: Neutralizes TCLA strains and primary isolates.
Parren1997
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Review that discusses this MAb -- reacts with residues at the base of the V3 loop and V4, and most of the changes that reduce binding are glycosylation sites -- it is not clear whether the binding site is peptidic or direct carbohydrate.
Burton1997
(antibody binding site, review)
-
2G12: Viral binding inhibition by 2G12 was strongly correlated with neutralization (all other neutralizing MAbs tested showed some correlation except 2F5).
Ugolini1997
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: Using concentrations of Abs achievable in vivo, the triple combination of 2F5, 2G12 and HIVIG was found to be synergistic to have the greatest breadth and magnitude of response against 15 clade B primary isolates.
Mascola1997
(antibody interactions, variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Review: MAbs 2F5, 2G12 and IgG1b12 have potential for use in combination with CD4-IgG2 as an immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic -- homologous MAbs to these are rare in humans and vaccine strategies should consider including constructs that may enhance exposure of these MAbs' epitopes.
Moore1997
(immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, review)
-
2G12: One of 14 human MAbs tested for ability to neutralize a chimeric SHIV-vpu+, which expressed HIV-1 IIIB Env -- 2G12 was a strong neutralizer of SHIV-vpu+ -- all Ab combinations tested showed synergistic neutralization -- 2G12 has synergistic response with MAbs 694/98-D (anti-V3), 2F5, F105, and b12.
Li1997
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Study shows neutralization is not predicted by MAb binding to JRFL monomeric gp120, but is associated with oligomeric Env binding -- 2G12 bound monomer, and weakly bound oligomer and neutralized JRFL.
Fouts1997
(antibody binding site)
-
2G12: A JRCSF variant that was selected for IgG1b12 resistance remained sensitive to MAbs 2G12 and 2F5, for combination therapy.
Mo1997
(escape)
-
2G12: In a multilab evaluation of monoclonal antibodies, only IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5 could neutralize at least half of the 9 primary test isolates at a concentration of < 25 mug per ml for 90% viral inhibition -- neutralized 6 of 9 primary isolates.
DSouza1997
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Review: Only four epitopes have been described which can stimulate a useful neutralizing response to a broad spectrum of primary isolates, represented by the binding sites of MAbs: 447-52-D, 2G12, Fab b12, and 2F5.
Sattentau1996
(review)
-
2G12: Neutralizes primary isolates, HXB2, and chimeric virus with gp120 from primary isolates in an HXB2 background.
McKeating1996b
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
2G12: Neutralizes JR-FL -- inhibits gp120 interaction with CCR-5 in a MIP-1beta-CCR-5 competition study.
Trkola1996b
(co-receptor)
-
2G12: Review: exceptional capacity to neutralize primary isolates in terms of both breadth and potency -- one of three MAbs (IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5) generally accepted as having significant potency against primary isolates.
Poignard1996
(variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
2G12: Review: binding site is distinct from CD4BS MAbs epitope and is unique among known gp120 MAbs, human or rodent.
Moore1995c
(review)
-
2G12: Binding weakly enhanced by some anti-C1, -C4, -V3, and CD4 binding site MAbs -- unusual in that 2G12 binding neither enhanced or inhibited the binding of other MAbs included in the study.
Moore1996
(antibody interactions)
-
2G12: Conformationally sensitive epitope destroyed by mutations altering the N-linked glycosylation sites near the base of the V3 loop and the amino-terminal flank of the V4 loop.
Trkola1996
(antibody binding site, effector function)
-
2G12: Highly potent Cross-clade neutralizing activity.
Trkola1995a
(subtype comparisons)
-
2G12: Human MAb generated by electrofusion of PBL from HIV-1+ volunteers with CB-F7 cells.
Buchacher1994
(antibody generation)
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Binley2004
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Biorn2004
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W. M. Blay, S. Gnanakaran, B. Foley, N. A. Doria-Rose, B. T. Korber, and N. L. Haigwood. Consistent Patterns of Change During the Divergence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope from That of the Inoculated Virus in Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques. J. Virol., 80(2):999-1014, Jan 2006. PubMed ID: 16379001.
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Blay2007
Wendy M. Blay, Theresa Kasprzyk, Lynda Misher, Barbra A. Richardson, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Mutations in Envelope gp120 Can Impact Proteolytic Processing of the gp160 Precursor and Thereby Affect Neutralization Sensitivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pseudoviruses. J. Virol., 81(23):13037-13049, Dec 2007. PubMed ID: 17855534.
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Blish2007
Catherine A. Blish, Wendy M. Blay, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Julie Overbaugh. Transmission of HIV-1 in the Face of Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):578-587, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045114.
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Blish2009
Catherine A. Blish, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Stephanie Rainwater, Minh-An Nguyen, Ozge C. Dogan, and Julie Overbaugh. Cross-Subtype Neutralization Sensitivity Despite Monoclonal Antibody Resistance among Early Subtype A, C, and D Envelope Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 83(15):7783-7788, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19474105.
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Bontjer2009
Ilja Bontjer, Aafke Land, Dirk Eggink, Erwin Verkade, Kiki Tuin, Chris Baldwin, Georgios Pollakis, William A. Paxton, Ineke Braakman, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Optimization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins with V1/V2 Deleted, Using Virus Evolution. J. Virol., 83(1):368-383, Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 18922866.
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Ilja Bontjer, Mark Melchers, Dirk Eggink, Kathryn David, John P. Moore, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers Lacking the V1V2 Domain, Obtained by Virus Evolution. J. Biol. Chem, 285(47):36456-36470, 19 Nov 2010. PubMed ID: 20826824.
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Borggren2011
Marie Borggren, Johanna Repits, Jasminka Sterjovski, Hannes Uchtenhagen, Melissa J. Churchill, Anders Karlsson, Jan Albert, Adnane Achour, Paul R. Gorry, Eva Maria Fenyö, and Marianne Jansson. Increased Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies of End-Stage Disease R5 HIV-1 Correlates with Evolution in Env Glycosylation and Charge. PLoS One, 6(6):e20135, 2011. PubMed ID: 21698221.
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Bouvin-Pley2014
M. Bouvin-Pley, M. Morgand, L. Meyer, C. Goujard, A. Moreau, H. Mouquet, M. Nussenzweig, C. Pace, D. Ho, P. J. Bjorkman, D. Baty, P. Chames, M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Poignard, F. Barin, and M. Braibant. Drift of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Toward Increased Neutralization Resistance over the Course of the Epidemic: A Comprehensive Study Using the Most Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(23):13910-13917, Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25231299.
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Bowley2007
D. R. Bowley, A. F. Labrijn, M. B. Zwick, and D. R. Burton. Antigen Selection from an HIV-1 Immune Antibody Library Displayed on Yeast Yields Many Novel Antibodies Compared to Selection from the Same Library Displayed on Phage. Protein Eng. Des. Sel., 20(2):81-90, Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17242026.
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Braibant2006
Martine Braibant, Sylvie Brunet, Dominique Costagliola, Christine Rouzioux, Henri Agut, Hermann Katinger, Brigitte Autran, and Francis Barin. Antibodies to Conserved Epitopes of the HIV-1 Envelope in Sera from Long-Term Non-Progressors: Prevalence and Association with Neutralizing Activity. AIDS, 20(15):1923-30, 3 Oct 2006. PubMed ID: 16988513.
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Braibant2013
Martine Braibant, Eun-Yeung Gong, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Thierry Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, and Francis Barin. Cross-Group Neutralization of HIV-1 and Evidence for Conservation of the PG9/PG16 Epitopes within Divergent Groups. AIDS, 27(8):1239-1244, 15 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23343910.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Brown2005a
Bruce K. Brown, Janice M. Darden, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Tamara Oblander, Julie Frost, Eric Sanders-Buell, Mark S. de Souza, Deborah L. Birx, Francine E. McCutchan, and Victoria R. Polonis. Biologic and Genetic Characterization of a Panel of 60 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates, Representing Clades A, B, C, D, CRF01\_AE, and CRF02\_AG, for the Development and Assessment of Candidate Vaccines. J. Virol., 79(10):6089-6101, May 2005. PubMed ID: 15857994.
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Brown2012
Bruce K. Brown, Lindsay Wieczorek, Gustavo Kijak, Kara Lombardi, Jeffrey Currier, Maggie Wesberry, John C. Kappes, Viseth Ngauy, Mary Marovich, Nelson Michael, Christina Ochsenbauer, David C Montefiori, and Victoria R. Polonis. The Role of Natural Killer (NK) Cells and NK Cell Receptor Polymorphisms in the Assessment of HIV-1 Neutralization. PLoS One, 7(4):e29454, 2012. PubMed ID: 22509241.
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Bunnik2007
Evelien M Bunnik, Esther D Quakkelaar, Ad C. van Nuenen, Brigitte Boeser-Nunnink, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Increased Neutralization Sensitivity of Recently Emerged CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains Compared to Coexisting CCR5-Using Variants from the Same Patient. J. Virol., 81(2):525-531, Jan 2007. PubMed ID: 17079299.
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Bunnik2009
Evelien M. Bunnik, Marit J. van Gils, Marilie S. D. Lobbrecht, Linaida Pisas, Ad C. van Nuenen, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Changing Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 of Primary Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants in the Natural Course of Infection. Virology, 390(2):348-355, 1 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19539340.
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Bunnik2010
Evelien M. Bunnik, Marit J. van Gils, Marilie S. D. Lobbrecht, Linaida Pisas, Nening M. Nanlohy, Debbie van Baarle, Ad C. van Nuenen, Ann J. Hessell, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Emergence of Monoclonal Antibody b12-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants during Natural Infection in the Absence of Humoral Or Cellular Immune Pressure. J. Gen. Virol., 91(5):1354-1364, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20053822.
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Bunnik2010a
Evelien M. Bunnik, Zelda Euler, Matthijs R. A. Welkers, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Adaptation of HIV-1 Envelope gp120 to Humoral Immunity at a Population Level. Nat. Med., 16(9):995-997, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20802498.
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Bures2002
Renata Bures, Lynn Morris, Carolyn Williamson, Gita Ramjee, Mark Deers, Susan A Fiscus, Salim Abdool-Karim, and David C. Montefiori. Regional Clustering of Shared Neutralization Determinants on Primary Isolates of Clade C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from South Africa. J. Virol., 76(5):2233-2244, Mar 2002. PubMed ID: 11836401.
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Burrer2005
Renaud Burrer, Sandrine Haessig-Einius, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Neutralizing as Well as Non-Neutralizing Polyclonal Immunoglobulin (Ig)G from Infected Patients Capture HIV-1 via Antibodies Directed against the Principal Immunodominant Domain of gp41. Virology, 333(1):102-113, 1 Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15708596.
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Burton1997
D. R. Burton and D. C. Montefiori. The antibody response in HIV-1 infection. AIDS, 11 Suppl A:S87-S98, 1997. An excellent review of Ab epitopes and the implications for Envelope structure, neutralization of HIV, the distinction between primary and TCLA strains, ADCC and its role in clearance, and the Ab response during the course of infection. PubMed ID: 9451972.
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Burton2005
Dennis R. Burton, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Antibody vs. HIV in a Clash of Evolutionary Titans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102(42):14943-14948, 18 Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16219699.
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Burton2012
Dennis R. Burton, Pascal Poignard, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Present New Prospects to Counter Highly Antigenically Diverse Viruses. Science, 337(6091):183-186, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22798606.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Cai2017
Yongfei Cai, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Jia Chen, Sai Tian, Nicholas Fredette, Christine E. Linton, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Kshitij Wagh, James Theiler, Bette Korber, Michael S. Seaman, Stephen C. Harrison, Andrea Carfi, and Bing Chen. Antigenicity-Defined Conformations of an Extremely Neutralization-Resistant HIV-1 Envelope Spike. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114(17):4477-4482, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28396421.
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Calarese2003
Daniel A. Calarese, Christopher N. Scanlan, Michael B. Zwick, Songpon Deechongkit, Yusuke Mimura, Renate Kunert, Ping Zhu, Mark R. Wormald, Robyn L. Stanfield, Kenneth H. Roux, Jeffery W. Kelly, Pauline M. Rudd, Raymond A. Dwek, Hermann Katinger, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. Antibody Domain Exchange Is an Immunological Solution to Carbohydrate Cluster Recognition. Science, 300(5628):2065-2071, 27 Jun 2003. PubMed ID: 12829775.
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Calarese2005
Daniel A. Calarese, Hing-Ken Lee, Cheng-Yuan Huang, Michael D. Best, Rena D. Astronomo, Robyn L. Stanfield, Hermann Katinger, Dennis R. Burton, Chi-Huey Wong, and Ian A. Wilson. Dissection of the Carbohydrate Specificity of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibody 2G12. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102(38):13372-13377, 20 Sep 2005. PubMed ID: 16174734.
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Canducci2009
Filippo Canducci, Maria Chiara Marinozzi, Michela Sampaolo, Stefano Berrè, Patrizia Bagnarelli, Massimo Degano, Giulia Gallotta, Benedetta Mazzi, Philippe Lemey, Roberto Burioni, and Massimo Clementi. Dynamic Features of the Selective Pressure on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 CD4-Binding Site in a Group of Long Term Non Progressor (LTNP) Subjects. Retrovirology, 6:4, 2009. PubMed ID: 19146663.
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Carbonetti2014
Sara Carbonetti, Brian G. Oliver, Jolene Glenn, Leonidas Stamatatos, and D. Noah Sather. Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens Derived from an Elite Neutralizer Elicit Cross-Reactive V1V2 Antibodies and Low Potency Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS One, 9(1):e86905, 2014. PubMed ID: 24466285.
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Castillo-Menendez2019
Luis R. Castillo-Menendez, Hanh T. Nguyen, and Joseph Sodroski. Conformational Differences between Functional Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers and Stabilized Soluble Trimers. J. Virol., 93(3), 1 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30429345.
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Cavacini2002
Lisa A. Cavacini, Mark Duval, James Robinson, and Marshall R. Posner. Interactions of Human Antibodies, Epitope Exposure, Antibody Binding and Neutralization of Primary Isolate HIV-1 Virions. AIDS, 16(18):2409-2417, 6 Dec 2002. Erratum in AIDS. 2003 Aug 15;17(12):1863. PubMed ID: 12461414.
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Cavacini2003
Lisa Cavacini, Mark Duval, Leslie Song, Rebecca Sangster, Shi-hua Xiang, Joseph Sodroski, and Marshall Posner. Conformational Changes in env Oligomer Induced by an Antibody Dependent on the V3 Loop Base. AIDS, 17(5):685-689, 28 Mar 2003. PubMed ID: 12646791.
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Chaillon2011
Antoine Chaillon, Martine Braibant, Thierry Moreau, Suzie Thenin, Alain Moreau, Brigitte Autran, and Francis Barin. The V1V2 Domain and an N-Linked Glycosylation Site in the V3 Loop of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Modulate Neutralization Sensitivity to the Human Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2G12. J. Virol., 85(7):3642-3648, Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21248038.
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Chakrabarti2002
Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Wing-pui Kong, Bei-yue Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Jacques Friborg, Xu Ling, Steven R. King, David C. Montefiori, and Gary J. Nabel. Modifications of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Enhance Immunogenicity for Genetic Immunization. J. Virol., 76(11):5357-5368, Jun 2002. PubMed ID: 11991964.
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Cham2006
Fatim Cham, Peng Fei Zhang, Leo Heyndrickx, Peter Bouma, Ping Zhong, Herman Katinger, James Robinson, Guido van der Groen, and Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr. Neutralization and Infectivity Characteristics of Envelope Glycoproteins from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Donors Whose Sera Exhibit Broadly Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Virology, 347(1):36-51, 30 Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16378633.
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Cheeseman2017
Hannah M. Cheeseman, Natalia J. Olejniczak, Paul M. Rogers, Abbey B. Evans, Deborah F. L. King, Paul Ziprin, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and Robin J. Shattock. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 91(1), 1 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27795431.
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Chen2005
Hongying Chen, Xiaodong Xu, Alexandra Bishop, and Ian M. Jones. Reintroduction of the 2G12 Epitope in an HIV-1 Clade C gp120. AIDS, 19(8):833-835, 20 May 2005. PubMed ID: 15867500.
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Chen2007a
Hongying Chen, Xiaodong Xu, and Ian M Jones. Immunogenicity of the Outer Domain of a HIV-1 Clade C gp120. Retrovirology, 4:33, 2007. PubMed ID: 17509143.
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Chen2008a
Hongying Chen, Xiaodong Xu, Hsin-Hui Lin, Ssu-Hsien Chen, Anna Forsman, Marlen Aasa-Chapman, and Ian M. Jones. Mapping the Immune Response to the Outer Domain of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Clade C gp120. J. Gen. Virol., 89(10):2597-2604, Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18796729.
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Chen2009b
Weizao Chen and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Engineered Antibody Domains as HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(2):112-117, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19339949.
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Chen2015
Jia Chen, James M. Kovacs, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Jianming Lu, Donghyun Park, Elise Zablowsky, Michael S. Seaman, and Bing Chen. Effect of the Cytoplasmic Domain on Antigenic Characteristics of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Science, 349(6244):191-195, 10 Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26113642.
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Chen2016
Danying Chen, Xiaozhou He, Jingrong Ye, Pengxiang Zhao, Yi Zeng, and Xia Feng. Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of CRF01\_AE HIV-1 env Clones from Patients Residing in Beijing, China. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 32(10-11):1113-1124, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27066910.
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Chen2016b
Yajing Chen, Richard Wilson, Sijy O'Dell, Javier Guenaga, Yu Feng, Karen Tran, Chi-I Chiang, Heather E. Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, John R. Mascola, Richard T. Wyatt, and Yuxing Li. An HIV-1 Env-Antibody Complex Focuses Antibody Responses to Conserved Neutralizing Epitopes. J. Immunol., 197(10):3982-3998, 15 Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 27815444.
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Chenine2018
Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Melanie Merbah, Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Brendan Mann, Jenica Lee, Anne-Marie O'Sullivan, Meera Bose, Eric Sanders-Buell, Gustavo H. Kijak, Carolina Herrera, Robert McLinden, Robert J. O'Connell, Nelson L. Michael, Merlin L. Robb, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Neutralization Sensitivity of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Panel of Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 78(3):348-355, 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29528942.
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Ching2008
Lance K. Ching, Giorgos Vlachogiannis, Katherine A. Bosch, and Leonidas Stamatatos. The First Hypervariable Region of the gp120 Env Glycoprotein Defines the Neutralizing Susceptibility of Heterologous Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates to Neutralizing Antibodies Elicited by the SF162gp140 Immunogen. J. Virol., 82(2):949-956, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18003732.
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Ching2010
Lance Ching and Leonidas Stamatatos. Alterations in the Immunogenic Properties of Soluble Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Proteins Induced by Deletion or Heterologous Substitutions of the V1 Loop. J. Virol., 84(19):9932-9946, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20660181.
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Choe2003
Hyeryun Choe, Wenhui Li, Paulette L. Wright, Natalya Vasilieva, Miro Venturi, Chih-Chin Huang, Christoph Grundner, Tatyana Dorfman, Michael B. Zwick, Liping Wang, Eric S. Rosenberg, Peter D. Kwong, Dennis R. Burton, James E. Robinson, Joseph G. Sodroski, and Michael Farzan. Tyrosine Sulfation of Human Antibodies Contributes to Recognition of the CCR5 Binding Region of HIV-1 gp120. Cell, 114(2):161-170, 25 Jul 2003. PubMed ID: 12887918.
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Chomont2008
Nicolas Chomont, Hakim Hocini, Jean-Chrysostome Gody, Hicham Bouhlal, Pierre Becquart, Corinne Krief-Bouillet, Michel Kazatchkine, and Laurent Bélec. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Do Not Inhibit Viral Transcytosis Through Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Virology, 370(2):246-254, 20 Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 17920650.
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Chong2008
Huihui Chong, Kunxue Hong, Chuntao Zhang, Jianhui Nie, Aijing Song, Wei Kong, and Youchun Wang. Genetic and Neutralization Properties of HIV-1 env Clones from Subtype B/BC/AE Infections in China. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 47(5):535-543, 15 Apr 2008. PubMed ID: 18209676.
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Chuang2017
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Marie Pancera, Kai Xu, Cheng Cheng, Priyamvada Acharya, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Timothy G. Wanninger, Yongping Yang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Sijy O'Dell, Tongqing Zhou, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure-Based Design of a Soluble Prefusion-Closed HIV-1 Env Trimer with Reduced CD4 Affinity and Improved Immunogenicity. J. Virol., 91(10), 15 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28275193.
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Chuang2019
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Jing Zhou, Priyamvada Acharya, Reda Rawi, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Robert T. Bailer, Venkata P. Dandey, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Survey of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Env Trimer Delineates Epitope Categories and Characteristics of Recognition. Structure, 27(1):196-206.e6, 2 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30471922.
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Chun2014
Tae-Wook Chun, Danielle Murray, Jesse S. Justement, Jana Blazkova, Claire W. Hallahan, Olivia Fankuchen, Kathleen Gittens, Erika Benko, Colin Kovacs, Susan Moir, and Anthony S. Fauci. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Suppress HIV in the Persistent Viral Reservoir. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(36):13151-13156, 9 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25157148.
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Connor1998
R. I. Connor, B. T. Korber, B. S. Graham, B. H. Hahn, D. D. Ho, B. D. Walker, A. U. Neumann, S. H. Vermund, J. Mestecky, S. Jackson, E. Fenamore, Y. Cao, F. Gao, S. Kalams, K. J. Kunstman, D. McDonald, N. McWilliams, A. Trkola, J. P. Moore, and S. M. Wolinsky. Immunological and virological analyses of persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 while participating in trials of recombinant gp120 subunit vaccines. J. Virol., 72:1552-76, 1998. No gp120-vaccine induced antibodies in a human trial of gp120 MN and SF2 could neutralize the primary viruses that infected the vaccinees. The primary isolates from the infected vaccinees were shown not to be particularly refractive to neutralization by their susceptibility to a panel of neutralizing MAbs. PubMed ID: 9445059.
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Corti2010
Davide Corti, Johannes P. M. Langedijk, Andreas Hinz, Michael S. Seaman, Fabrizia Vanzetta, Blanca M. Fernandez-Rodriguez, Chiara Silacci, Debora Pinna, David Jarrossay, Sunita Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh, Betty Willems, Maria J. Zekveld, Hanna Dreja, Eithne O'Sullivan, Corinna Pade, Chloe Orkin, Simon A. Jeffs, David C. Montefiori, David Davis, Winfried Weissenhorn, Áine McKnight, Jonathan L. Heeney, Federica Sallusto, Quentin J. Sattentau, Robin A. Weiss, and Antonio Lanzavecchia. Analysis of Memory B Cell Responses and Isolation of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Breadth from HIV-1-Infected Individuals. PLoS One, 5(1):e8805, 2010. PubMed ID: 20098712.
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Crawford1999
John M.. Crawford, Patricia L. Earl, Bernard Moss, Kieth A. Reimann, Michael S. Wyand, Kelledy H. Manson, Miroslawa Bilska, Jin Tao Zhou, C. David Pauza, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Dennis R. Burton, Joseph G. Sodroski, Norman L. Letvin, and David C. Montefiori. Characterization of Primary Isolate-Like Variants of Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol., 73(12):10199-10207, Dec 1999. PubMed ID: 10559336.
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Crooks2005
Emma T. Crooks, Penny L. Moore, Douglas Richman, James Robinson, Jeffrey A. Crooks, Michael Franti, Norbert Schülke, and James M. Binley. Characterizing Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies and Immune Sera by Defining the Mechanism of Neutralization. Hum Antibodies, 14(3-4):101-113, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720980.
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Crooks2007
Emma T. Crooks, Penny L. Moore, Michael Franti, Charmagne S. Cayanan, Ping Zhu, Pengfei Jiang, Robbert P. de Vries, Cheryl Wiley, Irina Zharkikh, Norbert Schülke, Kenneth H. Roux, David C. Montefiori, Dennis R. Burton, and James M. Binley. A Comparative Immunogenicity Study of HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Various Forms of Envelope Proteins, Particles Bearing no Envelope and Soluble Monomeric gp120. Virology, 366(2):245-262, 30 Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17580087.
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Crooks2008
Emma T. Crooks, Pengfei Jiang, Michael Franti, Sharon Wong, Michael B. Zwick, James A. Hoxie, James E. Robinson, Penny L. Moore, and James M. Binley. Relationship of HIV-1 and SIV Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Occupation and Neutralization. Virology, 377(2):364-378, 1 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18539308.
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Crooks2011
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. Enzyme Digests Eliminate Nonfunctional Env from HIV-1 Particle Surfaces, Leaving Native Env Trimers Intact and Viral Infectivity Unaffected. J. Virol., 85(12):5825-5839, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21471242.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Dacheux2004
Laurent Dacheux, Alain Moreau, Yasemin Ataman-Önal, François Biron, Bernard Verrier, and Francis Barin. Evolutionary Dynamics of the Glycan Shield of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope during Natural Infection and Implications for Exposure of the 2G12 Epitope. J. Virol., 78(22):12625-12637, Nov 2004. PubMed ID: 15507649.
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Danesh2020
Ali Danesh, Yanqin Ren, and R. Brad Jones. Roles of Fragment Crystallizable-Mediated Effector Functions in Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Activity against HIV. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 15(5):316-323, Sep 2020. PubMed ID: 32732552.
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Davis2006
David Davis, Helen Donners, Betty Willems, Michel Ntemgwa, Tine Vermoesen, Guido van der Groen, and Wouter Janssens. Neutralization Kinetics of Sensitive and Resistant Subtype B Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates. J. Med. Virol., 78(7):864-786, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16721864.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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Dennison2014
S. Moses Dennison, Kara M. Anasti, Frederick H. Jaeger, Shelley M. Stewart, Justin Pollara, Pinghuang Liu, Erika L. Kunz, Ruijun Zhang, Nathan Vandergrift, Sallie Permar, Guido Ferrari, Georgia D. Tomaras, Mattia Bonsignori, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H Kim, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Vaccine-Induced HIV-1 Envelope gp120 Constant Region 1-Specific Antibodies Expose a CD4-Inducible Epitope and Block the Interaction of HIV-1 gp140 with Galactosylceramide. J. Virol., 88(16):9406-9417, Aug 2014. PubMed ID: 24920809.
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Depetris2012
Rafael S Depetris, Jean-Philippe Julien, Reza Khayat, Jeong Hyun Lee, Robert Pejchal, Umesh Katpally, Nicolette Cocco, Milind Kachare, Evan Massi, Kathryn B. David, Albert Cupo, Andre J. Marozsan, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, and John P Moore. Partial Enzymatic Deglycosylation Preserves the Structure of Cleaved Recombinant HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 287(29):24239-24254, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22645128.
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Derby2006
Nina R. Derby, Zane Kraft, Elaine Kan, Emma T. Crooks, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, James M. Binley, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Antibody Responses Elicited in Macaques Immunized with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) SF162-Derived gp140 Envelope Immunogens: Comparison with Those Elicited during Homologous Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVSF162P4 and Heterologous HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 80(17):8745-8762, Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 16912322.
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Derking2015
Ronald Derking, Gabriel Ozorowski, Kwinten Sliepen, Anila Yasmeen, Albert Cupo, Jonathan L. Torres, Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Thijs van Montfort, Steven W. de Taeye, Mark Connors, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Per-Johan Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. PLoS Pathog, 11(3):e1004767, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807248.
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deTaeye2015
Steven W. de Taeye, Gabriel Ozorowski, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Miklos Guttman, Jean-Philippe Julien, Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, Judith A. Burger, Laura K. Pritchard, Pavel Pugach, Anila Yasmeen, Jordan Crampton, Joyce Hu, Ilja Bontjer, Jonathan L. Torres, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Wayne C. Koff, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Dirk Eggink, Ben Berkhout, Hansi Dean, Celia LaBranche, Shane Crotty, Max Crispin, David C. Montefiori, P. J. Klasse, Kelly K. Lee, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Immunogenicity of Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Trimers with Reduced Exposure of Non-Neutralizing Epitopes. Cell, 163(7):1702-1715, 17 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26687358.
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deTaeye2018
Steven W. de Taeye, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Andrea Vecchione, Enzo Scutigliani, Kwinten Sliepen, Judith A. Burger, Patricia van der Woude, Anna Schorcht, Edith E. Schermer, Marit J. van Gils, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the gp120 V3 Loop through Hydrophobic Interactions Reduces the Immunodominant V3-Directed Non-Neutralizing Response to HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 293(5):1688-1701, 2 Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29222332.
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deTaeye2019
Steven W. de Taeye, Eden P. Go, Kwinten Sliepen, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Kimberly Badal, Max Medina-Ramírez, Wen-Hsin Lee, Heather Desaire, Ian A. Wilson, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilization of the V2 Loop Improves the Presentation of V2 Loop-Associated Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 294(14):5616-5631, 5 Apr 2019. PubMed ID: 30728245.
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DeVico2007
Anthony DeVico, Timothy Fouts, George K. Lewis, Robert C. Gallo, Karla Godfrey, Manhattan Charurat, Ilia Harris, Lindsey Galmin, and Ranajit Pal. Antibodies to CD4-Induced Sites in HIV gp120 Correlate with the Control of SHIV Challenge in Macaques Vaccinated with Subunit Immunogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104(44):17477-17482, 30 Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17956985.
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Dey2003
Barna Dey, Christie S. Del Castillo, and Edward A. Berger. Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by sCD4-17b, a Single-Chain Chimeric Protein, Based on Sequential Interaction of gp120 with CD4 and Coreceptor. J. Virol., 77(5):2859-2865, Mar 2003. PubMed ID: 12584309.
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Dey2007
Antu K. Dey, Kathryn B. David, Per J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. Specific Amino Acids in the N-Terminus of the gp41 Ectodomain Contribute to the Stabilization of a Soluble, Cleaved gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Virology, 360(1):199-208, 30 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17092531.
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Dey2007a
Barna Dey, Marie Pancera, Krisha Svehla, Yuuei Shu, Shi-Hua Xiang, Jeffrey Vainshtein, Yuxing Li, Joseph Sodroski, Peter D Kwong, John R Mascola, and Richard Wyatt. Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Monomeric and Trimeric gp120 Glycoproteins Stabilized in the CD4-Bound State: Antigenicity, Biophysics, and Immunogenicity. J Virol, 81(11):5579-5593, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17360741.
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Dey2008
Antu K. Dey, Kathryn B. David, Neelanjana Ray, Thomas J. Ketas, Per J. Klasse, Robert W. Doms, and John P. Moore. N-Terminal Substitutions in HIV-1 gp41 Reduce the Expression of Non-Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins on the Virus. Virology, 372(1):187-200, 1 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18031785.
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Dey2009
Barna Dey, Krisha Svehla, Ling Xu, Dianne Wycuff, Tongqing Zhou, Gerald Voss, Adhuna Phogat, Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Yuxing Li, George Shaw, Peter D. Kwong, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. Structure-Based Stabilization of HIV-1 gp120 Enhances Humoral Immune Responses to the Induced Co-Receptor Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 5(5):e1000445, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19478876.
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Dhillon2007
Amandeep K. Dhillon, Helen Donners, Ralph Pantophlet, Welkin E. Johnson, Julie M. Decker, George M. Shaw, Fang-Hua Lee, Douglas D. Richman, Robert W. Doms, Guido Vanham, and Dennis R. Burton. Dissecting the Neutralizing Antibody Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Sera from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Donors. J. Virol., 81(12):6548-6562, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17409160.
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Dieltjens2009
Tessa Dieltjens, Leo Heyndrickx, Betty Willems, Elin Gray, Lies Van Nieuwenhove, Katrijn Grupping, Guido Vanham, and Wouter Janssens. Evolution of Antibody Landscape and Viral Envelope Escape in an HIV-1 CRF02\_AG Infected Patient with 4E10-Like Antibodies. Retrovirology, 6:113, 2009. PubMed ID: 20003438.
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Ding2015
Shilei Ding, Maxime Veillette, Mathieu Coutu, Jérémie Prévost, Louise Scharf, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Guido Ferrari, James E. Robinson, Christina Stürzel, Beatrice H. Hahn, Daniel Sauter, Frank Kirchhoff, George K. Lewis, Marzena Pazgier, and Andrés Finzi. A Highly Conserved Residue of the HIV-1 gp120 Inner Domain Is Important for Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses Mediated by Anti-cluster A Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(4):2127-2134, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26637462.
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Diomede2012
L. Diomede, S. Nyoka, C. Pastori, L. Scotti, A. Zambon, G. Sherman, C. M. Gray, M. Sarzotti-Kelsoe, and L. Lopalco. Passively Transmitted gp41 Antibodies in Babies Born from HIV-1 Subtype C-Seropositive Women: Correlation between Fine Specificity and Protection. J. Virol., 86(8):4129-4138, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301151.
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Doores2010
Katie J. Doores and Dennis R. Burton. Variable Loop Glycan Dependency of the Broad and Potent HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol., 84(20):10510-10521, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20686044.
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Doores2010a
Katie J. Doores, Zara Fulton, Michael Huber, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Antibody 2G12 Recognizes Di-Mannose Equivalently in Domain- and Nondomain-Exchanged Forms but Only Binds the HIV-1 Glycan Shield if Domain Exchanged. J. Virol., 84(20):10690-10699, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20702629.
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Doores2010b
Katie J. Doores, Camille Bonomelli, David J. Harvey, Snezana Vasiljevic, Raymond A. Dwek, Dennis R. Burton, Max Crispin, and Christopher N. Scanlan. Envelope Glycans of Immunodeficiency Virions Are Almost Entirely Oligomannose Antigens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(31):13800-13805, 3 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20643940.
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Doores2010c
Katie J Doores, Zara Fulton, Vu Hong, Mitul K. Patel, Christopher N. Scanlan, Mark R. Wormald, M. G. Finn, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Benjamin G. Davis. A Nonself Sugar Mimic of the HIV Glycan Shield Shows Enhanced Antigenicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(40):17107-17112, 5 Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20852065.
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Doores2013
Katie J. Doores, Michael Huber, Khoa M. Le, Sheng-Kai Wang, Colleen Doyle-Cooper, Anthony Cooper, Ralph Pantophlet, Chi-Huey Wong, David Nemazee, and Dennis R. Burton. 2G12-Expressing B Cell Lines May Aid in HIV Carbohydrate Vaccine Design Strategies. J. Virol., 87(4):2234-2241, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23221565.
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Doria-Rose2010
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Rachel M. Klein, Marcus G. Daniels, Sijy O'Dell, Martha Nason, Alan Lapedes, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Stephen A. Migueles, Richard T. Wyatt, Bette T. Korber, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Breadth of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Neutralizing Activity in Sera: Clustering Analysis and Association with Clinical Variables. J. Virol., 84(3):1631-1636, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 19923174.
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Drummer2013
Heidi E. Drummer, Melissa K. Hill, Anne L. Maerz, Stephanie Wood, Paul A. Ramsland, Johnson Mak, and Pantelis Poumbourios. Allosteric Modulation of the HIV-1 gp120-gp41 Association Site by Adjacent gp120 Variable Region 1 (V1) N-Glycans Linked to Neutralization Sensitivity. PLoS Pathog., 9(4):e1003218, 2013. PubMed ID: 23592978.
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DSouza1997
M. P. D'Souza, D. Livnat, J. A. Bradac, S. H. Bridges, the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Antibody Selection Working Group, and Collaborating Investigators. Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates by neutralization assays: performance criteria for selecting candidate antibodies for clinical trials. J. Infect. Dis., 175:1056-1062, 1997. Five laboratories evaluated neutralization of nine primary B clade isolates by a coded panel of seven human MAbs to HIV-1 subtype B envelope. IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 showed potent and broadly cross-reactive neutralizing ability; F105, 447/52-D, 729-D, 19b did not neutralize the primary isolates. PubMed ID: 9129066.
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Du2009
Sean X. Du, Rebecca J. Idiart, Ellaine B. Mariano, Helen Chen, Peifeng Jiang, Li Xu, Kristin M. Ostrow, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, James M. Binley, Christos J. Petropoulos, John A. Ballantyne, and Robert G. Whalen. Effect of Trimerization Motifs on Quaternary Structure, Antigenicity, and Immunogenicity of a Noncleavable HIV-1 gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein. Virology, 395(1):33-44, 5 Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19815247.
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Duenas-Decamp2010
Maria J. Duenas-Decamp and Paul R. Clapham. HIV-1 gp120 Determinants Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site Shift Protective Glycans That Are Targeted by Monoclonal Antibody 2G12. J. Virol., 84(18):9608-9612, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20610714.
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Dunfee2007
Rebecca L. Dunfee, Elaine R. Thomas, Jianbin Wang, Kevin Kunstman, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Loss of the N-Linked Glycosylation Site at Position 386 in the HIV Envelope V4 Region Enhances Macrophage Tropism and Is Associated with Dementia. Virology, 367(1):222-234, 10 Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17599380.
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Dunlop2010
D. Cameron Dunlop, Camille Bonomelli, Fatma Mansab, Snezana Vasiljevic, Katie J. Doores, Mark R. Wormald, Angelina S. Palma, Ten Feizi, David J. Harvey, Raymond A. Dwek, Max Crispin, and Christopher N. Scanlan. Polysaccharide Mimicry of the Epitope of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody, 2G12, Induces Enhanced Antibody Responses to Self Oligomannose Glycans. Glycobiology, 20(7):812-823, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20181792.
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Edmonds2010
Tara G. Edmonds, Haitao Ding, Xing Yuan, Qing Wei, Kendra S. Smith, Joan A. Conway, Lindsay Wieczorek, Bruce Brown, Victoria Polonis, John T. West, David C. Montefiori, John C. Kappes, and Christina Ochsenbauer. Replication Competent Molecular Clones of HIV-1 Expressing Renilla Luciferase Facilitate the Analysis of Antibody Inhibition in PBMC. Virology, 408(1):1-13, 5 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 20863545.
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EdwardsBH2002
Bradley H. Edwards, Anju Bansal, Steffanie Sabbaj, Janna Bakari, Mark J. Mulligan, and Paul A. Goepfert. Magnitude of Functional CD8+ T-Cell Responses to the Gag Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Correlates Inversely with Viral Load in Plasma. J. Virol., 76(5):2298-2305, Mar 2002. PubMed ID: 11836408.
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Enriquez-Navas2011
Pedro M. Enríquez-Navas, Marco Marradi, Daniel Padro, Jesús Angulo, and Soledad Penadés. A Solution NMR Study of the Interactions of Oligomannosides and the Anti-HIV-1 2G12 Antibody Reveals Distinct Binding Modes for Branched Ligands. Chemistry, 17(5):1547-1560, 1 Feb 2011. PubMed ID: 21268157.
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Euler2011
Zelda Euler, Evelien M. Bunnik, Judith A. Burger, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Activity of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Including PG9, PG16, and VRC01, against Recently Transmitted Subtype B HIV-1 Variants from Early and Late in the Epidemic. J. Virol., 85(14):7236-7245, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21561918.
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Falkowska2012
Emilia Falkowska, Alejandra Ramos, Yu Feng, Tongqing Zhou, Stephanie Moquin, Laura M. Walker, Xueling Wu, Michael S. Seaman, Terri Wrin, Peter D. Kwong, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. PGV04, an HIV-1 gp120 CD4 Binding Site Antibody, Is Broad and Potent in Neutralization but Does Not Induce Conformational Changes Characteristic of CD4. J. Virol., 86(8):4394-4403, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22345481.
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Feng2012
Yu Feng, Krisha McKee, Karen Tran, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Adhuna Phogat, Mattias N. Forsell, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. Biochemically Defined HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Variant Immunogens Display Differential Binding and Neutralizing Specificities to the CD4-Binding Site. J. Biol. Chem., 287(8):5673-5686, 17 Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22167180.
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Fenyo2009
Eva Maria Fenyö, Alan Heath, Stefania Dispinseri, Harvey Holmes, Paolo Lusso, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Helen Donners, Leo Heyndrickx, Jose Alcami, Vera Bongertz, Christian Jassoy, Mauro Malnati, David Montefiori, Christiane Moog, Lynn Morris, Saladin Osmanov, Victoria Polonis, Quentin Sattentau, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ruengpung Sutthent, Terri Wrin, and Gabriella Scarlatti. International Network for Comparison of HIV Neutralization Assays: The NeutNet Report. PLoS One, 4(2):e4505, 2009. PubMed ID: 19229336.
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Ferrantelli2002
Flavia Ferrantelli and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV --- Back in the Major Leagues? Curr. Opin. Immunol., 14(4):495-502, Aug 2002. PubMed ID: 12088685.
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Ferrantelli2003
Flavia Ferrantelli, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Robert A. Rasmussen, Tao Wang, Weidong Xu, Pei-Lin Li, David C. Montefiori, Lisa A. Cavacini, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies Prevented SHIV89.6P Infection or Disease in Neonatal Macaques. AIDS, 17(3):301-309, 14 Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12556683.
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Ferrantelli2004
Flavia Ferrantelli, Robert A. Rasmussen, Kathleen A. Buckley, Pei-Lin Li, Tao Wang, David C. Montefiori, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Complete Protection of Neonatal Rhesus Macaques against Oral Exposure to Pathogenic Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus by Human Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Infect. Dis., 189(12):2167-2173, 15 Jun 2004. PubMed ID: 15181562.
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Ferrantelli2004a
Flavia Ferrantelli, Moiz Kitabwalla, Robert A. Rasmussen, Chuanhai Cao, Ting-Chao Chou, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Lisa A. Cavacini, Yun Bai, Joseph Cotropia, Kenneth E. Ugen, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Potent Cross-Group Neutralization of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Isolates with Monoclonal Antibodies--Implications for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 189(1):71-74, 1 Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14702155.
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Ferrantelli2007
Flavia Ferrantelli, Kathleen A. Buckley, Robert A. Rasmussen, Alistair Chalmers, Tao Wang, Pei-Lin Li, Alison L. Williams, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, David C. Montefiori, Lisa A. Cavacini, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Time Dependence of Protective Post-Exposure Prophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Pathogenic SHIV Challenge in Newborn Macaques. Virology, 358(1):69-78, 5 Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 16996554.
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Ferrari2011a
Guido Ferrari, Justin Pollara, Daniel Kozink, Tiara Harms, Mark Drinker, Stephanie Freel, M. Anthony Moody, S. Munir Alam, Georgia D. Tomaras, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, George M. Shaw, James A. Hoxie, James E. Robinson, and Barton F. Haynes. An HIV-1 gp120 Envelope Human Monoclonal Antibody That Recognizes a C1 Conformational Epitope Mediates Potent Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Activity and Defines a Common ADCC Epitope in Human HIV-1 Serum. J. Virol., 85(14):7029-7036, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21543485.
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Floss2009
Doreen M. Floss, Markus Sack, Elsa Arcalis, Johannes Stadlmann, Heribert Quendler, Thomas Rademacher, Eva Stoger, Jürgen Scheller, Rainer Fischer, and Udo Conrad. Influence of Elastin-Like Peptide Fusions on the Quantity and Quality of a Tobacco-Derived Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Neutralizing Antibody. Plant Biotechnol. J., 7(9):899-913, Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19843249.
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Forsell2005
Mattias N. E. Forsell, Yuxing Li, Maria Sundbäck, Krisha Svehla, Peter Liljeström, John R. Mascola, Richard Wyatt, and Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam. Biochemical and Immunogenic Characterization of Soluble Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers Expressed by Semliki Forest Virus. J Virol, 79(17):10902-10914, Sep 2005. PubMed ID: 16103142.
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Forsman2008
Anna Forsman, Els Beirnaert, Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman, Bart Hoorelbeke, Karolin Hijazi, Willie Koh, Vanessa Tack, Agnieszka Szynol, Charles Kelly, Áine McKnight, Theo Verrips, Hans de Haard, and Robin A Weiss. Llama Antibody Fragments with Cross-Subtype Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Neutralizing Properties and High Affinity for HIV-1 gp120. J. Virol., 82(24):12069-12081, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18842738.
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Forthal2009
Donald N. Forthal and Christiane Moog. Fc Receptor-Mediated Antiviral Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):388-393, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048702.
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Forthal2010
Donald N. Forthal, Johannes S. Gach, Gary Landucci, Jakub Jez, Richard Strasser, Renate Kunert, and Herta Steinkellner. Fc-Glycosylation Influences Fc-gamma Receptor Binding and Cell-Mediated Anti-HIV Activity of Monoclonal Antibody 2G12. J Immunol, 185(11):6876-6882, 1 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21041724.
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Fouts1997
T. R. Fouts, J. M. Binley, A. Trkola, J. E. Robinson, and J. P. Moore. Neutralization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolate JR-FL by Human Monoclonal Antibodies Correlates with Antibody Binding to the Oligomeric Form of the Envelope Glycoprotein Complex. J. Virol., 71:2779-2785, 1997. To test whether antibody neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates is correlated with the affinities for the oligomeric envelope glycoproteins, JRFL was used as a model primary virus and a panel of 13 human MAbs were evaluated for: half-maximal binding to rec monomeric JRFL gp120; half-maximal binding to oligomeric - JRFL Env expressed on the surface of transfected 293 cells; and neutralization of JRFL in a PBMC-based neutralization assay. Antibody affinity for oligomeric JRFL Env but not monomeric JRFL gp120 correlated with JRFL neutralization. PubMed ID: 9060632.
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Fouts1998
T. R. Fouts, A. Trkola, M. S. Fung, and J. P. Moore. Interactions of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Anti-Glycoprotein 120 Antibodies with Oligomeric Glycoprotein 120-Glycoprotein 41 Complexes of a Primary HIV Type 1 Isolate: Relationship to Neutralization. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:591-597, 1998. Ab reactivity to oligomeric forms of gp120 were compared to neutralization of the macrophage tropic primary virus JRFL, and did not always correlate. This builds upon studies which have shown that oligomer binding while required for neutralization, is not always sufficient. MAb 205-46-9 and 2G6 bind oligomer with high affinity, comparable to IgG1b12, but unlike IgG1b12, cannot neutralize JRFL. Furthermore, neutralizing and non-neutralizing sera from HIV-1 infected people are similar in their reactivities to oligomeric JRFL Envelope. PubMed ID: 9591713.
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Frankel1998
S. S. Frankel, R. M. Steinman, N. L. Michael, S. R. Kim, N. Bhardwaj, M. Pope, M. K. Louder, P. K. Ehrenberg, P. W. Parren, D. R. Burton, H. Katinger, T. C. VanCott, M. L. Robb, D. L. Birx, and J. R. Mascola. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Block Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Dendritic Cells and Transmission to T Cells. J. Virol., 72:9788-9794, 1998. Investigation of three human MAbs to elicit a neutralizing effect and block HIV-1 infection in human dendritic cells. Preincubation with NAbs IgG1b12 or a combination of 2F5/2G12 prevented infection of purified DC and transmission in DC/T-cell cultures. PubMed ID: 9811714.
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Frey2008
Gary Frey, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Marco Morelli, Yifan Cheng, and Bing Chen. A Fusion-Intermediate State of HIV-1 gp41 Targeted by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(10):3739-3744, 11 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18322015.
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Gach2010
Johannes S. Gach, Paul G. Furtmüller, Heribert Quendler, Paul Messner, Ralf Wagner, Hermann Katinger, and Renate Kunert. Proline Is Not Uniquely Capable of Providing the Pivot Point for Domain Swapping in 2G12, a Broadly Neutralizing Antibody against HIV-1. J. Biol. Chem., 285(2):1122-1127, 8 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19903812.
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Gach2013
Johannes S. Gach, Heribert Quendler, Tommy Tong, Kristin M. Narayan, Sean X. Du, Robert G. Whalen, James M. Binley, Donald N. Forthal, Pascal Poignard, and Michael B. Zwick. A Human Antibody to the CD4 Binding Site of gp120 Capable of Highly Potent but Sporadic Cross Clade Neutralization of Primary HIV-1. PLoS One, 8(8):e72054, 2013. PubMed ID: 23991039.
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Gach2014
Johannes S. Gach, Chad J. Achenbach, Veronika Chromikova, Baiba Berzins, Nina Lambert, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Christine Katlama, Barbara H. Jung, and Robert L. Murphy. HIV-1 Specific Antibody Titers and Neutralization among Chronically Infected Patients on Long-Term Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS One, 9(1):e85371, 2014. PubMed ID: 24454852.
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Gao2005a
Feng Gao, Eric A. Weaver, Zhongjing Lu, Yingying Li, Hua-Xin Liao, Benjiang Ma, S Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, Laura L. Sutherland, Jae-Sung Yu, Julie M. Decker, George M. Shaw, David C. Montefiori, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Barton F. Haynes. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of a Synthetic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M Consensus Envelope Glycoprotein. J. Virol., 79(2):1154-1163, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15613343.
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Gao2007
Feng Gao, Hua-Xin Liao, Beatrice H. Hahn, Norman L. Letvin, Bette T. Korber, and Barton F. Haynes. Centralized HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens and Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):572-577, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045113.
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Gao2009
Feng Gao, Richard M. Scearce, S. Munir Alam, Bhavna Hora, Shimao Xia, Julie E. Hohm, Robert J. Parks, Damon F. Ogburn, Georgia D. Tomaras, Emily Park, Woodrow E. Lomas, Vernon C. Maino, Susan A. Fiscus, Myron S. Cohen, M. Anthony Moody, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Cross-reactive Monoclonal Antibodies to Multiple HIV-1 Subtype and SIVcpz Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 394(1):91-98, 10 Nov 2009. PubMed ID: 19744690.
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Gavrilyuk2013
Julia Gavrilyuk, Hitoshi Ban, Hisatoshi Uehara, Shannon J. Sirk, Karen Saye-Francisco, Angelica Cuevas, Elise Zablowsky, Avinash Oza, Michael S. Seaman, Dennis R. Burton, and Carlos F. Barbas, 3rd. Antibody Conjugation Approach Enhances Breadth and Potency of Neutralization of Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies and CD4-IgG. J. Virol., 87(9):4985-4993, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23427154.
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Geonnotti2010
Anthony R. Geonnotti, Miroslawa Bilska, Xing Yuan, Christina Ochsenbauer, Tara G. Edmonds, John C. Kappes, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and David C. Montefiori. Differential Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and TZM-bl Cells by Endotoxin-Mediated Chemokine and Gamma Interferon Production. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 26(3):279-291, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20218881.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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GoldingH2002
Hana Golding, Marina Zaitseva, Eve de Rosny, Lisa R. King, Jody Manischewitz, Igor Sidorov, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, and Carol D. Weiss. Dissection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry with Neutralizing Antibodies to gp41 Fusion Intermediates. J. Virol., 76(13):6780-6790, Jul 2002. PubMed ID: 12050391.
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Gonzalez2010
Nuria Gonzalez, Amparo Alvarez, and Jose Alcami. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and their Significance for HIV-1 Vaccines. Curr. HIV Res., 8(8):602-612, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21054253.
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Gopi2008
Hosahudya Gopi, M. Umashankara, Vanessa Pirrone, Judith LaLonde, Navid Madani, Ferit Tuzer, Sabine Baxter, Isaac Zentner, Simon Cocklin, Navneet Jawanda, Shendra R. Miller, Arne Schön, Jeffrey C. Klein, Ernesto Freire, Fred C. Krebs, Amos B. Smith, Joseph Sodroski, and Irwin Chaiken. Structural Determinants for Affinity Enhancement of a Dual Antagonist Peptide Entry Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1. J. Med. Chem., 51(9):2638-2647, 8 May 2008. PubMed ID: 18402432.
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Gorny2003
Miroslaw K. Gorny and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Human Monoclonal Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1. In Bette T. M. Korber and et. al., editors, HIV Immunology and HIV/SIV Vaccine Databases 2003. pages 37--51. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology \& Biophysics, Los Alamos, N.M., 2004. URL: http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/immunology/pdf/2003/zolla-pazner_article.pdf. LA-UR 04-8162.
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Gorny2005
Miroslaw K. Gorny, Leonidas Stamatatos, Barbara Volsky, Kathy Revesz, Constance Williams, Xiao-Hong Wang, Sandra Cohen, Robert Staudinger, and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Identification of a New Quaternary Neutralizing Epitope on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virus Particles. J. Virol., 79(8):5232-5237, Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 15795308.
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Gorry2002
Paul R. Gorry, Joann Taylor, Geoffrey H. Holm, Andrew Mehle, Tom Morgan, Mark Cayabyab, Michael Farzan, Hui Wang, Jeanne E. Bell, Kevin Kunstman, John P. Moore, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Increased CCR5 Affinity and Reduced CCR5/CD4 Dependence of a Neurovirulent Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate. J. Virol., 76(12):6277-6292, Jun 2002. PubMed ID: 12021361.
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Gray2006
Elin Solomonovna Gray, Tammy Meyers, Glenda Gray, David Charles Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Insensitivity of Paediatric HIV-1 Subtype C Viruses to Broadly Neutralising Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Subtype B. PLoS Med., 3(7):e255, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16834457.
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Gray2007a
Elin S. Gray, Penny L. Moore, Ralph A. Pantophlet, and Lynn Morris. N-Linked Glycan Modifications in gp120 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Render Partial Sensitivity to 2G12 Antibody Neutralization. J. Virol., 81(19):10769-10776, Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17634239.
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Grovit-Ferbas2000
K. Grovit-Ferbas, J. F. Hsu, J. Ferbas, V. Gudeman, and I. S. Chen. Enhanced binding of antibodies to neutralization epitopes following thermal and chemical inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol., 74(13):5802-9, Jul 2000. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/74/13/5802. PubMed ID: 10846059.
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Grundner2002
Christoph Grundner, Tajib Mirzabekov, Joseph Sodroski, and Richard Wyatt. Solid-Phase Proteoliposomes Containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 76(7):3511-3521, Apr 2002. PubMed ID: 11884575.
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Grundner2005
Christoph Grundner, Yuxing Li, Mark Louder, John Mascola, Xinzhen Yang, Joseph Sodroski, and Richard Wyatt. Analysis of the Neutralizing Antibody Response Elicited in Rabbits by Repeated Inoculation with Trimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 331(1):33-46, 5 Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15582651.
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Guenaga2015
Javier Guenaga, Natalia de Val, Karen Tran, Yu Feng, Karen Satchwell, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Well-Ordered Trimeric HIV-1 Subtype B and C Soluble Spike Mimetics Generated by Negative Selection Display Native-Like Properties. PLoS Pathog., 11(1):e1004570, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25569572.
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Gunn2016
B. M. Gunn, J. R. Schneider, M. Shansab, A. R. Bastian, K. M. Fahrbach, A. D. Smith, A. E. Mahan, M. M. Karim, A. F. Licht, I. Zvonar, J. Tedesco, M. R. Anderson, A. Chapel, T. J. Suscovich, D. C. Malaspina, H. Streeck, B. D. Walker, A. Kim, G. Lauer, M. Altfeld, S. Pillai, I. Szleifer, N. L. Kelleher, P. F. Kiser, T. J. Hope, and G. Alter. Enhanced Binding of Antibodies Generated During Chronic HIV Infection to Mucus Component MUC16. Mucosal. Immunol., 9(6):1549-1558, Nov 2016. PubMed ID: 26960182.
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Gupta2013
Sandeep Gupta, Johannes S. Gach, Juan C. Becerra, Tran B. Phan, Jeffrey Pudney, Zina Moldoveanu, Sarah B. Joseph, Gary Landucci, Medalyn Jude Supnet, Li-Hua Ping, Davide Corti, Brian Moldt, Zdenek Hel, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Dennis R. Burton, Jiri Mestecky, Deborah J. Anderson, and Donald N. Forthal. The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Transcytosis across Epithelial Cells. PLoS Pathog., 9(11):e1003776, Nov 2013. PubMed ID: 24278022.
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Gustchina2008
Elena Gustchina, Carole A. Bewley, and G. Marius Clore. Sequestering of the Prehairpin Intermediate of gp41 by Peptide N36Mut(e,g) Potentiates the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralizing Activity of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against the N-Terminal Helical Repeat of gp41. J. Virol., 82(20):10032-10041, Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18667502.
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Guzzo2018
Christina Guzzo, Peng Zhang, Qingbo Liu, Alice L. Kwon, Ferzan Uddin, Alexandra I. Wells, Hana Schmeisser, Raffaello Cimbro, Jinghe Huang, Nicole Doria-Rose, Stephen D. Schmidt, Michael A. Dolan, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Paolo Lusso. Structural Constraints at the Trimer Apex Stabilize the HIV-1 Envelope in a Closed, Antibody-Protected Conformation. mBio, 9(6), 11 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30538178.
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Haigwood2009
Nancy L. Haigwood and Vanessa M. Hirsch. Blocking and Tackling HIV. Nat. Med., 15(8):841-842, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19661984.
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Haim2007
Hillel Haim, Israel Steiner, and Amos Panet. Time Frames for Neutralization during the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry Phase, as Monitored in Synchronously Infected Cell Cultures. J. Virol., 81(7):3525-3534, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17251303.
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Haim2011
Hillel Haim, Bettina Strack, Aemro Kassa, Navid Madani, Liping Wang, Joel R. Courter, Amy Princiotto, Kathleen McGee, Beatriz Pacheco, Michael S. Seaman, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., and Joseph Sodroski. Contribution of Intrinsic Reactivity of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins to CD4-Independent Infection and Global Inhibitor Sensitivity. PLoS Pathog., 7(6):e1002101, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21731494.
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Haldar2011
Bijayesh Haldar, Sherri Burda, Constance Williams, Leo Heyndrickx, Guido Vanham, Miroslaw K. Gorny, and Phillipe Nyambi. Longitudinal Study of Primary HIV-1 Isolates in Drug-Naïve Individuals Reveals the Emergence of Variants Sensitive to Anti-HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS One, 6(2):e17253, 2011. PubMed ID: 21383841.
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Hart2003
Melanie L. Hart, Mohammed Saifuddin, and Gregory T. Spear. Glycosylation Inhibitors and Neuraminidase Enhance Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Binding and Neutralization by Mannose-Binding Lectin. J. Gen. Virol., 84(Pt 2):353-360, Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12560567.
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Haynes2005
Barton F. Haynes, Judith Fleming, E. William St. Clair, Herman Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, James Robinson, Richard M. Scearce, Kelly Plonk, Herman F. Staats, Thomas L. Ortel, Hua-Xin Liao, and S. Munir Alam. Cardiolipin Polyspecific Autoreactivity in Two Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. Science, 308(5730):1906-1908, 24 Jun 2005. Comment in Science 2005 Jun 24;308(5730):1878-9. PubMed ID: 15860590.
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Haynes2005a
Barton F. Haynes, M. Anthony Moody, Laurent Verkoczy, Garnett Kelsoe, and S. Munir Alam. Antibody Polyspecificity and Neutralization of HIV-1: A Hypothesis. Hum. Antibodies, 14(3-4):59-67, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720975.
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Haynes2006a
Barton F. Haynes and David C. Montefiori. Aiming to Induce Broadly Reactive Neutralizing Antibody Responses with HIV-1 Vaccine Candidates. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 5(4):579-595, Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16989638.
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Haynes2008
Barton F. Haynes and Robin J. Shattock. Critical Issues in Mucosal Immunity for HIV-1 Vaccine Development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 122(1):3-9, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18468671.
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Haynes2012
Barton F. Haynes, Garnett Kelsoe, Stephen C. Harrison, and Thomas B. Kepler. B-Cell-Lineage Immunogen Design in Vaccine Development with HIV-1 as a Case Study. Nat. Biotechnol., 30(5):423-433, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22565972.
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He2018
Linling He, Sonu Kumar, Joel D. Allen, Deli Huang, Xiaohe Lin, Colin J. Mann, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jeffrey Copps, Anita Sarkar, Gabrielle S. Blizard, Gabriel Ozorowski, Devin Sok, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, David Nemazee, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jiang Zhu. HIV-1 Vaccine Design through Minimizing Envelope Metastability. Sci. Adv., 4(11):eaau6769, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30474059.
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Henderson2019
Rory Henderson, Brian E. Watts, Hieu N. Ergin, Kara Anasti, Robert Parks, Shi-Mao Xia, Ashley Trama, Hua-Xin Liao, Kevin O. Saunders, Mattia Bonsignori, Kevin Wiehe, Barton F. Haynes, and S. Munir Alam. Selection of Immunoglobulin Elbow Region Mutations Impacts Interdomain Conformational Flexibility in HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 10(1):654, 8 Feb 2019. PubMed ID: 30737386.
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Herrera2003
Carolina Herrera, Catherine Spenlehauer, Michael S. Fung, Dennis R. Burton, Simon Beddows, and John P. Moore. Nonneutralizing Antibodies to the CD4-Binding Site on the gp120 Subunit of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Do Not Interfere with the Activity of a Neutralizing Antibody against the Same Site. J. Virol., 77(2):1084-1091, Jan 2003. PubMed ID: 12502824.
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Herrera2005
Carolina Herrera, Per Johan Klasse, Elizabeth Michael, Shivani Kake, Kelly Barnes, Christopher W. Kibler, Lila. Campbell-Gardener, Zhihai Si, Joseph Sodroski, John P. Moore, and Simon Beddows. The Impact of Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage on the Antigenicity, Infectivity, and Neutralization Sensitivity of Env-Pseudotyped Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particles. Virology, 338(1):154-172, 20 Jul 2005. PubMed ID: 15932765.
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Herrera2006
Carolina Herrera, Per Johan Klasse, Christopher W. Kibler, Elizabeth Michael, John P. Moore, and Simon Beddows. Dominant-Negative Effect of Hetero-Oligomerization on the Function of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex. Virology, 351(1):121-132, 20 Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16616288.
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Hessell2009
Ann J. Hessell, Eva G. Rakasz, Pascal Poignard, Lars Hangartner, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Wayne C. Koff, David I. Watkins, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing Human Anti-HIV Antibody 2G12 Is Effective in Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge Even at Low Serum Neutralizing Titers. PLoS Pathog., 5(5):e1000433, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19436712.
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Hildgartner2009
Alexander Hildgartner, Doris Wilflingseder, Christoph Gassner, Manfred P. Dierich, Heribert Stoiber, and Zoltán Bánki. Induction of Complement-Mediated Lysis of HIV-1 by a Combination of HIV-Specific and HLA Allotype-Specific Antibodies. Immunol. Lett., 126(1-2):85-90, 22 Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19698750.
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Hoffenberg2013
Simon Hoffenberg, Rebecca Powell, Alexei Carpov, Denise Wagner, Aaron Wilson, Sergei Kosakovsky Pond, Ross Lindsay, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Sanjay Phogat, Pascal Poignard, Steven P. Fling, Melissa Simek, Celia LaBranche, David Montefiori, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, Dennis Burton, Wayne Koff, C. Richter King, Christopher L. Parks, and Michael J. Caulfield. Identification of an HIV-1 Clade A Envelope That Exhibits Broad Antigenicity and Neutralization Sensitivity and Elicits Antibodies Targeting Three Distinct Epitopes. J. Virol., 87(10):5372-5383, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23468492.
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HofmannLehmann2001
R. Hofmann-Lehmann, J. Vlasak, R. A. Rasmussen, B. A. Smith, T. W. Baba, V. Liska, F. Ferrantelli, D. C. Montefiori, H. M. McClure, D. C. Anderson, B. J. Bernacky, T. A. Rizvi, R. Schmidt, L. R. Hill, M. E. Keeling, H. Katinger, G. Stiegler, L. A. Cavacini, M. R. Posner, T. C. Chou, J. Andersen, and R. M. Ruprecht. Postnatal passive immunization of neonatal macaques with a triple combination of human monoclonal antibodies against oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge. J. Virol., 75(16):7470--80, Aug 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/16/7470. PubMed ID: 11462019.
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Hogan2018
Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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Holl2006
Vincent Holl, Maryse Peressin, Thomas Decoville, Sylvie Schmidt, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Nonneutralizing Antibodies Are Able To Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Macrophages and Immature Dendritic Cells. J. Virol., 80(12):6177-6181, Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16731957.
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Holl2006a
Vincent Holl, Maryse Peressin, Sylvie Schmidt, Thomas Decoville, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Efficient Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication in Human Immature Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells by Purified Anti-HIV-1 IgG without Induction of Maturation. Blood, 107(11):4466-4474, 1 Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16469871.
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Hong2007
Patrick W.-P. Hong, Sandra Nguyen, Sophia Young, Stephen V. Su, and Benhur Lee. Identification of the Optimal DC-SIGN Binding Site on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120. J. Virol., 81(15):8325-8336, Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17522223.
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Honnen2007
W. J. Honnen, C. Krachmarov, S. C. Kayman, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and A. Pinter. Type-Specific Epitopes Targeted by Monoclonal Antibodies with Exceptionally Potent Neutralizing Activities for Selected Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Map to a Common Region of the V2 Domain of gp120 and Differ Only at Single Positions from the Clade B Consensus Sequence. J. Virol., 81(3):1424-1432, Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17121806.
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Hoxie2010
James A. Hoxie. Toward an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine. Annu. Rev. Med., 61:135-52, 2010. PubMed ID: 19824826.
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Hraber2014
Peter Hraber, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, and Bette T. Korber. Prevalence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic HIV-1 Infection. AIDS, 28(2):163-169, 14 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24361678.
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Hrin2008
Renee Hrin, Donna L. Montgomery, Fubao Wang, Jon H. Condra, Zhiqiang An, William R. Strohl, Elisabetta Bianchi, Antonello Pessi, Joseph G. Joyce, and Ying-Jie Wang. Short Communication: In Vitro Synergy between Peptides or Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the N- and C-Terminal Heptad Repeats of HIV Type 1 gp41. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 24(12):1537-1544, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 19102685.
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Hu2007
Qinxue Hu, Naheed Mahmood, and Robin J. Shattock. High-Mannose-Specific Deglycosylation of HIV-1 gp120 Induced by Resistance to Cyanovirin-N and the Impact on Antibody Neutralization. Virology, 368(1):145-154, 10 Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 17658575.
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Hu2017
Xintao Hu, Yuanyuan Hu, Chunhong Zhao, Hongmei Gao, Kelli M. Greene, Li Ren, Liying Ma, Yuhua Ruan, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, David C. Montefiori, Kunxue Hong, and Yiming Shao. Profiling the Neutralizing Antibody Response in Chronically HIV-1 CRF07\_BC-Infected Intravenous Drug Users Naive to Antiretroviral Therapy. Sci. Rep., 7:46308, 7 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28387330.
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Hu2021
Yuanyuan Hu, Sen Zou, Zheng Wang, Ying Liu, Li Ren, Yanling Hao, Shasha Sun, Xintao Hu, Yuhua Ruan, Liying Ma, Yiming Shao, and Kunxue Hong. Virus Evolution and Neutralization Sensitivity in an HIV-1 Subtype B' Infected Plasma Donor with Broadly Neutralizing Activity. Vaccines (Basel), 9(4), 25 Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33805985.
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Huang2007
Li Huang, Weihong Lai, Phong Ho, and Chin Ho Chen. Induction of a Nonproductive Conformational Change in gp120 by a Small Molecule HIV Type 1 Entry Inhibitor. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 23(1):28-32, Jan 2007. PubMed ID: 17263629.
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Huang2010
Kuan-Hsiang G. Huang, David Bonsall, Aris Katzourakis, Emma C. Thomson, Sarah J. Fidler, Janice Main, David Muir, Jonathan N. Weber, Alexander J. Frater, Rodney E. Phillips, Oliver G. Pybus, Philip J. R. Goulder, Myra O. McClure, Graham S. Cooke, and Paul Klenerman. B-Cell Depletion Reveals a Role for Antibodies in the Control of Chronic HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 1:102, 2010. PubMed ID: 20981030.
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Huang2012
Xin Huang, Wei Jin, Kai Hu, Sukun Luo, Tao Du, George E. Griffin, Robin J. Shattock, and Qinxue Hu. Highly Conserved HIV-1 gp120 Glycans Proximal to CD4-Binding Region Affect Viral Infectivity and Neutralizing Antibody Induction. Virology, 423(1):97-106, 5 Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22192629.
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Huang2017a
Xun Huang, Qianqian Zhu, Xiaoxing Huang, Lifei Yang, Yufeng Song, Ping Zhu, and Paul Zhou. In Vivo Electroporation in DNA-VLP Prime-Boost Preferentially Enhances HIV-1 Envelope-Specific IgG2a, Neutralizing Antibody and CD8 T Cell Responses. Vaccine, 35(16):2042-2051, 11 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28318765.
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Huber2007
M. Huber and A. Trkola. Humoral Immunity to HIV-1: Neutralization and Beyond. J. Intern. Med., 262(1):5-25, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17598812.
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Huber2010
Michael Huber, Khoa M. Le, Katie J. Doores, Zara Fulton, Robyn L. Stanfield, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Very Few Substitutions in a Germ Line Antibody Are Required To Initiate Significant Domain Exchange. J. Virol., 84(20):10700-10707, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20702640.
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Huskens2007
Dana Huskens, Kristel Van Laethem, Kurt Vermeire, Jan Balzarini, and Dominique Schols. Resistance of HIV-1 to the Broadly HIV-1-Neutralizing, Anti-Carbohydrate Antibody 2G12. Virology, 360(2):294-304, 10 Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17123566.
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Jeffs2004
S. A. Jeffs, S. Goriup, B. Kebble, D. Crane, B. Bolgiano, Q. Sattentau, S. Jones, and H. Holmes. Expression and Characterisation of Recombinant Oligomeric Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Primary Isolates of HIV-1. Vaccine, 22(8):1032-1046, 25 Feb 2004. PubMed ID: 15161081.
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Jenabian2010
Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Héla Saïdi, Charlotte Charpentier, Hicham Bouhlal, Dominique Schols, Jan Balzarini, Thomas W. Bell, Guido Vanham, and Laurent Bélec. Differential Activity of Candidate Microbicides against Early Steps of HIV-1 Infection upon Complement Virus Opsonization. AIDS Res. Ther., 7:16, 2010. PubMed ID: 20546571.
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Johnson2017
Jacklyn Johnson, Yinjie Zhai, Hamid Salimi, Nicole Espy, Noah Eichelberger, Orlando DeLeon, Yunxia O'Malley, Joel Courter, Amos B. Smith, III, Navid Madani, Joseph Sodroski, and Hillel Haim. Induction of a Tier-1-Like Phenotype in Diverse Tier-2 Isolates by Agents That Guide HIV-1 Env to Perturbation-Sensitive, Nonnative States. J. Virol., 91(15), 1 Aug 2017. PubMed ID: 28490588.
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Joos2006
Beda Joos, Alexandra Trkola, Herbert Kuster, Leonardo Aceto, Marek Fischer, Gabriela Stiegler, Christine Armbruster, Brigitta Vcelar, Hermann Katinger, and Huldrych F. Günthard. Long-Term Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Human Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs) against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope gp120 (MAb 2G12) and gp41 (MAbs 4E10 and 2F5). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50(5):1773-1779, May 2006. PubMed ID: 16641449.
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Joseph2010
Aviva Joseph, Jian Hua Zheng, Ken Chen, Monica Dutta, Cindy Chen, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, Antonia Follenzi, and Harris Goldstein. Inhibition of In Vivo HIV Infection in Humanized Mice by Gene Therapy of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells with a Lentiviral Vector Encoding a Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody. J. Virol., 84(13):6645-6653, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20410262.
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Joubert2010
Marisa K. Joubert, Nichole Kinsley, Alexio Capovilla, B. Trevor Sewell, Mohamed A. Jaffer, and Makobetsa Khati. A Modeled Structure of an Aptamer-gp120 Complex Provides Insight into the Mechanism of HIV-1 Neutralization. Biochemistry, 49(28):5880-5890, 20 Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20527993.
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Joyce2008
Joseph G. Joyce, Isaac J. Krauss, Hong C. Song, David W. Opalka, Karen M. Grimm, Deborah D. Nahas, Mark T. Esser, Renee Hrin, Meizhen Feng, Vadim Y. Dudkin, Michael Chastain, John W. Shiver, and Samuel J. Danishefsky. An Oligosaccharide-Based HIV-1 2G12 Mimotope Vaccine Induces Carbohydrate-Specific Antibodies That Fail To Neutralize HIV-1 Virions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(41):15684-15689, 14 Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18838688.
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Joyner2011
Amanda S. Joyner, Jordan R. Willis, James E.. Crowe, Jr., and Christopher Aiken. Maturation-Induced Cloaking of Neutralization Epitopes on HIV-1 Particles. PLoS Pathog., 7(9):e1002234, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21931551.
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Julg2005
B. Jülg and F. D. Goebel. What's New in HIV/AIDS? Neutralizing HIV Antibodies: Do They Really Protect? Infection, 33(5-6):405-407, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16258878.
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Julien2015
Jean-Philippe Julien, Jeong Hyun Lee, Gabriel Ozorowski, Yuanzi Hua, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Steven W. de Taeye, Travis Nieusma, Albert Cupo, Anila Yasmeen, Michael Golabek, Pavel Pugach, P. J. Klasse, John P. Moore, Rogier W. Sanders, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Design and Structure of Two HIV-1 Clade C SOSIP.664 Trimers That Increase the Arsenal of Native-Like Env Immunogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 112(38):11947-11952, 22 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26372963.
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Kabanova2010
Anna Kabanova, Roberto Adamo, Daniela Proietti, Francesco Berti, Marta Tontini, Rino Rappuoli, and Paolo Costantino. Preparation, Characterization and Immunogenicity of HIV-1 Related High-Mannose Oligosaccharides-CRM197 Glycoconjugates. Glycoconj. J., 27(5):501-513, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20524062.
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Kalia2005
Vandana Kalia, Surojit Sarkar, Phalguni Gupta, and Ronald C. Montelaro. Antibody Neutralization Escape Mediated by Point Mutations in the Intracytoplasmic Tail of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41. J. Virol., 79(4):2097-2107, Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15681412.
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Kang2005
Sang-Moo Kang, Fu Shi Quan, Chunzi Huang, Lizheng Guo, Ling Ye, Chinglai Yang, and Richard W. Compans. Modified HIV Envelope Proteins with Enhanced Binding to Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 331(1):20-32, 5 Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15582650.
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Kang2009
Yun Kenneth Kang, Sofija Andjelic, James M. Binley, Emma T. Crooks, Michael Franti, Sai Prasad N. Iyer, Gerald P. Donovan, Antu K. Dey, Ping Zhu, Kenneth H. Roux, Robert J. Durso, Thomas F. Parsons, Paul J. Maddon, John P. Moore, and William C. Olson. Structural and Immunogenicity Studies of a Cleaved, Stabilized Envelope Trimer Derived from Subtype A HIV-1. Vaccine, 27(37):5120-5132, 13 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19567243.
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Karpenko2012
Larisa I. Karpenko, Nadezhda S. Scherbakova, Anton N. Chikaev, Olga Yu. Tumanova, Leonid R. Lebedev, Lyudmila A. Shalamova, Olga G. Pyankova, Alexander B. Ryzhikov, and Alexander A. Ilyichev. Polyepitope Protein Incorporated the HIV-1 Mimotope Recognized by Monoclonal Antibody 2G12. Mol. Immunol., 50(4):193-199, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22341130.
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Keele2008
Brandon F. Keele, Elena E. Giorgi, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Julie M. Decker, Kimmy T. Pham, Maria G. Salazar, Chuanxi Sun, Truman Grayson, Shuyi Wang, Hui Li, Xiping Wei, Chunlai Jiang, Jennifer L. Kirchherr, Feng Gao, Jeffery A. Anderson, Li-Hua Ping, Ronald Swanstrom, Georgia D. Tomaras, William A. Blattner, Paul A. Goepfert, J. Michael Kilby, Michael S. Saag, Eric L. Delwart, Michael P. Busch, Myron S. Cohen, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Brian Gaschen, Gayathri S. Athreya, Ha Y. Lee, Natasha Wood, Cathal Seoighe, Alan S. Perelson, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, and George M. Shaw. Identification and Characterization of Transmitted and Early Founder Virus Envelopes in Primary HIV-1 Infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(21):7552-7557, 27 May 2008. PubMed ID: 18490657.
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Kirchherr2007
Jennifer L. Kirchherr, Xiaozhi Lu, Webster Kasongo, Victor Chalwe, Lawrence Mwananyanda, Rosemary M. Musonda, Shi-Mao Xia, Richard M. Scearce, Hua-Xin Liao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, and Feng Gao. High Throughput Functional Analysis of HIV-1 env Genes Without Cloning. J. Virol. Methods, 143(1):104-111, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17416428.
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Kishko2011
Michael Kishko, Mohan Somasundaran, Frank Brewster, John L. Sullivan, Paul R. Clapham, and Katherine Luzuriaga. Genotypic and Functional Properties of Early Infant HIV-1 Envelopes. Retrovirology, 8:67, 2011. PubMed ID: 21843318.
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Kitabwalla2003
Moiz Kitabwalla, Flavia Ferrantelli, Tao Wang, Alistair Chalmers, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Lisa A. Cavacini, Ting-Chao Chou, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Primary African HIV Clade A and D Isolates: Effective Cross-Clade Neutralization with a Quadruple Combination of Human Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Clade B. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 19(2):125-131, Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12639248.
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Klein2010
Joshua S. Klein and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Few and Far Between: How HIV May Be Evading Antibody Avidity. PLoS Pathog., 6(5):e1000908, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20523901.
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Klein2010a
Joshua S. Klein, Alexandre Webster, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Rachel P. Galimidi, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. A Dimeric Form of the HIV-1 Antibody 2G12 Elicits Potent Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. AIDS, 24(11):1633-1640, 17 Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20597163.
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Klein2012
Florian Klein, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, D. Noah Sather, Clara Lehmann, Johannes F. Scheid, Zane Kraft, Yan Liu, John Pietzsch, Arlene Hurley, Pascal Poignard, Ten Feizi, Lynn Morris, Bruce D. Walker, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Broad Neutralization by a Combination of Antibodies Recognizing the CD4 Binding Site and a New Conformational Epitope on the HIV-1 Envelope Protein. J. Exp. Med., 209(8):1469-1479, 30 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22826297.
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Klein2013
Florian Klein, Ron Diskin, Johannes F. Scheid, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Marie Pancera, Tongqing Zhou, Reha-Baris Incesu, Brooks Zhongzheng Fu, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Michael S. Seaman, Peter D. Kwong, Pamela J. Bjorkman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Somatic Mutations of the Immunoglobulin Framework Are Generally Required for Broad and Potent HIV-1 Neutralization. Cell, 153(1):126-138, 28 Mar 2013. PubMed ID: 23540694.
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Koh2010a
Willie W. L. Koh, Anna Forsman, Stéphane Hué, Gisela J. van der Velden, David L. Yirrell, Áine McKnight, Robin A. Weiss, and Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Novel Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelopes Cloned Directly from Plasma: Coreceptor Usage and Neutralization Phenotypes. J. Gen. Virol., 91(9):2374-2380, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20484560.
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Kong2013
Leopold Kong, Jeong Hyun Lee, Katie J. Doores, Charles D. Murin, Jean-Philippe Julien, Ryan McBride, Yan Liu, Andre Marozsan, Albert Cupo, Per-Johan Klasse, Simon Hoffenberg, Michael Caulfield, C. Richter King, Yuanzi Hua, Khoa M. Le, Reza Khayat, Marc C. Deller, Thomas Clayton, Henry Tien, Ten Feizi, Rogier W. Sanders, James C. Paulson, John P. Moore, Robyn L. Stanfield, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, and Ian A. Wilson. Supersite of Immune Vulnerability on the Glycosylated Face of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 20(7):796-803, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 23708606.
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Korber2009
Bette Korber and S. Gnanakaran. The Implications of Patterns in HIV Diversity for Neutralizing Antibody Induction and Susceptibility. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):408-417, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048705.
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Kothe2007
Denise L. Kothe, Julie M Decker, Yingying Li, Zhiping Weng, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Kenneth P. Zammit, Maria G. Salazar, Yalu Chen, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Zina Moldoveanu, Jiri Mestecky, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, George M. Shaw, Mark Muldoon, Bette T. M. Korber, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of HIV-1 Consensus Subtype B Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 360(1):218-234, 30 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17097711.
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Kovacs2012
James M. Kovacs, Joseph P. Nkolola, Hanqin Peng, Ann Cheung, James Perry, Caroline A. Miller, Michael S. Seaman, Dan H. Barouch, and Bing Chen. HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Elicits More Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses than Monomeric gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):12111-12116, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22773820.
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Koyama2014
Yuka Koyama, Kaori Ueno-Noto, and Keiko Takano. Affinity of HIV-1 Antibody 2G12 with Monosaccharides: A Theoretical Study Based on Explicit and Implicit Water Models. Comput. Biol. Chem., 49:36-44, Apr 2014. PubMed ID: 24583603.
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Krachmarov2005
Chavdar Krachmarov, Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Phillipe N. Nyambi, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. Antibodies That Are Cross-Reactive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clade A and Clade B V3 Domains Are Common in Patient Sera from Cameroon, but Their Neutralization Activity Is Usually Restricted by Epitope Masking. J. Virol., 79(2):780-790, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15613306.
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Krachmarov2006
C. P. Krachmarov, W. J. Honnen, S. C. Kayman, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and Abraham Pinter. Factors Determining the Breadth and Potency of Neutralization by V3-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from Subjects Infected with Clade A or Clade B Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 80(14):7127-7135, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16809318.
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Kramer2007
Victor G. Kramer, Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Passive Immunization as Tool to Identify Protective HIV-1 Env Epitopes. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):642-55, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045119.
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Kulkarni2009
Smita S. Kulkarni, Alan Lapedes, Haili Tang, S. Gnanakaran, Marcus G. Daniels, Ming Zhang, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Ming Li, Victoria R. Polonis, Francine E. McCutchan, Lynn Morris, Dennis Ellenberger, Salvatore T. Butera, Robert C. Bollinger, Bette T. Korber, Ramesh S. Paranjape, and David C. Montefiori. Highly Complex Neutralization Determinants on a Monophyletic Lineage of Newly Transmitted Subtype C HIV-1 Env Clones from India. Virology, 385(2):505-520, 15 Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19167740.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kunert1998
R. Kunert, F. Ruker, and H. Katinger. Molecular Characterization of Five Neutralizing Anti-HIV Type 1 Antibodies: Identification of Nonconventional D Segments in the Human Monoclonal Antibodies 2G12 and 2F5. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:1115-1128, 1998. Study identifies five human MAbs which were able to neutralize primary isolates of different clades in vitro and reports the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chain V segments of the antibodies. PubMed ID: 9737583.
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Kwong2002
Peter D. Kwong, Michael L. Doyle, David J. Casper, Claudia Cicala, Stephanie A. Leavitt, Shahzad Majeed, Tavis D. Steenbeke, Miro Venturi, Irwin Chaiken, Michael Fung, Hermann Katinger, Paul W. I. H. Parren, James Robinson, Donald Van Ryk, Liping Wang, Dennis R. Burton, Ernesto Freire, Richard Wyatt, Joseph Sodroski, Wayne A. Hendrickson, and James Arthos. HIV-1 Evades Antibody-Mediated Neutralization through Conformational Masking of Receptor-Binding Sites. Nature, 420(6916):678-682, 12 Dec 2002. Comment in Nature. 2002 Dec 12;420(6916):623-4. PubMed ID: 12478295.
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Kwong2009a
Peter D. Kwong and Ian A. Wilson. HIV-1 and Influenza Antibodies: Seeing Antigens in New Ways. Nat. Immunol., 10(6):573-578, Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19448659.
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Kwong2011
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Rational Design of Vaccines to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 1(1):a007278, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 22229123.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Lagenaur2010
Laurel A. Lagenaur, Vadim A. Villarroel, Virgilio Bundoc, Barna Dey, and Edward A. Berger. sCD4-17b Bifunctional Protein: Extremely Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 Env Pseudotyped Viruses from Genetically Diverse Primary Isolates. Retrovirology, 7:11, 2010. PubMed ID: 20158904.
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Lambotte2009
Olivier Lambotte, Guido Ferrari, Christiane Moog, Nicole L. Yates, Hua-Xin Liao, Robert J. Parks, Charles B. Hicks, Kouros Owzar, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, and Jean-François Delfraissy. Heterogeneous Neutralizing Antibody and Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity Responses in HIV-1 Elite Controllers. AIDS, 23(8):897-906, 15 May 2009. PubMed ID: 19414990.
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Lavine2012
Christy L. Lavine, Socheata Lao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI). High-Mannose Glycan-Dependent Epitopes Are Frequently Targeted in Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(4):2153-2164, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22156525.
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Law2007
Mansun Law, Rosa M. F. Cardoso, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Antigenic and Immunogenic Study of Membrane-Proximal External Region-Grafted gp120 Antigens by a DNA Prime-Protein Boost Immunization Strategy. J. Virol., 81(8):4272-4285, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17267498.
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Leaman2010
Daniel P. Leaman, Heather Kinkead, and Michael B. Zwick. In-Solution Virus Capture Assay Helps Deconstruct Heterogeneous Antibody Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 84(7):3382-3395, Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20089658.
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Leaman2013
Daniel P. Leaman and Michael B. Zwick. Increased Functional Stability and Homogeneity of Viral Envelope Spikes through Directed Evolution. PLoS Pathog., 9(2):e1003184, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23468626.
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Li1997
A. Li, T. W. Baba, J. Sodroski, S. Zolla-Pazner, M. K. Gorny, J. Robinson, M. R. Posner, H. Katinger, C. F. Barbas III, D. R. Burton, T.-C. Chou, and R. M Ruprecht. Synergistic Neutralization of a Chimeric SIV/HIV Type 1 Virus with Combinations of Human Anti-HIV Type 1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies or Hyperimmune Globulins. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:647-656, 1997. Multiple combinations of MAbs were tested for their ability to synergize neutralization of a SHIV construct containing HIV IIIB env. All of the MAb combinations tried were synergistic, suggesting such combinations may be useful for passive immunotherapy or immunoprophylaxis. Because SHIV can replicate in rhesus macaques, such approaches can potentially be studied in an it in vivo monkey model. PubMed ID: 9168233.
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Li1998
A. Li, H. Katinger, M. R. Posner, L. Cavacini, S. Zolla-Pazner, M. K. Gorny, J. Sodroski, T. C. Chou, T. W. Baba, and R. M. Ruprecht. Synergistic Neutralization of Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIV-vpu+ by Triple and Quadruple Combinations of Human Monoclonal Antibodies and High-Titer Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Immunoglobulins. J. Virol., 72:3235-3240, 1998. PubMed ID: 9525650.
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Li2005a
Ming Li, Feng Gao, John R. Mascola, Leonidas Stamatatos, Victoria R. Polonis, Marguerite Koutsoukos, Gerald Voss, Paul Goepfert, Peter Gilbert, Kelli M. Greene, Miroslawa Bilska, Denise L Kothe, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Xiping Wei, Julie M. Decker, Beatrice H. Hahn, and David C. Montefiori. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env Clones from Acute and Early Subtype B Infections for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 79(16):10108-10125, Aug 2005. PubMed ID: 16051804.
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Li2006a
Ming Li, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Cynthia A. Derdeyn, Lynn Morris, Carolyn Williamson, James E. Robinson, Julie M. Decker, Yingying Li, Maria G. Salazar, Victoria R. Polonis, Koleka Mlisana, Salim Abdool Karim, Kunxue Hong, Kelli M. Greene, Miroslawa Bilska, Jintao Zhou, Susan Allen, Elwyn Chomba, Joseph Mulenga, Cheswa Vwalika, Feng Gao, Ming Zhang, Bette T. M. Korber, Eric Hunter, Beatrice H. Hahn, and David C. Montefiori. Genetic and Neutralization Properties of Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Molecular env Clones from Acute and Early Heterosexually Acquired Infections in Southern Africa. J. Virol., 80(23):11776-11790, Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 16971434.
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Li2007a
Yuxing Li, Stephen A. Migueles, Brent Welcher, Krisha Svehla, Adhuna Phogat, Mark K. Louder, Xueling Wu, George M. Shaw, Mark Connors, Richard T. Wyatt, and John R. Mascola. Broad HIV-1 Neutralization Mediated by CD4-Binding Site Antibodies. Nat. Med., 13(9):1032-1034, Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17721546.
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Li2009c
Yuxing Li, Krisha Svehla, Mark K. Louder, Diane Wycuff, Sanjay Phogat, Min Tang, Stephen A. Migueles, Xueling Wu, Adhuna Phogat, George M. Shaw, Mark Connors, James Hoxie, John R. Mascola, and Richard Wyatt. Analysis of Neutralization Specificities in Polyclonal Sera Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals. J Virol, 83(2):1045-1059, Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19004942.
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Li2012
Yuxing Li, Sijy O'Dell, Richard Wilson, Xueling Wu, Stephen D. Schmidt, Carl-Magnus Hogerkorp, Mark K. Louder, Nancy S. Longo, Christian Poulsen, Javier Guenaga, Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Nicole Doria-Rose, Mario Roederer, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Display Dual Recognition of the Primary and Coreceptor Binding Sites and Preferential Binding to Fully Cleaved Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 86(20):11231-11241, Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22875963.
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Li2017
Hongru Li, Chati Zony, Ping Chen, and Benjamin K. Chen. Reduced Potency and Incomplete Neutralization of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1 with Transmitted Founder Envs. J. Virol., 91(9), 1 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28148796.
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Liang2016
Yu Liang, Miklos Guttman, James A. Williams, Hans Verkerke, Daniel Alvarado, Shiu-Lok Hu, and Kelly K. Lee. Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J. Virol., 90(20):9224-9236, 15 Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27489265.
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Liao2004
Hua-Xin Liao, S Munir Alam, John R. Mascola, James Robinson, Benjiang Ma, David C. Montefiori, Maria Rhein, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard Scearce, and Barton F. Haynes. Immunogenicity of Constrained Monoclonal Antibody A32-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Env gp120 Complexes Compared to That of Recombinant HIV Type 1 gp120 Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 78(10):5270-5278, May 2004. PubMed ID: 15113908.
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Liao2006
Hua-Xin Liao, Laura L. Sutherland, Shi-Mao Xia, Mary E. Brock, Richard M. Scearce, Stacie Vanleeuwen, S. Munir Alam, Mildred McAdams, Eric A. Weaver, Zenaido Camacho, Ben-Jiang Ma, Yingying Li, Julie M. Decker, Gary J. Nabel, David C. Montefiori, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette T. Korber, Feng Gao, and Barton F. Haynes. A Group M Consensus Envelope Glycoprotein Induces Antibodies That Neutralize Subsets of Subtype B and C HIV-1 Primary Viruses. Virology, 353(2):268-282, 30 Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 17039602.
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Liao2013c
Hua-Xin Liao, Chun-Yen Tsao, S. Munir Alam, Mark Muldoon, Nathan Vandergrift, Ben-Jiang Ma, Xiaozhi Lu, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy Bowman, Robert Parks, Haiyan Chen, Julie H. Blinn, Alan Lapedes, Sydeaka Watson, Shi-Mao Xia, Andrew Foulger, Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Ron Swanstrom, David C. Montefiori, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Bette Korber. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Transmitted/Founder, Consensus, and Chronic Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 87(8):4185-4201, Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23365441.
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Lin2007
George Lin and Peter L. Nara. Designing Immunogens to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):514-541, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045109.
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Liu2002
Xiao Song Liu, Wen Jun Liu, Kong Nan Zhao, Yue Hua Liu, Graham Leggatt, and Ian H. Frazer. Route of Administration of Chimeric BPV1 VLP Determines the Character of the Induced Immune Responses. Immunol. Cell Biol., 80(1):21-9, Feb 2002. PubMed ID: 11869359.
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Liu2011c
Pinghuang Liu, R. Glenn Overman, Nicole L. Yates, S. Munir Alam, Nathan Vandergrift, Yue Chen, Frederik Graw, Stephanie A. Freel, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer, David C. Montefiori, Feng Gao, Alan S. Perelson, Myron S. Cohen, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Dynamic Antibody Specificities and Virion Concentrations in Circulating Immune Complexes in Acute to Chronic HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 85(21):11196-11207, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21865397.
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Liu2014
Pinghuang Liu, Latonya D. Williams, Xiaoying Shen, Mattia Bonsignori, Nathan A. Vandergrift, R. Glenn Overman, M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, Daniel J. Stieh, Kerrie L. McCotter, Audrey L. French, Thomas J. Hope, Robin Shattock, Barton F. Haynes, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Capacity for Infectious HIV-1 Virion Capture Differs by Envelope Antibody Specificity. J. Virol., 88(9):5165-5170, May 2014. PubMed ID: 24554654.
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Liu2015a
Mengfei Liu, Guang Yang, Kevin Wiehe, Nathan I. Nicely, Nathan A. Vandergrift, Wes Rountree, Mattia Bonsignori, S. Munir Alam, Jingyun Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Garnett Kelsoe. Polyreactivity and Autoreactivity among HIV-1 Antibodies. J. Virol., 89(1):784-798, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25355869.
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Lorin2004
Clarisse Lorin, Lucile Mollet, Frédéric Delebecque, Chantal Combredet, Bruno Hurtrel, Pierre Charneau, Michel Brahic, and Frédéric Tangy. A Single Injection of Recombinant Measles Virus Vaccines Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Clade B Envelope Glycoproteins Induces Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses to HIV. J. Virol., 78(1):146-157, Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14671096.
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Lorin2022
Valérie Lorin, Ignacio Fernández, Guillemette Masse-Ranson, Mélanie Bouvin-Pley, Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Cyril Planchais, Thierry Hieu, Gérard Péhau-Arnaudet, Dominik Hrebik, Giulia Girelli-Zubani, Oriane Fiquet, Florence Guivel-Benhassine, Rogier W. Sanders, Bruce D. Walker, Olivier Schwartz, Johannes F. Scheid, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Pavel Plevka, Martine Braibant, Michael S. Seaman, François Bontems, James P. Di Santo, Félix A. Rey, and Hugo Mouquet. Epitope Convergence of Broadly HIV-1 Neutralizing IgA and IgG Antibody Lineages in a Viremic Controller. J. Exp. Med., 219(3), 7 Mar 2022. PubMed ID: 35230385.
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Louder2005
Mark K. Louder, Anna Sambor, Elena Chertova, Tai Hunte, Sarah Barrett, Fallon Ojong, Eric Sanders-Buell, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Francine E. McCutchan, James D. Roser, Dana Gabuzda, Jeffrey D. Lifson, and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Envelope Pseudotyped Viral Vectors and Infectious Molecular Clones Expressing the Same Envelope Glycoprotein Have a Similar Neutralization Phenotype, but Culture in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is Associated with Decreased Neutralization Sensitivity. Virology, 339(2):226-238, 1 Sep 2005. PubMed ID: 16005039.
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Louis2003
John M. Louis, Issa Nesheiwat, LengChee Chang, G. Marius Clore, and Carole A. Bewley. Covalent Trimers of the Internal N-Terminal Trimeric Coiled-Coil of gp41 and Antibodies Directed against Them Are Potent Inhibitors of HIV Envelope-Mediated Cell Fusion. J. Biol. Chem., 278(22):20278-20285, 30 May 2003. PubMed ID: 12654905.
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Louis2005
John M. Louis, Carole A. Bewley, Elena Gustchina, Annie Aniana, and G. Marius Clore. Characterization and HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitory Properties of Monoclonal Fabs Obtained from a Human Non-Immune Phage Library Selected against Diverse Epitopes of the Ectodomain of HIV-1 gp41. J. Mol. Biol., 353(5):945-951, 11 Nov 2005. PubMed ID: 16216270.
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Luallen2008
Robert J. Luallen, Jianqiao Lin, Hu Fu, Karen K. Cai, Caroline Agrawal, Innocent Mboudjeka, Fang-Hua Lee, David Montefiori, David F. Smith, Robert W. Doms, and Yu Geng. An Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Binds the Broadly Neutralizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2G12 and Elicits Mannose-Specific gp120-Binding Antibodies. J. Virol., 82(13):6447-6457, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18434410.
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Luallen2009
Robert J. Luallen, Hu Fu, Caroline Agrawal-Gamse, Innocent Mboudjeka, Wei Huang, Fang-Hua Lee, Lai-Xi Wang, Robert W. Doms, and Yu Geng. A Yeast Glycoprotein Shows High-Affinity Binding to the Broadly Neutralizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Antibody 2G12 and Inhibits gp120 Interactions with 2G12 and DC-SIGN. J. Virol., 83(10):4861-4870, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19264785.
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Luallen2010
Robert J Luallen, Caroline Agrawal-Gamse, Hu Fu, David F. Smith, Robert W. Doms, and Yu Geng. Antibodies against Man-alpha1,2-Man-alpha1,2-Man Oligosaccharide Structures Recognize Envelope Glycoproteins from HIV-1 and SIV Strains. Glycobiology, 20(3):280-286, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 19920089.
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Luo2010
Xin M. Luo, Margarida Y. Y. Lei, Rana A. Feidi, Anthony P. West, Jr., Alejandro Benjamin Balazs, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Lili Yang, and David Baltimore. Dimeric 2G12 as a Potent Protection against HIV-1. PLoS Pathog., 6(12):e1001225, 2010. PubMed ID: 21187894.
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Lusso2005
Paolo Lusso, Patricia L. Earl, Francesca Sironi, Fabio Santoro, Chiara Ripamonti, Gabriella Scarlatti, Renato Longhi, Edward A. Berger, and Samuele E. Burastero. Cryptic Nature of a Conserved, CD4-Inducible V3 Loop Neutralization Epitope in the Native Envelope Glycoprotein Oligomer of CCR5-Restricted, but not CXCR4-Using, Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains. J. Virol., 79(11):6957-6968, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890935.
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Lynch2011a
Rebecca M. Lynch, Rong Rong, Saikat Boliar, Anurag Sethi, Bing Li, Joseph Mulenga, Susan Allen, James E. Robinson, S. Gnanakaran, and Cynthia A. Derdeyn. The B Cell Response Is Redundant and Highly Focused on V1V2 During Early Subtype C Infection in a Zambian Seroconverter. J. Virol., 85(2):905-915, Jan 2011. PubMed ID: 20980495.
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Lynch2012
Rebecca M. Lynch, Lillian Tran, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Myron Cohen, CHAVI 001 Clinical Team Members, Rebecca DerSimonian, Zelda Euler, Elin S. Gray, Salim Abdool Karim, Jennifer Kirchherr, David C. Montefiori, Sengeziwe Sibeko, Kelly Soderberg, Georgia Tomaras, Zhi-Yong Yang, Gary J. Nabel, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Lynn Morris, Barton F. Haynes, and John R. Mascola. The Development of CD4 Binding Site Antibodies during HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(14):7588-7595, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22573869.
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Ma2011
Ben-Jiang Ma, S. Munir Alam, Eden P. Go, Xiaozhi Lu, Heather Desaire, Georgia D. Tomaras, Cindy Bowman, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Sampa Santra, Norman L. Letvin, Thomas B. Kepler, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Envelope Deglycosylation Enhances Antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 Epitopes for Both Broad Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Unmutated Ancestor Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 7(9):e1002200, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21909262.
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Magnus2010
Carsten Magnus and Roland R. Regoes. Estimating the Stoichiometry of HIV Neutralization. PLoS Comput. Biol., 6(3):e1000713, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20333245.
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Magnus2016
Carsten Magnus, Lucia Reh, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV-1 Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies: Determination of Antibody Concentrations Leading to Escape Mutant Evolution. Virus Res., 218:57-70, 15 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26494166.
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Malherbe2014
Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, D. Noah Sather, Biwei Guo, Shilpi Pandey, William F. Sutton, Andrew B. Stuart, Harlan Robins, Byung Park, Shelly J. Krebs, Jason T. Schuman, Spyros Kalams, Ann J. Hessell, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Envelope variants circulating as initial neutralization breadth developed in two HIV-infected subjects stimulate multiclade neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. J Virol, 88(22):12949-67 doi, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25210191
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Mann2009
Axel M. Mann, Peter Rusert, Livia Berlinger, Herbert Kuster, Huldrych F. Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV Sensitivity to Neutralization Is Determined by Target and Virus Producer Cell Properties. AIDS, 23(13):1659-1667, 24 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19581791.
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Mannar2021
Dhiraj Mannar, Karoline Leopold, and Sriram Subramaniam. Glycan Reactive Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies bind the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein But Do Not Block Viral Entry. Sci. Rep., 11(1):12448, 14 Jun 2021. PubMed ID: 34127709.
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Mao2012
Youdong Mao, Liping Wang, Christopher Gu, Alon Herschhorn, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hillel Haim, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Subunit Organization of the Membrane-Bound HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 19(9):893-899, Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22864288.
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Marradi2011
Marco Marradi, Paolo Di Gianvincenzo, Pedro M. Enríquez-Navas, Olga M. Martínez-Ávila, Fabrizio Chiodo, Eloísa Yuste, Jesús Angulo, and Soledad Penadé. Gold Nanoparticles Coated with Oligomannosides of HIV-1 Glycoprotein gp120 Mimic the Carbohydrate Epitope of Antibody 2G12. J. Mol. Biol., 410(5):798-810, 29 Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21440555.
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Martin2008
Grégoire Martin, Yide Sun, Bernadette Heyd, Olivier Combes, Jeffrey B Ulmer, Anne Descours, Susan W Barnett, Indresh K Srivastava, and Loïc Martin. A Simple One-Step Method for the Preparation of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Immunogens Based on a CD4 Mimic Peptide. Virology, 381(2):241-250, 25 Nov 2008. PubMed ID: 18835005.
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Martin2011
Grégoire Martin, Brian Burke, Robert Thaï, Antu K. Dey, Olivier Combes, Bernadette Heyd, Anthony R. Geonnotti, David C. Montefiori, Elaine Kan, Ying Lian, Yide Sun, Toufik Abache, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Hocine Madaoui, Raphaël Guérois, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, Pascal Kessler, and Loïc Martin. Stabilization of HIV-1 Envelope in the CD4-Bound Conformation through Specific Cross-Linking of a CD4 Mimetic. J. Biol. Chem., 286(24):21706-21716, 17 Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21487012.
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Martines2012
Elena Martines, Isabel García, Marco Marradi, Daniel Padro, and Soledad Penadés. Dissecting the Carbohydrate Specificity of the Anti-HIV-1 2G12 Antibody by Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy. Langmuir, 28(51):17726-17732, 21 Dec 2012. PubMed ID: 23198686.
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Martinez2009
Valérie Martinez, Marie-Claude Diemert, Martine Braibant, Valérie Potard, Jean-Luc Charuel, Francis Barin, Dominique Costagliola, Eric Caumes, Jean-Pierre Clauvel, Brigitte Autran, Lucile Musset, and ALT ANRS CO15 Study Group. Anticardiolipin Antibodies in HIV Infection Are Independently Associated with Antibodies to the Membrane Proximal External Region of gp41 and with Cell-Associated HIV DNA and Immune Activation. Clin. Infect. Dis., 48(1):123-32, 1 Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19035778.
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Martin-Garcia2005
Julio Martín-García, Simon Cocklin, Irwin M. Chaiken, and Francisco González-Scarano. Interaction with CD4 and Antibodies to CD4-Induced Epitopes of the Envelope gp120 from a Microglial Cell-Adapted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate. J. Virol., 79(11):6703-6713, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890908.
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Marusic2009
Carla Marusic, Alessandro Vitale, Emanuela Pedrazzini, Marcello Donini, Lorenzo Frigerio, Ralph Bock, Philip J. Dix, Matthew S. McCabe, Michele Bellucci, and Eugenio Benvenuto. Plant-Based Strategies Aimed at Expressing HIV Antigens and Neutralizing Antibodies at High Levels. Nef as a Case Study. Transgenic Res., 18(4):499-512, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19169897.
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Marzi2007
Andrea Marzi, Daniel A. Mitchell, Chawaree Chaipan, Tanja Fisch, Robert W. Doms, Mary Carrington, Ronald C. Desrosiers, and Stefan Pöhlmann. Modulation of HIV and SIV Neutralization Sensitivity by DC-SIGN and Mannose-Binding Lectin. Virology, 368(2):322-330, 25 Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 17659761.
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Mascola1997
J. R. Mascola, M. K. Louder, T. C. VanCott, C. V. Sapan, J. S. Lambert, L. R. Muenz, B. Bunow, D. L. Birx, and M. L. Robb. Potent and Synergistic Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Primary Isolates by Hyperimmune Anti-HIV Immunoglobulin Combined with Monoclonal Antibodies 2F5 and 2G12. J. Virol., 71:7198-7206, 1997. HIVIG derived from the plasma of HIV-1-infected donors, and MAbs 2F5 and 2G12 were tested against a panel of 15 clade B HIV-1 isolates, using a single concentration that is achievable in vivo (HIVIG, 2,500 microg/ml; MAbs, 25 microg/ml). While the three antibody reagents neutralized many of the viruses tested, potency varied. The virus neutralization achieved by double or triple combinations was generally equal to or greater than that predicted by the effect of individual antibodies, and the triple combination was shown to be synergistic and to have the greatest breadth and potency. Passive immunotherapy for treatment or prophylaxis of HIV-1 should consider mixtures of these potent neutralizing antibody reagents. PubMed ID: 9311792.
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Mascola1999
J. R. Mascola, M. G. Lewis, G. Stiegler, D. Harris, T. C. VanCott, D. Hayes, M. K. Louder, C. R. Brown, C. V. Sapan, S. S. Frankel, Y. Lu, M. L. Robb, H. Katinger, and D. L. Birx. Protection of Macaques against pathogenic simian/human immunodeficiency virus 89.6PD by passive transfer of neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol., 73(5):4009--18, May 1999. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/73/5/4009. PubMed ID: 10196297.
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Mascola2000a
John R. Mascola, Gabriela Stiegler, Thomas C. VanCott, Hermann Katinger, Calvin B. Carpenter, Chris E. Hanson, Holly Beary, Deborah Hayes, Sarah S. Frankel, Deborah L. Birx, and Mark G. Lewis. Protection of Macaques against Vaginal Transmission of a Pathogenic HIV-1/SIV Chimeric Virus by Passive Infusion of Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Med., 6(2):207-210, Feb 2000. PubMed ID: 10655111.
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Mascola2001
J. R. Mascola and G. J. Nabel. Vaccines for the prevention of HIV-1 disease. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 13(4):489--95, Aug 2001. PubMed ID: 11498307.
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Mascola2002
John R. Mascola. Passive Transfer Studies to Elucidate the Role of Antibody-Mediated Protection against HIV-1. Vaccine, 20(15):1922-1925, 6 May 2002. PubMed ID: 11983246.
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Mascola2003
John R. Mascola, Mark G. Lewis, Thomas C. VanCott, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, Michael Seaman, Kristin Beaudry, Dan H. Barouch, Birgit Korioth-Schmitz, Georgia Krivulka, Anna Sambor, Brent Welcher, Daniel C. Douek, David C. Montefiori, John W. Shiver, Pascal Poignard, Dennis R. Burton, and Norman L. Letvin. Cellular Immunity Elicited by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus DNA Vaccination Does Not Augment the Sterile Protection Afforded by Passive Infusion of Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 77(19):10348-10356, Oct 2003. PubMed ID: 12970419.
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Mascola2003a
John R. Mascola. Defining the Protective Antibody Response for HIV-1. Curr. Mol. Med., 3(3):209-216, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12699358.
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Mascola2010
John R. Mascola and David C. Montefiori. The Role of Antibodies in HIV Vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28:413-444, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20192810.
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Matyas2009
Gary R. Matyas, Zoltan Beck, Nicos Karasavvas, and Carl R. Alving. Lipid Binding Properties of 4E10, 2F5, and WR304 Monoclonal Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1788(3):660-665, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19100711.
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McCann2005
C. M. Mc Cann, R. J. Song, and R. M. Ruprecht. Antibodies: Can They Protect Against HIV Infection? Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord., 5(2):95-111, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15975016.
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McCoy2015
Laura E. McCoy, Emilia Falkowska, Katie J. Doores, Khoa Le, Devin Sok, Marit J. van Gils, Zelda Euler, Judith A. Burger, Michael S. Seaman, Rogier W. Sanders, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, and Dennis R. Burton. Incomplete Neutralization and Deviation from Sigmoidal Neutralization Curves for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 11(8):e1005110, Aug 2015. PubMed ID: 26267277.
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McFadden2007
Karyn McFadden, Simon Cocklin, Hosahudya Gopi, Sabine Baxter, Sandya Ajith, Naheed Mahmood, Robin Shattock, and Irwin Chaiken. A Recombinant Allosteric Lectin Antagonist of HIV-1 Envelope gp120 Interactions. Proteins, 67(3):617-629, 15 May 2007. PubMed ID: 17348010.
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McKeating1996b
J. A. McKeating, Y. J. Zhang, C. Arnold, R. Frederiksson, E. M. Fenyo, and P. Balfe. Chimeric viruses expressing primary envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type I show increased sensitivity to neutralization by human sera. Virology, 220:450-460, 1996. Chimeric viruses for HXB2 with primary isolate gp120 gave patterns of cell tropism and cytopathicity identical to the original primary viruses. Sera that were unable to neutralize the primary isolates were in some cases able to neutralize chimeric viruses, indicating that some of the neutralizing epitopes were in gp41. PubMed ID: 8661395.
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McKeating1996c
J. A. McKeating. Biological Consequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Polymorphism: Does Variation Matter? 1995 Fleming Lecture. J. Gen. Virol., 77:2905-2919, 1996. PubMed ID: 9000081.
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McKnight2007
Aine McKnight and Marlen M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Clade Specific Neutralising Vaccines for HIV: An Appropriate Target? Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):554-560, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045111.
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McLinden2013
Robert J. McLinden, Celia C. LaBranche, Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Victoria R. Polonis, Michael A. Eller, Lindsay Wieczorek, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Stephen Perfetto, David C. Montefiori, Nelson L. Michael, and Jerome H. Kim. Detection of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in a Human CD4+/CXCR4+/CCR5+ T-Lymphoblastoid Cell Assay System. PLoS One, 8(11):e77756, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312168.
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Mehandru2007
Saurabh Mehandru, Brigitta Vcelar, Terri Wrin, Gabriela Stiegler, Beda Joos, Hiroshi Mohri, Daniel Boden, Justin Galovich, Klara Tenner-Racz, Paul Racz, Mary Carrington, Christos Petropoulos, Hermann Katinger, and Martin Markowitz. Adjunctive Passive Immunotherapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals Treated with Antiviral Therapy during Acute and Early Infection. J. Virol., 81(20):11016-11031, Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17686878.
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Melchers2012
Mark Melchers, Ilja Bontjer, Tommy Tong, Nancy P. Y. Chung, Per Johan Klasse, Dirk Eggink, David C. Montefiori, Maurizio Gentile, Andrea Cerutti, William C. Olson, Ben Berkhout, James M. Binley, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Targeting HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers to B Cells by Using APRIL Improves Antibody Responses. J. Virol., 86(5):2488-2500, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22205734.
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Menendez2008
Alfredo Menendez, Daniel A. Calarese, Robyn L. Stanfield, Keith C. Chow, Chris N. Scanlan, Renate Kunert, Herman Katinger, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jamie K. Scott. A Peptide Inhibitor of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody 2G12 Is Not a Structural Mimic of the Natural Carbohydrate Epitope on gp120. FASEB J., 22(5):1380-1392, May 2008. PubMed ID: 18198210.
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Miglietta2014
Riccardo Miglietta, Claudia Pastori, Assunta Venuti, Christina Ochsenbauer, and Lucia Lopalco. Synergy in Monoclonal Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1 Pseudoviruses and Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Transl. Med., 12:346, 2014. PubMed ID: 25496375.
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Miller2005
Michael D. Miller, Romas Geleziunas, Elisabetta Bianchi, Simon Lennard, Renee Hrin, Hangchun Zhang, Meiqing Lu, Zhiqiang An, Paolo Ingallinella, Marco Finotto, Marco Mattu, Adam C. Finnefrock, David Bramhill, James Cook, Debra M. Eckert, Richard Hampton, Mayuri Patel, Stephen Jarantow, Joseph Joyce, Gennaro Ciliberto, Riccardo Cortese, Ping Lu, William Strohl, William Schleif, Michael McElhaugh, Steven Lane, Christopher Lloyd, David Lowe, Jane Osbourn, Tristan Vaughan, Emilio Emini, Gaetano Barbato, Peter S. Kim, Daria J. Hazuda, John W. Shiver, and Antonello Pessi. A Human Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes Diverse HIV-1 Isolates By Binding a Critical gp41 Epitope. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102(41):14759-14764, 11 Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16203977.
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Mo1997
H. Mo, L. Stamatatos, J. E. Ip, C. F. Barbas, P. W. H. I. Parren, D. R. Burton, J. P. Moore, and D. D. Ho. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutants That Escape Neutralization by Human Monoclonal Antibody IgG1b12. J. Virol., 71:6869-6874, 1997. A JRCSF resistant variant was selected by culturing in the presence of IgG1b12. The resistant virus remained sensitive to 2G12 and 2F5 and to CD4-IgG, encouraging for the possibility of combination therapy. PubMed ID: 9261412.
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Mohr2010
Emma L. Mohr, Jinhua Xiang, James H. McLinden, Thomas M. Kaufman, Qing Chang, David C. Montefiori, Donna Klinzman, and Jack T. Stapleton. GB Virus Type C Envelope Protein E2 Elicits Antibodies That React with a Cellular Antigen on HIV-1 Particles and Neutralize Diverse HIV-1 Isolates. J. Immunol., 185(7):4496-4505, 1 Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20826757.
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Moldt2012a
Brian Moldt, Eva G. Rakasz, Niccole Schultz, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Kristine Swiderek, Kimberly L. Weisgrau, Shari M. Piaskowski, Zachary Bergman, David I. Watkins, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Highly Potent HIV-Specific Antibody Neutralization In Vitro Translates into Effective Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge In Vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(46):18921-18925, 13 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23100539.
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Molinos-Albert2023
Luis M. Molinos-Albert, Eduard Baquero, Melanie Bouvin-Pley, Valerie Lorin, Caroline Charre, Cyril Planchais, Jordan D. Dimitrov, Valerie Monceaux, Matthijn Vos, Laurent Hocqueloux, Jean-Luc Berger, Michael S. Seaman, Martine Braibant, Veronique Avettand-Fenoel, Asier Saez-Cirion, and Hugo Mouquet. Anti-V1/V3-glycan broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a post-treatment controller. Cell Host Microbe, 31(8):1275-1287e8 doi, Aug 2023. PubMed ID: 37433296
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Mondor1998
I. Mondor, S. Ugolini, and Q. J. Sattentau. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Attachment to HeLa CD4 Cells Is CD4 Independent and Gp120 Dependent and Requires Cell Surface Heparans. J. Virol., 72:3623-3634, 1998. PubMed ID: 9557643.
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Montefiori1999
D. Montefiori and T. Evans. Toward an HIV Type 1 Vaccine That Generates Potent Broadly Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 15:689-698, 1999. PubMed ID: 10357464.
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Montefiori2003
David C. Montefiori, Marcus Altfeld, Paul K. Lee, Miroslawa Bilska, Jintao Zhou, Mary N. Johnston, Feng Gao, Bruce D. Walker, and Eric S. Rosenberg. Viremia Control Despite Escape from a Rapid and Potent Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Response after Therapy Cessation in an HIV-1-Infected Individual. J. Immunol., 170(7):3906-3914, Apr 2003. PubMed ID: 12646660.
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Montefiori2005
David C. Montefiori. Neutralizing Antibodies Take a Swipe at HIV In Vivo. Nat. Med., 11(6):593-594, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15937465.
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Montefiori2009
David C. Montefiori and John R. Mascola. Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV-1: Can We Elicit Them with Vaccines and How Much Do We Need? Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):347-351, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048696.
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Moody2010
M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, M. Kelly Plonk, Daniel M. Kozink, Mark S. Drinker, Ruijun Zhang, Shi-Mao Xia, Laura L. Sutherland, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ian P. Giles, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer-Jambor, Tara G. Edmonds, Melina Soares, Gustavo Barbero, Donald N. Forthal, Gary Landucci, Connie Chang, Steven W. King, Anita Kavlie, Thomas N. Denny, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Pojen P. Chen, Philip E. Thorpe, David C. Montefiori, and Barton F. Haynes. Anti-Phospholipid Human Monoclonal Antibodies Inhibit CCR5-Tropic HIV-1 and Induce beta-Chemokines. J. Exp. Med., 207(4):763-776, 12 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20368576.
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Moog2014
C. Moog, N. Dereuddre-Bosquet, J.-L. Teillaud, M. E. Biedma, V. Holl, G. Van Ham, L. Heyndrickx, A. Van Dorsselaer, D. Katinger, B. Vcelar, S. Zolla-Pazner, I. Mangeot, C. Kelly, R. J. Shattock, and R. Le Grand. Protective Effect of Vaginal Application of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Inhibitory Antibodies Against Vaginal SHIV Challenge in Macaques. Mucosal Immunol., 7(1):46-56, Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 23591718.
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Moore1995c
J. P. Moore and D. D. Ho. HIV-1 Neutralization: The Consequences of Adaptation to Growth on Transformed T-Cells. AIDS, 9(suppl A):S117-S136, 1995. This review considers the relative importance of a neutralizing antibody response for the development of a vaccine, and for disease progression during the chronic phase of HIV-1 infection. It suggests that T-cell immunity may be more important. The distinction between MAbs that can neutralize primary isolates, and those that are effective at neutralizing only laboratory adapted strains is discussed in detail. Alternative conformations of envelope and non-contiguous interacting domains in gp120 are discussed. The suggestion that soluble monomeric gp120 may serve as a viral decoy that diverts the humoral immune response it in vivo is put forth. PubMed ID: 8819579.
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Moore1996
J. P. Moore and J. Sodroski. Antibody cross-competition analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol., 70:1863-1872, 1996. 46 anti-gp120 monomer MAbs were used to create a competition matrix, and MAb competition groups were defined. The data suggests that there are two faces of the gp120 glycoprotein: a face occupied by the CD4BS, which is presumably also exposed on the oligomeric envelope glycoprotein complex, and a second face which is presumably inaccessible on the oligomer and interacts with a number of nonneutralizing antibodies. PubMed ID: 8627711.
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Moore1997
J. Moore and A. Trkola. HIV Type 1 Coreceptors, Neutralization Serotypes and Vaccine Development. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:733-736, 1997. PubMed ID: 9171216.
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Moore2001
J. P. Moore, P. W. Parren, and D. R. Burton. Genetic subtypes, humoral immunity, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine development. J. Virol., 75(13):5721--9, Jul 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/13/5721. PubMed ID: 11390574.
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Moore2006
Penny L. Moore, Emma T. Crooks, Lauren Porter, Ping Zhu, Charmagne S. Cayanan, Henry Grise, Paul Corcoran, Michael B. Zwick, Michael Franti, Lynn Morris, Kenneth H. Roux, Dennis R. Burton, and James M. Binley. Nature of Nonfunctional Envelope Proteins on the Surface of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 80(5):2515-2528, Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16474158.
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Moore2009
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, and Lynn Morris. Specificity of the Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Response. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):358-363, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048698.
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Moore2012
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, C. Kurt Wibmer, Jinal N. Bhiman, Molati Nonyane, Daniel J. Sheward, Tandile Hermanus, Shringkhala Bajimaya, Nancy L. Tumba, Melissa-Rose Abrahams, Bronwen E. Lambson, Nthabeleng Ranchobe, Lihua Ping, Nobubelo Ngandu, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Ronald I. Swanstrom, Michael S. Seaman, Carolyn Williamson, and Lynn Morris. Evolution of an HIV Glycan-Dependent Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope through Immune Escape. Nat. Med., 18(11):1688-1692, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23086475.
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Mouquet2011
Hugo Mouquet, Florian Klein, Johannes F. Scheid, Malte Warncke, John Pietzsch, Thiago Y. K. Oliveira, Klara Velinzon, Michael S. Seaman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Memory B Cell Antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 Cloned from Individuals Infected with Clade A and B Viruses. PLoS One, 6(9):e24078, 2011. PubMed ID: 21931643.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Murin2014
Charles D. Murin, Jean-Philippe Julien, Devin Sok, Robyn L. Stanfield, Reza Khayat, Albert Cupo, John P. Moore, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Andrew B. Ward. Structure of 2G12 Fab2 in Complex with Soluble and Fully Glycosylated HIV-1 Env by Negative-Stain Single-Particle Electron Microscopy. J. Virol., 88(17):10177-10188, 1 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 24965454.
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Naarding2007
Marloes A. Naarding, Elly Baan, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Effect of Chloroquine on Reducing HIV-1 Replication In Vitro and the DC-SIGN Mediated Transfer of Virus to CD4+ T-Lymphocytes. Retrovirology, 4:6, 2007. PubMed ID: 17263871.
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Nabatov2004
Alexey A. Nabatov, Georgios Pollakis, Thomas Linnemann, Aletta Kliphius, Moustapha I. M. Chalaby, and William A. Paxton. Intrapatient Alterations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 V1V2 and V3 Regions Differentially Modulate Coreceptor Usage, Virus Inhibition by CC/CXC Chemokines, Soluble CD4, and the b12 and 2G12 Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 78(1):524-530, Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14671134.
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Nabel2005
Gary J. Nabel. Close to the Edge: Neutralizing the HIV-1 Envelope. Science, 308(5730):1878-1879, 24 Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15976295.
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Nakowitsch2005
Sabine Nakowitsch, Heribert Quendler, Helga Fekete, Renate Kunert, Hermann Katinger, and Gabriela Stiegler. HIV-1 Mutants Escaping Neutralization by the Human Antibodies 2F5, 2G12, and 4E10: In Vitro Experiments Versus Clinical Studies. AIDS, 19(17):1957-1966, 18 Nov 2005. PubMed ID: 16260901.
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Nandi2010
Avishek Nandi, Christine L. Lavine, Pengcheng Wang, Inna Lipchina, Paul A. Goepfert, George M. Shaw, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Philippa Easterbrook, James E. Robinson, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology. Epitopes for Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Virology, 396(2):339-348, 20 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19922969.
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Narayan2013
Kristin M. Narayan, Nitish Agrawal, Sean X. Du, Janelle E. Muranaka, Katherine Bauer, Daniel P. Leaman, Pham Phung, Kay Limoli, Helen Chen, Rebecca I. Boenig, Terri Wrin, Michael B. Zwick, and Robert G. Whalen. Prime-Boost Immunization of Rabbits with HIV-1 gp120 Elicits Potent Neutralization Activity against a Primary Viral Isolate. PLoS One, 8(1):e52732, 9 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23326351.
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Nie2010
Jianhui Nie, Chuntao Zhang, Wei Liu, Xueling Wu, Feng Li, Suting Wang, Fuxiong Liang, Aijing Song, and Youchun Wang. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE env Molecular Clones from Infections in China. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 53(4):440-450, 1 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20090544.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Nishiyama2009
Yasuhiro Nishiyama, Stephanie Planque, Yukie Mitsuda, Giovanni Nitti, Hiroaki Taguchi, Lei Jin, Jindrich Symersky, Stephane Boivin, Marcin Sienczyk, Maria Salas, Carl V. Hanson, and Sudhir Paul. Toward Effective HIV Vaccination: Induction of Binary Epitope Reactive Antibodies with Broad HIV Neutralizing Activity. J. Biol. Chem., 284(44):30627-30642, 30 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19726674.
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Nogal2020
Bartek Nogal, Laura E. McCoy, Marit J. van Gils, Christopher A. Cottrell, James E. Voss, Raiees Andrabi, Matthias Pauthner, Chi-Hui Liang, Terrence Messmer, Rebecca Nedellec, Mia Shin, Hannah L. Turner, Gabriel Ozorowski, Rogier W. Sanders, Dennis R. Burton, and Andrew B. Ward. HIV Envelope Trimer-Elicited Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies Bind a Region Overlapping the N332 Glycan Supersite. Sci. Adv., 6(23):eaba0512, Jun 2020. PubMed ID: 32548265.
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Nolan2009
Katrina M. Nolan, Gregory Q. Del Prete, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Beth Haggarty, Josephine Romano, George J. Leslie, and James A. Hoxie. Characterization of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Deletion Mutation That Confers Resistance to CCR5 Inhibitors and the Ability to Use Aplaviroc-Bound Receptor. J. Virol., 83(8):3798-3809, Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19193800.
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Nora2008
Tamara Nora, Francine Bouchonnet, Béatrice Labrosse, Charlotte Charpentier, Fabrizio Mammano, François Clavel, and Allan J. Hance. Functional Diversity of HIV-1 Envelope Proteins Expressed by Contemporaneous Plasma Viruses. Retrovirology, 5:23, 2008. PubMed ID: 18312646.
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Ofek2004
Gilad Ofek, Min Tang, Anna Sambor, Hermann Katinger, John R. Mascola, Richard Wyatt, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure and Mechanistic Analysis of the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2F5 in Complex with Its gp41 Epitope. J. Virol., 78(19):10724-10737, Oct 2004. PubMed ID: 15367639.
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Ohagen2003
Asa Ohagen, Amy Devitt, Kevin J. Kunstman, Paul R. Gorry, Patrick P. Rose, Bette Korber, Joann Taylor, Robert Levy, Robert L. Murphy, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Genetic and Functional Analysis of Full-Length Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env Genes Derived from Brain and Blood of Patients with AIDS. J. Virol., 77(22):12336-12345, Nov 2003. PubMed ID: 14581570.
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Opalka2004
David Opalka, Antonello Pessi, Elisabetta Bianchi, Gennaro Ciliberto, William Schleif, Michael McElhaugh, Renee Danzeisen, Romas Geleziunas, Michael Miller, Debra M. Eckert, David Bramhill, Joseph Joyce, James Cook, William Magilton, John Shiver, Emilio Emini, and Mark T. Esser. Analysis of the HIV-1 gp41 Specific Immune Response Using a Multiplexed Antibody Detection Assay. J. Immunol. Methods, 287(1-2):49-65, Apr 2004. PubMed ID: 15099755.
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ORourke2009
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, William G. Scott, Terri Wrin, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Faruk Sinangil, and Phillip W. Berman. Novel Ring Structure in the gp41 Trimer of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 That Modulates Sensitivity and Resistance to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 83(15):7728-7738, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19474108.
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ORourke2010
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Karianne Terry, Terri Wrin, Faruk Sinangil, and Phillip W. Berman. Mutation at a Single Position in the V2 Domain of the HIV-1 Envelope Protein Confers Neutralization Sensitivity to a Highly Neutralization-Resistant Virus. J. Virol., 84(21):11200-11209, Nov 2010. PubMed ID: 20702624.
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Overbaugh2012
Julie Overbaugh and Lynn Morris. The Antibody Response against HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2(1):a007039, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22315717.
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Pahar2006
Bapi Pahar, Mayra A. Cantu, Wei Zhao, Marcelo J. Kuroda, Ronald S. Veazey, David C. Montefiori, John D. Clements, Pyone P. Aye, Andrew A. Lackner, Karin Lovgren-Bengtsson, and Karol Sestak. Single Epitope Mucosal Vaccine Delivered via Immuno-Stimulating Complexes Induces Low Level of Immunity Against Simian-HIV. Vaccine, 24(47-48):6839-6849, 17 Nov 2006. PubMed ID: 17050045.
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Pancera2005
Marie Pancera and Richard Wyatt. Selective Recognition of Oligomeric HIV-1 Primary Isolate Envelope Glycoproteins by Potently Neutralizing Ligands Requires Efficient Precursor Cleavage. Virology, 332(1):145-156, 5 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15661147.
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Pantophlet2003
Ralph Pantophlet, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Pascal Poignard, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Fine Mapping of the Interaction of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies with the CD4 Binding Site of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120. J. Virol., 77(1):642-658, Jan 2003. PubMed ID: 12477867.
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Pantophlet2003b
Ralph Pantophlet, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Hyperglycosylated Mutants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Monomeric gp120 as Novel Antigens for HIV Vaccine Design. J. Virol., 77(10):5889-8901, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12719582.
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Pantophlet2004
R. Pantophlet, I. A. Wilson, and D. R. Burton. Improved Design of an Antigen with Enhanced Specificity for the Broadly HIV-Neutralizing Antibody b12. Protein Eng. Des. Sel., 17(10):749-758, Oct 2004. PubMed ID: 15542540.
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Pantophlet2006
Ralph Pantophlet and Dennis R. Burton. GP120: Target for Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 24:739-769, 2006. PubMed ID: 16551265.
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Pantophlet2009
Ralph Pantophlet, Meng Wang, Rowena O. Aguilar-Sino, and Dennis R. Burton. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Spike of Primary Viruses Can Suppress Antibody Access to Variable Regions. J. Virol., 83(4):1649-1659, Feb 2009. PubMed ID: 19036813.
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Pantophlet2010
Ralph Pantophlet. Antibody Epitope Exposure and Neutralization of HIV-1. Curr. Pharm. Des., 16(33):3729-3743, 2010. PubMed ID: 21128886.
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Park2000
E. J. Park, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and G. V. Quinnan. A global neutralization resistance phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is determined by distinct mechanisms mediating enhanced infectivity and conformational change of the envelope complex. J. Virol., 74:4183-91, 2000. PubMed ID: 10756031.
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Parren1997
P. W. Parren, M. C. Gauduin, R. A. Koup, P. Poignard, Q. J. Sattentau, P. Fisicaro, and D. R. Burton. Erratum to Relevance of the Antibody Response against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope to Vaccine Design. Immunol. Lett., 58:125-132, 1997. corrected and republished article originally printed in Immunol. Lett. 1997 Jun;57(1-3):105-112. PubMed ID: 9271324.
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Parren1998
P. W. Parren, I. Mondor, D. Naniche, H. J. Ditzel, P. J. Klasse, D. R. Burton, and Q. J. Sattentau. Neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by antibody to gp120 is determined primarily by occupancy of sites on the virion irrespective of epitope specificity. J. Virol., 72:3512-9, 1998. The authors propose that the occupancy of binding sites on HIV-1 virions is the major factor in determining neutralization, irrespective of epitope specificity. Neutralization was assayed T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1 isolates. Binding of Fabs to monomeric rgp120 was not correlated with binding to functional oligomeric gp120 or neutralization, while binding to functional oligomeric gp120 was highly correlated with neutralization. The ratios of oligomer binding/neutralization were similar for antibodies to different neutralization epitopes, with a few exceptions. PubMed ID: 9557629.
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Parren1998a
P. W. Parren, M. Wang, A. Trkola, J. M. Binley, M. Purtscher, H. Katinger, J. P. Moore, and D. R. Burton. Antibody neutralization-resistant primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol., 72:10270-4, 1998. PubMed ID: 9811774.
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Parren1999
P. W. Parren, J. P. Moore, D. R. Burton, and Q. J. Sattentau. The Neutralizing Antibody Response to HIV-1: Viral Evasion and Escape from Humoral Immunity. AIDS, 13(Suppl A):S137-162, 1999. PubMed ID: 10885772.
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Pashov2005
Anastas Pashov, Stewart MacLeod, Rinku Saha, Marty Perry, Thomas C. VanCott, and Thomas Kieber-Emmons. Concanavalin A Binding to HIV Envelope Protein Is Less Sensitive to Mutations in Glycosylation Sites than Monoclonal Antibody 2G12. Glycobiology, 15(10):994-1001, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 15917430.
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Pashov2005a
Anastas Pashov, Gabriela Canziani, Stewart Macleod, Jason Plaxco, Behjatolah Monzavi-Karbassi, and Thomas Kieber-Emmons. Targeting Carbohydrate Antigens in HIV Vaccine Development. Vaccine, 23(17-18):2168-2175, 18 Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15755589.
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Pashov2006
Anastas D. Pashov, Jason Plaxco, Srinivas V. Kaveri, Behjatolah Monzavi-Karbassi, Donald Harn, and Thomas Kieber-Emmons. Multiple Antigenic Mimotopes of HIV Carbohydrate Antigens: Relating Structure and Antigenicity. J. Biol. Chem., 281(40):29675-29683, 6 Oct 2006. PubMed ID: 16899462.
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Patel2008
Milloni B Patel, Noah G. Hoffman, and Ronald Swanstrom. Subtype-Specific Conformational Differences within the V3 Region of Subtype B and Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env Proteins. J. Virol., 82(2):903-916, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18003735.
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Peachman2010a
Kristina K. Peachman, Lindsay Wieczorek, Victoria R. Polonis, Carl R. Alving, and Mangala Rao. The Effect of sCD4 on the Binding and Accessibility of HIV-1 gp41 MPER Epitopes to Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 408(2):213-223, 20 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 20961591.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Pejchal2011
Robert Pejchal, Katie J. Doores, Laura M. Walker, Reza Khayat, Po-Ssu Huang, Sheng-Kai Wang, Robyn L. Stanfield, Jean-Philippe Julien, Alejandra Ramos, Max Crispin, Rafael Depetris, Umesh Katpally, Andre Marozsan, Albert Cupo, Sebastien Maloveste, Yan Liu, Ryan McBride, Yukishige Ito, Rogier W. Sanders, Cassandra Ogohara, James C. Paulson, Ten Feizi, Christopher N. Scanlan, Chi-Huey Wong, John P. Moore, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Pascal Poignard, William R. Schief, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield. Science, 334(6059):1097-1103, 25 Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21998254.
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Perdomo2008
Maria F. Perdomo, Michael Levi, Matti Sällberg, and Anders Vahlne. Neutralization of HIV-1 by Redirection of Natural Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(34):12515-12520, 26 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18719129.
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Peressin2011
M. Peressin, V. Holl, S. Schmidt, T. Decoville, D. Mirisky, A. Lederle, M. Delaporte, K. Xu, A. M. Aubertin, and C. Moog. HIV-1 Replication in Langerhans and Interstitial Dendritic Cells Is Inhibited by Neutralizing and Fc-Mediated Inhibitory Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(2):1077-1085, Jan 2011. PubMed ID: 21084491.
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Perez2009
Lautaro G. Perez, Matthew R. Costa, Christopher A. Todd, Barton F. Haynes, and David C. Montefiori. Utilization of Immunoglobulin G Fc Receptors by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: A Specific Role for Antibodies against the Membrane-Proximal External Region of gp41. J. Virol., 83(15):7397-7410, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19458010.
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Peters2008a
Paul J. Peters, Maria J. Duenas-Decamp, W. Matthew Sullivan, Richard Brown, Chiambah Ankghuambom, Katherine Luzuriaga, James Robinson, Dennis R. Burton, Jeanne Bell, Peter Simmonds, Jonathan Ball, and Paul R. Clapham. Variation in HIV-1 R5 Macrophage-Tropism Correlates with Sensitivity to Reagents that Block Envelope: CD4 Interactions But Not with Sensitivity to Other Entry Inhibitors. Retrovirology, 5:5, 2008. PubMed ID: 18205925.
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Pham2014
Tram N. Q. Pham, Sabelo Lukhele, Fadi Hajjar, Jean-Pierre Routy, and Éric A. Cohen. HIV Nef and Vpu Protect HIV-Infected CD4+ T Cells from Antibody-Mediated Cell Lysis through Down-Modulation of CD4 and BST2. Retrovirology, 11:15, 2014. PubMed ID: 24498878.
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Phogat2007
S. Phogat, R. T. Wyatt, and G. B. Karlsson Hedestam. Inhibition of HIV-1 Entry by Antibodies: Potential Viral and Cellular Targets. J. Intern. Med., 262(1):26-43, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17598813.
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Pinter2004
Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Yuxian He, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. The V1/V2 Domain of gp120 Is a Global Regulator of the Sensitivity of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates to Neutralization by Antibodies Commonly Induced upon Infection. J. Virol., 78(10):5205-5215, May 2004. PubMed ID: 15113902.
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Pinter2005
Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Paul D'Agostino, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. The C108g Epitope in the V2 Domain of gp120 Functions as a Potent Neutralization Target When Introduced into Envelope Proteins Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates. J. Virol., 79(11):6909-6917, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890930.
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Platis2009a
Dimitris Platis and Nikolaos E. Labrou. Application of a PEG/Salt Aqueous Two-Phase Partition System for the Recovery of Monoclonal Antibodies from Unclarified Transgenic Tobacco Extract. Biotechnol. J., 4(9):1320-1327, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19557796.
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Platt2012
Emily J. Platt, Michelle M. Gomes, and David Kabat. Kinetic Mechanism for HIV-1 Neutralization by Antibody 2G12 Entails Reversible Glycan Binding That Slows Cell Entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(20):7829-7834, 15 May 2012. PubMed ID: 22547820.
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Pluckthun2010
Andreas Plückthun. HIV: Antibodies with a Split Personality. Nature, 467(7315):537-538, 30 Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20882002.
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Poignard1996
P. Poignard, P. J. Klasse, and Q. J. Sattentau. Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1. Immunol. Today, 17:239-246, 1996. Comprehensive review of HIV envelope gp120 and gp41 antibody binding domains, and different cross-reactivity groups of MAbs ability to neutralize primary isolates. The distinction between neutralization of laboratory strains and primary isolates is discussed. The only three epitopes that have confirmed broad neutralization against a spectrum of isolates are gp120 epitopes for IgG1b12 and 2G12, and the gp41 epitope of 2F5. PubMed ID: 8991386.
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Poignard1999
P. Poignard, R. Sabbe, G. R. Picchio, M. Wang, R. J. Gulizia, H. Katinger, P. W. Parren, D. E. Mosier, and D. R. Burton. Neutralizing Antibodies Have Limited Effects on the Control of Established HIV-1 Infection In Vivo. Immunity, 10:431-438, 1999. PubMed ID: 10229186.
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Poignard2001
P. Poignard, E. O. Saphire, P. W. Parren, and D. R. Burton. gp120: Biologic aspects of structural features. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 19:253--74, 2001. URL: http://immunol.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/full/19/1/253. PubMed ID: 11244037.
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Pollara2013
Justin Pollara, Mattia Bonsignori, M. Anthony Moody, Marzena Pazgier, Barton F. Haynes, and Guido Ferrari. Epitope Specificity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Responses. Curr. HIV Res., 11(5):378-387, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 24191939.
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Poon2005
B. Poon, J. F. Hsu, V. Gudeman, I. S. Y. Chen, and K. Grovit-Ferbas. Formaldehyde-Treated, Heat-Inactivated Virions with Increased Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env Can Be Used To Induce High-Titer Neutralizing Antibody Responses. J. Virol., 79(16):10210-10217, Aug 2005. PubMed ID: 16051814.
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Prevost2017
Jérémie Prévost, Daria Zoubchenok, Jonathan Richard, Maxime Veillette, Beatriz Pacheco, Mathieu Coutu, Nathalie Brassard, Matthew S. Parsons, Kiat Ruxrungtham, Torsak Bunupuradah, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Kwan-Ki Hwang, M. Anthony Moody, Barton F. Haynes, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, Daniel E. Kaufmann, George M. Shaw, Agnes L. Chenine, and Andrés Finzi. Influence of the Envelope gp120 Phe 43 Cavity on HIV-1 Sensitivity to Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Responses. J. Virol., 91(7), 1 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28100618.
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Prevost2018
Jérémie Prévost, Jonathan Richard, Shilei Ding, Beatriz Pacheco, Roxanne Charlebois, Beatrice H Hahn, Daniel E Kaufmann, and Andrés Finzi. Envelope Glycoproteins Sampling States 2/3 Are Susceptible to ADCC by Sera from HIV-1-Infected Individuals. Virology, 515:38-45, Feb 2018. PubMed ID: 29248757.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Pugach2004
Pavel Pugach, Shawn E. Kuhmann, Joann Taylor, Andre J. Marozsan, Amy Snyder, Thomas Ketas, Steven M. Wolinsky, Bette T. Korber, and John P. Moore. The Prolonged Culture of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Primary Lymphocytes Increases its Sensitivity to Neutralization by Soluble CD4. Virology, 321(1):8-22, 30 Mar 2004. PubMed ID: 15033560.
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Pugach2008
Pavel Pugach, Thomas J. Ketas, Elizabeth Michael, and John P. Moore. Neutralizing Antibody and Anti-Retroviral Drug Sensitivities of HIV-1 Isolates Resistant to Small Molecule CCR5 Inhibitors. Virology, 377(2):401-407, 1 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18519143.
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Pugach2015
Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Quakkelaar2007a
Esther D. Quakkelaar, Floris P. J. van Alphen, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Ad C. van Nuenen, Ralph Pantophlet, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Susceptibility of Recently Transmitted Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 81(16):8533-8542, Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17522228.
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Rademacher2008
Thomas Rademacher, Markus Sack, Elsa Arcalis, Johannes Stadlmann, Simone Balzer, Friedrich Altmann, Heribert Quendler, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, Rainer Fischer, and Eva Stoger. Recombinant Antibody 2G12 Produced in Maize Endosperm Efficiently Neutralizes HIV-1 and Contains Predominantly Single-GlcNAc N-Glycans. Plant Biotechnol. J., 6(2):189-201, Feb 2008. PubMed ID: 17979949.
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Rainwater2007
Stephanie M. J. Rainwater, Xueling Wu, Ruth Nduati, Rebecca Nedellec, Donald Mosier, Grace John-Stewart, Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha, and Julie Overbaugh. Cloning and Characterization of Functional Subtype A HIV-1 Envelope Variants Transmitted Through Breastfeeding. Curr. HIV Res., 5(2):189-197, Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17346133.
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Raja2003
Aarti Raja, Miro Venturi, Peter Kwong, and Joseph Sodroski. CD4 Binding Site Antibodies Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein Interaction with CCR5. J. Virol., 77(1):713-718, Jan 2003. PubMed ID: 12477875.
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Raviv2005
Yossef Raviv, Mathias Viard, Julian W. Bess, Jr., Elena Chertova, and Robert Blumenthal. Inactivation of Retroviruses with Preservation of Structural Integrity by Targeting the Hydrophobic Domain of the Viral Envelope. J. Virol., 79(19):12394-12400, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16160166.
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Reeves2005
Jacqueline D. Reeves, Fang-Hua Lee, John L. Miamidian, Cassandra B. Jabara, Marisa M. Juntilla, and Robert W. Doms. Enfuvirtide Resistance Mutations: Impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Function, Entry Inhibitor Sensitivity, and Virus Neutralization. J. Virol., 79(8):4991-4999, Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 15795284.
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Ren2018
Yanqin Ren, Maria Korom, Ronald Truong, Dora Chan, Szu-Han Huang, Colin C. Kovacs, Erika Benko, Jeffrey T. Safrit, John Lee, Hermes Garbán, Richard Apps, Harris Goldstein, Rebecca M. Lynch, and R. Brad Jones. Susceptibility to Neutralization by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Generally Correlates with Infected Cell Binding for a Panel of Clade B HIV Reactivated from Latent Reservoirs. J. Virol., 92(23), 1 Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30209173.
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Revilla2011
Ana Revilla, Elena Delgado, Elizabeth C. Christian, Justin Dalrymple, Yolanda Vega, Cristina Carrera, Maria González-Galeano, Antonio Ocampo, Rafael Ojea de Castro, Maria J. Lezaún, Raúl Rodriguez, Ana Mariño, Patricia Ordóñez, Gustavo Cilla, Ramón Cisterna, Juan M. Santamaria, Santiago Prieto, Aza Rakhmanova, Anna Vinogradova, Maritza Ríos, Lucía Pérez-Álvarez, Rafael Nájera, David C. Montefiori, Michael S. Seaman, and Michael M. Thomson. Construction and Phenotypic Characterization of HIV Type 1 Functional Envelope Clones of subtypes G and F. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 27(8):889-901, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21226626.
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Richard2014
Jonathan Richard, Maxime Veillette, Laurie-Anne Batraville, Mathieu Coutu, Jean-Philippe Chapleau, Mattia Bonsignori, Nicole Bernard, Cécile Tremblay, Michel Roger, Daniel E. Kaufmann, and Andrés Finzi. Flow Cytometry-Based Assay to Study HIV-1 gp120 Specific Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses. J. Virol. Methods, 208:107-.14, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25125129.
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Richman2003
Douglas D. Richman, Terri Wrin, Susan J. Little, and Christos J. Petropoulos. Rapid Evolution of the Neutralizing Antibody Response to HIV Type 1 Infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 100(7):4144-4149, 1 Apr 2003. PubMed ID: 12644702.
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Ringe2010
Rajesh Ringe, Madhuri Thakar, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Variations in Autologous Neutralization and CD4 Dependence of b12 Resistant HIV-1 Clade C env Clones Obtained at Different Time Points from Antiretroviral Naïve Indian Patients with Recent Infection. Retrovirology, 7:76, 2010. PubMed ID: 20860805.
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Claudia R. Ruprecht, Anders Krarup, Lucy Reynell, Axel M. Mann, Oliver F. Brandenberg, Livia Berlinger, Irene A. Abela, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Peter Rusert, and Alexandra Trkola. MPER-Specific Antibodies Induce gp120 Shedding and Irreversibly Neutralize HIV-1. J. Exp. Med., 208(3):439-454, 14 Mar 2011. PubMed ID: 21357743.
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Peter Rusert, Axel Mann, Michael Huber, Viktor von Wyl, Huldrych F. Günthar, and Alexandra Trkola. Divergent Effects of Cell Environment on HIV Entry Inhibitor Activity. AIDS, 23(11):1319-1327, 17 Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19579289.
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Safrit2004
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Manish Sagar, Hisashi Akiyama, Behzad Etemad, Nora Ramirez, Ines Freitas, and Suryaram Gummuluru. Transmembrane Domain Membrane Proximal External Region but Not Surface Unit-Directed Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Can Restrict Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Trans-Infection. J. Infect. Dis., 205(8):1248-1257, 15 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22396600.
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Sainsbury2010
Frank Sainsbury, Markus Sack, Johannes Stadlmann, Heribert Quendler, Rainer Fischer, and George P. Lomonossoff. Rapid Transient Production in Plants by Replicating and Non-Replicating Vectors Yields High Quality Functional Anti-HIV Antibody. PLoS One, 5(11):e13976, 2010. PubMed ID: 21103044.
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Mohammad M. Sajadi, George K. Lewis, Michael S. Seaman, Yongjun Guan, Robert R. Redfield, and Anthony L. DeVico. Signature Biochemical Properties of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 86(9):5014-5025, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22379105.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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N. Sullivan, Y. Sun, Q. Sattentau, M. Thali, D. Wu, G. Denisova, J. Gershoni, J. Robinson, J. Moore, and J. Sodroski. CD4-Induced Conformational Changes in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Glycoprotein: Consequences for Virus Entry and Neutralization. J. Virol., 72:4694-4703, 1998. A study of the sCD4 inducible MAb 17bi, and the MAb CG10 that recognizes a gp120-CD4 complex. These epitopes are minimally accessible upon attachment of gp120 to the cell. The CD4-binding induced changes in gp120 were studied, exploring the sequestering of chemokine receptor binding sites from the humoral response. PubMed ID: 9573233.
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Christopher Sundling, Yuxing Li, Nick Huynh, Christian Poulsen, Richard Wilson, Sijy O'Dell, Yu Feng, John R. Mascola, Richard T. Wyatt, and Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam. High-Resolution Definition of Vaccine-Elicited B Cell Responses Against the HIV Primary Receptor Binding Site. Sci. Transl. Med., 4(142):142ra96, 11 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22786681.
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Michael D. Swanson, Harry C. Winter, Irwin J. Goldstein, and David M. Markovitz. A Lectin Isolated from Bananas Is a Potent Inhibitor of HIV Replication. J. Biol. Chem., 285(12):8646-55, 19 Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20080975.
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Silvana Tasca, Siu-Hong Ho, and Cecilia Cheng-Mayer. R5X4 Viruses Are Evolutionary, Functional, and Antigenic Intermediates in the Pathway of a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coreceptor Switch. J. Virol., 82(14):7089-7099, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18480460.
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Brian M. Taylor, J. Scott Foulke, Robin Flinko, Alonso Heredia, Anthony DeVico, and Marvin Reitz. An Alteration of Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp41 Leads to Reduced CCR5 Dependence and CD4 Independence. J. Virol., 82(11):5460-5471, Jun 2008. PubMed ID: 18353949.
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Suzie Thenin, Emmanuelle Roch, Tanawan Samleerat, Thierry Moreau, Antoine Chaillon, Alain Moreau, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Naturally Occurring Substitutions of Conserved Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Different Clades Are Involved in PG9 and PG16 Resistance to Neutralization. J. Gen. Virol., 93(7):1495-1505, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22492917.
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Thida2019
Win Thida, Takeo Kuwata, Yosuke Maeda, Tetsu Yamashiro, Giang Van Tran, Kinh Van Nguyen, Masafumi Takiguchi, Hiroyuki Gatanaga, Kazuki Tanaka, and Shuzo Matsushita. The Role of Conventional Antibodies Targeting the CD4 Binding Site and CD4-Induced Epitopes in the Control of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Viruses. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 508(1):46-51, 1 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30470571.
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Christopher A. Todd, Kelli M. Greene, Xuesong Yu, Daniel A. Ozaki, Hongmei Gao, Yunda Huang, Maggie Wang, Gary Li, Ronald Brown, Blake Wood, M. Patricia D'Souza, Peter Gilbert, David C. Montefiori, and Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe. Development and Implementation of an International Proficiency Testing Program for a Neutralizing Antibody Assay for HIV-1 in TZM-bl Cells. J. Immunol. Methods, 375(1-2):57-67, 31 Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 21968254.
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Andrey Tokarev, Charlotte Stoneham, Mary K. Lewinski, Amey Mukim, Savitha Deshmukh, Thomas Vollbrecht, Celsa A. Spina, and John Guatelli. Pharmacologic Inhibition of Nedd8 Activation Enzyme Exposes CD4-Induced Epitopes within Env on Cells Expressing HIV-1. J. Virol., 90(5):2486-2502, 16 Dec 2015. PubMed ID: 26676780.
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Georgia D. Tomaras, Nicole L. Yates, Pinghuang Liu, Li Qin, Genevieve G. Fouda, Leslie L. Chavez, Allan C. Decamp, Robert J. Parks, Vicki C. Ashley, Judith T. Lucas, Myron Cohen, Joseph Eron, Charles B. Hicks, Hua-Xin Liao, Steven G. Self, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Kent J. Weinhold, Brandon F. Keele, Beatrice H. Hahn, Michael L. Greenberg, Lynn Morris, Salim S. Abdool Karim, William A. Blattner, David C. Montefiori, George M. Shaw, Alan S. Perelson, and Barton F. Haynes. Initial B-Cell Responses to Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Virion-Binding Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG Antibodies Followed by Plasma Anti-gp41 Antibodies with Ineffective Control of Initial Viremia. J. Virol., 82(24):12449-12463, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18842730.
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Georgia D. Tomaras, James M. Binley, Elin S. Gray, Emma T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, Penny L. Moore, Nancy Tumba, Tommy Tong, Xiaoying Shen, Nicole L. Yates, Julie Decker, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Philippa Easterbrook, Salim Abdool Karim, Gift Kamanga, John A. Crump, Myron Cohen, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Polyclonal B Cell Responses to Conserved Neutralization Epitopes in a Subset of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 85(21):11502-11519, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21849452.
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Alexandra Trkola, Herbert Kuster, Peter Rusert, Beda Joos, Marek Fischer, Christine Leemann, Amapola Manrique, Michael Huber, Manuela Rehr, Annette Oxenius, Rainer Weber, Gabriela Stiegler, Brigitta Vcelar, Hermann Katinger, Leonardo Aceto, and Huldrych F. Günthard. Delay of HIV-1 Rebound after Cessation of Antiretroviral Therapy through Passive Transfer of Human Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Med., 11(6):615-622, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15880120.
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Michael Vaine, Shixia Wang, Qin Liu, James Arthos, David Montefiori, Paul Goepfert, M. Juliana McElrath, and Shan Lu. Profiles of Human Serum Antibody Responses Elicited by Three Leading HIV Vaccines Focusing on the Induction of Env-Specific Antibodies. PLoS One, 5(11):e13916, 2010. PubMed ID: 21085486.
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Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, K. Anton Feenstra, Zelda Euler, Marit J. van Gils, Linda W. E. Rijsdijk, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Jaap Heringa, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and Rogier W. Sanders. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures That Correlate with the Development of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Retrovirology, 10:102, 23 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24059682.
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Marit J. van Gils, Evelien M. Bunnik, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Judith A. Burger, Marijke Terlouw-Klein, Naomi Verwer, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Longer V1V2 Region with Increased Number of Potential N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Protects against HIV-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(14):6986-6995, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21593147.
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Marit J. van Gils, Diana Edo-Matas, Emma J. Bowles, Judith A. Burger, Guillaume B. Stewart-Jones, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in a Patient with Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity in Serum. J. Virol., 85(16):8443-8438, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21653664.
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Thijs van Montfort, Alexey A. Nabatov, Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Efficient Capture of Antibody Neutralized HIV-1 by Cells Expressing DC-SIGN and Transfer to CD4+ T Lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 178(5):3177-85, 1 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17312166.
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Thijs van Montfort, Adri A. M. Thomas, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Dendritic Cells Preferentially Transfer CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants to CD4+ T Lymphocytes in trans. J. Viro.l, 82(16):7886-7896, Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18524826.
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Vcelar2007
Brigitta Vcelar, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann M. Wolf, Wolfgang Muntean, Bettina Leschnik, Saurabh Mehandru, Martin Markowitz, Christine Armbruster, Renate Kunert, Martha M. Eibl, and Hermann Katinger. Reassessment of Autoreactivity of the Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies 4E10 and 2F5 and Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Safety Data. AIDS, 21(16):2161-2170, 18 Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 18090042.
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Veillette2014
Maxime Veillette, Anik Désormeaux, Halima Medjahed, Nour-Elhouda Gharsallah, Mathieu Coutu, Joshua Baalwa, Yongjun Guan, George Lewis, Guido Ferrari, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, James E. Robinson, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, and Andres Finzi. Interaction with Cellular CD4 Exposes HIV-1 Envelope Epitopes Targeted by Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J. Virol., 88(5):2633-2644, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352444.
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Kurt Vermeire, Kristel Van Laethem, Wouter Janssens, Thomas W. Bell, and Dominique Schols. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Escape from Cyclotriazadisulfonamide-Induced CD4-Targeted Entry Inhibition Is Associated with Increased Neutralizing Antibody Susceptibility. J. Virol., 83(18):9577-9583, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19570853.
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Virnik2018
Konstantin Virnik, Edmund Nesti, Cody Dail, Aaron Scanlan, Alexei Medvedev, Russell Vassell, Andrew T. McGuire, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Ira Berkower. Live Rubella Vectors Can Express Native HIV Envelope Glycoproteins Targeted by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Prime the Immune Response to an Envelope Protein Boost. Vaccine, 36(34):5166-5172, 16 Aug 2018. PubMed ID: 30037665.
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Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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John R. Vu, Timothy Fouts, Katherine Bobb, Jennifer Burns, Brenda McDermott, David I. Israel, Karla Godfrey, and Anthony DeVico. An Immunoglobulin Fusion Protein Based on the gp120-CD4 Receptor Complex Potently Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vitro. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 22(6):477-490, Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16796521.
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Walker2009a
Laura M. Walker, Sanjay K. Phogat, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Denise Wagner, Pham Phung, Julie L. Goss, Terri Wrin, Melissa D. Simek, Steven Fling, Jennifer L. Mitcham, Jennifer K. Lehrman, Frances H. Priddy, Ole A. Olsen, Steven M. Frey, Phillip W . Hammond, Protocol G Principal Investigators, Stephen Kaminsky, Timothy Zamb, Matthew Moyle, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibodies from an African Donor Reveal a new HIV-1 Vaccine Target. Science, 326(5950):285-289, 9 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19729618.
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Walker2010
Laura M. Walker, Melissa D. Simek, Frances Priddy, Johannes S. Gach, Denise Wagner, Michael B. Zwick, Sanjay K. Phogat, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals. PLoS Pathog., 6(8), 2010. PubMed ID: 20700449.
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Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Rational Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine Design: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22(3):358-366, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20299194.
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Walker2011
Laura M. Walker, Michael Huber, Katie J. Doores, Emilia Falkowska, Robert Pejchal, Jean-Philippe Julien, Sheng-Kai Wang, Alejandra Ramos, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Matthew Moyle, Jennifer L. Mitcham, Phillip W. Hammond, Ole A. Olsen, Pham Phung, Steven Fling, Chi-Huey Wong, Sanjay Phogat, Terri Wrin, Melissa D. Simek, Protocol G. Principal Investigators, Wayne C. Koff, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, and Pascal Poignard. Broad Neutralization Coverage of HIV by Multiple Highly Potent Antibodies. Nature, 477(7365):466-470, 22 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21849977.
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Laura M. Walker, Devin Sok, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Olivia Donau, Reza Sadjadpour, Rajeev Gautam, Masashi Shingai, Robert Pejchal, Alejandra Ramos, Melissa D. Simek, Yu Geng, Ian A. Wilson, Pascal Poignard, Malcolm A. Martin, and Dennis R. Burton. Rapid development of Glycan-Specific, Broad, and Potent Anti-HIV-1 gp120 Neutralizing Antibodies in an R5 SIV/HIV Chimeric Virus Infected Macaque. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 108(50):20125-20129, 13 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22123961.
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Wallace2009
Aaron Wallace and Leonidas Stamatatos. Introduction of Exogenous Epitopes in the Variable Regions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein: Effect on Viral Infectivity and the Neutralization Phenotype. J. Virol., 83(16):7883-7893, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19494007.
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Lai-Xi Wang. Bioorganic Approaches towards HIV Vaccine Design. Curr. Pharm. Des., 9(22):1771-87, 2003. PubMed ID: 12871196.
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Wang2004
Lai-Xi Wang, Jiahong Ni, Suddham Singh, and Hengguang Li. Binding of High-Mannose-Type Oligosaccharides and Synthetic Oligomannose Clusters to Human Antibody 2G12: Implications for HIV-1 Vaccine Design. Chem. Biol., 11(1):127-134, Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 15113002.
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Wang2006
Shixia Wang, Ranajit Pal, John R. Mascola, Te-Hui W. Chou, Innocent Mboudjeka, Siyuan Shen, Qin Liu, Stephen Whitney, Timothy Keen, B. C. Nair, V. S. Kalyanaraman, Philip Markham, and Shan Lu. Polyvalent HIV-1 Env Vaccine Formulations Delivered by the DNA Priming Plus Protein Boosting Approach Are Effective in Generating Neutralizing Antibodies against Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates From Subtypes A, B, C, D and E. Virology, 350(1):34-47, 20 Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16616287.
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Jingsong Wang, Hengguang Li, Guozhang Zou, and Lai-Xi Wang. Novel Template-Assembled Oligosaccharide Clusters as Epitope Mimics for HIV-Neutralizing Antibody 2G12. Design, Synthesis, and Antibody Binding Study. Org. Biomol. Chem., 5(10):1529-1540, 21 May 2007. PubMed ID: 17571181.
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Wang2008
Qian Wang, Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Zining Zhang, Yongjun Jiang, Yanan Wang, Di Dai, and Yingying Diao. High Level Serum Neutralizing Antibody against HIV-1 in Chinese Long-Term Non-Progressors. Microbiol. Immunol., 52(4):209-215, Apr 2008. PubMed ID: 18426395.
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Wang2012
Shixia Wang, Michael Kishko, Shengqin Wan, Yan Wang, Frank Brewster, Glenda E. Gray, Avye Violari, John L. Sullivan, Mohan Somasundaran, Katherine Luzuriaga, and Shan Lu. Pilot Study on the Immunogenicity of Paired Env Immunogens from Mother-to-Child Transmitted HIV-1 Isolates. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 8(11):1638-1647, 1 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23151449.
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Hongye Wang, Ting Yuan, Tingting Li, Yanpeng Li, Feng Qian, Chuanwu Zhu, Shujia Liang, Daniel Hoffmann, Ulf Dittmer, Binlian Sun, and Rongge Yang. Evaluation of Susceptibility of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Variants to Neutralization by a Panel of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Arch. Virol., 163(12):3303-3315, Dec 2018. PubMed ID: 30196320.
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Wang2022
Lijie Wang, Shujia Liang, Jianhua Huang, Yibo Ding, Lin He, Yanling Hao, Li Ren, Meiling Zhu, Yi Feng, Abdur Rashid, Yue Liu, Shibo Jiang, Kunxue Hong, and Liying Ma. Neutralization Sensitivity of HIV-1 CRF07\_BC From an Untreated Patient With a Focus on Evolution Over Time. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12:862754, 2022. PubMed ID: 35372102.
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Wang2023
Shuishu Wang, Flavio Matassoli, Baoshan Zhang, Tracy Liu, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Tatsiana Bylund, Timothy Johnston, Amy R. Henry, I-Ting Teng, Prabhanshu Tripathi, Jordan E. Becker, Anita Changela, Ridhi Chaudhary, Cheng Cheng, Martin Gaudinski, Jason Gorman, Darcy R. Harris, Myungjin Lee, Nicholas C. Morano, Laura Novik, Sijy O'Dell, Adam S. Olia, Danealle K. Parchment, Reda Rawi, Jesmine Roberts-Torres, Tyler Stephens, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Danyi Wang, David J. Van Wazer, Tongqing Zhou, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Richard A. Koup, Lawrence Shapiro, Daniel C. Douek, Adrian B. McDermott, and Peter D. Kwong. HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies elicited in humans by a prefusion-stabilized envelope trimer form a reproducible class targeting fusion peptide. Cell Rep, 42(7):112755 doi, Jul 2023. PubMed ID: 37436899
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Webb2015
Nicholas E. Webb, David C. Montefiori, and Benhur Lee. Dose-Response Curve Slope Helps Predict Therapeutic Potency and Breadth of HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Nat. Commun., 6:8443, 29 Sep 2015. PubMed ID: 26416571.
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Wen2018
Yingxia Wen, Hung V. Trinh, Christine E Linton, Chiara Tani, Nathalie Norais, DeeAnn Martinez-Guzman, Priyanka Ramesh, Yide Sun, Frank Situ, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Christopher Hamlin, Sayali Onkar, Sai Tian, Susan Hilt, Padma Malyala, Rushit Lodaya, Ning Li, Gillis Otten, Giuseppe Palladino, Kristian Friedrich, Yukti Aggarwal, Celia LaBranche, Ryan Duffy, Xiaoying Shen, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, William Fulp, Raphael Gottardo, Brian Burke, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H. Kim, Mangala Rao, Robert J. O'Connell, Andrea Carfi, and Susan W. Barnett. Generation and Characterization of a Bivalent Protein Boost for Future Clinical Trials: HIV-1 Subtypes CR01\_AE and B gp120 Antigens with a Potent Adjuvant. PLoS One, 13(4):e0194266, 2018. PubMed ID: 29698406.
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West2009
Anthony P. West, Jr., Rachel P. Galimidi, Christopher P. Foglesong, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Kathryn E. Huey-Tubman, Joshua S. Klein, Maria D. Suzuki, Noreen E. Tiangco, Jost Vielmetter, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Design and Expression of a Dimeric Form of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2G12 with Increased Neutralization Potency. J. Virol., 83(1):98-104, Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 18945777.
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West2010
Anthony P. West, Jr., Rachel P. Galimidi, Christopher P. Foglesong, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Joshua S. Klein, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Evaluation of CD4-CD4i Antibody Architectures Yields Potent, Broadly Cross-Reactive Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reagents. J. Virol., 84(1):261-269, Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19864392.
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West2012a
Anthony P. West, Jr., Ron Diskin, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Structural Basis for Germ-Line Gene Usage of a Potent Class of Antibodies Targeting the CD4-Binding Site of HIV-1 gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):E2083-E2090, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22745174.
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West2013
Anthony P. West, Jr., Louise Scharf, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Computational Analysis of Anti-HIV-1 Antibody Neutralization Panel Data to Identify Potential Functional Epitope Residues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(26):10598-10603, 25 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23754383.
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Wieczorek2023
Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Michelle Zemil, Eric Lewitus, Erin Kavusak, Jonah Heller, Sebastian Molnar, Mekhala Rao, Gabriel Smith, Meera Bose, Amy Nguyen, Adwitiya Dhungana, Katherine Okada, Kelly Parisi, Daniel Silas, Bonnie Slike, Anuradha Ganesan, Jason Okulicz, Tahaniyat Lalani, Brian K. Agan, Trevor A. Crowell, Janice Darden, Morgane Rolland, Sandhya Vasan, Julie Ake, Shelly J. Krebs, Sheila Peel, Sodsai Tovanabutra, and Victoria R. Polonis. Evolution of HIV-1 envelope towards reduced neutralization sensitivity, as demonstrated by contemporary HIV-1 subtype B from the United States. PLoS Pathog, 19(12):e1011780 doi, Dec 2023. PubMed ID: 38055771
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Willey2008
Suzanne Willey and Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Humoral Immunity to HIV-1: Neutralisation and Antibody Effector Functions. Trends Microbiol., 16(12):596-604, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18964020.
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Witt2017
Kristen C. Witt, Luis Castillo-Menendez, Haitao Ding, Nicole Espy, Shijian Zhang, John C. Kappes, and Joseph Sodroski. Antigenic Characterization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Envelope Glycoprotein Precursor Incorporated into Nanodiscs. PLoS One, 12(2):e0170672, 2017. PubMed ID: 28151945.
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Wolbank2003
Susanne Wolbank, Renate Kunert, Gabriela Stiegler, and Hermann Katinger. Characterization of Human Class-Switched Polymeric (Immunoglobulin M [IgM] and IgA) Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibodies 2F5 and 2G12. J. Virol., 77(7):4095-4103, Apr 2003. PubMed ID: 12634368.
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Wu2009a
Lan Wu, Tongqing Zhou, Zhi-yong Yang, Krisha Svehla, Sijy O'Dell, Mark K. Louder, Ling Xu, John R. Mascola, Dennis R. Burton, James A. Hoxie, Robert W. Doms, Peter D. Kwong, and Gary J. Nabel. Enhanced Exposure of the CD4-Binding Site to Neutralizing Antibodies by Structural Design of a Membrane-Anchored Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Domain. J. Virol., 83(10):5077-5086, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19264769.
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Wu2010
Xueling Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Yuxing Li, Carl-Magnus Hogerkorp, William R. Schief, Michael S. Seaman, Tongqing Zhou, Stephen D. Schmidt, Lan Wu, Ling Xu, Nancy S. Longo, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Mark K. Louder, Diane L. Wycuff, Yu Feng, Martha Nason, Nicole Doria-Rose, Mark Connors, Peter D. Kwong, Mario Roederer, Richard T. Wyatt, Gary J. Nabel, and John R. Mascola. Rational Design of Envelope Identifies Broadly Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies to HIV-1. Science, 329(5993):856-861, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20616233.
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Wu2013
Yunji Wu, Anthony P. West, Jr., Helen J. Kim, Matthew E. Thornton, Andrew B. Ward, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Structural Basis for Enhanced HIV-1 Neutralization by a Dimeric Immunoglobulin G Form of the Glycan-Recognizing Antibody 2G12. Cell Rep., 5(5):1443-1455, 12 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24316082.
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Wyatt1998
R. Wyatt, P. D. Kwong, E. Desjardins, R. W. Sweet, J. Robinson, W. A. Hendrickson, and J. G. Sodroski. The Antigenic Structure of the HIV gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein. Nature, 393:705-711, 1998. Comment in Nature 1998 Jun 18;393(6686):630-1. The spatial organization of the neutralizing epitopes of gp120 is described, based on epitope maps interpreted in the context of the X-ray crystal structure of a ternary complex that includes a gp120 core, CD4 and a neutralizing antibody. PubMed ID: 9641684.
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Wyatt1998a
R. Wyatt and J. Sodroski. The HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins: Fusogens, Antigens, and Immunogens. Science, 280:1884-1888, 1998. Review discussing of the mechanisms used by the virus to evade a neutralizing antibody response while maintaining vital Env functions of binding to target cells, and then entering through membrane fusion. PubMed ID: 9632381.
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Xiao2009
Xiaodong Xiao, Weizao Chen, Yang Feng, Zhongyu Zhu, Ponraj Prabakaran, Yanping Wang, Mei-Yun Zhang, Nancy S. Longo, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Germline-Like Predecessors of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Lack Measurable Binding to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins: Implications for Evasion of Immune Responses and Design of Vaccine Immunogens. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 390(3):404-409, 18 Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19748484.
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Xu2001
W. Xu, B. A. Smith-Franklin, P. L. Li, C. Wood, J. He, Q. Du, G. J. Bhat, C. Kankasa, H. Katinger, L. A. Cavacini, M. R. Posner, D. R. Burton, T. C. Chou, and R. M. Ruprecht. Potent neutralization of primary human immunodeficiency virus clade C isolates with a synergistic combination of human monoclonal antibodies raised against clade B. J Hum Virol, 4(2):55--61, Mar-Apr 2001. PubMed ID: 11437315.
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Xu2002
Weidong Xu, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Passive Immunization with Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies: Correlates of Protective Immunity against HIV. Vaccine, 20(15):1956-1960, 6 May 2002. PubMed ID: 11983253.
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Yamamoto2008
Hiroyuki Yamamoto and Tetsuro Matano. Anti-HIV Adaptive Immunity: Determinants for Viral Persistence. Rev. Med. Virol., 18(5):293-303, Sep-Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18416450.
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Yang2002
Xinzhen Yang, Juliette Lee, Erin M. Mahony, Peter D. Kwong, Richard Wyatt, and Joseph Sodroski. Highly Stable Trimers Formed by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins Fused with the Trimeric Motif of T4 Bacteriophage Fibritin. J. Virol., 76(9):4634-4642, 1 May 2002. PubMed ID: 11932429.
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Yang2005b
Xinzhen Yang, Svetla Kurteva, Sandra Lee, and Joseph Sodroski. Stoichiometry of Antibody Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 79(6):3500-3508, Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15731244.
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Yang2006
Xinzhen Yang, Inna Lipchina, Simon Cocklin, Irwin Chaiken, and Joseph Sodroski. Antibody Binding Is a Dominant Determinant of the Efficiency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralization. J. Virol., 80(22):11404-11408, Nov 2006. PubMed ID: 16956933.
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Yang2010a
Qiang Yang, Cishan Li, Yadong Wei, Wei Huang, and Lai-Xi Wang. Expression, Glycoform Characterization, and Antibody-Binding of HIV-1 V3 Glycopeptide Domain Fused with Human IgG1-Fc. Bioconjug. Chem., 21(5):875-883, 19 May 2010. PubMed ID: 20369886.
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Yang2012
Lifei Yang, Yufeng Song, Xiaomin Li, Xiaoxing Huang, Jingjing Liu, Heng Ding, Ping Zhu, and Paul Zhou. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Produced by Stably Transfected Drosophila S2 Cells: A Desirable Vaccine Component. J. Virol., 86(14):7662-7676, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22553333.
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Yang2014
Lili Yang and Pin Wang. Passive Immunization against HIV/AIDS by Antibody Gene Transfer. Viruses, 6(2):428-447, Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24473340.
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Yasmeen2014
Anila Yasmeen, Rajesh Ringe, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, and Per Johan Klasse. Differential Binding of Neutralizing and Non-Neutralizing Antibodies to Native-Like Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimers, Uncleaved Env Proteins, and Monomeric Subunits. Retrovirology, 11:41, 2014. PubMed ID: 24884783.
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Yates2018
Nicole L. Yates, Allan C. deCamp, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, Carmela Irene, Abraham Pinter, James Peacock, Linda J. Harris, Sheetal Sawant, Peter Hraber, Xiaoying Shen, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Sorachai Nitayapan, Phillip W. Berman, Merlin L. Robb, Giuseppe Pantaleo, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Barton F. Haynes, S. Munir Alam, David C. Montefiori, and Georgia D. Tomaras. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins from Diverse Clades Differentiate Antibody Responses and Durability among Vaccinees. J. Virol., 92(8), 15 Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29386288.
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Ye2006
Ling Ye, Yuliang Sun, Jianguo Lin, Zhigao Bu, Qingyang Wu, Shibo Jiang, David A. Steinhauer, Richard W. Compans, and Chinglai Yang. Antigenic Properties of a Transport-Competent Influenza HA/HIV Env Chimeric Protein. Virology, 352(1):74-85, 15 Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16725170.
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Yee2011
Michael Yee, Krystyna Konopka, Jan Balzarini, and Nejat Düzgüneş. Inhibition of HIV-1 Env-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion by Lectins, Peptide T-20, and Neutralizing Antibodies. Open Virol. J., 5:44-51, 2011. PubMed ID: 21660189.
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Yoshimura2010
Kazuhisa Yoshimura, Shigeyoshi Harada, Junji Shibata, Makiko Hatada, Yuko Yamada, Chihiro Ochiai, Hirokazu Tamamura, and Shuzo Matsushita. Enhanced Exposure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolate Neutralization Epitopes through Binding of CD4 Mimetic Compounds. J. Virol., 84(15):7558-7568, Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20504942.
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Yu2018
Wen-Han Yu, Peng Zhao, Monia Draghi, Claudia Arevalo, Christina B. Karsten, Todd J. Suscovich, Bronwyn Gunn, Hendrik Streeck, Abraham L. Brass, Michael Tiemeyer, Michael Seaman, John R. Mascola, Lance Wells, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, and Galit Alter. Exploiting Glycan Topography for Computational Design of Env Glycoprotein Antigenicity. PLoS Comput. Biol., 14(4):e1006093, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29677181.
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Yuan2005
Wen Yuan, Stewart Craig, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Inter-Subunit Disulfide Bonds in Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. Virology, 332(1):369-383, 5 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15661168.
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Wen Yuan, Jessica Bazick, and Joseph Sodroski. Characterization of the Multiple Conformational States of Free Monomeric and Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins after Fixation by Cross-Linker. J. Virol., 80(14):6725-6737, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16809278.
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ZederLutz2001
G. Zeder-Lutz, J. Hoebeke, and M. H. Van Regenmortel. Differential recognition of epitopes present on monomeric and oligomeric forms of gp160 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by human monoclonal antibodies. Eur. J. Biochem., 268(10):2856--66, May 2001. PubMed ID: 11358501.
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Zhang2002
Peng Fei Zhang, Peter Bouma, Eun Ju Park, Joseph B. Margolick, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Michael N. Flora, and Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr. A Variable Region 3 (V3) Mutation Determines a Global Neutralization Phenotype and CD4-Independent Infectivity of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Associated with a Broadly Cross-Reactive, Primary Virus-Neutralizing Antibody Response. J. Virol., 76(2):644-655, Jan 2002. PubMed ID: 11752155.
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Zhang2007
Mei-Yun Zhang and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Novel Approaches for Identification of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Improvement of Their Potency. Curr. Pharm. Des., 13(2):203-212, 2007. PubMed ID: 17269928.
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Zhang2008
Mei-Yun Zhang, Bang K. Vu, Anil Choudhary, Hong Lu, Michael Humbert, Helena Ong, Munir Alam, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Gerald Quinnan, Shibo Jiang, David C. Montefiori, John R. Mascola, Christopher C. Broder, Barton F. Haynes, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Cross-Reactive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Recognizes a Novel Conformational Epitope on gp41 and Lacks Reactivity against Self-Antigens. J. Virol., 82(14):6869-6879, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18480433.
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Zhang2010
Mei-Yun Zhang, Andrew Rosa Borges, Roger G. Ptak, Yanping Wang, Antony S. Dimitrov, S. Munir Alam, Lindsay Wieczorek, Peter Bouma, Timothy Fouts, Shibo Jiang, Victoria R. Polonis, Barton F. Haynes, Gerald V. Quinnan, David C. Montefiori, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Potent and Broad Neutralizing Activity of a Single Chain Antibody Fragment against Cell-Free and Cell-Associated HIV-1. mAbs, 2(3):266-274, May-Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20305395.
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Susan Zolla-Pazner. Improving on Nature: Focusing the Immune Response on the V3 Loop. Hum. Antibodies, 14(3-4):69-72, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720976.
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Zwick2001c
M. B. Zwick, M. Wang, P. Poignard, G. Stiegler, H. Katinger, D. R. Burton, and P. W. Parren. Neutralization synergy of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates by cocktails of broadly neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol., 75(24):12198--208, Dec 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/24/12198. PubMed ID: 11711611.
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Zwick2003a
Michael B. Zwick, Robert Kelleher, Richard Jensen, Aran F. Labrijn, Meng Wang, Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr., Paul W. H. I. Parren, and Dennis R. Burton. A Novel Human Antibody against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Is V1, V2, and V3 Loop Dependent and Helps Delimit the Epitope of the Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Immunoglobulin G1 b12. J. Virol., 77(12):6965-6978, Jun 2003. PubMed ID: 12768015.
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Sengupta2023
Srona Sengupta, Josephine Zhang, Madison C. Reed, Jeanna Yu, Aeryon Kim, Tatiana N. Boronina, Nathan L. Board, James O. Wrabl, Kevin Shenderov, Robin A. Welsh, Weiming Yang, Andrew E. Timmons, Rebecca Hoh, Robert N. Cole, Steven G. Deeks, Janet D. Siliciano, Robert F. Siliciano, and Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri. A cell-free antigen processing system informs HIV-1 epitope selection and vaccine design. J Exp Med, 220(7):e20221654 doi, Jul 2023. PubMed ID: 37058141
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Displaying record number 633
Download this epitope
record as JSON.
MAb ID |
b12 (Fab b12, MAb IgG1b12, IgG1-b12, IgG1 b12, IgGB12, b4/12, Ib12, 1b12, biz) |
HXB2 Location |
Env |
Env Epitope Map
|
Author Location |
gp120 |
Research Contact |
D. Burton, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, also J. Geltowsky and J. Pyati, R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Resear |
Epitope |
(Discontinuous epitope)
|
Subtype |
B |
Ab Type |
gp120 CD4bs |
Neutralizing |
P (tier 2) View neutralization details |
Contacts and Features |
View contacts and features |
Species
(Isotype)
|
human(IgG1κ) |
Patient |
Donor b |
Immunogen |
HIV-1 infection |
Keywords |
acute/early infection, adjuvant comparison, anti-idiotype, antibody binding site, antibody gene transfer, antibody generation, antibody interactions, antibody lineage, antibody polyreactivity, antibody sequence, assay or method development, autoantibody or autoimmunity, autologous responses, binding affinity, brain/CSF, broad neutralizer, chimeric antibody, co-receptor, complement, computational prediction, dendritic cells, drug resistance, dynamics, effector function, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, enhancing activity, escape, genital and mucosal immunity, germline, glycosylation, HAART, ART, immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy, isotype switch, kinetics, memory cells, mimics, mimotopes, mother-to-infant transmission, mutation acquisition, neutralization, NK cells, polyclonal antibodies, rate of progression, responses in children, review, SIV, structure, subtype comparisons, supervised treatment interruptions (STI), therapeutic vaccine, transmission pair, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, variant cross-reactivity, viral fitness and/or reversion |
Notes
Showing 597 of
597 notes.
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b12: Eighty clusters of overlapping epitopes that could bind to MHC Class II HLA-DR1*01:01 (DR1) allele were identified by LC-MS/MS using a cell-free processing system that incorporated soluble DR1, HLA-DM (DM), cathepsins, and full-length protein antigens (Gag, Pol, Env, Vif, Tat, Rev, and Nef). Sixteen of Env CD4+ T cell epitopes identified in this study, which were primarily located in the vicinity of the gp120/gp41 interface or the CD4bs, were assessed for overlap with bnAb binding footprints. 4/16 overlapped with the binding footprint of CD4bs-targeting bnAb b12: EEE267-283 (EEEVMIRSENITNNAKN), SDN274-287 (SDNFTNNAKTIIVQ), EQF351-371 (EQFGNNKTIIFKQSSGGDPEIV), and KAM432-444 (KAMYAPPISGQIR)ETF466-476 (ETFRPGGGDMR). The first 3 were identified as glycosylated forms, while SDN274-287 and KAM432-444 were, respectively, also and only, identified as unglycosylated forms.
Sengupta2023
(antibody binding site)
-
b12: This paper used the alias biz to refer to mAb b12. This was noted in a correction to the paper (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1395409/).
Wu2006a
-
b12: A SHIV carrying a highly neutralization-sensitive Env (SHIVCNE40) was passaged in macaques. SHIVCNE40 developed enhanced replication kinetics associated with neutralization resistance against autologous serum, CD4-Ig, and several nAbs (17b, 3BNC117, N6, PGT145, PGT121, PGT128, 35O22, 2F5, 10E8). A gp41 substitution, E658K, was the major determinant for this resistance. However, this mutation didn’t disrupt the binding of SHIVCNE40 with assayed nAbs (17b, N6, VRC01, b12, PGT145, 10-1074, 35O22). Structural modeling and functional verification indicate that the substitution disrupts an intermolecular salt bridge with the neighboring protomer, particularly K601, thereby promoting fusion and facilitating immune evasion. This effect is applicable across many HIV-1 viruses of diverse subtypes. These results highlight the critical role of gp41 in shaping the neutralization profile and conformation of Env during viral adaptation. The unique intermolecular salt bridge could potentially be utilized for rational vaccine design involving more stable HIV-1 Env trimers.
Wang2019
(mutation acquisition, neutralization, structure)
-
b12: A panel of 30 contemporary subtype B pseudoviruses (PSVs) was generated. Neutralization sensitivities of these PSVs were compared with subtype B strains from earlier in the pandemic using 31 nAbs (PG9, PG16, PGT145, PGDM1400, CH02, CH03, CH04, 830A, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 10-1074, 2192, 2219, 3074, 3869, 447-52D, b12, NIH45-46, VRC01, VRC03, 3BNC117, HJ16, sCD4, 10E8, 4E10, 2F5, 7H6, 2G12, 35O22). A significant reduction in Env neutralization sensitivity was observed for 27 out of 31 nAbs for the contemporary, as compared to earlier-decade subtype B PSVs. A decline in neutralization sensitivity was observed across all Env domains; the nAbs that were most potent early in the pandemic suffered the greatest decline in potency over time. A metaanalysis demonstrated this trend across multiple subtypes. As HIV-1 Env diversification continues, changes in Env antigenicity and neutralization sensitivity should continue to be evaluated to inform the development of improved vaccine and antibody products to prevent and treat HIV-1.
Wieczorek2023
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion)
-
b12: A panel of 58 mAbs was cloned from a rhesus macaque immunized with envelope glycoprotein immunogens developed from HIV-1 clade B-infected human donor VC10014. Neutralizing mAbs predominantly targeted linear epitopes in the V3 region in the cradle orientation (V3C), with others targeting the V3 ladle orientation (V3L), the CD4 binding site, C1, C4, or gp41. Nonneutralizing mAbs bound C1, C5, or undetermined gp120 conformational epitopes. Neutralization potency strongly correlated with the magnitude of binding to infected primary macaque splenocytes and to the level of ADCC, but did not correlate with ADCP. MAbs were traced to 23 of 72 functional IgHV germline alleles. Neutralizing V3C mAbs displayed minimal nucleotide SHM in the H chain V region (3.77%), indicating that relatively little affinity maturation was needed to achieve in-clade neutralization breadth. This study underscores the polyfunctional nature of vaccine-elicited tier 2-neutralizing V3 Abs and demonstrates partial reproduction of a human donor’s Ab response through nonhuman primate vaccination. Several previously-isolated mAbs were used in binding assays: b12, VRC01, N6, 3BNC117, 2558, 2219, 1006-15D, 447-52D, 10-1074, 830A, 2F5, F240, PGDM1400, 2219.
Spencer2021
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
b12: This study analyzed Env sequences of early HIV-1 clonal variants from 31 individuals from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies with diverse levels of heterologous neutralization at 2-4 years post-seroconversion. A number of Env signatures coincided with neutralization development. These included a statistically shorter variable region 1 and a lower probability of glycosylation. Induction of neutralization was associated with a lower probability of glycosylation at position 332, which is involved in the epitopes of many bnAbs. 2G12 and PGT126 were tested for their ability to block infectivity by patient viruses with predicted glycosylation at N332; the NLS glycosylation motif was associated with resistance to these mAbs more often than the NIS glycosylation motif. Sequence Harmony software identified amino acid changes associated with the development of heterologous neutralization. These residues mapped to various Env subdomains, but in particular to the first and fourth variable region, as well as the underlying α2 helix of the third constant region. These findings imply that the development of heterologous neutralization might depend on specific characteristics of early Env. Env signatures that correlate with the induction of neutralization might be relevant for the design of effective HIV-1 vaccines. Primary virus isolates from 21 of the patients were assayed for neutralization by 11 well-known nAbs (b12, VRC01, 447-52D, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PG9, PG16, PGT145, 2F5, 4E10).
vandenKerkhof2013
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, polyclonal antibodies)
-
b12: The polyclonal response of human subjects VC20013 and VC10014 demonstrated increasing neutralization breadth against a panel of HIV-1 isolates over time. Full-length functional env genes were cloned longitudinally from these subjects from months after infection through 2.6 to 5.8 years of infection. Motifs associated with the development of breadth in published, cross-sectional studies were found in the viral sequences of both subjects. To test the immunogenicity of envelope vaccines derived from time points obtained during and after broadening of neutralization activity within these subjects, rabbits were coimmunized 4 times with selected multiple gp160 DNAs and gp140-trimeric envelope proteins. In an assay of rabbit polyclonal responses, the most rapid and persistent neutralization of multiclade tier 1 viruses was elicited by envelopes that were circulating in plasma at time points prior to the development of 50% neutralization breadth in both human subjects. The breadth elicited in rabbits was not improved by exposure to later envelope variants. Env immunogen sequences were tested for binding to a panel of well studied mAbs of various binding types (VRC01, HJ16, b12, b6, PG9, PGT121, 2G12, 2F5, F240); all gp140s bound to weak or non-neutralizing antibodies b6 and F240. MAb b6 also bound BG505 SOSIP, while F240 did not, suggesting that cluster I gp41 epitopes, which become exposed during gp120 shedding, are more easily accessed on these trimers than on BG505-SOSIP. These data have implications for vaccine development in describing a target time point to identify optimal env immunogens.
Malherbe2014
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses, binding affinity, polyclonal antibodies)
-
b12: A naturally occurring H681 mutation in gp41 MPER of a clade C Env conferred increased sensitivity to autologous and heterologous plasma antibodies. Env-pseudotyped viruses expressing H681 showed increased sensitivity to sCD4, b12 and 4E10 mAbs, both in related and unrelated Envs, and was corroborated with increased Env susceptibility and binding to cellular CD4 as well as with prolonged exposure of MPER epitopes. The increased gp120-CD4 interaction was further associated with relative exposure of CD4-induced epitopes and macrophage infectivity. The Y681H substitution exposes neutralizing epitopes in CD4bs and MPER towards comprehensive interference in HIV-1 entry.
Ringe2012a
(neutralization)
-
b12: This study explored the basis of the neutralization resistance of tier 3 virus 253-11 (subtype CRF02_AG). Virus 253-11 was resistant to neutralization by 17b, b12, VRC03, F105, SCD4, CH12, Z13e1, PG16, PGT145, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126, PGT128, PGT130, 39F, F240, and 35O22; the virus was sensitive to 3BNC117, NIH45-46G54W, VRC01, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, PG9, VRC26.26, 10-1074, and PGT151. Virus 253-11 was strikingly resistant to most tested antibodies that target V3/glycans, despite possessing key potential N-linked glycosylation sites, especially N301 and N332, needed for the recognition of this class of antibodies. The resistance of 253-11 was not associated with an unusually long V1/V2 loop, nor with polymorphisms in the V3 loop and N-linked glycosylation sites. The 253-11 MPER was rarely recognized by sera, but was more often recognized in a chimera consisting of a HIV-2 backbone with the 253-11 MPER, suggesting steric or kinetic hindrance of the MPER. Mutations in the 253-11 MPER previously reported to increase the lifetime of the prefusion Env conformation (Y681H, L669S), decreased the resistance of 253-11 to several mAbs, presumably destabilizing its otherwise stable, closed trimer structure. A crystal structure of a recombinant 253-11 SOSIP trimer revealed that the heptad repeat helices in gp41 are drawn in close proximity to the trimer axis and that gp120 protomers also showed a relatively compact form around the trimer axis.
Moyo2018
(neutralization, structure)
-
b12: This study used directed evolution to overcome the instability and heterogeneity of a primary Env isolate (ADA) in order to design better immunogens. HIV-1 virions were subjected to iterative cycles of destabilization and replication to select for Envs with enhanced stability. Several mutations in Env were associated with increased trimer stability, primarily in the heptad repeat regions of gp41 and V1 of gp120. Mutations from the most stable Envs were combined into a variant Env, termed "comb-mut", with superior homogeneity and stability. Comb-mut had greater binding affinity for PGT128, PG9, PG16, 2G12, VRC01, b12, and CD4-IgG2, but decreased binding to 4E10, 2F5, b6, 19b, 17b, 7B2, and D50. Comb-mut was more sensitive to neutralization by PG9. One specific mutation (K574) was shown to decrease the neutralization IC50 of mAbs b12, 2F5, 4E10, b6, 2G12, 8K8 and inhibitors sCD4, T-20, and PF-68742. Several of the Env substitutions were shown to stabilize Env spikes from HIV-1 clades A, B, and C. Spike stabilizing mutations may be useful in the development of Env immunogens that stably retain native, trimeric structure.
Leaman2013
(mimics, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
b12: Most published structures of bnAbs, yet none of non- or poorly-neutralizing mAbs, were structurally compatible with a newly generated crystal structure of a mature ligand-free endoglycosidase H-treated BG505 SOSIP.664 Env trimer. Robust binding of the structurally incompatible V3- and CD4-bs targeting nAbs could be induced with CD4. A “DS” variant of BG505 SOSIP.664, containing a stabilizing disulfide bond between 201C and 433C mutations, was developed and appeared to represent an obligate intermediate in that it bound only a single CD4 and remained in a prefusion closed conformation. CD4bs-targeting bnAb b12 had a breadth of 45% (IC50 < 50 μg/ml) in a panel of 170 diverse HIV-1 pseudoviruses but failed to bind to wildtype or DS BG505 SOSIP.664. This is consistent with the structural modeling which showed b12 was incompatible with BG505 SOSIP.664 when considering antibody-antigen-volume overlap but compatible when considering epitope r.m.s. deviation.
Kwon2015
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
b12: Persistent (VP-1) and Non-persistent (VP-2) viruses were compared in a longitudinal study of a cross-reactive neutralizing serum-possessing patient, Patient B (H19554) over 9 years. Persisting VP-1 viral clones had more mutations in variable loops V1V2 and constant region C3 of Env, particularly in the number of PNGS (potential N-linked glycosylation sites) in V1V2. While VP-1 in vitro virus chimeras showed slower replication kinetics than VP-2, there was no neutralization sensitivity change based on whether they were R5 or X4 variants. The gp160 Env was longer in the VP-2 population; and VP-2 chimeras were more sensitive to neutralization by bnAb b12 than VP-1.
vanGils2011a
(glycosylation, mutation acquisition, escape)
-
b12: Cryo-electron microscopy (EM) of the cleaved, soluble SOSIP gp140 trimer complexed with CD4bs-binding bnAb PGV04 was studied at 5.8Å, facilitating study of Env V1/V2, V3, HR1 and HR2 domains and some shielding glycans. This provides further information on trimer assembly, gp120-gp41 interactions and the three-dimensional CD4bs epitope cluster. For instance, bnAb b12 does not neutralize the BG505 virus or bind trimer BG505 SOSIP.664 - it has a few clashes with V1/V2 (same protomer), glycans, and V3 from the adjacent protomer, which differs from other CD4bs bnAbs that also do not neutralize BG505 like b13 and F105 but which have extensive clashing with these regions of the Env trimer. The quaternary structure of trimer binding is essential to explain why the light chain CDR1 and CDR3 residues are essential for neutralization by the b12 bnAb, contacting the trimer but not the monomers.
Lyumkis2013
(vaccine antigen design, structure)
-
b12: Native, well-ordered, soluble mimetics of the Env trimer from subtypes B (JRFL) and C (16055) were obtained from genetically identical samples of heterogeneous mixture of disordered Env SOSIPs. Negative selection by non-nAbs was used to remove disordered oligomers, leaving well-ordered trimers that were able to bind sCD4, a panel of bnAbs that bind CD4bs, and PGT15 which is a bnAb that binds only cleavage-dependent, well-ordered, Env trimer. Several biophysical techniques were used to interrogate the structure of the purified subtype B and C trimers. Trimer antigenicity was assessed by bio-layer interferometry against F105-like non-neutralizing Abs, and some bnAbs in solution. Like bnAb PGV04, b12 binds and neutralizes the parental JRFL strain but not the 16055 SOSIP trimer.
Guenaga2015
(vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons, structure)
-
b12: This paper describes the development and characterization of soluble, cleaved SOSIP gp140 Env trimers using a JR-FL background. In addition to a stabilizing disulfide bond, mediated by engineered mutations A501C and T605C that are also present in SOS gp140 proteins, SOSIP gp140 proteins have an I559P mutation (aka “IP”) that increases trimer stability. Further analyses suggested that I559P destabilizes the N-terminal helix necessary for the six-helix bundle structure in the postfusion conformation. Immunoprecipitation assays with mAbs CD4-IgG2, b12 (aka IgG1b12), 17b, 2F5, 2.2B and 4D4 demonstrated that I559P did not alter expected structural epitopes when compared to SOS gp140 proteins. Neutralizing mAb b12 was able to bind efficiently to its CD4bs-associated epitope on both SOS and SOSIP gp140 proteins.
Sanders2002a
(vaccine antigen design)
-
B12: Structural characterization of macaque vaccine-induced mAbs Ab1303 and Ab1573 revealed a CD4bs binding mechanism that requires an occluded-open Env trimer conformation, similar to what has been observed for mAb b12. Env contacts by b12 are primarily facilitated by its VH domain with minimal contribution from its V L domain. Similar to Ab1303 and Ab1573, the VH domain of b12 was positioned close to the gp120 inner domain, which is not fully exposed in closed Env conformation, while, unlike Ab1303 and Ab1573, the b12 VL domain was closer to the V1V2 regions. Inter-protomer distances of B41 Env trimer bound to b12 were increased compared to a closed trimer, yet had similar symmetry, and were also distinct from other known models of open conformations of Env trimers bound to CD4.
Yang2022
(structure)
-
b12: Extensive analysis of new and existing crystal structures identifies conformation of soluble B41 SOSIP Env trimer intermediates induced by binding with CD4 alone or CD4 and mAb 17b or mAb b12 alone. CD4 or b12 binding induces large conformational rearrangements of gp41 subunits and consequent inaccessibility of the fusion peptide. Analysis of a generated 3.6 Å cryo-EM structure of B41 SOSIP.664 in complex with mAb b12, which targets the CD4 binding site, revealed that b12-binding induced a large rigid body movement of all 3 gp120 subunits, with respect to the trimer axis and concomitant rearrangement of the gp41 helices. The V3 loop and the co-receptor binding site remained inaccessible and the α0 region remained disordered. However, the fusion peptide becomes embedded and stabilized in a newly formed pocket distant from the host membrane. B12 epitope exposure likely requires transient opening of Env trimer as the binding of b12 is sterically occluded in closed pre-fusion Env and also prevents the reversion to a pre-fusion state.
Ozorowski2017
(structure)
-
b12: A plant-based expression system was used to produce different glycoforms of the bnAbs PG9, PG16, 10–1074, NIH45–46G54W, 10E8, PGT121, PGT128, PGT145, PGT135, and b12. Also produced were mutated forms (N92T) of VRC01 (mVRC01) and NIH45–46G54W (mNIH45–46G54W). The in vivo properties of these mAbs were assessed in macaques to distinguish those most likely to comprise or become a component of an affordable and efficacious immunotherapeutic cocktails. N-glycans within the VL domain impaired the plasma stability of plant-derived bnAbs. While PGT121 and b12 exhibited no immunogenicity in rhesus macaques, VRC01, 10-1074 and NIH45-46G54W elicited high titer anti-idiotypic antibodies. The results indicated that that specific mutations in certain bnAbs caused immunogenicity in macaques. Such immunogenicity in humans would potentially compromise their value for immunotherapy. CHO1-31 was used as a positive control in a neutralization assay.
Rosenberg2015
(anti-idiotype, neutralization, immunotherapy)
-
b12: HIV-1 env genes were sequenced from 16 mother/infant transmitting pairs. Infant transmitted-founder (T/F) and representative maternal non-transmitted Env variants were identified and used to generate pseudoviruses for paired maternal plasma neutralization analysis. Eighteen out of 21 (85%) infant T/F Env pseudoviruses were neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma, while all infant T/F viruses were neutralization sensitive to a panel of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (2G12, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126, DH429, b12, VRC01, NIH45-46, CH31, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8, DH512) and variably sensitive to heterologous plasma neutralizing antibodies. Antibody mixture CH01/31 was used as a positive control for neutralization. The infant T/F pseudoviruses were overall more neutralization resistant to paired maternal plasma in comparison to pseudoviruses from maternal non-transmitted variants. These findings suggest that autologous neutralization of circulating viruses by maternal plasma antibodies select for neutralization-resistant viruses that initiate peripartum transmission, raising the speculation that enhancement of this response at the end of pregnancy could reduce infant HIV-1 infection risk.
Kumar2018
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission, transmission pair)
-
b12: An international collaboration (NeutNet) was organized to compare the performance of a wide variety of HIV-1 neutralization assays performed in different laboratories. Four neutralizing agents were evaluated: 4E10, 447-52D, sCD4 and TriMab (equal mixture of 2F5, 2G12 and b12). In general, there were clear differences in assay sensitivities that were dependent on both the neutralizing agent and the virus. No single assay was capable of detecting the entire spectrum of neutralizing activities.
Fenyo2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
b12: Novel Env clones of subtypes G (n=15) and F (n=7) were produced and tested for neutralization and coreceptor usage. All 15 subtype G-enveloped pseudoviruses were resistant to neutralization by MAbs b12 and 2G12, while a majority were neutralized by 2F5 and 4E10. All 7 subtype F pseudoviruses were resistant to 2F5 and b12, 6 were resistant to 2G12, and 6 were neutralized by 4E10. Coreceptor usage testing revealed that 21 of 22 envelopes were CCR5-tropic, including all 15 subtype G envelopes, 7 of which were from patients with CD4 T cell counts <200/ml. TriMab (a mixture of b12 + 2G12 + 2F5) neutralized only four (27%) viruses, and this activity correlated with that of the 2F5 component. These results confirm the broadly neutralizing activity of 4E10 on envelope clones across all tested group M clades, including subtypes G and F, reveal the resistance of most subtype F pseudoviruses to broadly neutralizing MAbs b12, 2G12, and 2F5, and suggest that, similarly to subtype C, CXCR4 tropism is uncommon in subtype G, even at advanced stages of infection.
Revilla2011
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: Analyses of all PDB HIV1-Env trimer (prefusion, closed) structures fulfilling certain parameters of resolution were performed to classify them on the basis of (a) antibody class which was informed by parental B cells as well as structural recognition, and (b) Env residues defining recognized HIV epitopes. Structural features of the 206 HIV epitope and bNAb paratopes were correlated with functional properties of the breadth and potency of neutralization against a 208-strain panel. Broadly nAbs with >25% breadth of neutralization belonged to 20 classes of antibodies with a large number of protruding loops and high degree of somatic hypermutation (SHM). Analysis of recognized HIV epitopes placed the bNAbs into 6 categories (viz. V1V2, glycan-V3, CD4-binding site, silent face center, fusion peptide and subunit interface). The epitopes contained high numbers of independent sequence segments and glycosylated surface area. b12-Env formed a distinct group within the CD4bs category, Class b12. Data for Fab variable domain of phage-library-derived Ab b12 as a cryo-EM model complexed to B41 SOSIP.664 was found in PDB ID: 5VN8.
Chuang2019
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure, antibody lineage, broad neutralizer)
-
b12: Rabbits were immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding JR-CSF gp120. Five sera with potent autologous neutralizing activity were selected and compared with a human neutralizing plasma (Z23) and monoclonal antibodies targeting various regions of gp120 (VRC01, b12, b6, F425, 2F5, 2G12, and X5). The rabbit sera contained different neutralizing activities dependent on C3 and V5, C3 and V4, or V4 regions of the glycan-rich outer domain of gp120. All sera showed enhanced neutralizing activity toward an Env variant that lacked a glycosylation site in V4. The JR-CSF gp120 epitopes recognized by the sera were distinct from those of the mAbs. The activity of one serum required specific glycans that are also important for 2G12 neutralization, and this serum blocked the binding of 2G12 to gp120. The findings show that different fine specificities can achieve potent neutralization of HIV-1, yet this strong activity does not result in improved breadth.
Narayan2013
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
b12: The study compared well-characterized nAbs (2G12, b12, VRC01, 10E8, 17b) with 4 mAbs derived from a Japanese patient (4E9C, 49G2, 916B2, 917B11) in their neutralization and ADCC activity against viruses of subtypes B and CRF01. CRF01 viruses were less susceptible to neutralization by 2G12 and b12, while VRC01 was highly effective in neutralizing CRF01 viruses. 49G2 showed better neutralization breadth against CRF01 than against B viruses. CRF01_AE viruses from Japan also showed a slightly higher susceptibility to anti-CD4i Ab 4E9C than the subtype B viruses, and to CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam. Neutralization breadth of other anti-CD4i Abs 17b, 916B2 and 917B11 was low against both subtype B and CRF01_AE viruses. Anti-CD4bs Ab 49G2, which neutralized only 22% of the viruses, showed the broadest coverage of Fc-mediated signaling activity against the same panel of Env clones among the Abs tested. The CRF01_AE viruses from Japan were more susceptible to 49G2-mediated neutralization than the CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam, but Fc-mediated signaling activity of 49G2was broader and stronger in the CRF01_AE viruses from Vietnam than the CRF01_AE viruses from Japan.
Thida2019
(effector function, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: An R5 virus isolated from chronic patient NAB01 (Patient Record# 4723) was adapted in culture to growth in the presence of target cells expressing reduced levels of CD4. Entry kinetics of the virus were altered, and these alterations resulted in extended exposure of CD4-induced neutralization-sensitive epitopes to CD4. Adapted and control viruses were assayed for their neutralization by a panel of neutralizing antibodies targeting several different regions of Env (PGT121, PGT128, 1-79, 447-52d, b6, b12, VRC01, 17b, 4E10, 2F5, Z13e1). Adapted viruses showed greater sensitivity to antibodies targeting the CD4 binding site and the V3 loop. This evolution of Env resulted in increased CD4 affinity but decreased viral fitness, a phenomenon seen also in the immune-privileged CNS, particularly in macrophages.
Beauparlant2017
(neutralization, viral fitness and/or reversion, dynamics, kinetics)
-
b12: The Chinese HIV Reference Laboratory produced 124 pseudoviruses from patients with subtype B, BC, and CRF01 infections. These viruses were assigned to tiers based on their neutralization by a panel of patient sera. Their neutralization sensitivities were also measured against a panel of well-characterized mAbs (2F5, b12, 2G12, 4E10, 10E8, VRC01, VRC-CH31, CH01, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT126).
Nie2020
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
b12: This study reported the design of an E. coli expressed fragment of HIV-1 gp120, b122a, containing about 70% of the b12 epitope with the idea of focusing the immune response to this structure. Since this was found to be only partially folded, a new attempt to stabilize it by the introduction of additional disulfide bonds has been reported. Mutant, b122a1-b showed increased stability and bound b12 with 30-fold greater affinity as compared to b122a. Sera raised against these particles in rabbit immunization studies could neutralize Tier1 viruses across different subtypes with the best results observed with b122a1-b displayed particles. Significantly higher amounts of Ab directed towards the CD4bs were also elicited by particles displaying b122a1-b, highlighting the ability of fragment immunogens to focus the Ab response to the conserved CD4bs of HIV-1.
Purwar2018
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
b12: Without SOSIP changes, cleaved Env trimers disintegrate into their gp120 and gp41-ectodomain (gp41_ECTO) components. This study demonstrates that the gp41_ECTO component is the primary source of this Env metastability and that replacing wild-type gp41_ECTO with BG505 gp41_ECTO of the uncleaved prefusion-optimized design is a general and effective strategy for trimer stabilization. A panel of 11 bNAbs, including the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) recognized by VRC01 and b12, was used to assess conserved neutralizing epitopes on the trimer surface, and the main result was that the substitution was found to significantly improve trimer binding to bNAbs VRC01, PGT151, and 35O22, with P values (paired t test) of 0.0229, 0.0269, and 0.0407, respectively.
He2018
(antibody interactions, glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
b12: m44: Isolation of human MPER-targeting mAb, E10, from an HIV-1-infected patient sample by single B cell sorting and single cell PCR has been reported. Compared to mAb b12, E10 had less potent and more selective neutralization activity against 6 HIV-1 pseudoviruses. MAb b12 was also used as a negative control for binding to bal-gp41-Fc fusion protein and MPER peptide fusion protein F7-Fc and a positive control for binding to bal-gp120.
Yang2018
(neutralization)
-
Two HIV-1-infected individuals, VC10014 and VC20013, were monitored from early infection until well after they had developed broadly neutralizing activity. The bNAb activity developed about 1 year after infection and mapped to a single epitope in both subjects. Isolates from each subject, taken at five different time points, were tested against monoclonal bNAbs: VRC01, B12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, and 2F5. In subject VC10014, the bNAb activity developed around 1 year postinfection and targeted an epitope that overlaps the CD4-BS and is similar to (but distinct from) bNAb HJ16. In the case of VC20013, the bNAb activity targeted a novel epitope in the MPER that is critically dependent on residue 677 (mutation K677N). All of the isolates from subject VC20013 were very susceptible to bNAbs that target the CD4 binding site (CD4-BS), including b12 and VRC01.
Sather2014
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
b12: This study demonstrated that bNAb signatures can be utilized to engineer HIV-1 Env vaccine immunogens eliciting Ab responses with greater neutralization breadth. Data from four large virus panels were used to comprehensively map viral signatures associated with bNAb sensitivity, hypervariable region characteristics, and clade effects. The bNAb signatures defined for the V2 epitope region were then employed to inform immunogen design in a proof-of-concept exploration of signature-based epitope targeted (SET) vaccines. V2 bNAb signature-guided mutations were introduced into Env 459C to create a trivalent vaccine which resulted in increased breadth of nAb responses compared with Env 459C alone. b12 was included in the study to analyze phylogenetically corrected signatures of CD4bs bNAb.
Bricault2019
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, computational prediction, broad neutralizer)
-
b12: A novel antibody, Y498, was derived from donor XJ1981, whose serum had potent and broad neutralization activity. Y498 neutralized 30% of 70 tested HIV-1 isolates and targeted an epitope overlapping the CD4bs of gp120. The neutralization of Y498 was compared to that of 3 other CD4BS antibodies: VRC01, b12, and A16.
Sun2017
(antibody generation, neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
Ig1b12: Improvements to the standardization of the HIV-1 pseudovirus production procedure by implementing an automated system for aliquoting of HIV-1 pseudovirus stocks up to liter-scale are described. The automated platform and the aliquoting process were validated on as accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. Lot-to-lot variations and virus stock integrity were assessed through two parallel neutralization assays run with the automatically aliquoted HIV pseudovirus and a manually aliquoted reference virus of the same type, by using five control reagents: sCD4, b12, 2F5, 4E10 and TriMab consisting of 2G12, IgG1b12 and 2F5.
Schultz2018
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
b12: Polyreactive properties of natural and artificially engineered HIV-1 bNAbs were studied, with almost 60% of the tested HIV-1 bNAbs (including this one) exhibiting low to high polyreactivity in different immunoassays. A previously unappreciated polyreactive binding for PGT121, PGT128, NIH45-46W, m2, and m7 was reported. Binding affinity, thermodynamic, and molecular dynamics analyses revealed that the co-emergence of enhanced neutralizing capacities and polyreactivity was due to an intrinsic conformational flexibility of the antigen-binding sites of bNAbs, allowing a better accommodation of divergent HIV-1 Env variants.
Prigent2018
(antibody polyreactivity)
-
b12: A systems glycobiology approach was applied to reverse engineer the relationship between bNAb binding and glycan effects on Env proteins. Glycan occupancy was interrogated across every potential N-glycan site in 94 recombinant gp120 antigens. Using a Bayesian machine learning algorithm, bNAb-specific glycan footprints were identified and used to design antigens that selectively alter bNAb antigenicity. The novel synthesized antigens unsuccessfully bound to target bNAbs with enhanced and selective antigenicity.
Yu2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
b12: A panel of bnAbs were studied to assess ongoing adaptation of the HIV-1 species to the humoral immunity of the human population. Resistance to neutralization is increasing over time, but concerns only the external glycoprotein gp120, not the MPER, suggesting a high selective pressure on gp120. Almost all the identified major neutralization epitopes of gp120 are affected by this antigenic drift, suggesting that gp120 as a whole has progressively evolved in less than 3 decades.
Bouvin-Pley2014
(neutralization)
-
b12: The first cryo-EM structure of a cross-linked vaccine antigen was solved. The 4.2 Å structure of HIV-1 BG505 SOSIP soluble recombinant Env in complex with a bNAb PGV04 Fab fragment revealed how cross-linking affects key properties of the trimer. SOSIP and GLA-SOSIP trimers were compared for antigenicity by ELISA, using a large panel of mAbs previously determined to react with BG505 Env. Non-NAbs globally lost reactivity (7-fold median loss of binding), likely because of covalent stabilization of the cross-linked ‘closed’ form of the GLA-SOSIP trimer that binds non-NAbs weakly or not at all. V3-specific non-NAbs showed 2.1–3.3-fold reduced binding. Three autologous rabbit monoclonal NAbs to the N241/N289 ‘glycan-hole’ surface, showed a median ˜1.5-fold reduction in binding. V3 non-NAb 4025 showed residual binding to the GLA-SOSIP trimer. By contrast, bNAbs like b12 broadly retained reactivity significantly better than non-NAbs, with exception of PGT145 (3.3-5.3 fold loss of binding in ELISA and SPR).
Schiffner2018
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, structure)
-
b12: This study describes the generation of CHO cell lines stably expressing the following vaccine Env Ags: CRF01_AE A244 Env gp120 protein (A244.AE) and 6240 Env gp120 protein (6240.B). The antigenic profiles of the molecules were assessed with a panel of well-characterized mAbs recognizing critical epitopes and glycosylation analysis confirming previously identified sites and revealing unknown sites at non-consensus motifs. A244.AE gp120 showed low level of binding to b12 in ELISA EC50 and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays. 6240.B gp120 exhibited binding to b12.
Wen2018
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
b12: A panel of 14 pseudoviruses of subtype CRF01_AE was developed to assess the neutralization of several neutralizing antibodies (b12, PG9, PG16, 4E10, 10E8, 2F5, PGT121, PGT126, 2G12). Neutralization was assessed in both TZM-bl and A3R5 cell-based assays. Most viruses were more susceptible to mAb-neutralization in A3R5 than in the TZM-bl cell-based assay. The increased neutralization sensitivity observed in the A3R5 assay was not linked to the year of virus transmission or to the stages of infection, but chronic viruses from the years 1990-92 were more sensitive to neutralization than the more current viruses, in both assays.
Chenine2018
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: The immunologic effects of mutations in the Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) that included increased surface expression were explored using a vaccinia prime/protein boost protocol in mice. After vaccinia primes, CT- modified Envs induced up to 7-fold higher gp120-specific IgG, and after gp120 protein boosts, they elicited up to 16-fold greater Tier-1 HIV-1 neutralizing antibody titers. Envs with or without the TM1 mutations were expressed in HEK 293T cells and analyzed for the relative expression of Ab epitopes including the CD4 binding site for b12.
Hogan2018
(vaccine antigen design)
-
B12: In the RV305 HIV-1 vaccine trial, two boosts of either ALVAC-HIV, AIDSVAX B/E gp120 or ALVAC-HIV + AIDSVAX B/E gp120 were given to HIV-1-uninfected RV144 vaccine-recipients. While no bNAb plasma activity was induced in this trial as well, an increased frequency of memory B cells that produce Env-specific anti-CD4bs antibodies with long HCDR3s was detected. B12 binding to the D368R CD4bs-mutant of Env protein YU2 was reduced to 2% as compared to wt.
Easterhoff2017
(binding affinity)
-
b12: DS-SOSIP.4mut (4mut) was identified as the most immunogenic and stable of 4 engineered, soluble, closed prefusion HIV-1 Env trimers. 4mut contained 4 mutations (M154, M300, M302 and L320) designed to form hydrophobic interactions between V1V1 and V3 loops. After V3-negative selection, CD4bs-targeted mAb b12 recognized 4mut, the other 3 designed trimers (DS-SOSIP.6mut containing 4mut mutations plus Y177W/I420M, DS-SOSIP.I423F and DS-SOSIP.A316W), and related trimers DS-SOSIP and BG505 SOSIP.664. The latter had the highest binding affinity. Each DS-SOSIP variant was able to elicit trimer-specific responses, comparable to BG505 SOSIP.664, in guinea pigs after 4 immunizations, but none elicited heterologous neutralizing activity. Crystal structures were generated for 4mut and 6mut.
Chuang2017
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
IgG1b12: Three strategies were applied to perturb the structure of Env in order to make the protein more susceptible to neutralization: exposure to cold, Env-activating ligands, and a chaotropic agent. A panel of mAbs (E51, 48d, 17b, 3BNC176, 19b, 447-52D, 39F, b12, b6, PG16, PGT145, PGT126, 35O22, F240, 10E8, 7b2, 2G12) was used to test the neutralization resistance of a panel of subtype B and C pseudoviruses with and without these agents. Both cold and CD4 mimicking agents (CD4Ms) increased the sensitivity of some viruses. The chaotropic agent urea had little effect by itself, but could enhance the effects of cold or CD4Ms. Thus Env destabilizing agents can make Env more susceptible to neutralization and may hold promise as priming vaccine antigens.
Johnson2017
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: Env variants that lack all 15 core glycan sites were produced. These variants retain conformational integrity and viral infectivity and bind to several bNAbs, including VRC01 and b12, suggesting that Env glycans are not essential to protein folding, and deglycosylated antigens may be useful as priming immunogens. A partially germline-reverted variant of VRC01 (GL-VRC01) was produced to compare its binding to that of VRC01.
Rathore2017
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: Env trimers were engineered with selective deglycosylation around the CD4 binding site to see if they could be useful vaccine antigens. The neutralization of glycan-deleted trimers was tested for a set of bnAbs (PG9, PGT122, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13, PGT151, 8ANC195, 35O22), and the antigens elicited potent neutralization based on the CD4 supersite. A crystal structure was made of one of these Env trimers bound to Fabs 35O22 and 3H+109L. Guinea pigs vaccinated with these antigens achieved neutralization of deglycosylated Envs. Glycan-deleted Env trimers may be useful as priming antigens to increase the frequency of CD4 site-directed antibodies.
Zhou2017
(glycosylation, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
IgG1b12: Mice twice-primed with DNA plasmids encoding HIV-1 gp120 and gag and given a double boost with HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) i.e. DDVV immunization, elicited Env-specific antibody responses as well as Env- and Gag-specific CTL responses. In vivo electroporation (EP) was used to increase breadth and potency of response. Anti-gp120 b12 was used to prove that the VLP spike included the broad neutralization epitope recognized by it.
Huang2017a
(therapeutic vaccine, variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: The light and heavy chains of human bNAb b12 were spliced into the rhesus macaque kappa light chain and the macaque IgG1 or IgA heavy chain to produce RhB12 IgG and RhB12 IgA. Administration of these antibodies into lactating rhesus macaques resulted in high plasma concentrations of the antibody and varied concentrations in mucosal compartments. RhB12 IgG was higher than RhB12 IgA in saliva, rectal, and vaginal secretions, but the concentration of RhB12 IgA was much higher in breast milk. This very high concentration in milk suggests that passive immunization may be effective in inhibiting virus in breast milk.
Fouda2016
(immunoprophylaxis, immunotherapy)
-
IGg1b12: The next generation of a computational neutralization fingerprinting (NFP) being used as a way to predict polyclonal Ab responses to HIV infection is presented. A new panel of 20 pseudoviruses, termed f61, was developed to aid in the assessment of experimental neutralization. This panel was used to assess 22 well-characterized bNAbs and mixtures thereof (HJ16, VRC01, 8ANC195, IGg1b12, PGT121, PGT128, PGT135, PG9, PGT151, 35O22, 10E8, 2F5, 4E10, VRC27, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, PG04, VRC23, 12A12, 3BNC117, PGT145, CH01). The new algorithms accurately predicted VRC01-like and PG9-like antibody specificities.
Doria-Rose2017
(neutralization, computational prediction)
-
b12: This review focuses on the potential role of HIV-1-specific NAbs in preventing HIV-1 infection. Several NAbs have provided protection from infection in SHIV challenge studies in primates: b12, VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, PG9, PGT121, PGT126, 10-1074, 2G12, 4E10, 2F5, 10E8. IgG1b12 also gave strong protection in mice.
Pegu2017
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
IgG1b12: The results confirm that Nef and Vpu protect HIV-1-infected cells from ADCC, but also show that not all classes of antibody can mediate ADCC. Anti-cluster-A antibodies are able to mediate potent ADCC responses, whereas anti-coreceptor binding site antibodies are not. Position 69 in gp120 is important for antibody-mediated cellular toxicity by anti-cluster-A antibodies. The angle of approach of a given class of antibodies could impact its capacity to mediate ADCC. VRC01 and b12 were selected as Abs that recognize the CD4 binding site.
Ding2015
(effector function)
-
IgG1b12: The ability of neutralizing and nonneutralizing mAbs to block infection in models of mucosal transmission was tested. Neutralization potency did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4bs-specific bNAbs, in particular VRC01, blocked HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. MPER (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bNAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while bNAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) were more variable. Non-nAbs alone and in combinations, were poorly protective against mucosal infection. The protection provided by specific bNAbs demonstrates their potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing mucosal entry. VRC01, b12, and CH31 were selected as representative mAbs of the CD4-BS class.
Cheeseman2017
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis)
-
b12: To understand HIV neutralization mediated by the MPER, antibodies and viruses were studied from CAP206, a patient known to produce MPER-targeted neutralizing mAbs. 41 human mAbs were isolated from CAP206 at various timepoints after infection, and 4 macaque mAbs were isolated from animals immunized with CAP206 Env proteins. Two rare, naturally-occuring single-residue changes in Env were identified in transmitted/founder viruses (W680G in CAP206 T/F and Y681D in CH505 T/F) that made the viruses less resistant to neutralization. The results point to the role of the MPER in mediating the closed trimer state, and hence the neutralization resistance of HIV. CH58 was one of several mAbs tested for neutralization of transmitted founder viruses isolated from clade C infected individuals CAP206 and CH505, compared to T/F viruses containing MPER mutations that confer enhanced neutralization sensitivity.
Bradley2016a
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: Protection by mAbs was tested in two models of mucosal HIV-1 transmission. Broadly neutralizing Abs (CH31, b12), but not non-neutralizing Abs (CH29, CH38, CH54, CH57, CH90, CH58, HG129, HG130, 7b2, CH65) were able to block HIV infection in human vaginal explants. Infusion of CH31, but not CH54 or CH38, protected rhesus macaques against SHIV challenge.
Astronomo2016
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
IgG1b12: This study investigated the ability of native, membrane-expressed JR-FL Env trimers to elicit NAbs. Rabbits were immunized with virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing trimers (trimer VLP sera) and DNA expressing native Env trimer, followed by a protein boost (DNA trimer sera). N197 glycan- and residue 230- removal conferred sensitivity to Trimer VLP sera and DNA trimer sera respectively, showing for the first time that strain-specific holes in the "glycan fence" can allow the development of tier 2 NAbs to native spikes. All 3 sera neutralized via quaternary epitopes and exploited natural gaps in the glycan defenses of the second conserved region of JR-FL gp120. All the neutralizing rabbit sera showed significant competition with CD4bs mAbs VRC03,VRC07, b12 and 1F7. b12 binds native SOS E168K trimer and is residue D368-dependent for trimer binding. Introduction of the N197 glycan into JR-FL trimer leads to a ˜4 fold reduction in b12 IC50.
Crooks2015
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: Env residue N197 on the BG505-SOSIP trimer was mutated to test the effect of its glycosylation on the binding kinetics of CD4BS and other mAbs. Removal of the glycan had little effect on the overall structure of the molecule. Its removal resulted in increased binding of CD4 and CD4BS antibodies (VRC01, VRC03, V3-3074), but little effect on bNAbs targeting other epitopes (PG9, PG16, PGT145, 17b, A32, 2G12, PGT121, PGT126). Two CD4BS-binding antibodies tested (b12, F105) had insufficient breadth to bind the BG505-SOSIP trimer. Removal of the N197 glycan may allow for the development of better SOSIP immunogens, particularly to elicit CD4BS-specific Abs.
Liang2016
(glycosylation, vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: This study produced Env SOSIP trimers for clades A (strain BG505), B (strain JR-FL), and G (strain X1193). Based on simulations, the MAb-trimer structures of all MAbs tested needed to accommodate at least one glycan, including both antibodies known to require specific glycans (PG9, PGT121, PGT135, 8ANC195, 35O22) and those that bind the CD4-binding site (b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC01, VRC13). A subset of monoclonal antibodies bound to glycan arrays assayed on glass slides (VRC26.09, PGT121, 2G12, PGT128, VRC13, PGT151, 35O22), while most of the antibodies did not have affinity for oligosaccharide in the context of a glycan array (PG9, PGT145, PGDM1400, PGT135, b12, CH103, HJ16, VRC16, VRC01, VRC-PG04, VRC-CH31, VRC-PG20, 3BNC60, 12A12, VRC18b, VRC23, VRC27, 1B2530, 8ANC131, 8ANC134, 8ANC195).
Stewart-Jones2016
(antibody binding site, glycosylation, structure)
-
IgG1b12: This study assessed the ADCC activity of antibodies of varied binding types, including CD4bs (b6, b12, VRC01, PGV04, 3BNC117), V2 (PG9, PG16), V3 (PGT126, PGT121, 10-1074), oligomannose (2G12), MPER (2F5, 4E10, 10E8), CD4i (17b, X5), C1/C5 (A32, C11), cluster I (240D, F240), and cluster II (98-6, 126-7). ADCC activity was correlated with binding to Env on the surfaces of virus-infected cells. ADCC was correlated with neutralization, but not always for lab-adapted viruses such as HIV-1 NLA-3.
vonBredow2016
(effector function)
-
IgG1b12: This review summarizes representative anti-HIV MAbs of the first generation (2G12, b12, 2F5, 4E10) and second generation (PG9, PG16, PGT145, VRC26.09, PGDM1400, PGT121, PGT124, PGT128, PGT135, 10-1074, VRC01, 3BNC117, CH103, PGT151, 35O22, 8ANC195, 10E8). Structures, epitopes, VDJ usage, CDR usage, and degree of somatic hypermutation are compared among these antibodies. The use of SOSIP trimers as immunogens to elicit B-cell responses is discussed.
Burton2016
(review, structure)
-
b12: HIV-1 bNAb eptiope networks were predicted using 4 algorithms informed by neutralization assays using 282 Env from multiclade viruses. Patch clusters of possible Ab epitope regions were tested for significant sensitivity by site-directed mutagenesis. Epitope (Ab binding site) networks of critical Env residues for 21 bNAb (b12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT125, PGT126, PGT127, PGT128, PGT130, PGT131, PGT135, PGT136, PGT137, PGT141, PGT142, PGT143, PGT144, PGT145 and PGV04) were delineated and found to be located mostly in variable loops of gp120, particularly in V1/V2.
Evans2014
(antibody binding site, computational prediction)
-
IgG1b12: PGT145 was used to positively isolate a subtype B Env trimer immunogen, B41 SOSIP.664-D7324, that exists in two conformations, closed and partially open. bNAbs tested against the trimer were able to neutralize the B41 pseudovirus with a wide range of potencies. All tested non-NAbs did not neutralize B41 (IC50 >50µg/ml). CD4bs bNAb, b12, was able to neutralize and bind B41 pseudovirus and trimer.
Pugach2015
-
IgG1b12: HIV-1 escape from the N332-glycan dependent bNAb, PGT135, developed in an elite controller but without change to the PGT135-binding Env epitope itself. Instead an insertion increasing V1 length by up to 21 residues concomitant with an additional 1-3 glycans and 2-4 cysteines shields the epitope from PGT135. The majority of viruses tested developed a 14-fold resistance to PGT135 from month 7 to 11. In comparison, HIV-1 developed a 2.5 fold resistance against anti-CD4bs bNAb, b12, along with mutation at contact residue 475.
vandenKerkhof2016
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, escape)
-
IgG1b12: A new trimeric immunogen, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, was developed that bound and activated most known neutralizing antibodies but generally did not bind antibodies lacking neuralizing activity. This highly stable immunogen mimics the Env spike of subtype A transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV-1 strain, BG505. Anti-CD4bs non-NAb b12 did not neutralize BG505.T332N, the pseudoviral equivalent of the immunogen BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, and did not recognize or bind the immunogen either.
Sanders2013
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: This review discusses an array of methods to engineer more effective bNAbs for immunotherapy. Antibody b12 is an example of engineering through directed evolution; its affinity and breadth can be greatly increased.
Hua2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
IgG1b12: A mathematical model was developed to predict the Ab concentration at which antibody escape variants outcompete their ancestors, and this concentration was termed the mutant selection window (MSW). The MSW was determined experimentally for 12 pairings of diverse HIV strains against 7 bnAbs (b12, 2G12, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT128, 2F5). The neutralization of b12 was assayed against JRFL-M373RP370L (resistant strain) and JRFL (sensitive strain).
Magnus2016
(neutralization, escape)
-
IgG1b12: The study detailed binding kinetics of the interaction between BG505 SOSIP.664 trimer or its variants (gp120 monomer; first study of disulfide-stabilized variant gp120-gp41ECTO protomer) and several mAbs, both neutralizing (VRC01, PGV04, PG9, PG16, PGT121, PGT122, PGT123, PGT145, PGT151, 2G12) and non-neutralizing (b6, b12, 14e, 19b, F240). Anti-CD4bs nAb, b12, does not neutralize BG505.T332N pseudovirus; binds neglibly to the trimer, but well to the protomer and monomer immunogens.
Yasmeen2014
(antibody binding site, assay or method development)
-
b12: Ten mAbs were isolated from a vertically-infected infant BF520 at 15 months of age. Ab BF520.1 neutralized pseudoviruses from clades A, B and C with a breadth of 58%, putting it in the same range as second-generation bNAbs derived from adults, but its potency was lower. BF520.1 was shown to target the base of the V3 loop at the N332 supersite. CD4 bs-binding, first generation mAb, b12 when compared had a geometric mean of IC50=2.4 µg/ml for the 1/12 viruses it neutralized at a potency of 8%. The infant-derived antibodies had a lower rate of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and no indels compared to adult-derived anti-V3 mAbs. This study shows that bnAbs can develop without SHM or prolonged affinity maturation.
Simonich2016
(antibody binding site, neutralization, responses in children, structure)
-
b12: Donor EB179 was a long-term non-progressor with high serum neutralization breadth and potency. 8 B-cell clones produced antibodies of which 179NC75 had the highest neutralization, especially to Clade B virus, neutralizing 70% of a clade-B pseudovirus panel and 6 out of 9 cross-clade Env pseudoviruses. When compared to other CD4bs bNAbs against a panel of 22 Tier-2 clade B viruses, 179NC75 was more potent than b12 against 13 viruses.
Freund2015
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
b12: This review summarized bNAb immunotherapy studies. Several bnAbs have been shown to decrease viremia in vivo, and are a prospect for preventative vaccinations. bNAbs have 3 possible immune effector functions: (1) directly neutralizing virions, (2) mediating anti-viral activity through Fc-FcR interactions, and (3) binding to viral antigen to be taken up by dendritic cells. In contrast to anti-HIV mAbs, antibodies against host cell CD4 and CCR5 receptors (iMab and PRO 140) are hindered by their short half-life in vivo. MAb b12 has been associated with viral suppression in studies in humans and macaques.
Halper-Stromberg2016
(immunotherapy, review)
-
IgG1b12: Pre-binding of 4E10 at the MPER affects the binding of b12 at the CD4 binding site.
Finton2014
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: A large cross-sectional study of sera from 205 ART-naive patients infected with different HIV clades was tested against a panel of 219 cross-clade Env-pseudotyped viruses. Their neutralization was compared to the neutralization of 10 human bNAbs (10E8, 4E10, VRC01, PG9, PGT145, PGT128, 2F5, CH01, b12, 2G12) tested with a panel of 119 Env-pseudotyped viruses. Results from b12 and 2G12 suggested that these bnAbs may not be as broadly neutralizing as previously thought. b12 neutralized 29% of the 199 viruses tested, whereas a previous study had estimated this value at 50%.
Hraber2014
(neutralization)
-
b12: The IGHV region is central to Ag binding and consists of 48 functional genes. IGHV repertoire of 28 HIV-infected South African women, 13 of whom developed bNAbs, was sequenced. Novel IGHV repertoires were reported, including 85 entirely novel sequences and 38 sequences that matched rearranged sequences in non-IMGT databases. There were no significant differences in germline IGHV repertoires between individuals who do and do not develop bNAbs. IGHV gene usage of multiple well known HIV-1 bNAbs was also analyzed and 14 instances were identified where the novel non-IMGT alleles identified in this study, provided the same or a better match than their currently defined IMGT allele. For b12 the published IMGT predicted allele was IGHV3-21*01 and alternate allele predicted from IGHV alleles in 28 South African individuals was IGHV3-21*1m, with G291A synonymous nucleotide change.
Scheepers2015
(antibody lineage)
-
b12: CD4-binding site Abs are reviewed. New insights from donor-serum responses, atomic-level structures of antibody-Env complexes, and next-generation sequencing of B-cell transcripts are invigorating vaccine-design efforts to elicit effective CD4-binding site Abs. Analysis of the epitopes recognized by CD4-binding Abs reveals substantial similarity in the recognized region of gp120. b12 is able to bind to functional viral spikes, inducing only small conformational changes and also binds to a region on the outer domain that is outside of the site of CD4-binding.
Georgiev2013a
(review)
-
b12: The human Ab gene repertoires of uninfected and HIV-1-infected individuals were studied at genomic DNA (gDNA) and cDNA levels to determine the frequencies of putative germline Ab genes of known HIV-1 bnAbs. All libraries were deep sequenced and analysed using IMGT/HighV-QUEST software (http://imgt.org/HighV-QUEST/index. The human gDNA Ab libraries were more diverse in heavy and light chain V-gene lineage usage than the cDNA libraries. This implied that the human gDNA Ab gene repertoires may have more potential than the cDNA repertoires to develop HIV-1 bnmAbs. Relatively high frequencies of the VH and VKs and VLs that used the same V-genes and had the same CDR3 lengths as known HIV-1 bnmAbs regardless of (D)J-gene usage. Frequencies of the VK with identical VJ recombination to b12 were relatively high. The putative germline genes were determined for a set of mAbs (b12, VRC01, VRC03, NIH45-46, 3BNC60, PG9, PGT127, and X5).
Zhang2013
(antibody lineage, germline)
-
IgG1b12: The effect of PNGS on viral infectivity and antibody neutralization (2F5, 4E10, b12, VRC01, VRC03, PG9, PG16, 3869) was evaluated through systemic mutations of each PNGS on CRF07_BC strain. Mutations at N197 (C2), N301 (V3), N442 (C4), and N625 (gp41) rendered the virus more susceptible to neutralization by MAbs that recognize the CD4 binding site or gp41. Generally, mutations on V4/V5 loops, C2/C3/C4 regions, and gp41 reduced the neutralization sensitivity to PG16. However, mutation of N289 (C2) made the virus more sensitive to both PG9 and PG16. Mutations at N142 (V1), N355 (C3) and N463 (V5) conferred resistance to neutralization by anti-gp41 MAbs. Available structural information of HIV Env and homology modeling was used to provide a structural basis for the observed biological effects of these mutations.
Wang2013
(neutralization, structure)
-
IgG1b12: Incomplete neutralization may decrease the ability of bnAbs to protect against HIV exposure. In order to determine the extent of non-sigmoidal slopes that plateau at <100% neutralization, a panel of 24 bnMAbs targeting different regions on Env was tested in a quantitative pseudovirus neutralization assay on a panel of 278 viral clones. All bNAbs had some viruses that they neutralized with a plateau <100%, but those targeting the V2 apex and MPER did so more often. All bnMAbs assayed had some viruses for which they had incomplete neutralization and non-sigmoidal neutralization curves. bNAbs were grouped into 3 groups based on their neutralization curves: group 1 antibodies neutralized more than 90% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PGT121-123, PGT125-128, PGT136, PGV04); group 2 was less effective, resulting in neutralization of 60-84% of susceptible viruses to >95% (b12, PGT130-131, PGT135, PGT137, PGT141-143, PGT145, 2G12, PG9); group 3 neutralized only 36-60% of susceptible viruses to >95% (PG16, PGT144, 2F5, 4E10). Among the panel tested, antibodies b12, 2G12, PGT136, and PGT137 had relatively few viruses neutralized with an IC50 <1 ug/ml. Two CD4bs-targeting Abs, b12 and PGV04, had high potential neutralization values, perhaps reflecting relative insensitivity to Env glycan expression.
McCoy2015
(neutralization)
-
b12: Autoreactivity and polyspecificity of b12 using a synthetic human peptidome has been reported and compared with 4E10. b12 was shown to be polyreactive, binding peptides from various proteins, but only in a limited manner and b12 was analyzed to provide a baseline for results.
Finton2013
(structure, antibody polyreactivity)
-
b12: N276D was determined as the critical binding site of MAb HJ16 by resistance induction in a sensitive primary CRF02_AG strain. Removing the N-linked glycosylation site via the N276D mutation greatly increased resistance to HJ16. The N276D mutation increased the sensitivity of 3 viral strains to VRC01 and VRC03, but not to mAb b12 or to two llama single heavy chain antibodies, A12 and 1B5.
Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh2013
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
b12: Novel llama VHH antibodies were derived by immunization of llamas (llama#8 and llama#9) with HIV-1 gp140. The binding and neutralization potency of these new anti-CD4bs antibodies were compared with previously-characterized llama antibodies A12, D7, and C8, and human antibody b12. mAb b12 nuetralized 14/26 predominantly tier 2 viruses tested.
Strokappe2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: This paper showed that FcγRI occasionally potentiates neutralization by Abs against the V3 loop of gp120 and cluster I of gp41. FcγRI providing a kinetic advantage for neutralizing Abs against partially cryptic epitopes independent of phagocytosis has been reported. The antibiotic bafilomycin A1 and the weak base chloroquine were used as lysosomotropic agents to block phagocytosis in TZM-bl and TZM-bl/FcγRI cells. These treated cells and 2 HIV-1 subtype B Env-pseudotyped viruses (6535.3 and QH0692.42) were assayed with IgG1b12. FcγRI had no effect on the neutralizing activity of IgG1b12, and the activity of this MAb was unaltered by the lysosomotropic agents.
Perez2013
(antibody interactions)
-
b12: The neutralization abilities of Abs were enhanced by bioconjugation with aplaviroc, a small-molecule inhibitor of virus entry into host cells. Diazonium hexafluorophosphate was used. The conjugated Abs blocked HIV-1 entry through two mechanisms: by binding to the virus itself and by blocking the CCR5 receptor on host cells. Chemical modification did not significantly alter the potency and the pharmacokinetics. Improvements in potency over the parent Ab was >400-fold for b12-aplaviroc against the YU2 isolate.
Gavrilyuk2013
(neutralization)
-
b12: This review surveyed the Vectored Immuno Prophylaxis (VIP) strategy, which involves passive immunization by viral vector-mediated delivery of genes encoding bnAbs for in vivo expression. Recently published studies in humanized mice and macaques were discussed as well as the pros and cons of VIP towards clinical applications to control HIV endemics. AAV8 vector was used and b12 (over 100 μg/mL) was the only antibody that afforded full protection.
Yang2014
(immunoprophylaxis, review, antibody gene transfer)
-
B12: The ability of bNAbs to inhibit the HIV cell entry was tested for b12, VRC01,VRC03, PG9, PG16, PGT121, 2F5, 10E8, 2G12. Among them, PGT121, VRC01, and VRC03 potently inhibited HIV entry into CD4+ T cells of infected individuals whose viremia was suppressed by ART.
Chun2014
(immunotherapy)
-
IgG1b12: Pairwise combinations of 6 NAbs (4E10, 2F5, 2G12, b12, PG9, PG16) were tested for neutralization of pseudoviruses and transmitted/founder viruses. Each of the NAbs tested targets a different region of gp120 or gp41. Some pairwise combinations enhanced neutralization synergistically, suggesting that combinations of NAbs may enhance clinical effectiveness.
Miglietta2014
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: The study compared various factors affecting the accessibility of epitopes for antibodies targeting the V2 integrin (V2i) region, versus the V3 region. CD4 treament of BaL and JRFL pseudoviruses increased their neutralization sensitivity to V3 MAbs, but not to V2i MAbs. Viruses grown in a glycosidase inhibitor were more sensitive to neutralization by V3, but not V2i, MAbs. Increasing the time of virus-MAb interaction increased virus neutralization by some V2i MAbs and all V3 MAbs. The structural dynamics of V2i and V3 epitopes has important effects in neutralization. Some experiments also included CD4BS antibodies b12, 2G12 and NIH45-46 for comparison.
Upadhyay2014
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
b12: Cross-group neutralization of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, O, and P was tested with diverse patient sera and bNAbs PG9, PG16, 4E10, b12, 2F5, 2G12, VRC01, VRC03, and HJ16. The primary isolates displayed a wide spectrum of sensitivity to neutralization by the human sera, with some cross-group neutralization clearly observed. Among the bNAbs, only PG9 and PG16 showed any cross-group neutralization. The group N prototype strain YBF30 was highly sensitive to neutralization by PG9, and the interaction between their key residues was confirmed by molecular modeling. The conservation of the PG9/PG16 epitope within groups M and N suggests its relevance as a vaccine immunogen.
Braibant2013
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
1b12: 1b12 was one of 10 MAbs used to study chronic vs. consensus vs. transmitted/founder (T/F) gp41 Envs for immunogenicity. Consensus Envs were the most potent eliciters of response but could only neutralize tier 1 and some tier 2 viruses. T/F Envs elicited the greatest breadth of NAb response; and chronic Envs elicited the lowest level and narrowest response. This CD4BS binding Nab bound well at <10 nM to 2/5 chronic Envs, 3/6 Consensus Envs and 6/7 T/F Envs.
Liao2013c
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
b12: Study evaluated 4 gp140 Env protein vaccine immunogens derived from an elite neutralizer donor VC10042, an HIV+ African American male from Vanderbilt cohort. Env immunogens, VC10042.05, VC10042.05RM, VC10042.08 and VC10042.ela, elicited high titers of cross-reactive Abs recognizing V1/V2 regions. b12 neutralized both VC10042.08 and VC10042.ela, but bound to only VC10042.ela.
Carbonetti2014
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
b12: The effect of low pH and HIV-1 Abs which increased the transcytosis of the virus by 20 fold, has been reported. This enhanced transcytosis was due to the Fc neonatal receptor (FcRn), which facilitates HIV-1's own transmission by usurping Ab responses directed against itself. b12 Fc mutant I253A abrogated FcRn binding and lowered the transcytosis whereas mutant M428L increased the FcRn binding as well as transcytosis compared to WT. Both infectious and noninfectious viruses were transcytosed by b12.
Gupta2013
-
b12: This study showed that the inability of Env to elicit the production of broadly neutralizing Abs is due to the inability of diverse Env to engage the germ line B cell receptor (BCR) forms of known bNAbs. Envs tested showed various degrees of affinities to mutated b12 sIgG and BCR but not to predicted germ line b12BCR. Ca2+ influx through the b12BCR was also tested as a function of binding affinity. Removal of selected N-linked glycosylaion sites on Env did not confer binding to the predicted germline b12.
McGuire2014
(antibody interactions, antibody lineage)
-
b12: This study examined how the conserved gp120-gp41 association site adapts to glycan changes that are linked to neutralization sensitivity, using a DSR mutant virus, K601D. K601D has a defective gp120-association, and was sequentially passaged in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to select for suppressor mutations. Neutralization by b12, which targets CD4bs of gp41, was not affected by V1 mutation as shown against T138N and ΔN.
Drummer2013
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
b12: Clade A Env sequence, BG505, was identified to bind to bNAbs representative of most of the known NAb classes. This sequence is the best natural sequence match (73%) to the MRCA sequence from 19 Env sequences derived from PG9 and PG16 MAbs' donor. A point mutation at position L111A of BG505 enabled more efficient production of a stable gp120 monomer, preserving the major neutralization epitopes. The antisera produced by this adjuvanted formulation of gp120 competed with bnAbs from 3 classes of non-overlapping epitopes. b12 bound to BG505L111A monomer, but failed to neutralize BG505 pseudovirus.
Hoffenberg2013
(antibody interactions)
-
b12: The neutralization profile of 1F7, a human CD4bs mAb, is reported and compared to other bnNAbs. 1F7 exhibited extreme potency against primary HIV-1, but limited neutralization breadth across clades. b12 neutralized 35% of a cross-clade panel of 157 HIV-1 isolates (Fig. S1) while 1F7 neutralized only 20% of the isolates.
Gach2013
(neutralization)
-
b12: Envs from clades A, B and C were screened for binding to the germline predecessors of anti-CD4bs bNAbs b12, NIH45-46 and 3BNC60. Mature Abs reacted with diverse Envs, but not the germ-line Abs. Engineered chimeric Abs with mature and germ-line heavy and light chain combinations showed the importance of both mature chains for the cross-reactivity.
Hoot2013
(antibody lineage, chimeric antibody)
-
b12: This study reports the development of a new cell-line (A3R5)-based highly sensitive Ab detection assay. This T-lymphoblastoid cell-line stably expreses CCR5 and recognizes CCR5-tropic circulating strains of HIV-1. A3R5 cells showed greater neutralization potency compared to the current cell-line of choice TZM-bl. b12 was used as a reference Ab in neutralization assay comparing A3R5 and TZM-bl.
McLinden2013
(assay or method development)
-
b12: This is a review of identified bNAbs, including the ontogeny of B cells that give rise to these antibodies. Breadth and magnitude of neutralization, unique features and similar bNAbs are listed. b12 is a CD4bs Ab, with breadth 33%, IC50 2.7 μg per ml, and its unique feature is being derived from a phage display.
Kwong2013
(review)
-
b12: A highly conserved mechanism of exposure of ADCC epitopes on Env is reported, showing that binding of Env and CD4 within the same HIV-1 infected cell effectively exposes these epitopes. The mechanism might explain the evolutionary advantage of downregulation of cell surface CD4v by the Vpu and Nef proteins. b12 was used in CD4 coexpression and competitive binding assay.
Veillette2014
(effector function)
-
b12: To identify bNAbs that have lower mutation frequencies of known bNAbs, but maintain high potency and moderate breadth, linage evolution of bNAbs PGT121-134 was studied with a novel phylogenetic method ImmuniTree. Selected heavy and light chain clones of PGT121 were paired and tested for neutralization breadth and potency on a cross-clade 74-virus panel. A positive correlation between the somatic hypermutation and the development of neutralization breadth and potency was reported. 3H+3L and 32H+3L were compared against b12 and PGT121 to evaluate neutralization activity of the intermediate divergence. 3H+3L showed 3fold more potency and 32H+3L showed 15 fold more potency than b12.
Sok2013
-
b12: 2 HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMCs) derived from subtypes C and CRF01_AE HIV-1 primary isolates expressing LucR (IMC.LucR) were engineered to express heterologous gp160 Envs. The IMCs were generally resistant to neutralization by b12.
Chenine2013
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
b12: Env pseudo-typed viruses generated from 7 transmitting and 4 non-transmitting mothers and their children were studied to identify phenotypes that associate with the risk of mother to child transmission. There were no differences in neutralization with 2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and b12, but transmitting mothers had higher autologous NAb responses against gp120/gp41, suggesting that strong autologous neutralization activity can associate with risk of transmission and be in fact detrimental.
Baan2013
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
IgG1b12: A statistical model selection method was used to identify a global panel of 12 reference Env clones among 219 Env-pseudotyped viruses that represent the spectrum of neutralizing activity seen with sera from 205 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals. This small final panel was also highly sensitive for detection of many of the known bNAbs, including this one. The small panel of 12 Env clones should facilitate assessments of vacine-elicited NAbs.
Decamp2014
(assay or method development)
-
b12: Profound therapeutic efficacy of PGT121 and PGT121-containing monoclonal antibody cocktails was demonstrated in chronically SHIV-SF162P3 infected rhesus monkeys. Cocktails included 1, 2, and 3 mAb combinations of PGT121, 3BNC117 and b12. A single monoclonal antibody infusion containing PGT121 alone or in a cocktail led to up to 3.1 log decline of plasma viral RNA in 7 days and reduced proviral DNA in peripheral blood, gastrointestinal mucosa and lymph nodes without the development of viral resistance.
Barouch2013a
(immunotherapy)
-
b12:X-ray crystallography, surface plasmon resonance and pseudovirus neutralization were used to characterize a heavy chain only llama antibody, named JM4. The full-length IgG2b version of JM4 neutralizes over 95% of circulating HIV-1 isolates. JM4 targets a hybrid epitope on gp120 that combines elements from both the CD4 binding region and the coreceptor binding surface. JM4 epitope overlaps most extensively with the CD4 binding site of b12.
Acharya2013
(neutralization)
-
IGgb12: This is a review of a satellite symposium at the AIDS Vaccine 2012 conference, focusing on antibody gene transfer. David Baltimore presented results in which humanized mice given vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP) to express antibody b12 or VRC01 were challenged with the REJO.c transmitted founder strain. Substantial protection was noted in mice expressing VRC01 but not in those expressing b12, consistent with results obtained in vitro for these antibody-strain combinations. Also, all mice expressing VRC07G54W were protected against 20 consecutive weekly challenges with the REJO.c transmitted molecular founder strain.
Balazs2013
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
b12: A computational method to predict Ab epitopes at the residue level, based on structure and neutralization panels of diverse viral strains has been described. This method was evaluated using 19 Env-Abs, including b12, against 181 diverse HIV-1 strains with available Ab-Ag complex structures.
Chuang2013
(computational prediction)
-
b12: A panel of NAbs and non-neutralizing Abs (NoNAbs) displaying the highest Fc γR-mediated inhibitory activity and significant ADCC were selected and formulated in a microbicidal gel and tested for their antiviral activity against SHIVSF162P3 vaginal challenge in non-human primates. Combination of 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 fully prevented vaginal transmission. Two NoNAbs 246-D and 4B3 had no impact on viral acquisition, but reduced plasma viral load. Both b12 and b12 LALA mutant, which can't bind with the Fc receptor were used in the screening process. b12 LALA didn't exhibit any ADCC activity confirming the Fc gammaR dependency of ADCC assay.
Moog2014
(effector function, SIV)
-
b12: The complexity of the epitopes recognized by ADCC responses in HIV-1 infected individuals and candidate vaccine recipients is discussed in this review. b12 is discussed as the CD4bs-targeting, neutralizing anti-gp120 mAb exhibiting ADCC activity and having a discontinuous epitope. b12 LALA variant and other non-fucosilated variants showed less in vivo protection despite higher ADCC. Both VRC01 and b12 recognize the outer domain of gp120. b12 recognizes by using its Ab heavy chain, where as VRC01 uses both heavy and light chains. This difference is crucial for differences in their neutralization breadth.
Pollara2013
(effector function, review)
-
b12: "Neutralization fingerprints" for 30 neutralizing antibodies were determined using a panel of 34 diverse HIV-1 strains. 10 antibody clusters were defined: VRC01-like, PG9-like, PGT128-like, 2F5-like, 10E8-like and separate clusters for b12, CD4, 2G12, HJ16, 8ANC195.
Georgiev2013
(neutralization)
-
b12: This paper reported the nature of junk Env glycan that undermine the development of Ab responses against gp120/gp41 trimers and evaluated enzyme digestion as a way to remove aberrant Env to produce "trimer VLPs". b12 was used in the anti-gp120 cocktail in BN-PAGE and western blot experiments to prove that enzymes removed junk Env from VLPs and inactivated virus.
Crooks2011
(glycosylation)
-
b12: ADCC mediated by CD4i mAbs (or anti-CD4i-epitope mAbs) was studied using a panel of 41 novel mAbs. Three epitope clusters were classified, depending on cross-blocking in ELISA by different mAbs: Cluster A - in the gp120 face, cross-blocking by mAbs A32 and/or C11; Cluster B - in the region proximal to CoRBS (co-receptor binding site) involving V1V2 domain, cross-blocking by E51-M9; Cluster C - CoRBS, cross-blocking by 17b and/or 19e. The ADCC half-maximal effective concentrations of the Cluster A and B mAbs were generally 0.5-1 log lower than those of the Cluster C mAbs, and none of the Cluster A or B mAbs could neutralize HIV-1. Cluster A's A32- and C11-blockable mAbs were suggested to recognize conformational epitopes within the inner domain of gp120 that involve the C1 region. Neutralization potency and breadth were also assessed for these mAbs. No correlation was found between ADCC and neutralization Abs' action or functional responses. b12 was used as a positive control in the assays.
Guan2013
(antibody interactions, effector function)
-
b12: Cryoelectron tomography was used to determine structures of A12, m36, or m36/CD4 complexed to trimeric Env displayed on intact HIV-1 BaL virus. Binding of Env with HIV neutralizing protein A12 results in a "partially open" conformation change very similar to binding with CD4 binding site-Ab b12. The steric interactions at the distal ends of the bound Ab moieties are likely to play a role in determining the rotation of gp120 as in A12 and b12 or without any quaternary structure change as in VRC01.
Meyerson2013
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
b12: Systematic computational analyses of gp120 plasticity and conformational transition in complexes with CD4 binding fragments, mimetic proteins and Ab fragments is described to explain the molecular mechanisms by which gp120 interacts with the CD4bs at local and subdomain levels. An isotopic elastic network analysis, a full atomic normal mode analysis and simulation of conformational transitions were used to compare the gp120 structures in CD4 bound and b12 Ab-bound states.
Korkut2012
(structure)
-
b12: The role of NK cells and NK cell receptor polymorphisms in the assessment of HIV-1 neutralization is reported. b12 was used in viral inhibition assay as a control to compare NK cells participation and activity.
Brown2012
(neutralization, NK cells)
-
b12: This study describes an ˜11 Angstrom cryo-EM structure of the trimeric HIV-1 Env precursor in its unliganded state. The three gp120 and gp41 subunits form a cage like structure with an interior void surrounding the trimer axis which restricts Ab access. b12 was used in ELISA to asses the recognition of the purified Env glycoproteins and recognized conformation dependent epitopes near CD4 binding site of gp120.
Mao2012
(structure)
-
b12: The sera of 20 HIV-1 patients were screened for ADCC in a novel assay measuring granzyme B (GrB) and T cell elimination and reported that complex sera mediated greater levels of ADCC than anti-HIV mAbs. The data suggested that total amount of IgG bound is an important determinant of robust ADCC which improves the vaccine potency. b12 was used as a anti-CD4 binding site Ab to study effects of Ab specificity and affinity on ADCC against HIV-1 infected targets.
Smalls-Mantey2012
(assay or method development, effector function)
-
IgG1b12: Neutralizing antibody response was studied in elite controller. Subject VC10042 is an African American male, infected with clade B for 2 decades (since 1984) without any signs of disease and no antiretroviral treatment. The neutralizing activity of autologous CD4bs NAbs was very similar to that of NIH45-46W, but very different from other anti-CD4bs MAbs tested. The viral autologous variants that were resistant to neutralization by autologous and most bnMAbs tested had an extremely rare R272/N368 combination. This mutation was shown in the study to impart a fitness cost to the virus.
Sather2012
(autologous responses, elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization, escape, polyclonal antibodies)
-
b12: Isolation of VRC06 and VRC06b MAbs from a slow progressor donor 45 is reported. This is the same donor from whom bnMAbs VRC01, VRC03 and NIH 45-46 were isolated and the new MAbs are clonal variants of VRC03. b12 was used as a CD4bs MAb to compare neutralizing specificity of VRC06.
Li2012
-
b12: Immunogenicity of gp120 immunogens from two pairs of clade B and two pairs of clade C mother-to-child transmitted HIV-1 variants was studied in rabbits. While high level Env-specific antibody responses were elicited by all immunogens, their abilities to NAb responses differed and neutralization-resistant variants elicited broader NAb. Differences in sensitivity to b12 were not completely explained by mutations in its contact residues, but b12 sensitivity correlated with numerous context dependent residues outside the epitope.
Wang2012
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
b12: Protective potency of PGT121 was evaluated in vivo in rhesus macaques. PGT121 efficiently protected against high-dose challenge of SHIV SF162P3 in macaques. Sterilizing immunity was observed in 5/5 animals administered 5 mg/kg antibody dose and in 3/5 animals administered 0.2 mg/kg, suggesting that a protective serum concentration for PG121 is in the single-digit mg/mL. PGT121was effective at serum concentration 600-fold lower than for 2G12 and 100-fold lower than for b12.
Moldt2012a
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
b12: A novel system for genetically manipulating B cells for B-cell based gene therapy is presented and called a “Molecular Rheostat”. The system is based on the use of mutated “self-cleaving” 2A peptides. Lentiviral transgenesis of Molecular Rheostat constructs into B cell lines enables the simultaneous expression of functional b12-based IgM-like BCRs that signal to the cells and mediate the secretion of b12 IgG broadly neutralizing antibodies that can bind and neutralize HIV-1 pseudovirus. These b12-based Molecular Rheostat constructs promote the maturation of EU12 B cells in an in vitro model of B lymphopoiesis.
Yu2012
(assay or method development)
-
b12: Milk-derived b12 IgA2 was compared with CHO-derived b12 IgA2 (or IgG1) in transgenic mice. Immunoreactivity was retained. When tested for neutralization, milk-derived b12 IgA2 was at least comparable to CHO-derived antibody and in some cases, superior to CHO-derived antibody. Furthermore, milk that expressed b12 IgA2 was significantly more effective at mediating antibody-dependent cell killing, suggesting that it is possible to achieve functional HIV-specific mAb in the milk of transgenic mice.
Yu2013
(mother-to-infant transmission)
-
b12: Predicted three-dimensional structures of functionally diverse gp120 proteins in their b12-bound conformation were characterized to better understand the gp120 determinants that expose or occlude the b12 epitope. Amino acid polymorphisms within the C2, C3, C4 and V5 regions of gp120 associated with augmented b12 binding. Residues in the b12-exclusive binding domain of gp120 that are important for b12 neutralization resistance were identified.
Sterjovski2012
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
IgG1b12: A computational tool (Antibody Database) identifying Env residues affecting antibody activity was developed. As input, the tool incorporates antibody neutralization data from large published pseudovirus panels, corresponding viral sequence data and available structural information. The model consists of a set of rules that provide an estimated IC50 based on Env sequence data, and important residues are found by minimizing the difference between logarithms of actual and estimated IC50. The program was validated by analysis of MAb 8ANC195, which had unknown specificity. Predicted critical N-glycosylation for 8ANC195 were confirmed in vitro and in humanized mice. The key associated residues for each MAb are summarized in the Table 1 of the paper and also in the Neutralizing Antibody Contexts & Features tool at Los Alamos Immunology Database.
West2013
(glycosylation, computational prediction)
-
b12: Identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies, their epitopes on the HIV-1 spike, the molecular basis for their remarkable breadth, and the B cell ontogenies of their generation and maturation are reviewed. Ontogeny and structure-based classification is presented, based on MAb binding site, type (structural mode of recognition), class (related ontogenies in separate donors) and family (clonal lineage). This MAb's classification: gp120 CD4-binding site, heavy-chain-only type, b12 class, b12 family.
Kwong2012
(review, structure, broad neutralizer)
-
b12: This review discusses the new research developments in bnAbs for HIV-1, Influenza, HCV. Models of the HIV-1 Env spike and of Influenza visrus spike with select bnAbs bound are shown.
Burton2012
(review)
-
b12: Different adjuvants, including Freund's adjuvant (FCA/FIA), MF59, Carbopol-971P and 974P were compared on their ability to elicit antibody responses in rabbits. Combination of Carbopol-971P and MF59 induced potent adjuvant activity with significantly higher titer nAbs than FCA/FIA. There was no difference in binding of this MAb to gp140 SF162 with any of the adjuvants, as compared to the unadjuvanted sample.
Lai2012
(adjuvant comparison)
-
b12: A nonfucosylated variant of b12 (NFb12) was developed to investigate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as a contributor to FcγR-associated protection. Compared to b12, NFb12 has enhanced FcγRIIIa-Mediated antiviral activity in vitro but did not improve protection against mucosal SHIV challenge in macaques.
Moldt2012
(effector function)
-
b12: This study shows that Env immunogens fail to engage the germline-reverted forms of known bnAbs that target CD4BS. However, the elimination of a conserved NLGS at Asn276 in Loop D and the NLGS at positions 460 and 463, located in variable region 5 of Env increased the binding and activation of VRC01 and NIH45-46. b12 was referred to as anti-CD4BS bnAbs.
McGuire2013
(neutralization, antibody lineage)
-
b12: Antigenic properties of 2 biochemically stable and homogeneous gp140 trimers (A clade 92UG037 and C clade CZA97012) were compared with the corresponding gp120 monomers derived from the same percursor sequences. The trimers had nearly all the antigenic properties expected for native viral spikes and were markedly different from monomeric gp120.
Kovacs2012
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Crystal structure and mechanistic analysis of 2F5-gp41 complex is reported. b12 has been referred as a BnAb directed against the exterior gp120 envelope glycoprotein.
Ofek2004
(antibody interactions, structure)
-
b12: Intrinsic reactivity of HIV-1, a new property regulating the level of both entry and sensitivity to Abs has been reported. This activity dictates the level of responsiveness of Env protein to co-receptor, CD4 engagement and Abs. HIV-1 has developed steric constraints on the Abs binding to CD4BS. b12 has been used as a CD4BS binding Ab. The sensitivity of HIV-1 to b12 was enhanced by the altered gp41, J1Hx(66, 197).
Haim2011
(antibody interactions)
-
b12: The study used the swarm of quasispecies representing Env protein variants to identify mutants conferring sensitivity and resistance to BnAbs. Libraries of Env proteins were cloned and in vitro mutagenesis was used to identify the specific AA responsible for altered neutralization/resistance, which appeared to be associated with conformational changes and exposed epitopes in different regions of gp160. The result showed that sequences in gp41, the CD4bs, and V2 domain act as global regulator of neutralization sensitivity. b12 was used as BnAb to screen Env clones. wtR clone was resistant to b12, but N197H mutation caused 300 fold increase, Y384H and L702P caused 109 and 143 fold increase respectively in neutralization.
ORourke2012
(neutralization)
-
b12: This study reports the isolation of a panel of Env vaccine elicited CD4bs-directed macaque mAbs and genetic and functional features that distinguish these Abs from CD4bs MAbs produced during chronic HIV-1 infection. b12 was used as a control bNAb.
Sundling2012
(vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
b12: The goal of this study was to improve the humoral response to HIV-1 by targeting trimeric Env gp140 to B cells. The gp140 was fused to a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B cell activation factor (BAFF) and CD40 ligand (CD40L). These fusion proteins increased the expression of activation-induced-cytidine deaminase (AID) responsible for somatic hypermutation, Ab affinity maturation, and Ab class switching. The Env-APRIL induced high anti-Env responses against tier1 viruses. b12 was used in BN-PAGE trimer shift assay and immunoprecipitation assay.
Melchers2012
(neutralization)
-
b12: This paper describes immune-correlates analysis of an HIV-1 vaccine efficiency trial. In the RV144 trial the estimated efficacy was 31.2%. In this study a case-control analysis to identify Ab and cellular immune correlates of infection risk. Out of 17 Abs 6 were chosen for primary analysis to determine the roles of T cell, IgG Ab, IgA Ab responses. Assays were performed on 41 infected vaccinees and 205 uninfected vaccinees. b12 was used as a control in the HIV1 binding antibody multiplex assay.
Haynes2012a
(therapeutic vaccine, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
b12: Existing structural and sequence data was analyzed. A set of signature features for potent VRC01-like (PVL) and almost PVL abs was proposed and verified by mutagenesis. b12 has been referred in discussing the breadth and potency of antiCD4 abs.
West2012a
(antibody lineage)
-
b12: Synthesis of an engineered soluble heterotrimeric gp140 is described. These gp140 protomers were designed against clade A and clade B viruses. The heterotrimer gp140s exhibited broader anti-tier1 isolate neutralizing antibody responses than homotrimer gp140. b12 was used to determine and compare the immunogenicity of homo and heterotrimers gp140s. b12 recognized clade B homotrimer better than clade A homotrimer.
Sellhorn2012
(vaccine antigen design)
-
b12: This paper showed that nAb 2G12, which binds to gp120 N glycans with α (1,2)-linked mannose termini and inhibits replication after passive transfer to patients, neutralizes by slowing entry of adsorbed virus. It is suggested that 2G12 competitively inhibits interactions between gp120 V3 loop and the tyrosine sulfate containing amino terminus, thus reducing assembly of complexes that catalyze entry. b12 was used as a control.
Platt2012
(antibody interactions, glycosylation)
-
1b12: The use of computationally derived B cell clonal lineages as templates for HIV-1 immunogen design is discussed. 1b12 has been discussed in terms of immunogenic and functional characteristics of representative HIV-1 BnAbs and their reactions to antigens.
Haynes2012
(antibody interactions, memory cells, vaccine antigen design, review, antibody polyreactivity, broad neutralizer)
-
b12: Crystal structures of unliganded core gp120 from HIV-1 clade B, C, and E were determined to understand the mechanism of CD4 binding capacity of unliganded HIV-1. The results suggest that the CD4 bound conformation represents "a ground state" for the gp120 core with variable loop. b12 was used as a control to prove whether the purified and crystallized gp120 is in the CD4 bound conformational state or not.
Kwon2012
(structure)
-
b12: mAbs with predetermined specificity were isolated from rhesus monkeys (RM) using differential biopanning method. Fluorescent mimotopes resembling V3 loop were used as baits to isolate single memory B cells. mAbs 33B2 and 33C6 were the best binders and neutralizers among 11 mABs. b12 was mentioned as a reference mAb to compare 33B2 and 33C6 activities.
Sholukh2012
(mimotopes, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Polyclonal B cell responses to conserved neutralization epitopes are reported. Cross-reactive plasma samples were identified and evaluated from 308 subjects tested. b12 was used as a control mAb in the comprehensive set of assays performed. Plasma sample C1-0219 showed binding and neutralizing activities against native Env trimers similar to b12 and VRC03. D368R mutant trimers completely knocked out b12 and VRC03 but partially reduced C1-0219 binding. C1-0219 was unaffected by the W479G mutant suggesting that its nAbs are more akin to b12 than to VRC03.
Tomaras2011
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
b12: Role of envelope deglycosylation in enhancing antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 epitopes is reported. The mechanism of induction of broad neutralizing Abs is discussed. The hypothesis of presence of "holes" in the naive B cell repertoires for unmutated B cell receptor against HIV-1 Env was tested. b12 didn't exhibit strong binding to deglycosylated JRFL Env gp140. The authors inferred that glycan interferences control the binding of unmutated ancestor Abs of broad neutralizing mAb to Env gp41.
Ma2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
b12: A single-cell Ab cloning method is described to isolate neutralizing Abs using truncated gp160 transfected cells as bait. Among the 15 Abs reported, only two are found to be broadly neutralizing and bind to a novel conformational HIV-1 spike epitope. b12 was used as a control in neutralizing assay.
Klein2012
(neutralization)
-
b12: Several antibodies including 10-1074 were isolated from B-cell clone encoding PGT121, from a clade A-infected African donor using YU-2 gp140 trimers as bait. These antibodies were segregated into PGT121-like (PGT121-123 and 9 members) and 10-1074-like (20 members) groups distinguished by sequence, binding affinity, carbohydrate recognition, neutralizing activity, the V3 loop binding and the role of glycans in epitope formation. b12 was used as a control in virus neutralization assay. Detail information on the binding and neutralization assays are described in the figures S2-S11.
Mouquet2012a
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: YU2 gp140 bait was used to characterize 189 new MAbs representing 51 independent IgG memory B cell clones from 3 clade A or B HIV infected patients exhibiting broad neutralizing activity. b12 has been used as a positive control for epitope mapping and evaluating these anti-gp-140 antibodies and a non-sensitive control to DMR/AAA triple mutation.
Mouquet2011
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: The rational design of vaccines to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 is discussed in relation to understanding of vaccine recognition sites, the structural basis of interaction with HIV-1 env and vaccine developmental pathways. IgG1b12 has been mentioned to describe the sites of HIV-1 vulnerability; regarding the role of Fc region in neutralizing effect and CD4 immunogen designing. Recombinant antibody with Fc region knocked out of complement binding and ADCC activity had shown diminished protection.
Kwong2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, review)
-
b12: A panel of glycan deletion mutants was created by point mutation into HIV gp160, showing that glycans are important targets on HIV-1 glycoproteins for broad neutralizing responses in vivo. Enrichment of high mannose N-linked glycan(HM-glycan) of HIV-1 glycoprotein enhanced neutralizing activity of sera from 8/9 patients. b12 was used as a control to compare the neutralizing activity of patients' sera.
Lavine2012
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: Ab-driven escape and Ab role in infection control and prevention are reviewed. Main focus is on NAbs, but Ab acting through effector mechanisms are also discussed. IgG1b12 (anti-CD4bs) is discussed in the context of developing broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies.
Overbaugh2012
(escape, review)
-
b12: Antigenic properties of undigested VLPs and endo H-digested WT trimer VLPs were compared. Binding to E168K+ N189A WT VLPs was stronger than binding to the parent WT VLPs, uncleaved VLPs. There was no significant correlation between E168K+N189A WT VLP binding and b12 neutralization, whereas, trimer VLP ELISA binding and neutralization exhibited a significant correlation. BN-PAGE shifts using digested E168K + N189A WT trimer VLPs exhibited prominence compared to WT VLPs.
Tong2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: The ability of several broadly neutralizing antibodies that bind gp10 or gp41 to inhibit cell-cell fusion between Clone69TRevEnv cells induced to express the viral envelope proteins, gp120/gp41 and highly CD4-positive SupT1 cells was investigated. Little or no inhibitory effect on cell-cell fusion was observed. MAbs b12, m14 IgG and 2G12 had moderate inhibitory activity; MAbs 4E10 and 2F5 had no inhibitory activity.
Yee2011
(antibody interactions)
-
b12: Plasma from 14 R5-tropic SHIV-infected macaques was screened for broadly neutralizing activity. A macaque with highly potent cross-clade plasma NAb response was identified. Longitudinal studies showed that the development of broad and autologous NAb responses occurred coincidentally in this animal. Serum-mapping studies, using pseudovirus point mutants and antigen adsorption assays, indicated that the plasma bNAbs are specific for epitopes that include carbohydrates and are critically dependent on the glycan at position 332 of Env gp120. MAb b12 was used for comparison.
Walker2011a
(neutralization, polyclonal antibodies)
-
b12: The role of V1V2 in the resistance of HIV-1 to neutralizing Abs was studied using a panel of neutralization-sensitive and -resistant HIV-1 variants and through exchanging regions of Env between neutralization-sensitive and -resistant viruses. An increase in the length of the V1V2 loop and/or the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS) in that same region of Env was directly involved in the neutralization resistance. Replacement of the V1V2 loop, but not V1 loop alone, in the neutralization-resistant escape variant by the corresponding region of the neutralization-sensitive virus resulted in a chimeric virus that was sensitive to neutralization by MAb b12, indicating that the V2 loop is involved in the neutralization resistance to MAb b12 of the neutralization-resistant escape variant. The introduction of a longer V1V2 loop with more PNGS of HIV-1 from contemporary seroconverters into the background of Env of HIV-1 from historical seroconverters resulted in a 2-fold increase in neutralization resistance to MAb b12 for 11/18 viruses.
vanGils2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
IgG1b12: To improve the immunogenicity of HIV-1 Env vaccines, a chimeric gp140 trimer in which V1V2 region was replaced by the GM-CSF cytokine was constructed. We selected GM-CSF was selected because of its defined adjuvant activity. Chimeric EnvGM-CSF protein enhanced Env-specific Ab and T cell responses in mice compared with wild-type Env. Probing with neutralizing antibodies showed that both the Env and GM-CSF components of the chimeric protein were folded correctly. 3 proteins were studied: Env-wild-type, Env-ΔV1V2, Env-hGM-CSF. MAb b12 against discontinuous epitope associated with the CD4bs recognized Env-hGM-CSF, but the binding was subtly (4-fold) less efficient compared with that to Env-wild-type, suggesting that the CD4bs on Env-hGM-CSF is intact, but the accessibility and/or conformation of the b12 epitope is subtly altered by the replacement of the V1V2 domain by GM-CSF.
vanMontfort2011
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: A standardized proficiency testing program for measurements of HIV-1-specific NAbs in the TZM-bl assay was developed. Three rounds of optimization involving 21 different test laboratories were required to design the final proficiency testing kit. MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10 and TriMab (b12+2G12+2F5) were used for testing.
Todd2012
(assay or method development)
-
IgG1b12: The inhibitory activity of HIV-1-specific Abs against HIV-1 replication in langerhans cells (LCs) and interstitial dendritic cells (IDCs) was analyzed. Five well-known NAbs 447-52D, 4E10, b12, 2G12, 2F5 strongly inhibited HIV-1BaL and HIV-1TV1 replication in LCs and IDCs, and their inhibitory activities were stronger than those measured on PBMCs. Inhibition was more efficient by IgGs than corresponding IgAs, due to an Fc receptor-dependent mechanism, where HIV-1 inhibition occurs by binding of the Fc portion of IgGs to Fc receptors. Although increased inhibitory activity was less clear for NAb b12 than for 447-52D, blocking the binding of b12 to the FcRs also induced a significant decrease of the inhibitory activity on LCs and IDCs. Neutralization with b12 Abs of the IgA type showed a potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 replication in LCs and IDCs, but this activity was nevertheless lower than that for the corresponding IgG1.
Peressin2011
(genital and mucosal immunity, dendritic cells)
-
IgG1b12: Broadly neutralizing antibodies circulating in plasma were studied by affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing. The Abs fell in 2 groups. One group consisted of antibodies with restricted neutralization breadth that had neutral isoelectric points. These Abs bound to envelope monomers and trimers versus core antigens from which variable loops and other domains have been deleted. Another minor group consisted of broadly neutralizing antibodies consistently distinguished by more basic isoelectric points and specificity for epitopes shared by monomeric gp120, gp120 core, or CD4-induced structures. The pI values estimated for neutralizing plasma IgGs were compared to those of human anti-gp120 MAbs, including 5 bnMAbs (PG9, PG16, VRC01, b12, and 2G12), 2 narrowly neutralizing MAbs (17b and E51), and 3 nonneutralizing MAbs (A32, C11, and 19e). bnMAbs VRC01, 2G12 and b12 had basic pIs (8.1 to >9).
Sajadi2012
(polyclonal antibodies)
-
IgG1b12: Small sized CD4 mimetics (miniCD4s) were engineered. These miniCD4s by themselves are poorly immunogenic and do not induce anti-CD4 antibodies. Stable covalent complexes between miniCD4s and gp120 and gp140 were generated through a site-directed coupling reaction. These complexes were recognized by CD4i antibodies as well as by the HIV co-receptor CCR5 and elicited CD4i antibody responses in rabbits. A panel of MAbs of defined epitope specificities, was used to analyze the antigenic integrity of the covalent complexes using capture ELISA. Binding of the covalent complex to MAb b12 was strongly reduced compared with gp140 alone.
Martin2011
(mimics, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: Sensitivity to neutralization was studied in 107 full-length Env molecular clones from multiple risk groups in various locations in China. Neutralization sensitivity to plasma pools and bNAbs was not correlated. IgG1b12 and VRC01 had different neutralization potency and breadth, despite both of them recognizing the critical CD4-binding domain. IgG1b12 neutralized 45% (14/31) while VRC01 neutralized about 81% (25/31) of the viruses tested.
Shang2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
IgGb12: The long-term effect of broadly bNAbs on cell-free HIV particles and their capacity to irreversibly inactivate virus was studied. MPER-specific MAbs potently induced gp120 shedding upon prolonged contact with the virus, rendering neutralization irreversible. The kinetic and thermodynamic requirements of the shedding process were virtually identical to those of neutralization, identifying gp120 shedding as a key process associated with HIV neutralization by MPER bNAbs. Neutralizing and shedding capacity of 7 MPER-, CD4bs- and V3 loop-directed MAbs were assessed against 14 divergent strains. b12 promoted shedding of >30% in 8/14 viruses.
Ruprecht2011
(neutralization, kinetics)
-
b12: This is the first study to elicit NAbs by utilizing clones of native, sequential HIV-1 Env variants arising in vivo in an individual that developed broad NAbs over time. Rabbits were immunized using 3 vaccination strategies: (i) SF162 Env clone used to infect macaque A141 showing broad NAb response (clonal strategy); (ii) ordered immunization with 5 cocktails of Env sequences from 5 different time points from the same macaque (total 15 sequences) to recapitulate the changes in the viral quasispecies over time (sequential strategy); (iii) cocktail of same 15 Envs (mixture strategy). The sequential approach best replicated the features of the NAb response observed in that macaque. MAb b12 was used in immunofluorescence assay to measure expression of these 15 Envs at the cell surface.
Malherbe2011
(vaccine antigen design)
-
b12: UCLA1 RNA aptamer was examined for its antiviral activity against HIV-1 subtype C viruses. Its efficacy was demonstrated by the high binding affinity for HIV-1 ConC gp120 and broad neutralization of primary isolates and Env-pseudotyped viruses. Mapping of the aptamer binding sites revealed 8 residues that modulated neutralization resistance to the aptamer. Most of the residues were localized within the CoRbs at the base of the V3 and the bridging sheet within the conserved V1/V2 stemloop of gp120 that makes up the CD4bs. The aptamer exhibited synergism with T20 fusion inhibitor and b12 MAb, with dose reduction indices indicating that lower concentrations of T20 and b12 can be used to inhibit HIV-1 when combined with the aptamer.
Mufhandu2012
-
IgG1b12: Closely related HIV-1 B clade Envs from a pediatric subject in a late disease differed in their capacity to infect primary macrophages. E153G conferred high levels of macrophage infectivity for several heterologous R5 envelopes, while the reciprocal G153E substitution abrogated infection. Shifts in macrophage tropism were associated with dramatic shifts in sensitivity to the V3 loop MAb 447-52D and soluble CD4, as well as more modest changes in sensitivity to the CD4bs MAb, b12.
Musich2011
(escape)
-
IgG1b12: This study analyzed the neutralization sensitivity of sequential HIV-1 primary isolates during their natural evolution in 5 subtype B and CRF02_AG HIV-1 infected drug naive individuals to 13 anti-HIV-1 MAbs (including this MAb) directed at epitopes in the V2, V3, CD4bd and carbohydrates. Patient viruses evolved to become more sensitive to neutralization by MAbs directed at epitopes at V2, V3 and CDbd, indicating that cross sectional studies are inadequate to define the neutralization spectrum of MAb neutralization with primary HIV-1 isolates.
Haldar2011
(neutralization)
-
b12: Using all-atom simulations, the role of the I109C/Q428C disulfide "stitch" in altering the conformational distribution of engineered HIV-1 gp120 core relevant for binding MAb b12 was studied. It was suggested that disulfide stitch shifts the conformational distribution of α1-helix to the unfolded state, meaning an unfolded α1 is not a strict requirement of the b12-bound conformational ensemble of gp120's lacking the I109C/Q428C stitch.
Emileh2011
(structure)
-
b12:15 MAbs that block sCD4 binding to gp120 were studied. All CD4bs mabs tested blocked soluble CD4 binding to gp120 consistent with their designation as CD4bs directed antibodies. All CD4bs mabs tested neutralized pseudovirions carrying NL4.3 wild type envelope. However, only b12 failed to neutralize pseudoviruses carrying mutant envelopes with a blocked W100 pocket. In addition, for CD4bs mabs that neutralized pseudovirions carrying primary envelopes, mutation of the W100 pocket had little or no effect on neutralization sensitivity. The data indicate that the b12 W100 pocket on gp120 is infrequently targeted by CD4bs mabs and this site is therefore not a priority for preservation in vaccines aiming to elicit antibodies targeting the CD4bs.
Duenas-Decamp2012
(neutralization)
-
b12: The sensitivity to PG9 and PG16 of pseudotyped viruses was analysed carrying envelope glycoproteins from the viral quasispecies of three HIV-1 clade CRF01_AE-infected patients. It was confirmed that an acidic residue or a basic residue at position 168 in the V2 loop is a key element determining the sensitivity to PG9 and PG16. In addition, evidence is provided of the involvement of a conserved residue at position 215 of the C2 region in the PG9/PG16 epitopes. Concerning b12, the most resistant clones of each subtype tested remained resistant and the most sensitive clones remained sensitive. Among the 11 tested clones (CRF01-AE, CRF01-AE 0858-M2, and clade B), only two clade B clones, 5008CL3 and 5008CL8, displaying a moderate sensitivity to b12 were found to be more sensitive after introduction of substitution I215M. Collectively, the IC50 of b12 toward wild-type or mutated clones were not significantly different.
Thenin2012a
(neutralization)
-
b12: Given the potential importance of cell-associated virus during mucosal HIV-1 transmission, sensitivity of bNAbs targeting HIV-1 envelope surface unit gp120 (VRCO1, PG16, b12, and 2G12) and transmembrane domain gp41 (4E10 and 2F5) was examined for both cell-free and mDC-mediated infections of TZM-bl and CD4+ T cells. It was reported that higher gp120-bNAb concentrations, but not gp41-directed bNAb concentrations, are required to inhibit mDC-mediated virus spread, compared with cell-free transmission. The IC50 and IC90 for b12, were significantly higher for almost all mDC-mediated virus transmission (Lai, NL4-3, Lai/Balenv and 89.6), compared with cell-free HIV-1 infection. mDCs transferred significantly less virus to target cells when exposed to Lai virus particles in the presence, as opposed to the absence, of b12 suggesting that mDC-mediated virus transfer can be inhibited by b12 if it is present at the time of virus capture by mDCs. Examining the susceptibility of mDC-mediated trans-infection to the b12 Fab, both Lai and Lai/Balenv were suppressed equivalently by b12 irrespective of whether target cells were challenged with cell-free or mDC-associated virus particles. 4E10 and 2F5 bound a significantly greater percentage of mDCs, compared with b12. All abs bound a significantly greater percentage of mDCs, compared with the secondary antibody alone. Lai and Lai/Balenv required significantly higher b12 4E10 concentrations to block mDC-mediated versus cell-free infection of autologous T cells.
Sagar2012
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: To overcome the many limitations of current systems for HIV-1 virus-like particle (VLP) production, a novel strategy was developed to produce HIV-1 VLP using stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells by cotransfecting S2 cells with plasmids encoding an envelope glycoprotein (consensus B or consensus C), a Rev-independent Gag (Pr55) protein, and a Rev protein, along with a pCoBlast selection marker. Except for antigenic epitope PG16, all other broadly neutralizing antigenic epitopes 2G12, b12, VRC01, and 4E10 tested are preserved on spikes of HIV-1 VLP produced by S2 clones.
Yang2012
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
b12: In order to increase recognition of CD4 by Env and to elicit stronger neutralizing antibodies against it, two Env probes were produced and tested - monomeric Env was stabilized by pocket filling mutations in the CD4bs (PF2) and trimeric Env was formed by appending trimerization motifs to soluble gp120/gp14. PF2-containing proteins were better recognized by bNMAb against CD4bs and more rapidly elicited neutralizing antibodies against the CD4bs. Trimeric Env, however, elicited a higher neutralization potency that mapped to the V3 region of gp120.
Feng2012
(neutralization)
-
b12: A way to produce conformationally intact, deglycosylated soluble, cleaved recombinant Env trimers by inhibition of the synthesis of complex N-glycans during Env production, followed by treatment with glycosidases under conditions that preserve Env trimer integrity is described to facilitate crystallography and immunogenicity studies. There was an ∼50% increase in b12 binding, in agreement with previous studies showing that glycans, in particular the one at position 386, can restrict access to the b12 epitope.
Depetris2012
(glycosylation, binding affinity)
-
b12: The sera of 113 HIV-1 seroconverters from three cohorts were analyzed for binding to a set of well-characterized gp120 core and resurfaced stabilized core (RSC3) protein probes, and their cognate CD4bs knockout mutants. b12 bound very strongly to the gp120 core and RSC3; very weakly to RSC3/G367R and did not bind to gp120 core D368R, RSC3 Δ3711, and RSC3 Δ3711/P363N.
Lynch2012
(binding affinity)
-
b12: Sensitivity to bNAbs of primary R5 HIV-1 isolates sequentially obtained before and after AIDS onset was studied. End-stage disease HIV R5 isolates were more sensitive to neutralization by TriMab, an equimolar mix of the IgGb12, 2F5 and 2G12 antibodies, than R5 isolates from the chronic phase. The increased sensitivity correlated with low CD4+ T cell count at time of virus isolation and augmented viral infectivity. Envs from end-stage R5 variants had increased positive surface charge and reduced numbers of potential N-linked glycosylation sites (PNGS).
Borggren2011
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
b12: MAbs 4E10 and b12 were examined for antibody-dependent neutralization, or antibody-dependent complement (C)-mediated neutralization, of infection of PBMC by either free HIV-1 or trans infection by HIV bound to erythrocytes. Neutralization of free HIV-1 by b12 was stronger than by 4E10, but b12 neutralized erythrocyte-bound HIV-1 less efficiently than cell-free virus. 4E10 did not neutralize erythrocyte-bound HIV-1 and at a low concentration it caused enhancement of infection. Antibody (4E10)-dependent C activation inhibited trans infection by erythrocyte-bound HIV-1, but caused enhanced infection with cell-free HIV-1 in the presence of erythrocytes. No effects of C were observed with b12.
Beck2011
(neutralization)
-
b12: The interaction of the lectin griffithsin (GRFT) with HIV-1 gp120 and its effects on exposure of the CD4-binding site (CD4bs) was studied. GRFT enhanced the binding of HIV-1 to b12 and b6 or the CD4 receptor mimetic CD4-IgG2. The average enhancement of b12 or b6 binding was higher for subtype B viruses than for subtype C. The glycan at position 386, which shields the CD4bs, was involved in both GRFT-mediated enhancement of binding and neutralization synergism between GRFT and b12.
Alexandre2011
(antibody binding site, glycosylation)
-
b12: The strategy of incorporating extra glycans onto gp120 was explored, with the goal to occlude the epitopes of non-neutralizing MAbs while maintaining exposure of the b12 site. The focus was on the head-to-head comparison of the ability of 2 adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and Quil A, to promote CD4-specific Ab responses in mice immunized with the engineered mutant Q105N compared to gp120wt. Neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies targeting three areas on gp120 – the CD4bs (F105, b6, b12, b13, VRC01, VRC03 and CD4- IgG2), the glycosylated ‘silent face’ (2G12) and the V3 loop (B4e8) – were assessed for binding. The antibodies b6, b12, b13, VRC01 and 2G12 bound best to mutant Q105N, albeit with lower affinities than to gp120wt. Retention of b6 and b13 binding was not expected, but can be explained by their very similar mode of interaction with the CD4bs compared to b12. Abs F105 and VRC03 did not bind Q105N at all. The V3-specific antibody B4e8 did not bind to Q105N.
Ahmed2012
(adjuvant comparison, antibody binding site, glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
b12: The study showed that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-BnAb gene transfer to cervico-vaginal epithelial cells can lead to protection against HIV-1. A recombinant AAv vector that encodes h12 as a single-chain variable fragment Fc fusion, or "minibody" was constructed. The minibodies secreted from transduced cells in an organotypic vaginal epithelial cell model demonstrated their ability to inhibit transfer and infectivity of HIV-1 at levels comparable to full-length b12 MAb.
Abdel-Motal2011
(genital and mucosal immunity)
-
b12: The study followed the dynamics of alternating viral neutralization phenotype over time in 7 patients monitored for 1-5 years starting from seroconversion. While the development of neutralization resistance, including escape from the autologous antibody response was observed, there was also temporal emergence of viruses exquisitely sensitive to both autologous and heterologous Nabs. All Envs with heightened serum sensitivity were also potently neutralized by sCD4 and/or IgG1b12.
Aasa-Chapman2011
(autologous responses, escape)
-
b12: 6 "chimeric" scFv b12 variants were generated by sequentially replacing HV, HD(J), VH and VL segments in b12 germline-like predecessor with the mature counterparts. A single Y/D mutation in HD-segment was enough to make the transition of non-binding-germline-like b12 Ab to a binding Ab to HIV-1 Env, but this mutation was not enough to confer neutralization activity to the germline antibody. Chimeric scFv b12 variants required mature VL to neutralize the virus.
Yuan2011
(neutralization, antibody lineage)
-
b12: To test whether HIV-1 particle maturation alters the conformation of the Env proteins, a sensitive and quantitative imaging-based Ab-binding assay was used to probe the conformations of full-length and cytoplasmic tail (CT) truncated Env proteins on mature and immature HIV-1 particles. MAb b12 bound mature and immature virions to an equivalent extent, although the CT-deleted Env bound significantly more MAb b12 when present on immature vs. mature particles. It suggested that the epitope recognized by b12 was exposed to a similar extent on mature and immature HIV-1 particles and that the gp41 CT appears to modulate exposure of this epitope differentially on mature vs. immature particles.
Joyner2011
(binding affinity)
-
b12: Humoral responses to specific, linear gp41 epitopes were that were already known to be the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies were compared in a cohort of sub-Saharan mother-child pairs. TriMab positive-control Abs (2F5, 2G12, and b12) neutralized all viruses tested: the subtype B laboratory strains SF162 (R5-B) and IIIB (X4-B), and the low-sensitivity subtype C strains, primary isolates DU172 and DU156 (both R5-C). The TriMab control inhibited strain DU156 when all neutralization assays were performed on the DU156 HIV isolate (C-R5) with cord blood specimens from EUN babies.
Diomede2012
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: 162 full-length envelope (env) clones were generated from plasma RNA obtained from 5 HIV-1 Clade B infected mother-infant pairs and their V1-V5 genotypes and phylogeny were extensively characterized. Infants P1031, P1046 and P1049 had some clones resistant to b12, but each had one sensitive clone. A similar pattern of sensitive and resistant clones was seen in the corresponding mothers.
Kishko2011
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
b12: The biological properties of 17 Env-pseudotyped viruses derived from variants of mother–infant pairs infected by HIV-1 strains of the CRF01_AE clade were compared, in order to explore their association with the restrictive transmission of the virus. All maternal and infant clones from MIPs (mother-infant pairs) 0377, 0978 and 1021, displayed a high level of resistance to neutralization by MAb b12, whereas the two maternal clones from pair 0858 were highly sensitive to b12.
Thenin2012
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
b12: gp120 was cyclically permuted and new N- and C-termini were created within the V1, V3, and V4 loop regions to reduce the length of the linker joining gp120 and M9. The cyclic permutant V1cyc were used to incorporate the trimerization domains. In contrast to monomeric gp120, h-CMP-V1cyc (a covalently linked trimer) interacted with similar affinities to both b12 and F105. SUMO2a-V1cyc (a mixture of a trimer, a dimer, and a monomer) binds approximately 5-10-fold weaker than gp120 to b12 and F105. It has been shown that V1 cyclic permutants of gp120 with an appropriate trimerization domain can fold into a conformation that shows improved affinity for b12 relative to gp120.
Saha2012
(binding affinity)
-
b12: The role of envelope expression context and producer cell type was characterized for nine novel replication-competent chimeric HIV-1 isolates from the dominant circulating HIV-1 subtypes in Africa, where most new HIV-1 infections are occurring. Pseudoviruses generated in 293T cells were the most sensitive to antibody neutralization. Replicating viruses generated in primary lymphocytes were most resistant to neutralization by most monoclonal antibodies including b12. PBMC-derived chimeras displayed increased neutralization resistance compared to 293T-derived chimeras for b12.
Provine2012
(neutralization)
-
b12: Epitope accessibility of the gp41 neutralizing antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, is explored either on the functional spike or during receptor-mediated entry and it is determined if these antibodies bind to the static spike on the surface of the HIV-1 or require target cell/receptor engagement to gain access to their MPER binding sites. JR-FL virus was neutralized by b12, a gp120-specific CD4 binding site antibody, either without or with any antibody-virus wash step over a broad range of concentrations. The potent neutralization exerted by b12 even after the antibody-virus washing confirmed high-affinity binding and indicated that b12 could directly access its epitope on the prereceptor-engaged viral Env spike.
Chakrabarti2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
b12: Phenotypic activities of a single transmitted/founder (T/F) virus from 24 acute individuals were compared to that of 17 viruses from chronics. T/F Envs were more sensitive than chronic Envs to MAbs b12 and VRC01. The binding of b12 and VRC01 to the trimeric Envs was strongly correlated to their sensitivity to inhibition for both T/F and chronic viruses. Binding of b12 to the T/F was significantly increased relative to chronics.
Wilen2011
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: HIV-1 adaptation to neutralization by MAbs VRC01, PG9, PG16 was studied using HIV-1 variants from historic (1985-1989) and contemporary (2003-2006) seroconverters. b12 was included for comparison and neutralized 29% of contemporary viruses at IC50 < 1 μ g/ml and 52% at IC50 < 5 μ g/ml. TriMab construct, consisting of MAbs b12, 2F5 and 2G12 in equal concentrations, showed the highest neutralization correlation with 2F5 and little similarity with b12.
Euler2011
(neutralization)
-
b12: The neutralization potency of PG9, PG16, VRC01 and PGV04 was approximately 10-fold greater than that of MAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. Alanine substitutions D279A, I420A and I423A abrogated PGV04 neutralization, but varied in their effects on VRC01, CD4-IgG and b12. D279A substitution did not substantially affect neutralization by b12 and I420A and I423A substitutions actually increased b12 neutralization.
Falkowska2012
(neutralization)
-
b12: Neutralizing antibody repertoires of 4 HIV-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses were probed. 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades were rescued. All MAbs exhibited broad cross-clade neutralizing activity, but several showed exceptional potency. Although b12 neutralized 34% of 162 isolates at IC50<50 μg/ml, it was almost 100-fold less potent than several new antibodies PGT 121-123 and 125-128, for which the median antibody concentration required to inhibit HIV activity by 50% or 90% (IC50 and IC90 values) was almost 100-fold lower that of b12, 2G12 and 4E10.
Walker2011
(neutralization, broad neutralizer)
-
b12: Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 immunity associated with VRC01-like antibodies was studied by isolation of VRC01-like neutralizers with CD4bs probe; structural definition of gp120 recognition by RSC3-identified antibodies from different donors; functional complementation of heavy and light chains among VRC01-like antibodies; identification of VRC01 antibodies by 454 pyrosequencing; and cross-donor phylogenetic analysis of sequences derived from the same precursor germline gene. b12, among with other RSC3-reactive antibodies, was used for several comparisons and showed dramatic differences in heavy-chain orientation relative to the VRC01. b12 had 48-66% sequence identity of its heavy and light chains to respective chains of VRC-PG04 and VRC-CH31.
Wu2011
(structure)
-
b12: CDR H3 domains derived from 4 anti-HIV mAbs, PG16, PG9, b12, E51, and anti-influenza MAb AVF were genetically linked to glycosil-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) attachment signal of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) to determine whether the exceptionally long and unique structure of the CDR H3 subdomain of PG16 is sufficient for epitope recognition and neutralization. Cells transduced with GPI-CDR H3(b12) had minimum neutralization activity against 2 (Q168 and Yu2) of the 24 HIV-1 pseudotypes with a low degree of potency. Compared to mock-transduced parental TZM-bl cells, cells transduced with GPI-CDR H3(b12) did not show any significant neutralization activity against any of 3 HIV-1 strains and SIVMne027 control.
Liu2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
b12: One Env clone (4–2.J45) obtained from a recently infected Indian patient (NARI-IVC4) had exceptional neutralization sensitivity compared to other Envs obtained at the same time point from the same patient. I424M substitution in JRFL, RHPA4259.7 and YU2 Envs (3 out of 5) conferred increase in b12 sensitivity by 2, 3.8 and 32.27 folds respectively compared to the Envs expressing M424.
Ringe2011
(neutralization)
-
b12: Two SHIV-C mutants were designed: SHIV-1157ipEL-pΔ3N, a mutant of the early SHIV-1157ipEL-p which lacked the 3N residues in the V2 stem, and SHIV-1157ipd3N4+3N, a mutant of the late SHIV-1157ipd3N4 where 3N residues was added in the V2 stem. While the early SHIV-1157ipEL-p was neutralized and bound by b12, its mutant SHIV-1157ipEL-pΔ3N was not. Moreover, b12 did not neutralize and bind to the late SHIV-1157ipd3N4 but neutralized and bound the mutant SHIV-1157ipd3N4+3N. 3N deletion mutation in the V2 loop stem of gp120 was identified as the major determinant of neutralization escape of b12. The b12 epitope was present in the early and late SHIV-Cs. b12 interacts mainly with the outer domain of gp120, but the position of the V2 loop masks the epitope in the late SHIV-1157ipd3N4.
Watkins2011
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Human MAbs b12 and b6 against CD4bs on HIV-1 gp120 and F240 against an immundominant epitope on gp41 were assessed for prevention of vaginal transmission of simian SHIV-162P4 to macaques. Applied vaginally at a high dose, the strongly neutralizing MAb b12 provided sterilizing immunity in 7/7 animals, which was statistically significant compared to control animals.
Burton2011
(genital and mucosal immunity, immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Studies were conducted to determine whether differences in immunogenic potential exist between two previously reported primary Env antigens (Clade B primary Env antigens LN40 and B33) with closely related gene sequences and completely different phenotypic features. The B33 Env is sensitive to neutralization by MAb b12 while the LN40 Env, having the opposite phenotype of B33, is resistant to MAb b12. Additional mutations were created within known b12 binding pockets that decreased neutralization of the vaccine sera by about 10 percent individually, but the combination mutants LN40KD (R373K plus N386D) and LN40KV (R373K plus T388V) almost inhibit the neutralization of the vaccine sera.
Vaine2011
(neutralization)
-
b12: The characteristics of HIV-1-specific NAbs were evaluated in 100 breast-fed infants of HIV-1-positive mothers who were HIV-1 negative at birth and they were monitored until age 2. A panel of eight viruses that included variants representative of those in the study region as well as more diverse strains was used to determine the breadth of the infant NAbs. b12 had very low neutralization potency for 2 (Q168b23 and Q842d16) out of 8 pseudoviruses in the panel, no neutralization potency for 2 (BJ613.E1 and BF535.A1) and high for the rest of them.
Lynch2011
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
IgG1b12: HIV-1 subtype C env genes from 19 mother-infant pairs: 10 transmitting in utero (IU) and 9 transmitting intrapartum (IP) were analyzed. A severe genetic bottleneck during transmission was confirmed in all pairs. Compared to the maternal viral population, viruses transmitted IP tended to have shorter variable loops and fewer putative N-linked glycosylation sites than viruses transmitted IU. The pseudotyped viruses displayed some sensitivity to 4E10 and soluble CD4 but were resistant to 2G12, 2F5, and IgG1b12.
Russell2011
(glycosylation, neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
b12: The impact of specific changes at distal sites on antibody binding and neutralization was examined on Q461 variants. The changes at position 675 in conjunction with Thr to Ala at position 569 increased the b12 neutralization sensitivity by ∼10-fold or more compared to viruses with only mutation at position 675. There was no effect on b12 neutralization sensitivity by only T569A change. The change at position 675 alone had no effect on b12 binding in contrast to an increase in b12 binding observed with T569A change alone and both mutations.
Lovelace2011
(antibody binding site, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
-
b12: A strategy is described for eliciting antibodies in mice against selected cryptic, conformationally dependent conserved epitopes of gp120 by immunizing with multiple identical copies of covalently linked multiple copy peptides (MCPs) representing 3 different domains of gp120. Preincubation of gp120 with high concentrations of MAb b12 to the 426-441 epitope resulted in a much higher inhibition of CD4 binding to gp120, than achieved by the MAb 11A8. b12 bind to gp120s from other clades with lower affinities compared to clade B reflecting differences in the primary sequences. MAb 11A8 demonstrated a similar breadth of binding to oligomeric gp120 on cells infected with viruses from different clades, and actually detects virus at a higher intensity and on more cells infected with a clade D isolate than does the MAb b12.
Kelker2010
(binding affinity)
-
b12: To address the controversy of significant differences in chosen atomic coordinates of monomeric SIV gp120 in unliganded, and monomeric HIV-1 gp120 in various liganded and antibodybound states, the molecular architectures of trimeric Env from SIVmneE11S, SIVmac239 and HIV-1 R3A strains are shown to be closely comparable to that previously determined for HIV-1 BaL. The gp120 density profiles obtained from the coordinates of the trimeric Env complex with sCD4/17b (1GC1) and b12 (2NY7) are similar even though there are important differences in their atomic resolution structures.
White2010
(structure)
-
IGg1b12: The development and characterization of a tier 1 R5 SHIV, termed SHIV-1157ipEL is reported. SHIV-1157ipEL is a chimera of the "early", neutralization-sensitive SHIV-1157ip envelope and the "late", neutralization-resistant engineered backbone of SHIV-1157ipd3N4. Molecular modeling revealed a possible mechanism for the increased neutralization resistance of SHIV-1157ipd3N4 Env: V2 loops hindering access to the CD4 binding site, shown experimentally with NAb b12. The neutralization of SHIV-1157ipEL (clade C) and SHIV-1157ipEL-p (clade C) was similar and much higher than SHIV-1157ipd3N4 (clade C) and SHIV-SF162P3 (clade B) by IGg1b12. SHIV-2873Nip (clade C) was not neutralized although SHIV-SF162P4 (clade B) was highly neutralized by IGg1b12. In another experiment, b12 neutralized SHIV-1157ipEL-p although SHIV-1157ipEL-pΔ3N and SHIV-1157ipd3N4 were not neutralized even at the highest nmAb concentration tested.
Siddappa2010
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: The location and extent of conservation of eight protease cleavage sites on HIV-1 gp120 recognized by 3 major human proteases (cathepsins L, S and D) are described along with the effect of cathepsin cleavage on gp120 binding to CD4-IgG and NAbs. Most of the b12 binding was preserved with cathepsin L-treated gp120 although significant reduction in binding affinity was observed. There was also a large reduction in b12 binding with cathepsin D-treated gp120.
Yu2010
(binding affinity)
-
b12: This review discusses current understanding of Env neutralization by antibodies in relation to epitope exposure and how this insight might benefit vaccine design strategies. This MAb is in the list of current MAbs with notable cross-neutralizing activity.
Pantophlet2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
IgGb12: This review outlines the general structure of the gp160 viral envelope, the dynamics of viral entry, the evolution of humoral response, the mechanisms of viral escape and the characterization of broadly neutralizing Abs. It is noted that b12 neutralizes about half of the viruses, including different clade isolates. In vivo, intravenously or vaginally administered b12 can protect macaques from SHIV infection through vagina.
Gonzalez2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, escape, review)
-
b12: This review discusses recent rational structure-based approaches in HIV vaccine design that helped in understanding the link between Env antigenicity and immunogenicity. This MAb is mentioned in the context of immunogens based on the epitopes recognized by bNAbs and Genetic approaches.
Walker2010a
(neutralization, review)
-
b12-IgG1: This review discusses the types of B-cell responses desired by HIV-1 vaccines and various methods used for eliciting HIV-1 inhibitory antibodies that include induction and characterization of vaccine-induces B-cell responses. b12 was mentioned in context of engineering immunity: program human B cells using autologous human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells transduced with the b12-IgG1 gene for differentiation into antibody secreting cells.
Tomaras2010
(review)
-
b12: Crystal structures of gp120 and gp41 in complex with CD4 and/or MAbs 17b, 48d, b12, b13, 412d, X5, 211C, C11, 15e, m6, m9 and F105 were used to determine the structure and the mobility of the gp41-interactive region of gp120. Elements determined to maintain the gp120-gp41 interaction were the gp120 termini and a newly described invariant 7-stranded β-sandwich. Structurally plastic elements of gp120 responsible for the various gp120 conformation changes due to receptor- or Ab-binding were structured into 3 layers, with the V1/V2 loops emanating from layer 2 and the highly glycosylated outer domain from layer 3.
Pancera2010a
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
b12: 37 Indian clade C HIV-1 Env clones obtained at different time points from five patients with recent infection, were studied in neutralization assays for sensitivities to their autologous plasma antibodies and mAbs. In contrast to clade B and African clade C viruses, Env clones from 4/5 Indian patients were resistant to b12. For the one patient whose clones Env clones were neutralized by b12, the increased neutralization sensitivity did not correlate with their sensitivity to sCD4 and contemporaneous plasma antibodies.
Ringe2010
(neutralization)
-
b12: This review discusses strategies for design of neutralizing antibody-based vaccines against HIV-1 and recent major advances in the field regarding isolation of potent broadly neutralizing Abs.
Sattentau2010
(review)
-
b12: Most of the 34 Env-pseudotyped viruses from HIV-1 CRF01_AE - infected plasma samples collected in China could efficiently infect target cells in the presence of high concentrations of b12 MAb. Only 2/34 viruses showed low b12 susceptibility and all viruses contained the P369L mutation previously shown to contribute to b12 resistance.
Nie2010
(neutralization)
-
b12: This review discusses the studies done on poly-reactive antibodies (binding to two different epitopes), and the importance of polyreactivity. Low polyreactivity has been reported for b12.
Pluckthun2010
(review, antibody polyreactivity)
-
b12: This paper shows that a highly neutralization-resistant virus is converted to a neutralization sensitive virus with a rare single mutation D179N in the C-terminal portion of the V2 domain for several antibodies. b12, however, did not neutralize any of the mutants tested.
ORourke2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
b12: Susceptibility of Env chimera viruses from six mother and infant pairs (MIPs) to b12 neutralization was evaluated. b12 neutralized 7/24 infant viruses and 12/25 maternal viruses. Interpair differences to b12 susceptibility were observed and there was a marginally significant difference in the susceptibility to b12 between maternal and infant viruses, with infant viruses being more resistant.
Zhang2010a
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
b12: MAb m9 showed superior neutralization potency compared to b12 in a TZM-bl assay, where it neutralized all 15 isolates compared to b12 that neutralized only 60% of the isolates tested and did not neutralize any subtype A isolates. In the M7-Luc assay, b12 neutralized 56% of clade C isolates while m9 neutralized 76%. In vitro passaging of HIV-1 in the presence of b12 resulted in emergence of escape mutants to this Ab.
Zhang2010
(neutralization, escape)
-
b12: A side-by-side comparison was performed on the quality of Ab responses in humans elicited by three vaccine studies focusing on Env-specific Abs. Profile differences between the three vaccine trials when it comes to CD4bs-Abs were observed. Only 33% of sera from the HVTN 203 or the HVTN 041 trial were able to outcompete binding to b12, while 95% of sera from the DP6-001 trial were able to outcompete binding to this MAb and did so with significantly higher titers.
Vaine2010
(antibody interactions)
-
b12: This review focuses on recent vaccine design efforts and investigation of broadly neutralizing Abs and their epitopes to aid in the improvement of immunogen design. NAb epitopes, NAbs response to HIV-1, isolation of novel mAbs, and vaccine-elicited NAb responses in human clinical trials are discussed in this review.
Mascola2010
(review)
-
b12: A mathematical framework is designed to determine the number of Abs required to neutralize a single trimer called the stoichiometry of trimer neutralization (N). 15 different virus antibody combinations divided into five groups based on antibody binding sites were used in the designed model. b12 was classified into CD4BS group as it interferes with CD4 binding site. The number of b12 Abs needed to neutralize a single trimer was determined to equal 1.
Magnus2010
-
IgG1b12: SHIV challenge model was used in macaques to determine if viremia and T cell destruction could be reduced with low amounts of NAbs. IgG1b12 was incorporated with SHIVIG in 6 macaques before oral challenge with SHIV-SF162P3. Treated macaques rapidly developed NAbs and displayed significantly reduced plasma viremia. In addition, treated macaques showed rapid ADCVI responses.
Ng2010
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
IgG1b12: Four human anti-phospholipid mAbs were reported to inhibit HIV-1 infection of human PBMC's by binding to monocytes and releasing soluble chemokines. The ability of different anti-phospholid mAbs to inhibit pseudovirus infection was studied. Four out of nine anti-phospholid mAbs inhibited HIV-1 infectivity in PBMC-based virus infection inhibition assay where a mixture of mAbs 2F5, IgG1b12, and 2G12 (TriMab) was used as a positive control.
Moody2010
(neutralization)
-
b12: Targeted neutralizing epitopes have been identified based on the change in sensitivity to neutralization due to variations in known immunoepitopes studied in 17 subjects. The usage of b12-like epitope in the subject's antisera was examined with many mutant gp160 variants. All the variants along with the wild type gp160 were neutralized with similar efficiency by b12. Additionally, T257A and WT gp160s were also neutralized equally by b12.
Nandi2010
(neutralization)
-
b12: The antigenic structure of Gag-Env pseudovirions was characterized and it was shown that these particles can recapitulate native HIV virion epitope structures. b12 bound to the BaL Gag-Env pseudovirions, indicating presence of native trimers. The Gag-Env pseudovirions were further used to identify a subset of antigen-specific B cells in chronically infected HIV subjects.
Hicar2010
(binding affinity, structure)
-
b12: Molecular modeling was used to construct a 3D model of an anti-gp120 RNA aptamer, B40t77, in complex with gp120. Externally exposed residues of gp120 that participated in stabilizing interaction with the aptamer were mutated. Binding of b12 to gp120 was inhibited by B40t77, which is suggested to be due to distant conformational changes of gp120 induced by the aptamer.
Joubert2010
(binding affinity, structure)
-
b12: Virus capture assay was modified with added incubation of virions and MAbs in solution followed by removal of unbound MAbs, which allowed for relative affinity of b12 for virions to be quantified. b12 did not show any Env-independent virus capture. There was an overall reduction in the efficiency of capture of molecular clones (MC) relative to pseudotyped virions by b12. MAb competition assays revealed that b6 competed poorly with b12 for capture of virus containing mainly native Env trimers. Denaturation of the trimers resulted in b6 inhibition of b12 capture, and b12 was poor at blocking virion capture by b6, indicating higher affinity of b6 for uncleaved gp160 compared to b12. However, trimeric JR-FL MC was not captured more efficiently by b12 than nontrimeric Envs from JR-CSF MC virus.
Leaman2010
(assay or method development, binding affinity)
-
b12: Some of the key challenges for the development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine are discussed, such as challenges in identification of epitopes recognized by broadly neutralizing epitopes, the impact of biological mechanisms in addition to Ab neutralization, and the poor persistence of anti-Env Ab responses in the absence of continuous antigenic stimulation.
Lewis2010
(review)
-
b12: The role of HIV-1 envelope spike density on the virion and the effect it has on MAb avidity, and neutralization potencies of MAbs presented as different isotypes, are reviewed. Engineering approaches and design of immunogens able to elicit intra-spike cross-linking Abs are discussed.
Klein2010
(review)
-
b12: 18 unique Env clones of subtype C HIV-1 derived from six African countries and Scotland were tested for their neutralization susceptibility by b12. b12 neutralized 6/18 isolates (30%).
Koh2010a
(neutralization)
-
b12: Peptide ligands for CD4i epitopes on native dualtropic Envs were selected by phage display. The correct exposure of CD4i epitopes was detected by binding with MAb b12, which bound both in the presence or absence of sCD4.
Dervillez2010
(binding affinity)
-
b12: Impact of in vivo Env-CD4 interactions was studied during vaccinations of Rhesus macaques with two Env trimer variants rendered CD4 binding defective (368D/R and 423/425/431 trimers) and wild-type (WT) trimers. Ab binding profiles of the three trimer variants were assessed by binding analyses to different MAbs. CD4bs-directed MAb b12 bound similarly to WT and 423/425/431 trimers but did not bind to 368D/R trimers. b12 cross-competitive Abs were elicited by WT or 423/425/431 trimers in all tested animals at several dilutions, but were only elicited by 368D/R trimers at the lowest dilution of the plasma.
Douagi2010
(binding affinity)
-
b12: The effect of presence and absence of V1 loop was assessed using two approaches: remove V1 loop from the soluble trimeric gp140 construct (ΔV1SF162gp140) and second, substitute the V1 loop on SF162gp140 construct with four different V1 loops from 89.6, YU2, JRFL, and HxB2 (heterologous HIV-1 viruses). Deletion or substitution of V1 loop did not significantly affect the neutralization by b12 and did not affect the binding affinity to b12. D368R modification to SF162gp120 abrogated binding by b12, although it did not affect the neutralization by b12.
Ching2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: The effect of HIV-1 complement opsonization on b12 activity was evaluated in three instances: HIV-1 transcytosis through epithelial cells, HIV-1 attachment on immature monocyte derived dendritic cells (iMDDC), and infectivity of iMDDC. b12 was not able to inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis. b12 inhibited the attachment of non-opsonised HIV to iMDDC but had no effect on the opsonized HIV-1 attachment. b12 was able to inhibit production of both opsonized and non-opsonized HIV-1 in iMDDCs.
Jenabian2010
(complement)
-
b12: Clustering analysis was performed to find patterns of neutralization reactivity for the dataset of 103 patients sera against 20 viruses. The clustering by five MAbs (including b12) against the 20 isolates was less statistically robust than that with serum titers, resulting in three clusters for both cases. The membership in an isolate cluster defined by serum titers was compared with its sensitivity to every MAb to understand the relationship of serum and MAb reactivity. Membership in two out of three clusters did not correlate with sensitivity to b12.
Doria-Rose2010
(neutralization)
-
b12: The review describes several different methods that have been used to isolate and characterize HIV MAbs within the human Ab repertoire. Relative advantages and limitations of methods such as EBV transformation, human hybridoma, non-immortalized B cell culture, combinatorial libraries from B cells and clonal sorting are discussed.
Hammond2010
(review)
-
b12: Addition of bacterial endotoxin (LPS) had no effect on the potency of b12 neutralization in TZM-bl assay but addition of LPS in PBMC assay increased neutralization potency of b12. Endotoxin contamination was shown to mediate release of antiviral chemokines in PBMCs and is thus suggested to be able to cause false-positive results in PBMC-based neutralization assays.
Geonnotti2010
(neutralization)
-
b12: In order to overcome problems of the PBMC-based neutralization assay a novel approach was developed utilizing a platform based on Renilla luciferase (LucR) expressing HIV-1 proviral backbone. Env-IMC-LucR reporter viruses expressing HIV-1 envs from different virus strains were incubated with NAbs, such as b12, and used to infect donor PBMCs. The inhibition was assessed by measuring virus-encoded LucR activity in the cell lysates. There was a dosage dependent effect of b12 on virus infectivity. Significant variation in sensitivity to b12 was observed among different donor PBMCs, and this high variability was suggested to be a real biological effect attributable to use of different donor PBMCs, rather than assay-to-assay variability.
Edmonds2010
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
b12: Expression of gp120 was shown to lead to the accumulation of both monomeric gp120 and aberrant dimeric gp120 forms. Dimeric forms of gp120 were recognized by CD4BS MAbs, such as b12, but were not recognized by CD4i MAbs or MAbs to the gp120 inner domain. It is suggested that gp120 dimerization occludes or disrupts the inner domain and/or the co-receptor binding site. Formation of gp120 dimers was reduced by removal of the V1/V2 loops or the N and C termini.
Finzi2010
(antibody binding site)
-
b12: This review summarizes novel techniques recently developed for isolation of broadly neutralizing monoclonal Abs from HIV-infected donors. Future challenges and importance of these techniques for development of HIV vaccines is also discussed.
Burton2010
(review)
-
b12: Subtype B HIV-1 variants from historical seroconverters (individuals that seroconverted between 1985 and 1989) were shown to be more sensitive to neutralization by b12 than variants isolated from contemporary seroconverters (individuals that seroconverted between 2003 and 2006). The enhanced resistance of the virus to Ab neutralization over time coincided with poorer elicitation of neutralizing Ab responses, increase in the length of the variable loops, and increase in the number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites on gp120.
Bunnik2010a
(glycosylation, neutralization, dynamics)
-
b12: 17b was linked with sCD4 and the construct was tested for its neutralization breadth and potency. sCD4-17b showed significantly greater neutralization breadth and potency compared to b12, neutralizing 100% of HIV-1 primary isolates of subtypes A, B, C, D, F, CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG, while b12 neutralized some isolates of subtypes A, B, C and D.
Lagenaur2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: Crystal structure of the D7 llama heavy chain antibody fragment V(HH) was resolved and compared to other CD4bs Abs (b12, b13, F105 and m18). Unlike for b12 and b13, CDR2 of D7 did not have aromatic residues at the tip and does not play a prominent role in gp120 interactions. As b12 and the other CD4bs Abs, D7 had aromatic residues at the tip of its CDR3. Other than that, there was no significant structural homology between D7 and other CD4bs Ab loops, underlining the differences in mode of gp120 interaction.
Hinz2010
(structure)
-
b12: A set of Env variants with deletions in V1/V2 was constructed. Replication competent Env variants with V1/V2 deletions were obtained using virus evolution of V1/V2 deleted variants. Sensitivity of the evolved ΔV1V2 viruses was evaluated to study accessibility of their neutralization epitopes. b12 neutralized uncleaved ΔV1V2 variants more potently compared to the wild type virus, but bound to the cleaved and uncleaved ΔV1V2 variants less efficiently compared to the full-length protein.
Bontjer2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Optimized peptide mimetics of gp41 prehairpin intermediates were constructed to induce neutralizing responses in vaccinated guinea pigs and rabbits. Neutralization potency of sera from animals immunized with covalent trimeric immunogens was greater than the potency of sera from animals immunized with noncovalent trimers. Sera from animals immunized with longer constructs was more neutralizing than antisera from shorter constructs. Sera from immunized guinea pigs, but not from rabbits, neutralized half of the Tier 1 viruses tested. For the analyses, a mutant virus (HXB2-V570A) was used, which is hypersensitive to Abs binding to the pre-hairpin intermediate but not to mAbs that bind elsewhere. This was supported by neutralization analyses with b12, where this Ab neutralized HXB2-V570A and HXB2 wild type viruses equally well.
Bianchi2010
(mimics, neutralization)
-
b12: Various UV-activatable azido- and iodo-based hydrophobic compounds have been studied for their ability to inactivate HIV-1 virus while preserving their surface antigenic structures. The virus was inactivated by treating it with azido-containing hydrophobic compounds and UV irradiation. The preservation of known neutralizing epitopes on the viral surface was tested using the known neutralizing Abs. There was no significant effect on b12 recognition and capture of the virus treated with azido-compounds and irradiated with UV for 2 or 15 minutes compared to the untreated virus, hence no damage to its epitopes. b12 did not recognize the epitopes only when the virus is treated with INA and UV for 15 minutes which is reversed by adding glutathione. This suggests that INA treatment was not reason for the loss of b12 recognition.
Belanger2010
(binding affinity)
-
b12: This review discusses recent research done to improve the production, quality, and cross-reactivity of binding Abs, neutralizing Abs, monoclonal Abs with broad neutralizing activity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition (ADCVI), and catalytic Abs. Studies focusing on several aspects of BNAb roles in vaccine development, and studies done to better understand the broad binding capacity of BNAbs are reviewed.
Baum2010
(effector function, neutralization, review)
-
b12: Parent and GnTI (complex glycans of the neutralizing face are replaced by fully trimmed oligomannose stumps) viruses were equally sensitive to neutralization by b12, indicating that replacement of complex glycans does not affect the already exposed b12 epitope. Absence of the glycan at residue N301 (N301Q mutant virus) had only a small effect on b12 neutralization. Sensitivities of viruses treated with neuraminidase to b12 were similar to those of untreated viruses, indicating that terminal sialic acid moieties on complex glycans do not affect neutralization sensitivity. The ability of b12 to complex with and deplete Env trimers on blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) correlated with its ability to neutralize.
Binley2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
IgGb12: This human Ab was compared to the Abs derived from B-cell cultures from SHIV-infected rhesus macaques and human MAbs 2909 and 3.9F. b12 captured SF162, SF162ΔV1, SF162ΔV2 and SF162ΔV3 viruses.
Robinson2010
(binding affinity)
-
b12: An outer domain (ODec) based immunogen including the whole outer domain and most of the CD4 binding residues was designed and expressed in E-coli bacterial cells. The ODec lacked V1V2 and V3, incorporated 11 designed mutations at the interface of the inner and outer domains of gp120, and was unglycosylated. b12 bound to both ODec and to monomeric gp120. Structural analyses showed that all residues required for b12 binding were present in ODec. Sera from rabbits immunized with ODec neutralized 4/5 clade B and 1/2 clade C viruses.
Bhattacharyya2010
(kinetics, binding affinity)
-
b12: Pseudoviruses containing Env mutations (V255E, S375N or A433T), which were in vitro selected with the small CD4-mimicking compound NBD-556, showed the same neutralization sensitivities as the wild type virus to b12.
Yoshimura2010
(mimics, neutralization)
-
b12: Two N-glycosylation sites in the V2 and C2 regions of Env (N186 and N197) were shown to play a role in regulating susceptibility of CRF01_AE viruses to neutralization by b12. Removal of N186 increased susceptibility of two resistant CRF01_AE viruses to b12 neutralization. Removal of N197 in two resistant viruses lacking N186 resulted in their increased susceptibility to b12 neutralization. In resistant viruses with both N-glycosylation sites present, removal of both N186 and N197 resulted in increased b12 susceptibility, while removal of either site alone was not sufficient for change in susceptibility to b12 neutralization.
Utachee2010
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape)
-
b12: Neutralizing sensitivity of L669S mutant virus to b12 was not significantly different from the neutralizing sensitivity of the wild type virus.
Shen2010
(neutralization)
-
b12: Neutralization potency of b12 was compared to that of HK20 scFv in TZM-based assay using 45 Tier 1 and Tier 2 HIV isolates. b12 neutralized 27/45 isolates. In addition, b12 was used in TriMab, together with 2F5 and 2G12, to examine neutralization of 9 clade A, B, C, D and E isolates in PBMC assay. Here, TriMab neutralized 7 isolates with 2 not determined.
Sabin2010
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: Substitutions in the CD4bs (E370A and/or D368A) or in close proximity to the CD4bs (N276A, R480A and Y384A) reduced binding of b12 but had no effect on binding activity of anti-core MAbs, indicating that binding characteristics of the anti-CD4bs Ab and anti-core Abs are distinct. Three mutations, D747A, M475A and R476A, had no effect on b12 binding but they generally reduced binding of anti-core MAbs. b12 bound to both gp160 trimer lacking the cytoplasmic domain and to gp140 with high affinity, and it retained high affinity binding to gp160 or gp140 with the three mutations.
Pietzsch2010a
(variant cross-reactivity, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
b12: B cell depletion in an HIV-1 infected patient using rituximab led to a decline in NAb titers and rising viral load. Recovery of NAb titers resulted in control of viral load, and the newly emerged virus population was examined. The common ancestor of this new viral population showed evidence of positive selection and presence of Q363 mutation, which inhibited neutralization by b12 fivefold. Strong binding competition between patient sera and b12 was observed.
Huang2010
(antibody interactions, escape)
-
b12: In 7/15 individuals b12 sensitive viruses were present early in infection but were replaced by b12 neutralization resistant variants during the late stages of infection. In one of the patients, the b12 resistance could be mapped to a combination of amino acid residues at positions 154 (I to M), 178 (K to T) and 389 (Q to P, L or K). b12 resistance correlated with increased virus replication kinetics, but the three resistance mutations did not. Instead, they reduced the replication capacity of the LAI strain. It was also shown that the b12 resistant variants emerged in the absence of humoral or cellular immune pressures.
Bunnik2010
(neutralization, escape)
-
b12: Phylogenetically corrected computational statistical methods were used to identify amino acid positions related to NAb phenotypes. b12 was used for validation of these methods. The signature analyses identified 10 signature sites that were related to b12 neutralization phenotypes. Eight of the sites were in gp120, and seven of those have previously been shown critical in the b12 epitope. Amino acids associated with b12 resistance were: H or S in position 173, G, S or T in 185, K or R in 268, A or H in 364, and I, L or Q in 369. Additional two signature sites were found in gp41, 651 (aa D, I or S associated with resistance to b12) and 655. Both of these sites co-varied with sites in gp120, and are suggested to affect the exposure of the b12 epitope in the quaternary structure of Env.
Gnanakaran2010
(neutralization, escape)
-
b12: b12 was used as a negative control in assessment of binding of 4E10 and 4E10 variants (with nonconservative substitutions of tryptophan in the CDRH3 region) to viral membrane mimetic liposomes. 4E10 Asp variants exhibited similar responses on VM liposomes as b12.
Scherer2010
(binding affinity)
-
b12: The specificities and structural analyses of b12 binding to Env are reviewed. This review also summarizes data on the evolution of HIV neutralizing Abs, principles of Env immunogen design to elicit broadly neutralizing Abs, and future critical areas of research for development of an Ab-based HIV vaccine.
Hoxie2010
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
b12: Neutralization of three SHIV viruses, SHIV89.6P, SHIVsf162P3 and SHIVBa-L, by b12, 2F5 and 4E10 was estimated. SHIVBa-L was most sensitive to neutralization by b12, 4E10 and 2F5. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition (ADCVI) of b12, 2F5 and 4E10 was compared. b12 was more effective than 2F5 and 4E10 at ADCVI in vitro.
Hessell2010
(neutralization)
-
b12: 58 mAbs, including 3 broadly neutralizing mAbs, were isolated from memory B cells of HIV-1 infected donors using an improved EBV immortalization method combined with a broad screening strategy. b12 binding and neutralization activity was compared to the three new broadly neutralizing mAbs. b12 competed for binding to gp120 with 9 of the new mAbs. b12 neutralized 80% of Tier 1 and 43% of Tier 2 viruses, the neutralization of Tier 2 viruses being comparable to that of the new MAb HJ16. b12 did not, however, neutralize the same Tier 2 viruses as HJ16. b12 rarely neutralized clade A isolates.
Corti2010
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: b12 x-ray scattering data was used to determine global structure of this Ab. The results showed that b12 assumes a rigid asymmetric disposition of the two Fab arms relative to Fc. It is suggested that b12 cannot adopt a wide range of conformations, and the results agreed with b12 crystal structure analyses.
Solanki2010
(structure)
-
b12: 433 Abs were cloned from HIV envelope-binding memory B cells from 6 patients with broadly neutralizing sera. The Abs had neutralizing activity directed against several epitopes on gp120 and the majority neutralized Tier 1 viruses. Tier-2 neutralization was observed only with mixtures of MAbs, but only at high concentrations. b12 was used as a control and it neutralized 4/5 Tier 1 and 3/5 Tier 2 viruses.
Scheid2009
(neutralization)
-
b12: Exogenous epitope tags were introduced in different parts of three variable regions, V1, V2 and V4, of two HIV isolates, SF162 and SF33. All tagged viruses were highly susceptible to neutralization by b12, suggesting that the overall exposure of CD4bs was not affected by tagging.
Wallace2009
(antibody binding site)
-
b12: This review discusses obstacles to elicitation of protective NAbs, recent data on viral epitopes vulnerable to broadly NAbs, qualitative and quantitative implications of NAb response for vaccine development, and possible future areas of investigation to improve understanding of Env structure and stimulation of appropriate B cell responses.
Stamatatos2009
(review)
-
b12: The structure and dynamic of the virion spike and the CD4-binding site are discussed. Data revealing steric barriers around the CD4bs, such as variable loops, glycans and neighboring protomer, and their impact on b12 binding are reviewed. Implications of the data for immunogen design is discussed.
Schief2009
(antibody binding site, review)
-
b12: TZM-bl and PBMC systems were compared to investigate the influence of target cell environment on HIV entry inhibition. The sensitivity of TZM-bl system was confirmed by inhibitory capacity of 2G12, 2F5 and b12. In several cases the PBMC assay was more sensitive for inhibition by b12, but the differences between PBMC and TZM-bl assays were less pronounced compared to other MAbs studied.
Rusert2009
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
b12: To examine the antigenicity of a defined Ab epitope on the functional envelope spike, a panel of chimeric viruses engrafted at different positions with the hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tag was constructed. The neutralization sensitivity of the HA-tagged viruses to b12 was similar to the neutralization sensitivity of wild type virus to this Ab.
Pantophlet2009
(neutralization)
-
b12: This review summarizes targets of autologous neutralizing Abs (AnAbs) in early and chronic infections. V1V2 is a frequent target of AnAbs, while V4 and V5 have marginal role and anti-V3 Abs do not contribute to autologous neutralization. In addition to variable regions, C3 is a neutralization target in subtype C viruses, and is thought to interact with V4. Strain-specific and binding properties of b12 and b13 are discussed. gp41 is thought to have marginal effect as a target of AnAbs, with only one study showing 4E10-resistant variants suggesting escape from AnAbs targeting this region. AnAb specificities and sequential development, and their role in preventing superinfection is also reviewed. The relatively high Ab titer required for prevention of superinfection and control of viremia, and the low inhibitory potential of b12, 2F5, 4E10 and 2G12 compared to antiretroviral drugs is discussed.
Moore2009
(antibody binding site, autologous responses, review)
-
b12: This review describes obstacles that have been encountered in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine that induces broadly neutralizing Abs, and unusual features of existing broadly neutralizing Abs, such as b12. Importance of identification and characterization of new epitopes, and of B-cell stimulation, is discussed.
Montefiori2009
(review)
-
b12: NAb specificities of a panel of HIV sera were systematically analyzed by selective adsorption with native gp120 and specific mutant variants. The integrity and specificity of gp120 beads in adsorption assay were validated by their ability to adsorb neutralizing capacity of b12. gp120 point mutation D368R was used to screen the sera for CD4bs- Abs, as it was shown that this mutant could not adsorb binding activity of b12. The gp120-eluted IgG was shown to specifically compete with b12 for binding to gp120, indicating presence of CD4bs Abs. To test for presence of coreceptor binding region MAbs in sera, gp120 I420 mutant was used. This mutant was recognized by b12 at equal levels as the wild type, and it could adsorb binding activity of b12 in adsorption assay. Some sera were positive for NAbs against coreceptor binding region. A subset of sera also contained NAbs directed against MPER.
Li2009c
(assay or method development)
-
b12: b12 heavy chain-only mode of epitope recognition is reviewed in detail. The review also summarizes on how different modes of Ab binding and recognition are used to overcome viral evasion tactics and how this knowledge may be used to re-elicit responses in vivo.
Kwong2009a
(antibody binding site, review)
-
b12: The review discusses the implications of HIV-1 diversity on vaccine design and induction of neutralizing Abs, and possible novel approaches for rational vaccine design that can enhance coverage of HIV diversity. Patterns of within-clade and between-clade diversity in core epitopes of known potent neutralizing Abs, including b12, is displayed.
Korber2009
(review)
-
b12: Continuous treatment of macaques with low dose b12 or b12 LALA variant, which has similar neutralizing activity as b12 but does not mediate Fc effector functions, provided significant difference in protection against low dose challenge compared to controls. Treatment with b12 reduced infection risk at each challenge by a factor of 21 and treatment with LALA by a factor of 10. There was a significant difference between peak viremias in the b12 and LALA treated macaques.
Hessell2009a
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
b12: The effect of continuous b12 infusion on protection from infection and on viral load is reviewed.
Haigwood2009
(immunoprophylaxis, review)
-
b12: FcγR-mediated inhibition and neutralization of HIV by b12 and other MAbs is reviewed. The review also summarizes the role of ADCC and ADCVI Abs, including b12 ADCVI activity, on HIV infection protection.
Forthal2009
(review)
-
b12: A set of Env variants with deletions in V1/V2 were constructed. Replication competent Env variants with V1/V2 deletions were obtained using virus evolution of V1/V2 deleted variants. All variants were highly sensitive to neutralization by b12, but complete neutralization was not achieved even at high b12 concentrations.
Bontjer2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
b12: This review summarizes novel approaches to mapping broad neutralizing activities in sera and novel technologies for targeted MAb retrieval.
Binley2009
(assay or method development, review)
-
b12: The crystal structure for VRC01 in complex with an HIV-1 gp120 core from a clade A/E recombinant strain was analyzed to understand the structural basis for its neutralization breadth and potency. b12 bound with high affinity to both CD4-bound and non-CD4-bound gp120 conformations. b12 covered 83% of the contact site for CD4 receptor on gp120, its heavy chain contacting CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 regions. The number of mutations from the germline and the number of mutated contact residues for b12 were smaller than those for VRC01. Unlike VRC01, variation of V5 conformation of gp120 with b12 spanned over the whole range of V5.
Zhou2010
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity, structure)
-
b12: Resurfaced stabilized core 3 (RSC3) protein was designed to preserve the antigenic structure of the gp120 CD4bs neutralizing surface but eliminate other antigenic regions of HIV-1. RSC3 retained strong reactivity with b12 while an RSC3 mutant lacking an amino acid at position 371 did not bind to b12. Addition of RSC3 inhibited b12-mediated neutralization of HXB2. Memory B cells were selected that bound to RSC3 and full IgG mAbs were expressed. Three newly detected mAbs (VRC1, VRC2 and VRC3) competed with b12 for binding to gp120. b12 also inhibited 17b binding. b12 was shown to neutralize 41% of 190 viral strains tested.
Wu2010
(antibody interactions, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Glycosylation patterns of HIV-1 were altered using different glycosidase inhibitors or a mutant cell line. As expected, this did not alter the neutralization pattern of b12.
Doores2010
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
b12: A serum adsorption method was developed based on Ab competition. Serum adsorptions to Env were performed in the presence of saturating concentrations of the non-neutralizing competitor MAb b6. The method was validated using b12. All of the b12 neutralizing activity could be adsorbed with gp140-coated beads, but none was adsorbed in the presence of saturating concentrations of b6. Unlike PG9 and PG16, b12 neutralized kifunensine-treated pseudoviruses with similar potency as wild type pseudoviruses.
Walker2010
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
b12: Ab gene divergence analyses found that b12 Ab was significantly more divergent from the closest germline Abs than were hmAbs against other viruses. Germline-like b12 was constructed in a scFv format. It was shown that germline-like b12 did not bind to recombinant gp140 although the corresponding mature b12 showed binding.
Xiao2009
(binding affinity, antibody sequence)
-
b12: Two formats of Ab libraries displayed on the surface of yeast were combined to construct the first scFab yeast display Ab library. b12 was used to validate the new display system. b12 in the scFab format had a similar affinity to ag as b12 expressed in the scFv format. b12 scFab also exhibited similar binding and neutralization profiles as b12 scFv.
Walker2009b
(assay or method development, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Flexibility and rigidity of gp120 structures in isolation and in complex with CD4, CD4-mimics, and NAbs was analyzed using Floppy Inclusion and Rigid Substructure Topography program. Compared to CD4 bound gp120, b12-bound gp120 displayed an increased inner domain flexibility and reduced outer domain flexibility. The mean global flexibility of b12-bound gp120 was higher than that of the CD4/17b-bound gp120. A common rigid core including residues 335-352 of gp120 was found, regardless of the strain or binding patterns.
Tan2009
(antibody binding site)
-
b12: A 3-stage in-vitro culture system was developed that supports normal B-lineage development from human hematopoetic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) to Ab-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells. Human B cells were programmed to produce high levels of b12 MAb in vitro, by transducing HSPCs with lentiviral vectors encoding secretory b12, and using the culture system for cell maturation and differentiation. Calculations showed that the in vitro culture system produced b12 IgG at a rate comparable with the in vivo rate.
Luo2009
(assay or method development)
-
b12: Patient sera from 13 HIV controllers and 75 chronic viremic patients were tested for the ability to block binding of b12 to Env JRFL gp140 oligomers. There was no difference observed between the controllers and chronic viremic patients. The NAb response was significantly lower in controllers, while ADCC was detected in all controllers but in only 40% of viremic patients.
Lambotte2009
(elite controllers and/or long-term non-progressors, neutralization)
-
b12: One functional Env clone from each of 10 HIV-1 infected seroconverting individuals from India were analyzed for their sensitivity to MAbs and plasma pools of subtypes B, C and D. Only two Indian Envs were neutralized by b12, and these two clones were among least sensitive to sCD4, suggesting that the b12 epitope can be targeted even when the CD4 binding site is partially masked. One of the two Envs was also the only one neutralized by TriMab, suggesting the sub-threshold of b12 in TriMab. HIVIG neutralized all 10 Envs, and the Envs were most sensitive to neutralization by subtype C pool, followed by subtype D and B pools, respectively. Amino acid signature patterns that associated with neutralization clusters were found. One signature position (281) was located in the gp120 binding site for b12.
Kulkarni2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
b12: Combinations of loop alternations, filling hydrophobic pockets (F-mutations) and introduction of inter-domain cysteine pairs (D-mutations) were used to construct four immunogens with stabilized gp120 core. Modified truncations of the V1V2 and the V3 loop had no impact on b12 binding. However, introduction of stabilizing F and D mutations reduced b12 affinity. Immunization assays revealed that the truncated core protein induced much higher titer of CD4bs-directed Abs than CD4i Abs, while conformationally stabilized mutant did the opposite.
Dey2009
(binding affinity)
-
b12: A review about the in vivo efficacy of b12 and other MAbs against HIV-1, and about inhibition of HIV-1 infection by Ab fragments Fab, scFv and engineered human Ab variable domains or "domain antibodies" (dAbs).
Chen2009b
(neutralization, immunotherapy, review)
-
b12: Env derivatives from R3A TA1 virus with eliminated V1 and V2 regions, truncated V3, and deleted cleavage, fusion, and interhelical domains were able to bind b12. A membrane anchored variant of this outer domain glycoprotein was also shown to bind to b12. Truncations of the β20-β21 hairpin increased reactivity with b12. Replacement of the central 20 amino acids of the V3 loop with a basic hexapeptide further significantly increased binding to b12.
Wu2009a
(binding affinity)
-
b12: A panel of clade B and C viruses from early infections was used to analyze b12 binding and neutralization resistance. Several substitutions within the dominant b12 contact surface, the CD4-binding loop, mediated b12 resistance. The loop was found to be highly variable, and the residues predicted to interfere with b12 binding were S364H, P369L/T/Q and T373M. Some viruses resistant to b12 neutralization had minimal sequence variation at b12 contact sites. Such resistance could be reversed by alternations at residues influencing the quaternary configuration, such as removal of N-linked glycan at residue 197, removal of a glycan at position 301 at the base of the V3 loop, and point mutations T569A and I675V in the gp41 region.
Wu2009
(glycosylation, neutralization, escape, binding affinity)
-
b12: b12 neutralization breadth and potency was compared to that of two broadly neutralizing Abs PG9 and PG16 in a panel of 162 multi-clade viruses. b12 exhibited lower neutralization potency than PG9 and PG16.
Walker2009a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity)
-
b12: NL4.3 virus was cultured with cyclotriazadisulfonamide (CADA) and CADA-resistant virus was selected. b12 MAb showed no difference in binding or neutralization towards the CADA-resistant virus compared to wildtype. The mutations in CADA-resistant virus are suggested to stabilize the conformation of gp120 and reduce glycosylation.
Vermeire2009
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: An analytical selection algorithm and a reduced virus screening panel were created for assessment of serum neutralizing activity. It is suggested that selection of pseudoviruses for neutralization assays should focus on the overall resistance profile of the pseudovirus and against MAbs b12, 4E10, 2F5 and 2G12. Neutralization profiles of all viruses used for screenings were determined for b12.
Simek2009
(neutralization)
-
b12: Fusion protein consisting of MAb b12 and cyanovirin-N (CV-N) was derived from transgenic tobacco plants. The fusion protein was shown to bind two gp120 molecules by its CV-N moieties and a further two gp120 via b12 with increased potency compared to CV-N or b12 alone. b12/CV-N exhibited concentration dependent binding to gp120 from subtype B HIV-1 IIIB, W61D, SF-2, and MN, and also bound to subtype C ZM96 strain. The fusion protein also exhibited HIV-1 neutralization activity.
Sexton2009
(immunoprophylaxis, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Although a substantial increase in neutralization potency of MPER-specific Abs 4E10 and 2F5 was observed in cells expressing FcγR I and IIb, no such effect was observed for b12.
Perez2009
(neutralization)
-
b12: Δ9-12a, a mutant virus derived from an in-vitro passaged virus with four residues removed from the V3 stem, was shown to be completely resistant to CCR5 inhibitors but was 10-fold more sensitive to neutralization by b12 compared to the parental R3A virus. TA1, a mutant with a 15 amino acid deletion of the distal half of V3, exhibited 100-fold increase in neutralization sensitivity to b12 compared to R3A.
Nolan2009
(neutralization)
-
b12: Swarm analysis of viruses from one patient resulted in isolation of several different clones with different neutralization sensitivities against four HIV-1 positive sera. None of the clones were sensitive to neutralization by b12.
ORourke2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
b12: Binding of b12 to gp120 was not inhibited by YZ23, an Ab derived from mice immunized with eletcrophilic analogs of gp120 (E-gp120), indicating no overlap of these MAb epitopes.
Nishiyama2009
-
b12: EpiSearch is an algorithm that predicts the location of conformational epitopes on the surface of an antigen by using peptide sequences from phage display experiments as input and ranking surface exposed patches according to the frequency distribution of similar residues in the peptides and in the patch. When tested for b12, the conformational epitope was predicted correctly with or without terminal cysteine residues.
Negi2009
(computational prediction)
-
IgGb12: IgGb12 was able to inhibit formation of virological synapses, it blocked the transfer of HIV particles from infected to target cells, and it blocked the trogocytic transfer of CD4 molecules from target to infected cells. Analysis of late events of HIV transmission showed that b12 was able to block infection of target cells.
Massanella2009
-
b12: There was no association between b12 Abs and anticardiolipin in serum samples from slow progressors.
Martinez2009
(autoantibody or autoimmunity)
-
b12: Monovalent and bivalent structures of b12 differing in size, valency, and flexibility were compared. All of the b12 reagents exhibited high antigen binding affinities but the bivalent b12 bound to gp120 with higher affinities. All of the b12 constructs neutralized subtype B b12-sensitive virus isolates, but the bivalent forms were more potent than the monovalent forms, suggesting that cross-linking HIV-1 epitopes contributes to the neutralizing mechanism of b12. Increased distance and flexibility between Ab combining sites also correlated with enhanced neutralization for b12, suggesting restricted mobility of the trimeric spikes in the viral surface. The size of construct did not correlate with neutralization potency of b12, suggesting that the b12 epitope was fully accessible on the tested viruses.
Klein2009
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
b12: Subtype A gp140 SOSIP trimers bound to b12. Sera from rabbits immunized with SOSIP gp140 and gp120 were unable to capture pseudovirions of the homologous virus by b12. b12 was unable to bind D386R mutant of the virus but it was able to bind to the 295 N/A mutant.
Kang2009
-
b12: Inoculation of 5 macaques with low dose of 2G12 prior to challenge with SHIV resulted in complete protection against infection in 60% of animals. Vaginal concentrations of 2G12 and b12 were similar when compared in 3 animals, and thus unlikely to contribute to protection differences between the two MAbs.
Hessell2009
(immunotherapy)
-
b12: The Ig usage for variable heavy chain of this Ab was as follows: IGHV:1-3*01, IGHD:2-21, D-RF:2, IGHJ:6. Non-V3 mAbs preferentially used the VH1-69 gene segment. In contrast to V3 mAbs, these non-V3 mAbs used several VH4 gene segments and the D3-9 gene segment. Similarly to the V3 mAbs, the non-V3 mAbs used the VH3 gene family in a reduced manner.
Gorny2009
(antibody sequence)
-
1b12: Ten new non-neutralizing, cross-reactive mAbs were found in immunized mice. 1b12 did not react with any of different Env subtypes tested. Binding of 1b12 to B_JRFL oligomer was not blocked by any of the newly detected mAbs.
Gao2009
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
b12: Viruses with Envs that mediate high levels of entry into macrophages had increased sensitivity to neutralization by b12 compared to viruses with low levels of entry into macrophages. There was no correlation between sensitivity to neutralization by b12 and neutralization sensitivity to sCD4. Elimination of N-linked glycan at position 386 increased neutralization sensitivity to b12 2-fold compared to wildtype, and also enhanced macrophage tropism. This suggests an overlap between determinants that increase exposure of the b12 epitope and determinants conferring macrophage tropism.
Dunfee2009
(glycosylation, neutralization)
-
b12: Gene encoding gp140 was fused with three trimerization motifs, T4F, GCN and ATC. gp140, gp140(-)(with mutations in the furin-cleavage site), gp140(-)T4F and gp140(-)GCN bound b12 as well, or better than, gp120. gp140(-)ATC bound b12 less strongly than gp120.
Du2009
(binding affinity)
-
b12: Four groups of Abs were detected in a CRF02_AG infected patient directed against mimotopes of MPER, V3, C1 and LLP2. None of the four pseudoviruses from 4 different time points of infection showed susceptibility to b12.
Dieltjens2009
(neutralization)
-
b12: Two chimeras were constructed from a new HIV-2KR.X7 proviral scaffold where the V3 region was substituted with the V3 from HIV-1 YU2 and Ccon, generating subtype B and C HIV-2 V3 chimera. Both chimera, and the wildtype HIV-2KR and its derivatives HIV-2KR.X4 and HIV-2KR.X7 were resistant to neutralization by b12.
Davis2009
(neutralization)
-
b12: A phylogenetic analysis of gp120 evolution was performed in patients with different patterns of disease progression. Superimposition of b12 heavy chain CDRs structures with gp120 from one of the patients revealed a high number of positively selected sites that coincided with residues recognized by b12. 4/5 LNTP patients also exhibited strong selective constraints at the level of the CD4bs.
Canducci2009
(rate of progression)
-
b12: Neutralization profiles of cloned Envs derived from recent heterosexual infections by subtypes A, C, D, and A/D from Kenya were determined. The transmitted env variants were generally resistant to neutralization by b12, as only 2/31 variants were neutralized by this Ab. Both of the neutralized variants were of subtype D.
Blish2009
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
b12: Limited introduction of diversity into the CDR regions of b12, in this case HCDR1 and HCDR3, followed by selection from phage-display library, generated a new 3B3 Fab Ab, that had increased affinity and neutralization activity compared to parent b12.
Barbas1994
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Two different but genetically related viruses, CC101.19 and D1/85.16, which are resistant to small molecule CCR5 inhibitors, and two clones from their inhibitor sensitive parental strain CC1/85, were used to analyze interactions of HIV-1 with CCR5. CC101.19 had 4 substitutions in the V3 region and D1/85.16 had 3 changes in gp41. The four viruses did not differ markedly in their sensitivities to b12.
Berro2009
(neutralization)
-
b12: IgG and Fab b12 neutralized Tier 1 and Tier 2 viruses. Crystal structure of F105 in complex with gp120 revealed that all four strands of the bridging sheet were displaced to uncover a hydrophobic region which served for F105 binding. A monomeric disulfide gp120 variant was bound by b12, suggesting that b12 does not rely on access to the hydrophobic surface for binding. b12 was also able to bind to both cleavage-competent and cleavage-defective envelope glycoproteins. Binding affinity and kinetics of b12 binding to several gp120 variants as assessed.
Chen2009
(neutralization, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
b12: This report investigated whether mannose removal alters gp120 immunogenicity in mice. Approximately 55 mannose residues were removed from gp120 by mannosidase digestion creating D-gp120 for immunization. b12 was able to bind to D-gp120 comparably as to the untreated gp120, indicating that the mannosidase digestion did not affect the antigenicity of gp120.
Banerjee2009
(binding affinity)
-
b12: HIV-1 variants derived from 5 patients at different timepoints during chronic infection were analysed for their sensitivity to neutralization by b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. In three of the patients, variants isolated shortly after seroconversion were highly sensitive to neutralization by b12, but this sensitivity decreased so that variants from the late asymptomatic phase were partially or completely resistant to neutralization by this Ab. In one patient, there was a large variation of early variant sensitivity to b12, ranging from 50% neutralization to resistance to neutralization by b12. Viruses isolated at midpoint of infection from this patient were sensitive to neutralization by b12, and the resistance to neutralization by this Ab increased again in the late phase of chronic infection. In the last patient, there was no change in variant sensitivity to neutralization over time, with all variants moderately sensitive to b12 neutralization.
Bunnik2009
(neutralization, escape)
-
b12: Humoral responses in rats immunized with a pseudovirion vaccine targeting membrane-anchored HIV Env, induced into a fusion intermediate conformation, were analysed. Sera from immunized rats failed to neutralize homologous YU2 and heterologous BH10 HIV, in addition, sera form these animals led to an enhancement of infection. The enhancing activity of sera was attributed to contaminating cellular proteins. b12 was able to neutralize both YU2 and BH10, however, the neutralizing activity of this MAb was completely masked when mixed with rat sera exhibiting enhancing activity.
Bosch2009
(neutralization)
-
b12: An R5X4 HIV-1 strain, R3A, could tolerate partial loss of its V3 loop, but was poorly functional. After passage in tissue culture, the virus (now called TA1) still had a truncated V3 loop, but had acquired five mutations in its env gene and had also regained its function. TA1 was more than 100-fold more sensitive to neutralization by b12 MAb than the parental R3A, while viruses with Envs containing two or three of the five adaptive mutations exhibited intermediate neutralization by b12. Thus, it was the combination of the V3 truncation and the adaptive changes that increased sensitivity of TA1 to b12, possibly by increasing exposure of the CD4 binding site. Indeed, TA1 was shown to bind more efficiently and with a higher binding affinity to CD4 than the parental virus.
Agrawal-Gamse2009
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: b12 neutralized infection of PBLs with various HIV-1 strains with high potency. However, b12 did not inhibit transcytosis of cell-free or cell-associated virus across a monolayer of epithelial cells. A mixture of 13 MAbs directed to well-defined epitopes of the HIV-1 envelope, including b12, did not inhibit HIV-1 transcytosis, indicating that envelope epitopes involved in neutralization are not involved in mediating HIV-1 transcytosis. When the mixture of 13 MAbs and HIV-1 was incubated with polyclonal anti-human γ chain, the transcytosis was partially inhibited, indicating that agglutination of viral particles at the apical surface of cells may be critical for HIV transcytosis inhibition by HIV-specific Abs.
Chomont2008
(neutralization)
-
b12: 5 loop structures surrounding the CD4 binding site in the gp120 liganded conformation were identified that may protect gp120 from Abs. Loops A, B, C and E were located in the C2, C3, C4 and C5 regions respectively, and loop D was situated in the V5 region. b12 MAb bound gp120 of the IIIB wild type virus 2- to 4-fold better than gp120 of the 89.6 wild type. Deletion of loop C in the IIIB virus resulted in a 2.6-fold increase in b12 binding. Same increase was observed for the 89.6 loop C mutant. Deletions of loops A or D resulted in gp120 mutants that failed to bind b12. Deletions of three amino acids at loop E had no effect on b12 binding.
Berkower2008
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
b12: A reference panel of recently transmitted Tier 2 HIV-1 subtype B envelope viruses was developed representing a broad spectrum of genetic diversity and neutralization sensitivity. The panel includes viruses derived from male-to-male, female-to-male, and male-to-female sexual transmissions, and CCR5 as well as CXCR4 using viruses. The envelopes displayed varying degrees of neutralization sensitivity to b12, with 8 of 19 envelopes sensitive to neutralization by this Ab. The panel was overall less sensitive to neutralization by b12 than previously characterized subtype B envelopes.
Schweighardt2007
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
b12: Pre-treatment of gp120 with b12 did not inhibit induction of IL-10, indicating that gp120-CD4 interaction is not responsible for IL-10 induction.
Shan2007
-
IgG1b12: This review summarizes data on possible vaccine targets for elicitation of neutralizing Abs and discusses whether it is more practical to design a clade-specific than a clade-generic HIV-1 vaccine. Development of a neutralizing Ab response in HIV-1 infected individuals is reviewed, including data that show no apparent division of different HIV-1 subtypes into clade-related neutralization groups. Also, a summary of the neutralizing activity of MAb IgG1b12 in different HIV-1 clades is provided.
McKnight2007
(variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
IgG1b12: This review provides information on the HIV-1 glycoprotein properties that make it challenging to target with neutralizing Abs. b12 structure and binding to HIV-1 envelope and current strategies to develop versions of the Env spike with functional trimer properties for elicitation of broadly neutralizing Abs, such as b12, are discussed. In addition, approaches to target cellular molecules, such as CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, and MHC molecules, with therapeutic Abs are reviewed.
Phogat2007
(review)
-
IgG1b12: This review summarizes current knowledge on the various functional properties of antibodies in HIV-1 infection, including IgG1b12 MAb, in vivo and in vitro activity of neutralizing Abs, the importance and downfalls of non-neutralizing Abs and antibodies that mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and the complement system, and summarizes data on areas that need future investigation on Ab-mediated immune control.
Huber2007
(review)
-
b12: b12 structure, binding, neutralization, and strategies that can be used for vaccine antigen design to elicit b12-like Abs, are reviewed in detail.
Lin2007
(vaccine antigen design, review, structure)
-
IgG1b12: This review summarizes b12 Ab epitope, properties and neutralization activity. b12 use in passive immunization studies in primates and possible mechanisms explaining protection against infection are discussed. Also, b12 autoreactivity and its implications for active immunizations are discussed.
Kramer2007
(immunotherapy, review)
-
b12: gp120 proteins with double mutation T257S+S375W, which alters the cavity at the epicenter of the CD4 binding region, bound to b12 slightly less efficiently than wildtype gp120, while the S375W single mutation adversely affected b12 recognition. Viruses harboring the S375W single mutation were threefold less sensitive to neutralization by b12 than viruses with the double mutation T257S+S375W. The ability of rabbit sera to affect binding of CD4 to unmodified gp120 proteins was tested. CD4 binding to gp120 was efficiently blocked by b12.
Dey2007a
(brain/CSF)
-
b12: The various effects that neutralizing and non-neutralizing anti-envelope Abs have on HIV infection are reviewed, such as Ab-mediated complement activation and Fc-receptor mediated activities, that both can, through various mechanisms, increase and decrease the infectivity of the virus. The importance of these mechanisms in vaccine design is discussed. The unusual features of the b12 MAb are described, including the importance of its FcR-binding site in protective activity.
Willey2008
(review)
-
b12: Current insights into CTLs and NAbs, and their possible protective mechanisms against establishment of persistent HIV/SIV infection are discussed. Pre- and post-infection sterile and non-sterile protection of NAbs against viral challenge, and potential role of NAbs in antibody-mediated antigen presentation in modification of cellular immunity, are reviewed. Use of b12 in immunization experiments and its in vivo anti-viral activity in suppression of viral rebound in HIV-1 infected humans undergoing structured treatment interruptions are described.
Yamamoto2008
(immunotherapy, supervised treatment interruptions (STI), review)
-
b12: A mathematical model was developed and used to derive transmitted or founder Env sequences from individuals with acute HIV-1 subtype B infection. All of the transmitted or early founder Envs were sensitive to neutralization by b12.
Keele2008
(neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
1b12: This review summarizes the obstacles that stand in the way of making a successful preventive HIV-1 vaccine, such as masked or transiently expressed Ab epitopes, polyclonal B-cell class switching, and inefficient, late, and not sufficiently robust mucosal IgA and IgG responses. Possible reasons why HIV-1 envelope constructs expressing b12 epitope fail to induce broadly neutralizing Abs are discussed.
Haynes2008
(vaccine antigen design, review)
-
b12: Dose dependent inhibition studies of HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C and D with polyclonal human sera with Abs to gp120, HLA class I or II, and 70kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) showed that combination of three antisera resulted in highest maximum inhibition. The triple Ab HLA-II+HIVgp120+HSP70 combination yielded highest maximum inhibition of subtype B HIV-1 replication of 96.7%, followed by triple HLA-I+gp120+HSP70 combination (92.8% inhibition). Inhibition with MAb b12 was slightly more effective than the inhibition with the polyclonal serum Abs.
Babaahmady2008
(neutralization)
-
b12: Transmission of HIV-1 by immature and mature DCs to CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher for CXCR4- than for CCR5-tropic strains. In contrast to other Abs tested, which lost the capacity to neutralize HIV-1 during capture and transmission by DC-SIGN to T lymphocytes, and which helped in a more efficient transmission of X4 HIV-1 than R5 HIV-1, only b12 efficiently blocked transmission of both virus strains. This indicates that b12, unlike other Abs, cannot be dissociated from HIV-1 following the interaction with DCs.
vanMontfort2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
b12: The newly detected MAb m44 was shown to neutralize a subtype C SHIV strain more potently than b12. In binding assays, b12 bound to Env at the same levels as m44 but it did not compete with m44 for binding.
Zhang2008
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: A significantly higher level of anti-V3 Ab (694/98D) and anti-C1 MAb (EH21) bound to gp120 complexed with b12 MAb than to gp120 alone or in complex with other non-CD4bs Abs, indicating that binding of b12 to gp120 increases exposure of specific V3 and C1 MAb epitopes.
Visciano2008
-
b12: Sera from gp120 DNA prime-protein boost immunized rabbits competed for binding to b12 while sera from rabbits immunized with protein-only regimen did not, indicating elicitation of b12-like Abs in animals immunized with DNA prime-protein boost regimen. Competitive virus capture assay also revealed higher titers of b12 Abs in animals immunized with DNA prime-protein boost than in protein-only immunized animals.
Vaine2008
(vaccine antigen design)
-
b12: Trimeric envelope glycoproteins with a partial deletion of the V2 loop derived from subtype B SF162 and subtype C TV1 were compared. b12 efficiently recognized subtype B trimers but had negligible reactivity for subtype C trimers. 5 out of 15 amino acid residues involved in b12 binding were shown to differ between the two subtypes. Subtype C trimer had many biophysical, biochemical, and immunological characteristics similar to subtype B trimer, except for a difference in the three binding sites for CD4, which showed cooperativity of CD4 binding in subtype C but not in subtype B.
Srivastava2008
(binding affinity, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: In order to assess whether small molecule CCR5 inhibitor resistant viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by NAbs, two escape mutant viruses, CC101.19 and D1/85.16, were tested for their sensitivity to neutralization by b12, compared to the sensitivity of CC1/85 parental isolate and the CCcon.19 control isolate. The CC101.19 escape mutant has 4 sequence changes in V3 while the D1/85.16 has no sequence changes in V3 and relies on other sequence changes for its resistance. The two escape mutant viruses were moderately more sensitive to the b12 neutralization than the parental isolate, but not compared to the CCcon.19. Binding of b12 to each of the gp120 proteins was comparable, thus the neutralization sensitivity of the escape mutants may be because alternations in the exposure of the CD4bs on the Env trimer. Overall, the study suggests that CCR5 inhibitor-resistant viruses are likely to be somewhat more sensitive to neutralization than their parental viruses.
Pugach2008
(co-receptor, neutralization, escape, binding affinity)
-
b12: This minireview summarizes data on differences in neutralizing activities of MAbs and pooled human sera using a traditional primary cell neutralization assay and the more standardized TZM-bl reporter cell line assay. Also, suggestions are made on how to improve and standardize neutralization assays for comparable use in different laboratories. b12 neutralization has been shown to correlate well in the two assays (84%), supporting the notion of b12 inhibition of early viral entry steps. In total, however, the assay discordances were shown to be bi-directional and not attributable to assay sensitivity.
Polonis2008
(assay or method development, neutralization, review)
-
b12: The sensitivity of R5 envelopes derived from several patients and several tissue sites, including brain tissue, lymph nodes, blood, and semen, was tested to a range of inhibitors and Abs targeting CD4, CCR5, and various sites on the HIV envelope. All but one envelopes from brain tissue were macrophage-tropic while none of the envelopes from the lymph nodes were macrophage-tropic. Macrophage-tropic envelopes were also less frequent in blood and semen. All but one macrophage-tropic envelopes were sensitive to b12 neutralization, and there was a relationship between increasing macrophage-tropism and increased sensitivity to b12.
Peters2008a
(neutralization)
-
IgG b12: Immobilized b12 was able to capture infectious HIV-1 whole virions in a standard virus capture assay, unlike mAbs 8K8 and D5. Addition of soluble CD4 diminished virion capture by b12.
Nelson2008
-
b12: Neutralization susceptibility of CRF01_AE Env-recombinant viruses, derived from blood samples of Thai HIV-1 infected patients in 2006, was tested to b12. Most of the 35 viruses tested replicated efficiently in the presence of b12, indicating that CRF01_AE is not susceptible to neutralization by b12. One of the viruses was highly susceptible to neutralization by b12, and it was shown that the N-terminal regions of gp120, including C1, V1, V2, C2, V3 and most of C3 regions, were responsible for the high susceptibility of this virus to b12.
Utachee2009
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: A series of peptide conjugates were constructed via click reaction of both aryl and alkyl acetylenes with an internally incorporated azidoproline 6 derived from parent peptide RINNIPWSEAMM. Many of these conjugates exhibited increase in both affinity for gp120 and inhibition potencies at both the CD4 and coreceptor binding sites. All high affinity peptides inhibited the interactions of YU2 gp120 with b12 Ab. The aromatic, hydrophobic, and steric features in the residue 6 side-chain were found important for the increased affinity and inhibition of the high-affinity peptides.
Gopi2008
-
b12: Three constructs of the outer domain (OD) of gp120 of subtype C, fused with Fc, were generated for immunization of mice: OD(DL3)-Fc (has 29 residues from the center of the V3 loop removed), OD(2F5)-Fc (has the same deletion reconstructed to contain the sequence of 2F5 epitope), and the parental OD-Fc molecule. Binding of b12 to each of the constructs was found to be negligible. b12 failed to neutralize subtype C CN54 isolate, and was less effective at neutralization of 93MW965.26 isolate than the newly identified OD-specific MAb 2B7, derived by screening of the immunized mice sera.
Chen2008a
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: b12 was tested for its ability to induce conformational changes similar to those induced by CD4. Although presence of sCD4 increased neutralization of JRFL by 447-52D and by immune sera rich in V3-Abs from guinea pigs, the presence of b12 did not, indicating that b12 does not induce a conformation alternation in Env that exposes the V3 loop to neutralizing Abs.
Wu2008
-
b12: The membrane-disruptive requirements of the MPER region were investigated using a panel of tryptophan-rich, membrane-disrupting mutants that replace most of the MPER region. The mutants were processed, transported, and expressed on the cell surface, the expression measured by staining of the transfected cells with b12, and being at the levels similar to wildtype, except for the mutants which had truncated cytoplasmic tail and showed elevated levels of staining (>350% of wildtype). Study findings show that the MPER region can accommodate large substitutions and retain fusion activity, and that the MPER conformation is more complex and flexible than simply a stable α-helix, which is important for its insertion into the cell membrane and affects the potency of neutralizing Abs that target this region. However, the sequence modifications in the MPER region resulted in reduced incorporation of Envs into virions, and reduced Env stability.
Vishwanathan2008
-
IgG1b12: The goal of the study was to measure NAb responses in patients infected with HIV-1 prevalent subtypes in China. gp160 genes from plasma samples were used to establish a pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. IgG1b12 neutralized 12 of 27 Env-pseudotyped viruses.
Chong2008
(neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
Ib12: To investigate B-cell responses immediately following HIV-1 transmission, env-specific Ab responses to autologous and consensus Envs in plasma donors were determined. Broadly neutralizing Abs with specificity similar to Ib12 did not appear during the first 40 days after plasma virus detection.
Tomaras2008
(acute/early infection)
-
IgG1b12: The neutralization profile of early R5, intermediate R5X4, and late X4 viruses from a rhesus macaque infected with SHIV-SF162P3N was assessed. The parental R5 virus was resistant to neutralization by IgG1b12, while the R5X4 was neutralization sensitive, and the late X4 virus was the most sensitive to neutralization by IgG1b12 of all. The enhanced neutralization susceptibility of the dual-tropic and the X4 viruses to IgG1b12 suggests adoption of an increasingly open conformation of the Env gp120 over time, with exposure of both the CD4 and co-receptor binding sites.
Tasca2008
(antibody binding site, co-receptor, neutralization)
-
G1b12: Neutralization of HIV-1 IIIB LAV isolate by b12 was within the same range as the neutralization of the virus by natural antibodies from human sera against the gal(α1,3)gal disaccaride linked to CD4 gp120-binding peptides, indicating that the activity of natural antibodies can be re-directed to neutralize HIV-1.
Perdomo2008
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: Two HIV-1 isolates, NL4-3 and KB9, were adapted to replicate in cells using the common marmoset receptors CD4 and CXCR4. The adaptation resulted in a small number of changes of env sequences in both isolates. The adapted NL4-3 variants were generally more sensitive to neutralization by b12 than the adapted KB9 variants. All of the NL4-3 exhibited similar sensitivity to neutralization by b12. Wildtype KB9 is resistant to neutralization by b12 but the changes associated with adaptation to marmoset receptors resulted in variants with increased sensitivity to neutralization by b12. Thus, adaptation to marmoset receptors resulted in an increase in sensitivity to neutralization by b12 for KB9 but not for NL4-3.
Pacheco2008
(neutralization)
-
b12: A new purification method was developed using a high affinity peptide mimicking CD4 as a ligand in affinity chromatography. This allowed the separation in one step of HIV envelope monomer from cell supernatant and capture of pre-purified trimer. Binding of b12 to gp120SF162 purified by the miniCD4 affinity chromatography and a multi-step method was comparable, suggesting that the miniCD4 allows the separation of HIV-1 envelope with intact b12 epitope. gp140DF162ΔV2 was purified by the miniCD4 method to assess its ability to capture gp140 trimers. Purified gp140DF162ΔV2 was recognized by b12, and the k-off value for b12 was reduced compared to gp120SF162 monomer, consistent with the gp140DF162ΔV2 trimeric conformation. Binding of b12 to gp140DF162ΔV2 purified by the miniCD4 affinity chromatography and a multi-step method was comparable, suggesting that the SF162 trimer antigenicity was preserved.
Martin2008
(assay or method development, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
b12: Variable domains of three heavy chain Abs, the VHH, were characterized. The Abs were isolated from llamas, who produce immunoglobulins devoid of light chains, immunized with HIV-1 CRF07_BC, to gp120. It was hypothesized that the small size of the VHH, in combination with their protruding CDR3 loops, and their preference for cleft recognition and binding into active sites, may allow for recognition of conserved motifs on gp120 that are occluded from conventional Abs. b12 neutralization and binding activities were compared to the three neutralizing VHH Abs. b12 neutralized 54% of viruses tested, including subtypes B, C, and CRF07_BC, but did not neutralize subtype A, A/G, or D viruses. b12 competed for binding to recombinant gp120 with the three VHH Abs, and inhibited VHH Ab binding to IIIB gp120.
Forsman2008
(antibody interactions, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: 24 broadly neutralizing plasmas from HIV-1 subtype B and C infected individuals were investigated using a series of mapping methods to identify viral epitopes targeted by NAbs. Mutant versions of JR-FL trimers were designed to selectively eliminate neutralization epitopes. Many subtype B plasmas, and few subtype C plasmas, bound more efficiently to the wildtype than to the b12-eliminated mutant, indicating presence of CD4bs NAbs in the plasmas.
Binley2008
(binding affinity)
-
b12: Three-dimensional structures of trimeric Env displayed on native HIV-1 in the unligated state and in complex with b12 were compared, using cryo-electron tomography combined with three-dimensional image classification and averaging. Binding of b12 resulted in opening of the trimeric spike, with rotation of each monomer by 20-25 degrees around an axis perpendicular to the viral membrane. Binding of b12 appeared to lock gp120 and trimeric Env in a state that prevents further conformational changes, such as exposure of V3, or rearrangement of gp41.
Liu2008
(antibody binding site, structure)
-
b12: Recombinant monomeric, dimeric and polymeric human monoclonal IgA2 Abs carrying the V regions of MAb b12 were constructed. All three forms of IgA2 reacted with gp120 in a dose-dependent manner with binding affinity, avidity, and reactivity similar to that of IgG1 b12. All three forms of IgA2 inhibited HIVBaL and HIVIIIB infection in PBMCs similarly to IgG1 b12. In T-cell assays, monomeric IgA2 b12 was less effective at neutralizing HIV-1 JR-FL than other b12 forms. All forms of IgA2 b12 were poor at neutralizing HIV-1 JR-CSF, but were slightly more effective in neutralizing HIV-1 HxB2 than IgG1 b12. IgA2 b12 in complex with human secretory component (SC) showed enhanced capacity to block HIV-1 infection of T-cells. Both IgA2 and IgG b12 blocked viral attachment to epithelial cells, and epithelial-PBMC transfer, at similar concentrations.
Mantis2007
(genital and mucosal immunity, isotype switch, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: 32 human HIV-1 positive sera neutralized most viruses from clades A, B, and C. Two of the sera stood out as particularly potent and broadly reactive. Two CD4-binding site defective mutant Env proteins were generated to evaluate whether Abs to the CD4-binding site are involved in the neutralizing activity of the two sera. The integrity of the wildtype and mutant proteins was tested to their reactivity to b12. Clade A RW20 and clade B PVO viruses were highly resistant to neutralization by b12, while they were neutralized by IgG eluted from the two patient sera, indicating that novel Abs to the CD4-binding site are elicited in some HIV-1 infected individuals.
Li2007a
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: b12 was able to neutralize the majority of tier 1 and 2 clade B isolates, and two clade C tier 2 isolates. Clade A tier 2 isolates were not neutralized by this Ab. PNGase F treatment, which removes all types of N-linked glycosylation, did not affect binding of b12 to recombinant gp120, nor did it affect neutralizing activity of this Ab.
Miranda2007
(neutralization)
-
b12: V3 loop deletions were introduced into three different primary HIV-1 strains: R3A, DH12, and TYBE. The deletions included: ΔV3(12,12) containing the first and the last 12 residues of the V3 loop, ΔV3(9,9) containing first and last 9 residues, and ΔV3(6,6) containing first and last 6 residues. Only HIV-1 R3A ΔV3(9,9) was able to support cell fusion. Passaging of this virus resulted in a virus strain (TA1) that replicated with wildtype kinetics, and that acquired several adaptive changes in gp120 and gp41 while retaining the V3 loop truncation. TA1 was neutralized by b12 100-fold more efficiently than R3A, ΔV1/V2 virus, and LAI.
Laakso2007
(neutralization)
-
Ib12: A recombinant gp120-Fc, used in an assay to determine 2G12 epitope contribution to DC-SIGN binding to gp120, bound to Ib12, indicating it was conformationally intact.
Hong2007
(binding affinity)
-
b12: HIV-1 env clones resistant to cyanovirin (CV-N), a carbohydrate binding agent, showed amino acid changes that resulted in deglycosylation of high-mannose type residues in the C2-C4 region of gp120. Compared to their parental virus HIV-1 IIIB, these resistant viruses maintained similar sensitivity to b12, as the glycan at position 301 in the V3 loop was intact.
Hu2007
(neutralization, escape)
-
b12: The ability of b12 to neutralize recently transmitted viruses was examined in four homosexual and two parenteral transmission couples. The vast majority of recently transmitted viruses from homosexual recipients were resistant to neutralization by b12, although viruses isolated later in the course of infection showed increased sensitivity to b12 in some of the patients. In the parenteral transmission, both recipient viruses were sensitive to b12 neutralization. The neutralization sensitivity patterns of recipient viruses to b12 did not correlate to the neutralization sensitivity patterns of their donors in the homosexual couples, while the HIV-1 variants from the one of the two parenteral pairs were equally sensitive to neutralization by b12.
Quakkelaar2007a
(neutralization, acute/early infection, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
b12: Four different co-receptor switch mutants were generated from ADA and BaL wildtype Envs (ADA-1, ADA-3, BaL-1B, and BaL2A) and the intermediate transition mutations were studied on either CCR5 or CXCR4 expressing cells for their sensitivity to b12 compared to wildtype. Most of the ADA-1 mutants were more sensitive to b12 on CCR5 cells, while the sensitivity varied on CXCR4 cells. Mutations P313R and A221T plus P313R increased resistance to b12. Mutations N197D plus S306R rendered virus highly sensitive to b12 on CCR5 cells but not on CXCR4 cells. The sensitivity of ADA-3 mutants to b12 varied, with mutations N160K, V181, and E322K showing the greatest increase in resistance to b12. BaL-1B mutants were highly sensitive to entry inhibition by b12 on CCR5 cells, which further increased on CXCR4 cells. BaL-2A mutants were also more sensitive to b12 inhibition than the wildtype virus.
Pastore2007
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
b12: The study compared Ab neutralization against the JR-FL primary isolate and trimer binding affinities judged by native PAGE. There was direct quantitative relationship between monovalent Fab-trimer binding and neutralization, implying that neutralization begins as each trimer is occupied by one Ab. In BN-PAGE, neutralizing Fabs, b12 in particular, and sCD4 were able to shift JR-FL trimers, In contrast, most non-neutralizing Fabs bound to monomer, but their epitopes were conformationally occluded on trimers, confirming the exclusive relationship of trimer binding and neutralization.
Crooks2008
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Five amino acids in the gp41 N-terminal region that promote gp140 trimerization (I535, Q543, S553, K567 and R588) were considered. Their influence on the function and antigenic properties of JR-FL Env expressed on the surfaces of pseudoviruses and Env-transfected cells was studied. Various non-neutralizing antibodies bind less strongly to the Env mutant, but neutralizing antibody binding is unaffected. There was no difference in b12 binding to wild type and mutant JR-FL, and b12 inhibited infection of the two pseudoviruses with comparable potencies.
Dey2008
(binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: The study explores how the V1 loop of Env influences the neutralization susceptibilities of heterologous viruses to antibodies elicited by the SF162gp140 immunogen. All viruses expressing the WT Envs were susceptible to neutralization by IgG1b12. Replacement of the V1 loops by that of SF162 did not alter the neutralization susceptibilities of the viruses, with the exception of one virus, which became more susceptible.
Ching2008
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: This study explored features of Env that would enhance exposure of conserved HIV-1 epitopes. The changes in neutralization susceptibility, mediated by two mutations, T569A (in the HR1) and I675V (in the MPER), were unparalleled in their magnitude and breadth on diverse HIV-1 Env proteins. The variant with both TA and IV mutations was >360-fold more susceptible to 2F5, >180-fold more susceptible to 4E10, 780-fold more susceptible to sCD4 and resulted in 18-fold enhanced susceptibility to autologous plasma and >35-fold enhanced susceptibility to the plasma pool. It was also 2.8-fold more susceptible to b12 but mutants with only one mutations were not neutralized by b12.
Blish2008
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: Envelope determinants that confer natural resistance to b12 were studied. Envelopes from brain tissue (sensitive to b12) and lymph node tissue (resistant to b12) of the same patient were studied. Sensitivity to b12 can be completely modulated by the presence of a glycan at residue 386, although resistance required the presence of an arginine at residue 373. Together, R373 and the N386 glycan may sterically prevent the benzene ring of b12 W100 from penetrating a pocket proximal to these two residues. Nevertheless, b12 bound to monomeric, detergent-solubilized gp120 that carried R373/N386, indicating that the envelope trimer may also play a role in the protection of this epitope. The introduction of R373 into b12-sensitive envelopes rendered both resistant to b12, confirming that this mechanism of b12 resistance transfers to unrelated envelopes.
Duenas-Decamp2008
(antibody binding site, neutralization, escape, structure)
-
IgG1b12: Molecular mechanism of neutralization by MPER antibodies, 2F5 and 4E10, was studied using preparations of trimeric HIV-1 Env protein in the prefusion, the prehairpin intermediate and postfusion conformations. MAb IgG1b12 was used to analyze antigenic properties of construct 92UG-gp140-Fd, derived from isolate 92UG037.8 and stabilized by a C-terminal foldon tag. 92UG-gp140-Fd failed to bind IgG1b12 consistent with the resistance of the isolate to neutralization by that MAb, but monomeric gp120 derived from 92UG037 did bind IgG1b12.
Frey2008
(variant cross-reactivity, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: Addition of a glycosylation site at position V295N in three different subtype C envelope clones did not have any impact on binding of IgG1b12 to gp120, indicating that the mutation did not cause a substantial conformational change. There were also no significant differences in neutralization by IgG1b12 between the corresponding mutant and the wildtype viruses. Deletion of the glycan at position 386 resulted in >10-fold increase in neutralization sensitivity to IgG1b12 but had no effect on IgG1b12 binding to gp120.
Gray2007a
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: A D386N change in the V4 region, which results in restoration of N-glycosylation at this site, resulted in 8-fold increase in resistance of a mutant virus to neutralization by b12 compared to wildtype. Molecular modeling with the HXB2 gp120-b12 crystal indicated that the loss of the glycan at position 386 increases exposure of the CD4 and b12 binding sites. There was a significant association between increased sensitivity to b12 neutralization and enhanced macrophage tropism. Most of the viruses without glycosylation at 386 were sensitive to b12 neutralization, while viruses with glycosylation at this site had variable sensitivity to b12 neutralization. This suggests that increased exposure of b12 epitope is associated with enhanced tropism of HIV for macrophages.
Dunfee2007
(antibody binding site, brain/CSF, neutralization)
-
1b12: This review summarizes data on the development of HIV-1 centralized genes (consensus and ancestral) for induction of neutralizing antibody responses. Functionality and conformation of native epitopes in proteins based on the centralized genes was tested and confirmed by binding to 1b12 and other MAbs. Antibodies induced by immunization with these centralized proteins did not, however, have the breadth and potency compared to that of 1b12 and other broadly neutralizing MAbs. 1b12 physical characteristics of autoantibodies as a possible reason for lack of 1b12 broad production is also discussed.
Gao2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, review)
-
b12: A synthetic scaffold peptide was designed that mimicked the CD4 binding site of HIV-1 gp120. The peptide was specifically recognized by b12 and competed with gp120 for binding to b12. Anti-sera from rabbits immunized with the peptide competed with b12 for binding to gp120.
Franke2007
(vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
b12: b12 had higher affinities for SF162gp140 and ΔV2gp140 than any of the anti-gp41 MAbs detected in this study. Also, b12 bound with faster on-rates, and slower off-rates than the anti-gp41MAbs to these proteins. Differences in neutralization potency could not, however, be explained by the differing kinetics.
Derby2007
(kinetics, binding affinity)
-
b12: Most of the sera from guinea pigs immunized with gp120 protein or with three types of VLPs containing disulfide-shackled functional trimers (SOS-VLP), uncleaved nonfunctional Env (UNC-VLP), naked VLP bearing no Env, weakly or ineffectively inhibited virus capture compared to b12 Ab. Sera that contained Abs that enhanced infection, or that were responsible for nonspecific neutralization, did not reverse neutralization by b12.
Crooks2007
(neutralization)
-
b12: HIV-1 neutralization by b12 is briefly reviewed.
Albert2007
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: Interactions of this Ab with gp120 monomer and two cleavage-defective gp140 trimers were studied. It was shown that IgG1b12 recognized the soluble monomer less efficiently than the soluble trimers and that treatment of the proteins with GA (cross-linking) minimally decreased their interactions with this Ab, indicating that the IgG1b12 epitope was maintained after cross-linking. This Ab was associated with a small entropy change upon gp120 binding. IgG1b12 also successfully recognized both untreated and cross-linked proteins expressed on cell surfaces indicating existence of multiple conformational states of gp120 on cell surface. This Ab was shown to have a kinetic advantage as it bound to gp120 faster than other less neutralizing Abs.
Yuan2006
(antibody binding site, antibody interactions, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: Viruses with wild-type HIV-1JR-FL Envs and HIV-1 hXBc2 Envs were neutralized by this Ab at much lower concentrations than HIV-1 YU2 Env viruses. Viruses bearing inserted artificial epitopes of FLAG in the V4 region were as sensitive to neutralization by this Ab as the parental viruses. A clear relationship between neutralization potency and the affinity of the anti-FLAG antibody for its cognate epitope was observed.
Yang2006
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: SHIV SF162p4 virus used as challenge in ISCOM vaccinated macaques was shown to be highly sensitive to neutralization by this Ab.
Pahar2006
(neutralization)
-
b12: The neutralizing capacity and binding of this Ab to gp120, as well as strategies for directing Ab responses to the b12 epitope are reviewed.
Pantophlet2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization, review, structure)
-
IgG1b12: This Ab neutralized 10 of 17 subtype C env-pseudotyped clones derived from individuals in acute/early stage of HIV-1 infection with subtype C. The sensitivity of clones to a mix of Abs IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5 was tracked to IgG1b12.
Li2006a
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
12: Binding of b12 to wt gp120 and two constructs with 5 and 9 residues deleted in the middle of the beta3-beta5 loop in the C2 region of gp120 was examined. It was shown that the deletions of the loop residues did not affect the conformation of b12 epitope as b12 Ab binding and kinetics were identical for the wt gp120 and both constructs.
Rits-Volloch2006
(antibody binding site, kinetics, binding affinity)
-
b12: The crystal structure of this Ab was compared to the high resolution crystal structure of Fab m18. The variable domains sequence similarity of Vh and Vl chains was 46% and 63% respectively, while the hypervariable regions differed significantly. The constant regions were identical. Although the variable regions showed sequence similarity, the H3s of these Abs showed distinct conformations.
Prabakaran2006
(antibody binding site, mimics, antibody sequence, structure)
-
b12: gp120 (monomer), gp120deltaV2 (trimer), gp140 (monomer) and gp140deltaV2 (trimer) from subtype B SF162 were expressed in cells and their affinity for b12 was assessed. While all four Envs bound to b12, the monomers had at least 3-fold weaker affinity for this Ab than trimers.
Sharma2006
(antibody binding site)
-
IgGb12: This MAb was used as a positive control in the neutralization assays. It neutralized 5 of 5 subtype B and 4 of 6 non-B primary isolates.
Gorny2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: This Ab was found to be able to bind well to a form of gp120 stabilized in a CD4-bound state. The structure and interaction of Ab-gp120 and CD4-gp120 complexes was determined. It was found that the outer domain of gp120 does not require a conformational change for the initial contact with CD4, however, the conformational change is required to lock CD4 into place once contact has been made. In contrast, b12 is able to lock on to gp120 on the outer domain with high affinity without any requirement of conformational change. Only the heavy chain of b12 was found to interact with gp120 outer domain.
Zhou2007
(antibody binding site, binding affinity, antibody sequence, structure)
-
IgG1b12: Novel approaches based on sequential (SAP) and competitive (CAP) antigen panning methodologies, and use of antigens with increased exposure of conserved epitopes, for enhanced identification of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing Abs are reviewed. Previously known broadly neutralizing human mAbs are compared to Abs identified by these methods.
Zhang2007
(review)
-
IgG1b12: This Ab was used in the analysis of clade C gp140 (97CN54) antigenicity and was shown to bind with relatively high avidity to the molecule and to dissociate substantially within 420 s. Binding of this Ab to its epitope was not affected significantly by N3C5 or N03B11 Abs.
Sheppard2007a
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
b12: 2 glycosylation site additions to the clade C gp120 backbone (gp120CN54+) were used to reconstruct the 2G12 epitope. Both gp120CN54+ and an Fc tagged gp120CN54 bound to b12 with equal efficiency, suggesting that the Fc tag had no effect on the primary receptor binding conformation. Fc tagged outer domain of gp120CN54+ (ODCN54+-Fc) bound to b12 poorly in spite of the fact that the b12 epitope was shown to lie within the B clade OD.
Chen2007a
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: Spread of HIV-1 through formation of virological synapses (VS) between infected and uninfected T-cells was shown to require Env-CD4 receptor interactions. Treatment of the cells with IgG1b12 inhibited 50% of VS-mediated transfer.
Chen2007
(neutralization)
-
b12: Pseudoviruses derived from gp120 env variants that evolved in multiple macaques infected with SHIV 89.6P displayed a range of degrees of virion-associated Env cleavage. Pseudoviruses with higher amount of cleaved Env were more resistant to neutralization by b12.
Blay2007
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: (R5)X4 viruses obtained early after X4 emergence showed an increased sensitivity to IgG1b12 compared to their coexisting R5 variants. For 3 patients, (R5)X4 viruses obtained late after X4 emergence also showed significantly higher sensitivities to neutralization by IgG1b12 than their coexisting R5 variants. For 2 patients, the differential sensitivity among late viruses was lost due to increased susceptibility of the R5 viruses to IgG1b12.
Bunnik2007
(co-receptor, neutralization)
-
b12: The crystal structure of a complex of b12 and B2.1 was determined. This revealed that three contiguous residues mediate critical contacts of B2.1 with b12, and that these are unlikely to mimic the discontinuous key binding residues involved in the full b12 epitope for gp120. This was supported by immunization studies, where immunizations of mice with B2.1 failed to produce gp120 cross-reactive sera.
Saphire2007
(mimotopes)
-
IgG1b12: The neutralization activity of this Ab was tested for HIV-1 isolates 92HT593B and NLHX-ADA and compared to the neutralization activity of anti-IgG (HIVIG) collected from sera of healthy HIV-uninfected individuals, based on their reactivity with human IgG. For 92HT593B, the neutralization efficacy of IgG1b12 was comparable to that of anti-IgG.
Metlas2007
(neutralization)
-
b12: Neutralization sensitivity of maternal and infant viruses to b12 close to transmission timepoint was shown to be somewhat better than for 2G12 Ab. The range of sensitivity of maternal viruses to b12 was greater than that of infant viruses.
Rainwater2007
(neutralization, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
b12: Transfer of captured b12-neutralized HIV-1 from Raji-DC-SIGN or immature monocyte-derived DCs (iMDDCs) completely blocked CD4+ T lymphocyte infection. This indicated that unlike other NAbs, such as 2F5 and 4E10, b12-HIV-1 complex is not disassembled upon capture on DC-SIGN-cells.
vanMontfort2007
(neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
b12: Compared to the full-length Con-S gp160, chimeric VLPs containing Con-S ΔCFI gp145 with transmembrane (TM) and cytoplasmic tail (CT) sequences derived from the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), showed higher binding capacity to b12. Chimeric VLPs with only CT derived from MMTV also showed higher binding capacity to b12 than the full-length Con-S gp160, however, not as high as the chimeric CT-TM VLPs.
Wang2007a
(binding affinity)
-
b12: 5145A MAb was used to select phages from two different peptide libraries. Synthetic peptides corresponding to the selected phage sequences fused to phage pIII protein did not bind to b12. Sera from rabbits immunized with 5145A peptide-phage pIII did not inhibit binding of b12 to gp120.
Wilkinson2007
(antibody interactions)
-
b12: The major infectivity and neutralization differences between a PBMC-derived HIV-1 W61D strain and its T-cell line adapted counterpart were conferred by the interactions of three Env amino acid substitutions, E440G, D457G and H564N. Chimeric Env-pseudotyped virus Ch5, containing all three of the mutations, was equally neutralization sensitive to b12 as Ch2, which did not contain any of these mutations. Env-pseudotyped viruses containing D457G mutation were markedly resistant to neutralization by b12. Also, binding of b12 to any gp120 that contained this mutation was severely disrupted.
Beddows2005a
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Four primary isolates (PIs), Bx08, Bx17, 11105C and Kon, were tested for binding and neutralization by b12. b12 was able to neutralize Bx08, Bx17 and 11105C with various efficiencies, but bound poorly to all four PIs with similar efficiencies. There was no direct correlation between binding and neutralization of the four PIs by b12.
Burrer2005
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: A panel of 60 HIV-1 isolates, with complete genome sequences available, was formed for neutralization assay standardization. It comprises of 10 isolates from each of the subtypes A, B, C, D, CRF01_AE and CRF02AG, with majority of the viruses being of R5 phenotype and few of X4 phenotype. Neutralization profile of each isolate was assessed by measuring neutralization by sCD4, a cocktail of MAbs including 2G12, 2F5 and IgG1b12, and a large pool of sera collected from HIV-1 positive patients. The MAb cocktail neutralized with >50% a large portion of the isolates (51/60) including: 10 subtype A isolates, 8 subtype B isolates, 8 subtype C isolates, 9 subtype D isolates, 7 CRF-01_AE isolates, and 9 CRF_02AG isolates.
Brown2005a
(assay or method development, neutralization, subtype comparisons)
-
b12: The structure of the b12 MAb, particularly its long CDRH3 region, is reviewed. Also, the mechanism of its binding to the CD4 binding site of gp120 is compared to other CD4bs MAbs with no neutralizing activity. Engineering of Abs based on revealed structures of broadly neutralizing MAbs is discussed.
Burton2005
(antibody binding site, review, structure)
-
IgG1b12: A phage peptide library was panned on immobilized IgG1b12 which lead to identification of a mimotope consensus sequence for IgG1b12 binding. Second and third generation libraries were used to identify a refined consensus sequence (GLLVWSDEL). The IgG1b12 mimotopes competed with gp160 for the IgG1b12 antigen-binding site. Mice immunized with mimotopes from all three phage library generations developed weak immune responses towards gp160, however, mice vaccinated with the clone from the third library generation exhibited on average stronger gp160-specific Ab response than mice vaccinated with first and second generation clones. Sera of immunized mice were reactive against five different unrelated HIV-1 strains.
Dorgham2005
(mimotopes, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: rSFV-gp140(-GCN4) was constructed for analysis of its immunogenic properties in animal models. Both gp120 and gp140(-GCN4) secreted from rSFV-infected cells were recognized by IgG1b12, suggesting that the proteins retained their native folding.
Forsell2005
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: Monomeric gp120 and trimeric gp140CF proteins synthesized from an artificial group M consensus Env gene (CON6) bound well to IgG1b12, indicating correct exposure of the IgG1b12 epitope.
Gao2005a
(antibody binding site)
-
b12: b12 bound with a higher maximal mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) to Env protein on the surface of cells producing gp140Δct-pseudotyped neutralization resistant 3.2P strain, than to the Env of pseudotyped neutralization sensitive HXBc2. Neutralization assays with the pseudotyped viruses showed that HXBc2 was more sensitive to neutralization by b12 than 3.2P. Furin co-transfection did not have an effect on the reactivity of pseudoviruses with b12 or on their neutralization sensitivity. Presence or absence of sialic acid residues did not affect Env reactivity with b12. A cleavage-competent form of 3.2P reacted poorly with b12, while its cleavage-defective counterpart showed higher level of MAb reactivity. Both cleavage-competent and cleavage-defective HXBc2 showed higher levels of reactivity to b12.
Herrera2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
igG1b12: Point mutations in the highly conserved structural motif LLP-2 within the intracytoplasmic tail of gp41 resulted in conformational alternations of both gp41 and gp120. The alternations did not affect virus CD4 binding, coreceptor binding site exposure, or infectivity of the virus, but did result in increased relative neutralization resistance of the LLP-2 mutant virus to IgG1b12, compared with wildtype virus. The increased neutralization resistance of LLP-2 virus was associated with decreased IgG1b12 binding to its epitope.
Kalia2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: A series of genetically modified Env proteins were generated and expressed in both insect and animal cells to be monitored for their antigenic characteristics. For b12, three of the modified proteins expressed in insect cells, including 3G mutant (mutations in 3 glycosylation sites), dV1V2 mutant (V1V2 deletions), and 3G-dV2-1G mutant (1G being a mutation near the TM domain), showed higher binding than the wildtype. Only one of those modified proteins, 3G, now expressed in animal cells, showed higher binding to b12 than the wildtype, indicating that neutralizing epitopes may be more highly exposed in this Env structure. 3G-dV2-1G highly increased binding of b12 compared to 3G-dV2, indicating that glycans in gp41 play a role in the Env antigenicity.
Kang2005
(antibody binding site, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: A trimeric recombinant gp140 construct was developed for immunization studies. Its structural integrity was assessed by a panel of MAbs. The trimeric gp140 was recognized by IgG1b12 in a manner comparable to monomeric gp120, suggesting that IgG1b12 epitope was well presented on the construct.
Kim2005
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: Full-length gp160 clones were derived from acute and early human HIV-1 infections and used as env-pseudotyped viruses in neutralization assays for their characterization as neutralization reference agents. The broadest neutralization sensitivity was observed for IgG1b12, where 12 out of 19 pseudoviruses were neutralized. The sensitivity was however even higher for MN, SF162.LS and IIIB strains. A mixture of IgG1b12, 2F5 and 2G12 (TriMab) exhibited potent neutralizing activity against all Env-pseudotyped viruses except one. 6 out of 12 Env-pseudotyped viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by IgG1b12 than their uncloned parental PBMC-grown viruses.
Li2005a
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
b12: Pseudoviruses expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from BL01, BR07 and 89.6 strains were compared in neutralization assays to replication competent clone derived from transfection of 293T cells (IMC-293T) and to the IMC-293T derived from a single passage through PBMC (IMC-PBMC). The neutralization responses of pseudoviruses and corresponding IMC-293T to b12 were similar, while a significant decrease in viral neutralization sensitivity to b12 was observed for the BL01 and 89.6 IMC-PBMC viruses. The decrease was associated with an increase in average virion envelope glycoprotein content on the PBMC-derived virus.
Louder2005
(assay or method development, neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: A stable trimerization motif, GCN4, was appended to the C terminus of YU2gp120 to obtain stable gp120 trimers (gp120-GCN4). Each trimer subunit was capable of binding IgG1b12, indicating that they were at least 85% active. D457V mutation in the CD4 binding site resulted in a decreased affinity of the gp120-GCN4 for CD4, but the mutation did not affect binding of IgG1b12. IgG1b12 was able to bind to both wildtype gp120, gp120-GCN4, and to the respective corresponding mutant molecules D457Vgp120 and D457Vgp120-GCN4. Electron microscopy images showed three, two and one IgG1b12 molecules bound per gp120-GCN4 trimer, with the predominant form being three IgG1b12 per trimer.
Pancera2005a
(binding affinity, structure)
-
IgG1b12: IgG1b12 neutralized both JR-FL and YU2 HIV-1 strains. IgGb12 and other neutralizing mAbs recognized JR-FL cleavage-competent and cleavage-defective env glycoproteins, while non-neutralizing Abs only recognized JR-FL cleavage-defective glycoproteins. It is suggested that an inefficient env glycoprotein precursor cleavage exposes non-neutralizing determinants, while only neutralizing regions remain accessible on efficiently cleaved spikes. For YU2, both cleavage-competent and -defective glycoproteins were recognized by both neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs.
Pancera2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: Viruses containing substitutions at either L568 or K574 of the gp41 hydrophobic pocket were resistant to D5-IgG1 but were as sensitive to IgG1b12 as the wildtype virus. IgG1b12 neutralized more isolates than D5-IgG1 and was shown to be more potent. IgG1b12 did not, however, neutralize some of the isolates neutralized by D5-IgG1.
Miller2005
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: This short review summarizes recent findings of the role of neutralizing Abs in controlling HIV-1 infection. Certain neutralizing MAbs and their potential role in immunotherapy and vaccination, as well as the reasons for their poor immunogenicity, are discussed.
Montefiori2005
(antibody binding site, therapeutic vaccine, immunotherapy)
-
IgG1b12: Escape mutations in HR1 of gp41 that confer resistance to Enfuvirtide reduced infection and fusion efficiency and also delayed fusion kinetics of HIV-1. The mutations also conferred increased neutralization sensitivity of virus to IgG1b12. Enhanced neutralization correlated with reduced fusion kinetics, indicating that the mutations result in Env proteins remaining in the CD4-triggered state for a longer period of time.
Reeves2005
(antibody binding site, drug resistance, neutralization, escape, HAART, ART)
-
IgG1b12: 24 out of 58 virus isolates from acutely and chronically HIV-1 infected patients were not inhibited by IgG1b12. There was, however, no difference between the acute and chronic patient viruses in their sensitivity to this Ab. There was no correlation between sensitivities to IgG1b12 and CCR5 inhibitors.
Rusert2005
(autologous responses, neutralization, acute/early infection)
-
b12: This review summarizes data on the role of NAb in HIV-1 infection and the mechanisms of Ab protection, data on challenges and strategies to design better immunogens that may induce protective Ab responses, and data on structure and importance of MAb epitopes targeted for immune intervention. The importance of standardized assays and standardized virus panels in neutralization and vaccine studies is also discussed.
Srivastava2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, binding affinity, immunotherapy, review)
-
IgG1b12: This Ab bound with high affinity to gp120IIIb but it only weakly suppressed gp120 antigen presentation by MHC class II. Binding of b12 to gp120 did not prevent uptake of gp120 by APCs. b12 showed intermediate disassociation from gp120 at acidic pH. Lysosomal enzyme digestion of gp120 in complex with b12 yielded limited fragmentation similar to that of gp120 alone. It is suggested that neutralizing high-affinity CD4bs Abs, such as b12, provide effective anti-viral protection without strong suppressive effects on presentation of gp120.
Tuen2005
(antibody interactions, binding affinity)
-
b12: Ab neutralization of viruses with mixtures of neutralization-sensitive and neutralization-resistant envelope glycoproteins was measured. It was concluded that binding of a single Ab molecule is sufficient to inactivate function of an HIV-1 glycoprotein trimer. The inhibitory effect of the Ab was similar for neutralization-resistant and -sensitive viruses indicating that the major determinant of neutralization potency of an Ab is the efficiency with which it binds to the trimer. It was also indicated that each functional trimer on the virus surface supports HIV-1 entry independently, meaning that every trimer on the viral surface must be bound by an Ab for neutralization of the virus to be achieved.
Yang2005b
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: A substantial fraction of soluble envelope glycoprotein trimers contained inter-subunit disulfide bonds. Reduction of these disulfide bonds had little effect on binding of the IgG1b12 to the glycoprotein indicating that the inter-S-S bonds had no impact on the exposure of IgG1b12 epitope.
Yuan2005
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: This review focuses on the importance of neutralizing Abs in protecting against HIV-1 infection, including mechanisms of Ab interference with the viral lifecycle, Ab responses elicited during natural HIV infection, and use of monoclonal and polyclonal Abs in passive immunization. In addition, vaccine design strategies for eliciting of protective broadly neutralizing Abs are discussed. MAbs included in this review are: 2F5, Clone 3 (CL3), 4E10, Z13, IgG1b12, 2G12, m14, 447-52D, 17b, X5, m16, 47e, 412d, E51, CM51, F105, F425, 19b, 2182, DO142-10, 697-D, 448D, 15e and Cβ1.
McCann2005
(antibody binding site, neutralization, vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity, immunotherapy, review, structure)
-
b12: b12 was investigated in different neutralization formats, including the standard format that measures activity over the entire infection period and several formats that emphasize various stages of infection. The neutralization by b12 was most potent in the standard format and somewhat less potent in the post-CD4 format and the pre-attachment format. The post-CD4/CCR5 neutralization format strongly disfavored b12 neutralization. This suggests that the optimum target for b12 is the native unliganded trimer. HIV-1+ human plasma mediated high-levels of post-CD4 neutralization indicating presence of b12 and 2G12 -like Abs.
Crooks2005
(antibody binding site, assay or method development, neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: This review summarizes data on the polyspecific reactivities to host antigens by the broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10. It also hypothesizes that some broadly reactive Abs might not be routinely made because they are derived from B cell populations that frequently make polyspecific Abs and are thus subjected to B cell negative selection.
Haynes2005a
(antibody interactions, review)
-
b12: This review summarizes data on 447-52D and 2219 crystallographic structures when bound to V3 peptides and their corresponding neutralization capabilities. b12, like 447-52D and like other HIV-1 neutralizing Abs, was shown to have long CDR H3 loop, which is suggested to help Abs access recessed binding sites on the virus.
Stanfield2005
(antibody binding site, review, structure)
-
IgG1b12: This review summarizes data that indicate that the V3 region of HIV-1 may be an epitope to target for the induction of protective Abs. Data shows that the V3 region can induce broadly-reactive, cross-neutralizing Abs, that it is partially exposed during various stages of the infectious process, and that it is immunogenic. IgG1b12 is the only neutralizing anti-CD4bs MAb, suggesting that the CD4bs is not an epitope that preferentially induces protective Abs in spite of it being highly immunogenic.
Zolla-Pazner2005
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity, review)
-
b12: In addition to gp120-gp41 trimers, HIV-1 particles were shown to bear nonfunctional gp120-gp41 monomers and gp120-depleted gp41 stumps on their surface. b12 was found to bind to both nonfunctional monomers and to gp120-gp41 trimers. Binding of b12 to trimers correlated with its neutralization of wildtype virus particles. Monomer binding did not correlate with neutralization, but it did correlate with virus capture. It is hypothesized that the nonfunctional monomers on the HIV-1 surface serve to divert the Ab response, helping the virus to avoid neutralization.
Moore2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization, binding affinity)
-
b12: Macaques were immunized with SF162gp140, ΔV2gp140, ΔV2ΔV3gp140 and ΔV3gp140 constructs and their antibody responses were compared to the broadly reactive NAb responses in a macaque infected with SHIV SF162P4, and with pooled sera from humans infected with heterologous HIV-1 isolates (HIVIG). b12 bound to SF162gp140 but a deletion of V2 or V3 loops from the gp140 construct reduced the binding. b12 was found to equally neutralize SF162 and Δ2F5.4E10, which is a virus with mutations in the 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes and is resistant to neutralization by 2F5 and 4E10. Sera from the SHIV-infected macaque and HIVIG, that were absorbed with peptides spanning 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes, did not diminish neutralization by IgG1b12. b12-like Abs were not detected in any of the gp140 sera nor in the sera from the infected macaque confirming that b12 epitope exposure does not correlate well with b12 epitope immunogenicity.
Derby2006
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
Fab b12: Fab b12 inhibited binding of Fc-gp120 to cellular CD4. b12 neutralized virus effectively in the standard neutralization assay, however, it was approximately 2.5-fold less active when the virus was pre-incubated with sCD4. Attachment of Fc-gp120 to MDDCs and PBLs was partially inhibited by 2G12, while b12 and sCD4 did not inhibit binding to MDDCs but did inhibit binding to PBLs. The results indicate that Env attachment is mediated through DC-SIGN and other receptors on MDDCs while it is predominantly mediated by CD4 and CCR5 on PBLs.
Binley2006
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
1b12: A fusion protein (FLSC R/T-IgG1) that targets CCR5 was expressed from a synthetic gene linking a single chain gp120-CD4 complex containing an R5 gp120 sequence with the hinge-Ch2-Ch3 portion of human IgG1. The fusion protein did not activate the co-receptor by binding. In PBMC assays, FLSC R/T-IgG1 neutralized primary R5 HIV-1 isolates more potently than 1b12, while in cell-line based assays the neutralization by FLSC R/T-IgG1 was less potent than by 1b12.
Vu2006
(neutralization)
-
b12: Sera from rabbits immunized with either monomeric gp120, trimeric cleavage-defective gp140 or disulfide-stabilized soluble trimeric gp140 were incubated with bead-immobilized gp120 and cyclic V3 where gp120 peptide-beads were previously shown to be able to deplete this Ab from test serum. The HIV-1 JR-FL neutralizing activity of sera from rabbits immunized with the disulfide-stabilized protein was substantially but incompletely reduced, showing that most of the Abs were directed to gp120.
Beddows2007
(neutralization, vaccine antigen design)
-
b12: Inhibition of gp120 interaction with this Ab by a synthesized scaffolded peptide containing three fragments making up the binding site of gp120 for CD4 was determined. The inhibition activity of the three fragments separately was also determined. It was shown that none of the individual peptides were able to inhibit the b12-gp120 interaction but the scaffolded peptide did, indicating a synergistic effect of combining all three fragments in one molecule.
Franke2006
(mimics)
-
gG1b12: Env-pseudotyped viruses were constructed from the gp160 envelope genes from seven children infected with subtype C HIV-1. IgG1b12 neutralized four of the seven viruses and the clade B control. When this Ab was mixed with 2G12 and 2F5, the neutralization was similar as to IgGb12 alone, indicating that the majority of the pool activity was due to this Ab. When 4E10 was added to this mix, all isolates were neutralized.
Gray2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, responses in children, mother-to-infant transmission)
-
gG1b12: Inhibition of b12 binding to gp120 by b12-like Abs in sera from long-term non-progressors (LTNP) was determined. It was shown that large amounts of b12-like Abs were present in all sera from LTNPs, however, no statistically significant correlation was found for the specificity of this Ab comparing sera able to neutralize all four HIV-1 strains and sera that could not.
Braibant2006
(enhancing activity, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: Neutralization rates and rate constants for the neutralization of clade B primary isolates SF33, SF162 and 89.6 by this Ab were determined. All isolates were neutralized but with different kinetics. It was shown that neutralization sensitivity is not associated with neutralization of cell-associated or free virus.
Davis2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, kinetics)
-
IgG1b12: Cloned Envs (clades A, B, C, D, F1, CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG, CRF06_cpx and CRF11_cpx) derived from donors either with or without broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies were shown to be of comparable susceptibility to neutralization by IgG1b12.
Cham2006
(neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: Neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates of different HIV-1 clades (A, B, C, D, E) by b12 was determined in cells expressing high or low surface concentrations of CD4 and CCR5 receptors. CD4 and CCR5 cell surface concentration had no significant effect on the inhibitory activity of this Ab.
Choudhry2006
(co-receptor, neutralization, variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: The ability of this Ab to inhibit viral growth was increased when macrophages and immature dendritic cells (iDCs) were used as target cells instead of PHA-stimulated PBMCs. It is suggested that inhibition of HIV replication by this Ab for macrophages and iDCs can occur by two distinct mechanisms, neutralization of infectivity involving only the Fab part of the IgG, and, an IgG-FcγR-dependent interaction leading to endocytosis and degradation of HIV particles.
Holl2006
(dendritic cells)
-
b12: b12 was shown to interact with cells transiently transfected by VSV-gp120 expressing vector and stained with sera from mice immunized once intranasally with VSV vector expressing HIV-1 HXB2 gp120 indicating that VSV-HXB2 immunization produced anti-HIV-1 Abs.
Jiang2006
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: Viruses with cleavage-competent 2G12-knockout Env and cleavage-defective Env able to bind 2G12 were constructed. Env pseudotyped virions bearing either Wt3.2P(+)gp140Δct Env or a mixture of the wildtype and cleavage-defective Env had similar sensitivities to neutralization by b12. The neutralization by b12 was unaffected by 2G12 binding to uncleaved Env suggesting that only binding to cleavage-competent homotrimers is relevant to neutralization.
Herrera2006
(neutralization, binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: Inhibition of R5 HIV replication by monoclonal and polyclonal IgGs and IgAs in immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (iMDDCs) was evaluated. It was shown that HIV neutralizing activity of IgG1b12 was more potent in iMDDCs than in PBLs and PHA-stimulated PBMCs using both HIV-1 Bx08 and BaL.
Holl2006a
(neutralization, dendritic cells)
-
IgG1b12: This review describes the effectiveness of the current HIV-1 immunogens in eliciting neutralizing antibody responses to different clades of HIV-1. It also summarizes different evasion and antibody escape mechanisms, as well as the most potent neutralizing MAbs and their properties. MAbs reviewed in this article are: 2G12, IgG1b12, 2F5, 4E10, A32, 447-52D and, briefly, D50. Novel immunogen design strategies are also discussed.
Haynes2006a
(antibody binding site, enhancing activity)
-
IgG1b12: The gp140ΔCFI protein of CON-S M group consensus protein and gp140CFI and gp140CF proteins of CON6 and WT viruses from HIV-1 subtypes A, B and C were expressed in recombinant vaccinia viruses and tested as immunogens in guinea pigs. IgG1b12 was shown to bind specifically to CON-S, showing that its conformational epitope was intact.
Liao2006
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design, subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: Viruses from 304 days and at 643 days (time of death) post-infection of a macaque infected with SHIV SF162P4 were resistant to contemporaneous serum that had broadly reactive NAbs. SF162 was sensitive to neutralization by b12, but the viral isolates evolved to become increasingly resistant.
Kraft2007
(neutralization, escape)
-
IgG1b12: Binding of IgG1b12 to envelope glycoprotein was significantly increased in the presence of a small molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitor, IC9564, suggesting that the inhibitor changed the conformation of gp120 so that that reacted better with IgG1b12. IC9564 also induces conformational change of gp120 to allow the CD4i antibody 17b to bind, but inhibits CD4-induced gp41 conformational changes.
Huang2007
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: The neutralizing activity of this antibody for the JR-FL Env variant with the N160K/E160K mutations was measured in comparison with the neutralizing activity of 2909, which was found to be higher.
Honnen2007
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: The binding of b12, 2F5 and 2G12 to the cell-free virus interferes with a step of infection subsequent to cell attachment. HIV escape from b12 occurred 30 and 10 min before escape from 2F5 for IIIB infection of HeLa cells and JRFL infection of Cf2Th-CD4/CCR5 cells, respectively, indicating that neutralization efficiency is determined by the time frames during which Ab can bind to the receptor-activated envelope proteins during the entry phase. b12 cell-free virus neutralization was initiated immediately after expose to the antibody.
Haim2007
(kinetics)
-
IgG1b12: Inhibition kinetics experiments with this Ab showed that after 60 min of incubation of virus and cells, with b12 there was nearly 100% infection, indicating that all of the Envs had escaped inhibition by b12 by attaching to CD4 molecules. This was about 20 min earlier then escape of inhibition by 2F5 and 4E10.
Dimitrov2007
(antibody binding site, neutralization, kinetics)
-
IgG1b12: Polyclonal IgGs from broadly neutralizing sera from two clade B and one clade A infected asymptomatic individuals were able to efficiently inhibit binding of b12 to the WT gp120 but not to the hyperglycosylated mutant gp120, which does not bind conventional nonneutralizing CD4BS Abs but retains binding of b12. This suggests that any CD4BS Abs present in the sera from the three patients responsible for broad neutralization must recognize the CD4BS somewhat differently than b12. This Ab was used to help define the antigenic profile of envelopes used in serum depletion experiments to attempt to define the neutralizing specificities of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing serum; it bound to JR-FL and JR-CSF gp120 monomers and to a lesser extent to core JR-CSF gp120 monomer used in the same experiments.
Dhillon2007
(antibody binding site, variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: SOSIP Env proteins are modified by the introduction of a disulfide bond between gp120 and gp41 (SOS), and an I559P (IP) substitution in gp41, and form trimers. The KNH1144 subtype A virus formed more stable trimers than did the prototype subtype B SOSIP Env, JRFL. The stability of gp140 trimers was increased for JR-FL and Ba-L SOSIP proteins by substituting the five amino acid residues in the N-terminal region of gp41 with corresponding residues from KNH1144 virus. b12, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10 and CD4-IgG2 all bound similarly to the WT and to the stabilized JRFL SOSIP timers, suggesting that the trimer-stabilizing substitutions do not impair the overall antigenic structure of gp140 trimers.
Dey2007
(therapeutic vaccine)
-
IgG1b12: This MAb was used in a binding competitive assay to approximately localize epitopes for neutralizing MAbs m22, m24 and m46. It competed against m22 and m24 but not m46.
Choudhry2007
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: Only 1/15 subtype A HIV-1 envelopes from samples taken early in infection was neutralized by b12; the SF162 Env control was neutralized as expected.
Blish2007
(neutralization, acute/early infection, subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: This Ab was found to be able to bind to a highly stable trimeric rgp140 derived from a HIV-1 subtype D isolate containing intermonomer V3-derived disulfide bonds and lacking gp120/gp41 cleavage.
Billington2007
-
IgG1b12: Yeast display was compared to phage display and shown to select all the scFv identified by phage display and additional novel antibodies. This MAb was used in a competition assays to determine the binding region of the MAbs selected from the yeast displayed antibody library.
Bowley2007
-
IgG1b12: IgG1b12: Four consensus B Env constructs: full length gp160, uncleaved gp160, truncated gp145, and N-linked glycosylation-site deleted (gp160-201N/S) were compared. All were packaged into virions, and all but the fusion defective uncleaved version mediated infection using the CCR5 co-receptor. These constructs were sensitive to neutralization by a panel of patient plasma and neutralizing MAbs. The B consensus envelopes were sensitive to neutralization by IgG1b12 except the one with the removed glycosylation site at the base of the V1V2 loop, and an Env derived from a patient during early infection. In contrast, truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic domain (gp145) yielded the Env that was the most sensitive to IgG1b12.
Kothe2007
(vaccine antigen design, variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: Newborn macaques were challenged orally with the highly pathogenic SHIV89.6P and then treated intravenously with a combination of IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 one and 12 hours post-virus exposure. All control animals became highly viremic and developed AIDS. In the group treated with mAbs 1 hour post-virus exposure, 3/4 animals were protected from persistent systemic infection and one was protected from disease. In the group treated with mAbs 12 hour post-virus exposure, one animal was protected from persistent systemic infection and disease was prevented or delayed in two animals. IgG1b12, 2G12, and 4E10 were also given 24 hours after exposure in a separate study; 4/4 treated animals become viremic, but with delayed and lower peak viremia relative to controls. 3/4 treated animals did not get AIDS during the follow up period, and 1 showed a delayed progression to AIDS , while the 4 untreated animals died of AIDS. Thus the success of passive immunization with NAbs depends on the time window between virus exposure and the start of immunoprophylaxis.
Ferrantelli2007
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
IgG1b12: A peptide FLAG tag was inserted into the V4 loop of YU-2, a neutralization resistant variant with a short V4 loop. IgG1b12 and 2F5 could neutralize both the WT YU-2 and the modified variant. The high diversity of V4 suggests it does not play a direct role in receptor binding or viral entry, yet M2, an anti-FLAG antibody, neutralized the modified virus, demonstrating that neutralizing activity doesn't have to block functionality of the virus.
Ren2005
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: The crystal structure of the Fab fragment from F105 was solved. It has an extended CDR H3 loop, with a Phe at the apex that may recognize the binding pocket of gp120 used by the Phe-42 residue of CD4. The potent NAb IgG1b12 recognizes an overlapping binding site, the main difference is that F105 extends across the interface of the inner and outer domains of gp120 while b12 does not. IgG1b12 also has undergone extensive affinity maturation (45 mutations) while F105 has not (13 mutations) -- an average for gp120 MAbs is 22 mutations.
Wilkinson2005
(antibody sequence, structure)
-
IgG1b12: Antigens were designed to attempt to target immune responses toward the IgG1b12 epitope, while minimizing antibody responses to less desirable epitopes. One construct had a series of substitutions near the CD4 binding site (GDMR), the other had 7 additional glycans (mCHO). The 2 constructs did not elicit b12-like neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated rabbits, but GDMR elicited anti-V3 NAbs. Both antigens successfully dampened other responses that were intended to be dampened while not obscuring b12 binding. CD4BS MAbs except Fab b12 (b6, b3, F105) did not bind to either GDMR or mCHO. CD4i MAbs (48d, 17b) did not bind even with sCD4. 2G12 had diminished binding to both. V3 MAbs (447-52D, 19b, F245-B4e8 and 39F) bound to the GDMR antigen, but either did not bind or had diminished binding to mCHO. V2 MAb 697-D did not bind to mCHO and had diminished binding to GDMR, while V2 MAb 8.22.2 bound to GDMR but not mCHO. V1/V2/V3 MAb 4KG2, C1-C4 MAb A32, C1-C5 MAb C11, and HIVIG all either did not bind or had significantly diminished binding to both antigen constructs.
Selvarajah2005
(vaccine antigen design, vaccine-induced immune responses)
-
IgG1b12: HIV-1 fusion complexes were prepared from cell lines expressing R5 HIV-1 gp120/gp41 and CD4-CCR5. Neutralizing Abs were raised against both R5 (strain BaL) and X4 (strain 213) viruses. IgG1b12 was used to detect gp120/gp41.
Zipeto2005
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: Retrovirus inactivation for vaccine antigen delivery was explored through lipid modification by hydrophobic photoinduced alkylating probe 1.5 iodonaphthylazide (INA). The viral proteins were shown to be structurally intact in the treated non-infectious virus, through the preservation of antibody binding sites for polyclonal anti-gp120 serum, and for broadly neutralizing MAbs 2G12, b12 and 4E10, although the modifications of the lipid disabled viral infection.
Raviv2005
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: This study is about the V2 MAb C108g, that is type-specific and neutralizes BaL and HXB2. JR-FL is a neutralization resistant strain; modification of JRFL at V2 positions 167 and 168 (GK->DE) created a C108g epitope, and C108g could potently neutralize the modified JR-FL. The modification in V2 also increased neutralization sensitivity to V3 MABs 4117c, 2219, 2191, and 447-52D, but only had minor effects on neutralization by CD4BS MAb 5145A, and broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5. gp120 binding to CD4 was inhibited by b12, but not by C108g.
Pinter2005
-
IgG1b12: Called IgG1 b12. The HIV-1 Bori-15 variant was adapted from the Bori isolate for replication microglial cells. Bori-15 had increased replication in microglial cells and a robust syncytium-forming phenotype, ability to use low levels of CD4 for infection, and increased sensitivity to neutralization by sCD4 and 17b. Four amino acid changes in gp120 V1-V2 were responsible for this change. Protein functionality and integrity of soluble, monomeric gp120-molecules derived from parental HIV-1 Bori and microglia-adapted HIV-1 Bori-15 was assessed in ELISA binding assays using CD4BS MAbs F105 and IgG1b12, glycan-specific 2G12, and V3-specific 447-52D, and were unchanged. Association rates of sCD4 and 17b were not changed, but dissociation rates were 3-fold slower for sCD4 and 14-fold slower for 17b.
Martin-Garcia2005
-
IgG1b12: gp41 and p15E of the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) share structural and functional similarities, and epitopes in the membrane proximal region of p15E are able to elicit NAbs upon immunization with soluble p15E. Rabbits immunized with a VSV recombinant expressing an HIV-1 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) fused to PERV p15E, with a fusion p15E-HIV MPER protein boost, elicited HIV specific NAbs. The IgG1b12 MAb was used as a positive control for neutralization in this study.
Luo2006
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: Sera from subtype A infected individuals from Cameroon have antibodies that react strongly with subtype A and subtype B V3 loops in fusion proteins, and neutralize SF162 pseudotypes, while sera from 47 subtype B infected individuals reacted only with subtype B V3s. Sera from Cameroon did not neutralize primary A or B isolates, due to indirect masking by the V1/V2 domain rather than due to loss of the target epitope. Neutralization by Cameroonian sera MAbs was blocked by Clade A and B V3 loop fusion proteins, while NAbs to non-V3 epitopes, 2F5, 2G12, and b12, were not blocked.
Krachmarov2005
-
IgG1b12: b12 and the gp41 C-terminal binding MAb SAR1 inhibit HIV-1 infected cell fusion with target cells at comparable levels.
Heap2005a
-
IgG1b12: IgG1b12, like the other anti-Env broadly neutralizing MAbs 2F5 and 4E10, binds to auto-antigens and has characteristics of polyspecific autoreactive antibodies. Of 35 Env-specific MAbs tested, only 2F5, 4E10, IgG1b12, and two CD4BS adjacent MAbs (A32 and 1.4G) and gp41 MAbs (2.2B and KU32) had binding patterns suggesting polyspecific autoreactivity, and similar reactivities may be difficult to induce with vaccines because of elimination of such autoreactivity. IgG1B12 reacted with ribonucleoprotein, dsDNA, centromere B, and histones, as well as nucleolar and cytoplasmic reactivity in HEp-2 cells.
Haynes2005
-
IgG1b12: 2909 is a human anti-Env NAb that was selected by neutralization assay and binds to the quaternary structure on the intact virion. ELISA-based competition assays and subsequent mutational analysis determined that the CD4BS and V2 and V3 loops contribute to the 2909 epitope: 2909 binding was inhibited by MAbs 447-52d (anti-V3), 830A (anti-V2), and IgG1b12 (anti-CD4BS) and sCD4. 2909 was not inhibited by MAbs 670, 1418, nor 2G12.
Gorny2005
-
IgG1b12: The lack of glycosylation sites at residues Asn 295 and Thy 394 within C-clade gp120s generally causes the loss of 2G12 recognition. Introduction of glycans in the subtype C strain HIV-1CN54 at these positions restored 2G12 binding, and addition of just a single glycan partially restored binding (V295N + A394T >> V295N > A395T). 2G12 epitope recovery decreased b12 binding.
Chen2005
-
IgG1b12: By adding N-linked glycosylation sites to gp120, epitope masking of non-neutralizing epitopes can be achieved leaving the IgG1b12 binding site intact. This concept was originally tested with the addition of four glycosylation sites, but binding to b12 was reduced. It was modified here to exclude the C1 N-terminal region, and to include only three additional glycosylation sites. This modified protein retains full b12 binding affinity and it binds to the neutralizing MAb 2G12. It masks other potentially competing epitopes, and does not bind to 21 other MAbs to 7 epitopes on gp120.
Pantophlet2004
-
IgG1b12: Nabs against HIV-1 M group isolates were tested for their ability to neutralize 6 randomly selected HIV-1 O group strains. IgG1b12 could neutralize some O group strains when used on its own, and quadruple combination of b12, 2F5, 2G12, and 4E10, could neutralize the six Group O viruses tested between 62-97%.
Ferrantelli2004a
-
IgG1b12: 93 viruses from different clades were tested for their neutralization cross-reactivity using a panel of HIV antibodies. IgG1b12 neutralized a fraction of viruses from almost every clade, and was more potent that 2F5 and 4E10, particularly against a subset of B clade viruses.
Binley2004
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: Env sequences were derived from 4 men at primary infection and 4 years later; the antigenicity in terms of the ability to bind to 2G12, 2F5 and IgG1b12 was determined. 2G12 bound primarily to late clones in 3 of the 4 patients, and to both early and late in the other patient. Neither 2F5 nor IgG1b12 showed a difference in binding affinity to early or late envelopes.
Dacheux2004
-
IgG1b12: This review discusses research presented at the Ghent Workshop of prevention of breast milk transmission and immunoprophylaxis for HIV-1 in pediatrics (Seattle, Oct. 2002), and makes the case for developing passive or active immunoprophylaxis in neonates to prevent mother-to-infant transmission. Macaque studies have shown that passive transfer of NAb combinations (for example, IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10) can confer partial or complete protection to infant macaques from subsequent oral SHIV challenge.
Safrit2004
-
IgG1b12: Called b12. A primary isolate, CC1/85, was passaged 19 times in PBMC and gradually acquired increased sensitivity to FAb b12 and sCD4 that was attributed to changes in the V1V2 loop region, in particular the loss of a potential glycosylation site. The affinity for sCD4 was unchanged in the monomer, suggesting that the structural impact of the change was manifested at the level of the trimer. The passaged virus, CCcon19, retained an R5 phenotype and its neutralization susceptibility to other Abs was essentially the same as CC1/85. CCcon19 (IC50 0.3) was significantly more sensitive to neutralization by b12 than was CC1/85 (IC50 6.0).
Pugach2004
-
IgG1b12: Called IgG-b12. V1V2 was determined to be the region that conferred the neutralization phenotype differences between two R5-tropic primary HIV-1 isolates, JRFL and SF162. JRFL is resistant to neutralization by many sera and MAbs, while SF162 is sensitive. All MAbs tested, anti-V3, -V2, -CD4BS, and -CD4i, (except the broadly neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, 2F5, and 2G12 which neutralized both strains), neutralized the SF162 pseudotype but not JRFL, and chimeras that exchanged the V1V2 loops transferred the neutralization phenotype. Three anti-CD4BS MAbs were tested, including IgG1b12 which neutralizes both JRFL and SF162. The affinities for IgG1b12 and 5145A were similar for both JRFL and SF612, but 1125A bound with 2.5 fold higher affinity to SF162. 5145A and 1125H both preferentially neutralize SF162, but not JRFL, and the CD4BS is more sensitive to neutralization in the context of the SF162 V1V2 loop. This was also true for neutralization by sCD4.
Pinter2004
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: Fab b12. A set of HIV-1 chimeras that altered V3 net charge and glycosylation patterns in V1V2 and V3, involving inserting V1V2 loops from a late stage primary isolate taken after the R5 to X4 switch, were studied with regard to phenotype, co-receptor usage, and MAb neutralization. The loops were cloned into a HXB2 envelope with a LAI viral backbone. It was observed that the addition of the late-stage isolate V1V2 region and the loss of V3-linked glycosylation site in the context of high positive charge gave an X4 phenotype. R5X4 viruses were more sCD4 and 2G12 neutralization resistant than either R5 or X4, but the opposite pattern was observed for b12. Addition of the late stage V1V2 altered neutralization for both MAbs, but this alteration was reversed with the loss of the V3 glycan.
Nabatov2004
(co-receptor)
-
IgG1b12: Sera from two HIV+ people and a panel of MAbs were used to explore susceptibility to neutralization in the presence or absence of glycans within or adjacent to the V3 loop and within the C2, C4 and V5 regions of HIV-1 SF162 env gp120. The loss of the any of the five glycans, within the V3 loop (GM299 V3), C2 (GM292 C2), C3 (GM329 C3), C4 (GM438 C4), or V5 (GM454 V5) made SF162 become more sensitive to IgG1b12 neutralization. V3 glycans tended to shield V3 loop, CD4 and co-receptor MAb binding sites, while C4 and V5 glycans shielded V3 loop, CD4, gp41 but not co-receptor MAb binding sites. Selective removal of glycans from a vaccine candidate may enable greater access to neutralization susceptible epitopes.
McCaffrey2004
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: A pseudotyping assay showed that an X4 V3 loop peptide could enhance infectivity of X4 virus, R5 and R5X4 V3 loops peptides could enhance infectivity of an R5 virus, and R5X4 peptides could enhance infectivity of an R5X4 virus. Neither R5 nor R5X4 peptides influenced binding of CD4BS MAbs F105 and Ig1Gb12, but did increase binding of CD4i MAb 17b.
Ling2002
-
IgG1b12: Called b12. A set of oligomeric envelope proteins were made from six primary isolates for potential use as vaccine antigens: 92/UG/037 (clade A), HAN2/2 (clade B), 92/BR25/025 (clade C), 92/UG/021 (clade D), 93/BR/029 (clade F) and MVP5180 (clade O). This was one of a panel of MAbs used to explore folding and exposure of well characterized epitopes. The clade C isolate BR25 is apparently misfolded, as conformation-dependent antibodies did not bind to it. b12 bound to clade A, B, D and F HIV-1 primary isolates. Polyclonal sera raised in rabbits against these antigens cross-bound the other antigens, but none of the sera had neutralizing activity.
Jeffs2004
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: Called b12. The peptide 12p1 (RINNIPWSEAMM) inhibits direct binding of YU2 gp120 or Env trimer to CD4, CCR5 and MAb 17b in a concentration-dependent allosteric manner. 12p1 is thought to bind to unbound gp120 near the CD4 binding site, with a 1:1 stoichiometry. 12p1 also inhibited MAb F105 binding; presumably because F105 favors an unactivated conformation, but not 2G12 or b12. The 1:1 stoichiometry, the fact that the peptide binding site is accessible on the trimer, the non-CD4 like aspect of the binding, and an ability to inhibit viral infection in cell cultures make it a promising lead for therapeutic design.
Biorn2004
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: 4KG5, a single-chain Fv (scFv), reacts with a conformational epitope that is formed by the V1, V2 and V3 loops and the bridging sheet (C4) region of gp120 and is influenced by carbohydrates. Denaturation of gp120 abolished binding of 4KG5 and Fab b12. Additionally, binding of 4KG5 was abrogated when any of the V1, V2 or V3 loops were deleted. Of a panel of Abs tested, only NAb b12 enhanced 4KG5 binding to gp120 JR-FL. MAbs to the following regions diminished or abroated binding: V2 loop MAbs (G3-4, G3-136), V3 loop MAbs (19b, 447-52D, hNM01, AH48, loop2, F425 B4e8, 694-88D), V3-C4 (G3-299, G3-42, G3-519, G3-537), CD4BS (b6, b3, F91, F105, 15e, L33, 1008-D, 654-30D, 559-64D, 1027-30D, Ia3, Ia7, FG39, Fbb14). MAbs directed against C1, CD4i, C5 regions didn't impact 4KG5 binding. These results suggest that the orientation or dynamics of the V1, V2 and V3 loops restricts CD4BS access on the envelope spike, and IgG1b12 can uniquely remain unaffected by these loops. 4KG5 did not enhance IgG1b12 neutralization.
Zwick2003a
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: This paper describes an attempt to engineer a gp120 molecule that would focus the immune response onto the IgG1b12 epitope. Four Ala substitutions that enhance the binding of IgG1b12 and reduce the binding of non-neutralizing MAbs were combined with seven N-linked glycosylation site sequons and this combination minimized the binding of non-neutralizing MAbs. b12 affinity was lowered, and binding of non-neutralizing MAbs was knocked out. C1 and C5 regions were then removed to eliminate the epitopes for MAbs against these regions, but these also diminished IgG1b12 binding.
Pantophlet2003b
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: The HIV-1 primary isolate DH012 has preserved the epitopes for the MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 17b, however natural DH012 infection in chimpanzees and DH012 gp120 vaccination in guinea pigs does not give rise to Abs against these epitopes.
Zhu2003
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: Called b12. The NAb b12 was administered locally to the vagina in macaques and could protect against subsequent vaginal infection with SHIV-162P4. This NAb model of a topical microbicide was dose dependence, and was effective for up to 2 hours after administration.
Veazey2003
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
IgG1b12: AC10 is a subject who was given treatment early after infection, and had a viral rebound after cessation of therapy, which then declined to a low level. The polyclonal sera from AC10 could potently neutralize the rebound virus, and NAb escape followed with a neutralizing response against the escape variant and subsequent escape from that response. Viral loads remained low in this subject despite escape. The rebound isolate that was potently neutralized by autologous sera was not particularly neutralization sensitive, as it resisted neutralization by sCD4 and MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5, and was only moderately sensitive to sera from other HIV+ individuals that had high titers of NAbs to TCLA strains.
Montefiori2003
-
IgG1b12: Recombinant adeno-associated virus was used to deliver the IgG1b12 gene into mice by injection. IgG1b12 was expressed in these mice for over 6 months after the primary injection. This strategy allows for predetermined Ab specificity, and could ultimately be used with synergistic Ab combinations.
Lewis2002a
-
IgG1b12: Called b12. Thermodynamics of binding to gp120 was measured using isothermal titration calorimetry for sCD4, 17b, b12, 48d, F105, 2G12 and C11 to intact YU2 and the HXBc2 core. Enthalpy and entropy changes were divergent, but compensated. CD4 and MAb ligands induced thermodynamic changes in gp120 that were independent of whether the core or the full gp120 protein was used. Non-neutralizing CD4BS and CD4i MAbs (17b, 48d, 1.5e, b6, F105 and F91) had large entropy contributions to free energy of binding to the gp120 monomer (mean: 26.1 kcal/mol, range 18.6-31.5), but the potent CD4BS neutralizing MAb b6 had a much smaller value of 5.7 kcal/mol. The high values suggest surface burial or protein folding and ordering of amino acids upon binding. NAb 2G12 had an entropy value of -1.6. These results suggest that while the trimeric Env complex has four surfaces, a non-neutralizing face (occluded on the oligomer), a variable face, a neutralizing face and a silent face (protected by carbohydrate masking), gp120 monomers further protect receptor binding sites by conformational or entropic masking, requiring a large energy handicap for Ab binding that is not faced by other anti-gp120 antibodies.
Kwong2002
(structure)
-
IgG1b12: MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 were tested for their ability to neutralize two primary HIV-1 clade A isolates (UG/92/031 and UG/92/037) and two primary HIV-1 clade D isolates (UG/92/001 and UG/92/005). 4E10 demonstrated the most potent cross-neutralization activity. Quadruple administration of MAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 induced strong synergistic neutralization of 4 clade A isolates (UG/92/031, UG/92/037, RW/92/020 and RW/92/025) as well as 5 clade D isolates (UG/92/001,UG/9/005, /93/086/RUG/94/108, UG/94/114). The authors note this combination of 4 MAbs neutralizes primary HIV A, B, C, and D isolates.
Kitabwalla2003
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: Called b12. The Fab m18 was selected from a human phage display library by a new method called sequential antigen panning (SAP), using a series of antigens to screen the library to pick broadly cross-reactive isolates. The ability to block cell mediated fusion by m17 was compared to Fabs X5 and b12 for a clade A, CRF01 EA, G, and 6 clade B isolates, and the inhibitory activity of m18 was slightly lower but comparable to neutralizing Fabs b12 and X5.
Zhang2003
-
IgG1b12: Called b12. Review of current neutralizing antibody-based HIV vaccine candidates and strategies of vaccine design. Strategies for targeting of the epitopes for NAbs 2F5, 2G12, 4E10, b12, and Z13 are described.
Wang2003
(review)
-
IgG1b12: This review discusses the importance and function of protective antibody responses in animal model studies in the context of effective vaccine development. SHIV models have shown protection using high levels of MAbs can prevent infection, and partial protection that can influence disease course can be obtained from modest levels of NAbs. SHIV challenges studies conducted with infusions of combinations of MAbs b12, 2G12, and 2F5 are reviewed.
Mascola2003a
(review)
-
IgG1b12: Called IgG1 b12. IgG1b12 induces strong ADCC and CDC cytoxicity of HIV-1 infected cells. A panel of mutants in the Fc region of IgG1b12 was generated. K322A reduced ADCC binding of FcγR and abolished complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and C1q binding. L234A plus L235 in the lower hinge region of the IgG1 heavy chain abolished both FcγR and C1q binding and ADCC and CDC. These mutants did not impact IgG1b12's ability to neutralize virus.
Hezareh2001
(effector function)
-
IgG1b12: This paper shows that binding of CD4BS MAbs to Env blocks the conformational shift that allows co-receptor CCR5 binding and CD4-independent mediated cell fusion. CD4BS MAbs F105, 15e, and IgG1b12 as well as their Fab fragments inhibited CD4-independent binding of the V1/V2 loop-deleted gp120 glycoproteins of R5 HIV-1 isolates ADA, YU2 and JR-FL and to CCR5 in a concentration dependent manner. CD4BS MAbs IgG1b12, F91 and F105 and their Fab counterparts (except for C11, used as a negative control) inhibited CD4-independent JR-FL and YU-2 gp120-CCR5 binding to CCR5-expressing Cf2Th cells and syncytium formation.
Raja2003
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: Called IgG1 b12. This paper is a study of the 2F5 NAb complexed to peptide ELDKWAS; the peptide was found to interact with amino acids near the base of the very long (22 residue) CDR 3H region of the Ab, although a Phe at the apex of the loop was also important. The authors suggest that particularly long CDR H3 regions may be a common feature of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies -- there are 22 residues in 2F5's H3, 18 in IgG1b12's H3, and 22 residues in X5's H3. They express concern that because small animals like mice are unable to elicit Ab responses with such long H3s, they may be poor model systems for HIV vaccine studies.
Zwick2004a
(antibody sequence)
-
IgG1b12: Four newborn macaques were challenged with pathogenic SHIV 89.6 and given post exposure prophylaxis using a combination of NAbs 2F5, 2G12, 4E10 and IgG1b12. 2/4 treated animals did not show signs of infection, and 2/4 macaques maintained normal CD4+ T cell counts and had a lower delayed peak viremia compared to the controls.
Ferrantelli2003
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
IgG1b12: A sCD4-17b single chain chimera was made that can bind to the CD4 binding site, then bind and block co-receptor interaction. This chimeric protein is a very potent neutralizing agent, more potent than IgG1b12, 2G12 or 2F5 against Ba-L infection of CCR5-MAGI cells. It has potential for prophylaxis or therapy.
Dey2003
-
IgG1b12: Called 1b12. The MAb B4e8 binds to the base of the V3 loop, neutralizes multiple primary isolates and was studied for interaction with other MAbs. CD4BS MAb IgG1b12 had no effect on B4e8 binding.
Cavacini2003
-
IgG1b12: This study examined Ab interactions, binding and neutralization with a B clade R5 isolate (92US660) and R5X4 isolate (92HT593). Abs generally bound and neutralized the R5X4 isolate better than the R5 isolate. Anti-gp41 MAb F240 enhanced the binding of CD4BS MAbs IgG1b12 and F105 to both R5X4 and R5 isolates, but had no effect on neutralization. Anti-V3 MAb B4a1 increased CD4BS MAbs IgG1b12 and F105 to R5X4 virions, but only IgG1b12 binding was increased by B4a1 to the R5 isolate, and neutralization was not impacted.
Cavacini2002
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: Neutralization assays with rsCD4, MAbs, and serum samples from SHIV-infected macaques and HIV-1 infected individuals were used to characterize the antigenic properties of the env glycoprotein of six primary isolate-like or TCLA SHIV variants. IgG1b12 neutralized SHIV strains HXBc2, KU2, 89.6, but not 89.6P and KB9. 89.6 is a dual tropic primary isolate that is not pathogenic in macaques, 89.6P is a highly pathogenic form of 89.6 obtained after passage in macaques, and KB9 is a molecular clone of 89.6P. Neutralization resistance was cell line independent.
Crawford1999
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: The SOS mutant envelope protein introduces a covalent disulfide bond between gp120 surface and gp41 transmembrane proteins into the R5 isolate JR-FL by adding cysteines at residues 501 and 605. Pseudovirions bearing this protein bind to CD4 and co-receptor bearing cells, but do not fuse until treatment with a reducing agent, and are arrested prior to fusion after CD4 and co-receptor engagement. IgG1b12 neutralized SOS and WT proteins comparably, and neither IgG1b12 nor the Fab b12 could neutralize well post-attachment, consistent with the notion that the b12 binding site would be blocked upon cellular binding.
Binley2003
-
IgG1b12: IgG1b12 neutralized many South African (5/8) and Malawian (4/8) clade C primary HIV-1 isolates, being more effective than 2F5 which neutralized only two Malawian and no South African isolates. 2G12 did not neutralize any of the 16 isolates.
Bures2002
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12 (b12): NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program: 2640.
-
IgG1b12 (b12): UK Medical Research Council AIDS reagent: ARP3065.
-
IgG1b12: Called b12 -- CD4BS MAbs b12 (neutralizing) and 205-42-15, 204-43-1, 205-46-9 (nonneutralizing) all cross-competed for binding to monomeric gp120, indicating the topological proximity of their epitopes, however, the nonneutralizing CD4BS MAbs did not interfere with the neutralization activity of MAb b12 -- the nonneutralizing MAbs partially competed with b12 for Env binding of the surface of Env-transfected cells -- this suggests Env has two categories of binding site for CD4BS MAbs, one recognized by both b12 and nonneutralizing CD4BS MAbs, the other is recognized by only b12 -- Ab-gp120 interactions based on the use of monomeric gp120 or Env-transfected cells do not predict the outcome of HIV-1 neutralization assays, and they should be interpreted with caution.
Herrera2003
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: Called b12 -- Alanine scanning mutagenesis was used to compare substitutions that affected anti-CD4BS NAb b12 binding to those that affect binding of sCD4 and two non-neutralizing anti-CD4BS Abs b3 and b6 -- while the epitope maps overlapped, there were some differences observed -- binding of CD4 was never enhanced, indicating it had evolved to be optimal -- rec gp120s were engineered to contain combinations of Alanine substitutions that enhanced b12 binding, and while binding of b12 to these gp120 monomers was generally maintained or increased, binding by five non-neutralizing anti-CD4bs MAbs (b3, b6, F105, 15e, and F91) was reduced or completely abolished -- 2G12 binding was largely unperturbed, indicating these proteins were not grossly misfolded -- for twelve mutants, b12 neutralization sensitivity and affinity correlated, but for five mutants neutralization efficiency was maintained or increased despite a decrease in affinity suggesting that the substitutions that influence b12 binding to the monomer are different than those that impact neutralization sensitivity to the trimer.
Pantophlet2003
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: Virion capture assays are not a good predictor of neutralization, and the presentation of epitopes using this assay seems to be different from that of functional Envelope spikes on primary isolates -- F105 and b6 could efficiently block the b12-mediated capture of infectious virions in a virus capture, but did not inhibit b12 neutralization -- b12 was potent at neutralizing the three primary virions JR-CSF, ADA, and 89.6, but anti-V3 Abs 447-52D and 19b, which did not neutralize JR-CSF and ADA captured amounts of p24 equal to or higher than the amounts captured by the neutralizing Ab b12.
Poignard2003
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: Review of NAbs that discusses mechanisms of neutralization, passive transfer of NAbs and protection in animal studies, and vaccine strategies.
Liu2002
(review)
-
IgG1b12: Review of NAbs that notes IgG1b12 is a recombinant IgG1 from a phage displayed Fab generated against gp120 from a B clade infected individual, that it binds the CD4BS, that alone or in combination with other MAbs it can protect some macaques against SHIV infection, and that it has strong ADCC activity.
Ferrantelli2002
(review)
-
IgG1b12: A broad review of NAbs that mentions IgG1b12 as an example of a NAb that does not alter the conformation of gp120, but interferes with CD4 binding.
Klasse2002
(review)
-
IgG1b12: A rare mutation in the neutralization sensitive R2-strain in the proximal limb of the V3 region caused Env to become sensitive to neutralization by MAbs directed against the CD4 binding site (CD4BS), CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes, soluble CD4 (sCD4), and HNS2, a broadly neutralizing sera -- 2/12 anti-V3 MAbs tested (19b and 694/98-D) neutralized R2, as did 2/3 anti-CD4BS MAbs (15e and IgG1b12), 2/2 CD4i MAbs (17b and 4.8D), and 2G12 and 2F5 -- thus multiple epitopes on R2 are functional targets for neutralization and the neutralization sensitivity profile of R2 is intermediate between the highly sensitive MN-TCLA strain and the typically resistant MN-primary strain.
Zhang2002
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: HIV-1 gp160ΔCT (cytoplasmic tail-deleted) proteoliposomes (PLs) containing native, trimeric envelope glycoproteins from R5 strains YU2 and JRFL, and X4 strain HXBc2, were made in a physiologic membrane setting as candidate immunogens for HIV vaccines---2F5 bound to gp160ΔCT with a reconstituted membrane ten-fold better than the same protein on beads---anti-CD4BS MAbs IgG1b12 and F105, A32 (C1-C4), C11 (C1-C5), and 39F (V3) MAbs bound gp160ΔCT PLs indistinguishably from gp160ΔCT expressed on the cell surface---non-neutralizing MAbs C11 and A32 bound with lower affinity than NAb IgG1b12---the MAb 17b was sCD4 inducible on gp160ΔCT PL.
Grundner2002
-
IgG1b12: Truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic domain of X4, R5, and X4R5 viruses forces a conformation that more closely resembles the CD4 bound state of the external Envelope, enhancing binding of CD4i MAbs 17b and 48d and of CD4BS MAbs F105, b12, and in most cases of glycosylation site dependent MAb 2G12 and the anti-gp41 MAb 246D -- in contrast, binding of the anti-V2 MAb 697D and the anti-V3 MAb 694/98D were not affected -- viruses bearing the truncation were more sensitive to neutralization by MAbs 48d, b12, and 2G12 -- the anti-C5 MAb 1331A was used to track levels of cell surface expression of the mutated proteins.
EdwardsBH2002
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: A series of mutational changes were introduced into the YU2 gp120 that favored different conformations -- 375 S/W seems to favor a conformation of gp120 closer to the CD4-bound state, and is readily bound by sCD4 and CD4i MAbs (17b, 48d, 49e, 21c and 23e) but binding of anti-CD4BS MAbs (F105, 15e, IgG1b12, 21h and F91 was markedly reduced -- IgG1b12 failed to neutralize this mutant, while neutralization by 2G12 was enhanced -- 2F5 did not neutralize either WT or mutant, probably due to polymorphism in the YU2 epitope -- another mutant, 423 I/P, disrupted the gp120 bridging sheet, favored a different conformation and did not bind CD4, CCR5, or CD4i antibodies, but did bind to CD4BS MAbs.
Xiang2002
(antibody binding site, neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: Called ARP3065: Herpesvirus saimiri-immortalized CD4+ T lymphocytes (HVS T cells) were used to isolate virus and perform HIV-1 neutralization assays, and compared with a standard PBMC protocol -- neutralization sensitivities to a panel of MAbs and to homologous or heterologous plasma/sera were similar for HVS T cells (CN-2 cells) and PBMCs.
Vella2002
(neutralization)
-
IgG1b12: A modified gp140 (gp140ΔCFI), with C-term mutations intended to mimic a fusion intermediate and stabilize trimer formation, retained antigenic conformational determinants as defined by binding to CD4 and to MAbs 2F5, 2G12, F105, and b12, and enhanced humoral immunity without diminishing the CTL response in mice injected with a DNA vaccine.
Chakrabarti2002
-
IgG1b12: Passive immunization of neonate macaques with a combination of F105+2G12+2F5 conferred complete protection against oral challenge with SHIV-vpu+ or -- the combination b12+2G12+2F5 conferred partial protection against SHIV89.6 -- such combinations may be useful for prophylaxis at birth and against milk born transmission -- the synergistic combination of IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 neutralized a collection of HIV clade C primary isolates.
Xu2002
-
IgG1b12: Alanine scanning mutagenesis used in conjunction with competition and replacement studies of N-linked carbohydrates and sugars suggest that the 2G12 epitope is formed from mannose residues contributed by the glycans attached to N295 and N332, with the other N-linked carbohydrates in positions N339, N386, and N392 playing a role in maintaining conformation relevant to 2G12 binding -- N295A and N332A mutants showed essentially unchanged anti-CD4BS NAb b12 binding affinities, while N339A, N386A and N392A mutants displayed significantly lowered b12 affinity, presumably due to conformational changes.
Scanlan2002
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: The crystal structure of IgG1b12 is resolved and is the first structure of an intact human Ab with an ordered, full length hinge -- the structure is extremely asymmetric and flexible with an antigen-binding site that has an unusually long CDR H3 region with a ten residue insertion that projects above the rest of the antigen-binding site -- this loop may be required for recognition of the recessed CD4 binding site of gp120.
Saphire2002
(antibody binding site, antibody sequence, structure)
-
IgG1b12: Uncleaved soluble gp140 (YU2 strain, R5 primary isolate) can be stabilized in an oligomer by fusion with a C-term trimeric GCN4 motif or using a T4 trimeric motif derived from T4 bacteriophage fibritin---stabilized oligomer gp140Δ683(-FT) showed strong preferential recognition by NAbs IgG1b12 and 2G12 relative to the gp120 monomer, in contrast to poorly neutralizing MAbs F105, F91, 17b, 48d, and 39F which showed reduced levels of binding, and C11, A32, and 30D which did not bind the stabilized oligomer.
Yang2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: Ab binding characteristics of SOS gp140 were tested using SPR and RIPA -- SOS gp140 is gp120-gp41 bound by a disulfide bond -- NAbs 2G12, 2F5, IgG1b12, CD4 inducible 17b, and 19b bound to SOS gp140 better than uncleaved gp140 (gp140unc) and gp120 -- non-neutralizing MAbs 2.2B (binds to gp41 in gp140unc) and 23A (binds gp120) did not bind SOS gp140 -- SOS gp140-2F5-IgG1b12 formed multiple ring structures composed of two SOS gp140 proteins bridged by two Ab molecules, while 2F5 and 2G12 formed extended chains rather than closed rings.
Schulke2002
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: Deglycosylation of gp120 does not significantly affect IG1b12 binding, in contrast to MAb 2G12.
Sanders2002
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: The fusion process was slowed by using a suboptimal temperature (31.5 C) to re-evaluate the potential of Abs targeting fusion intermediates to block HIV entry -- preincubation of E/T cells at 31.5 C enabled polyclonal anti-N-HR Ab and anti-six-helix bundle Abs to inhibit fusion, indicating six-helix bundles form prior to fusion -- the preincubation 31.5 C step did not alter the inhibitory activity of neutralizing Abs anti-gp41 2F5, or anti-gp120 2G12, IG1b12, 48d, and 17b. LANL database note - First author "GoldingH" is distinct from another author found as both "GoldingB" & "Golding" on annotated papers in this database.
GoldingH2002
-
IgG1b12: Oligomeric gp140 (o-gp140) derived from R5 primary isolate US4 was characterized for use as a vaccine reagent -- antigen capture ELISA was used to compare the antigenicity of gp120 and o-gp140 using a panel of well characterized MAbs -- Abs directed against the CD4 binding site (IgGCD4 and IgG1b12) reacted slightly more strongly with the gp120 monomer than with the oligomer, as did sCD4.
Srivastava2002
(antibody binding site, vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: Twenty HIV clade C isolates from five different countries were susceptible to neutralization by anti-clade B MAbs in a synergistic quadruple combination of mAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10.
Xu2001
(subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: A combination of MAbs IgG1b12, 2F5, and 2G12 was given postnatally to four neonates macaques that were then challenged with highly pathogenic SHIV89.6P -- one of the four infants remained uninfected after oral challenge, two infants had no or a delayed CD4(+) T-cell decline -- the most potent combination included IgG1b12, which alone does not alone neutralize SHIV89.6P.
HofmannLehmann2001
(antibody interactions, immunoprophylaxis)
-
IgG1b12: A panel of 12 MAbs was used to identify those that could neutralize the dual-tropic primary isolate HIV-1 89.6 -- six gave significant neutralization at 2 to 10 ug/ml: 2F5, 50-69, IgG1b12, 447-52D, 2G12, and 670-D six did not have neutralizing activity: 654-D, 4.8D, 450-D, 246-D, 98-6, and 1281 -- no synergy, only additive effects were seen for pairwise combinations of MAbs, and antagonism was noted between gp41 M Abs 50-69 and 98-6, as well as 98-6 and 2F5.
Verrier2001
(antibody interactions, co-receptor)
-
IgG1b12: A luciferase-reporter gene-expressing T-cell line was developed to facilitate neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays -- luciferase and p24 antigen neutralization titer end points were found comparable using NAb from sera from HIV+ donors, and MAbs 2F5, 2G12 and IgG1b12.
Spenlehauer2001
(assay or method development)
-
IgG1b12: Neutralizing synergy between MAbs 1b12, 2G12 and 2F5 was studied using surface plasmon resonance to determine the binding kinetics for these three MAbs with respect to monomeric and oligomeric env protein gp160 IIIB -- the 2G12 epitope is highly accessible on both monomeric and oligomeric Envs, 1b12 is highly accessible on monomers but not oligomers, and 2F5 on neither form -- binding of 2G12 exposes the 2F5 epitope on gp160 oligomers.
ZederLutz2001
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: Structural aspects of the interaction of neutralizing Abs with HIV-1 Env are reviewed -- Env essentially has three faces, one is largely inaccessible on the native trimer, and two that exposed but have low immunogenicity on primary viruses -- neutralization is suggested to occur by inhibition of the interaction between gp120 and the target cell membrane receptors as a result of steric hindrance and it is noted that the attachment of approximately 70 IgG molecules per virion is required for neutralization, which is equivalent to about one IgG molecule per spike -- the 2G12, 17b and b12 epitopes are discussed in detail -- the structure of CD4-bound gp120 reveals features that HIV has evolved to escape anti-CD4BS Abs like IgG1b12 despite profound functional constraints -- CD4BS Abs must first access the CD4 binding site, deeply recessed within the gp120 core, and the Fab of an Ab molecule is "wider" than CD4, and in addition the binding site is flanked by variable and glycosylated regions.
Poignard2001
(review, structure)
-
IgG1b12: Intravenous passive transfer of MAb b12 provides dose-dependent protection from infection to macaques vaginally challenged with the R5 virus SHIV(162P4) -- the primary isolate HIV-1SF162 is neutralized 90% (IC90) by b12 at 2 µg/ml, and SHIV162P4, derived from HIV-1SF162, was neutralized by 90% at 2 µg/ml in PHA-activated PBMC from rhesus macaques -- the 90% neutralization titers achieved in three groups of animals that were given 25-, 5-, and 1-mg/kg doses were approximately 1:400, 1:80, and 1:16, respectively -- the half-life of IgG1 b12 in plasma was about 1 week, but while the peak b12 plasma concentration was immediately after the infusion, the peak vaginal fluid concentration was 7-14 days later.
Parren2001a
(immunoprophylaxis, kinetics)
-
IgG1b12: Neutralization synergy between anti-HIV NAbs b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 was studied -- a classic fixed-ratio method was used, as well as a method where one Ab was fixed at a low neutralization titer and the other was varied -- using primary isolates, a two-four fold enhancement of neutralization was observed with MAb pairs, and a ten-fold enhancement with a quadruple Ab combination -- no synergy was observed with any MAb pair in the neutralization of TCLA strain HXB2 -- whole IgG1b12 and b12 Fab fragments behaved similarly in the neutralization assays -- there was no evidence for cooperativity of binding between b12 and 2G12 to envelope spikes expressed on the cell surface of TCLA or primary isolates.
Zwick2001c
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: This paper primarily concerns 4E10 and Z13, MAbs that both bind proximally to the 2F5 binding site to a conserved epitope, and that neutralize some primary isolates from clades B, C, and E -- broadly neutralizing MAbs 2F5, IgG1b12, and 4E10 and Z13 fail to neutralize different subsets of viruses.
Zwick2001b
(subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: b12 recognizes a conformational epitope that overlaps with the CD4 binding site -- a phage displayed peptide library was used to identify a peptide which bound b12, called B2.1, which competes with b12 in competition assays -- B2.1 has significant homology to the D loop of gp120: upper case letters indicate residues B2.1 shares with gp120, heRsymFSDlenrcI -- one of the goals of defining peptide mimics to the b12 epitope is to develop an immunogen that can stimulate b12-like antibodies, but B2.1 cross-linked to phage and ovalbumin bound IgG1b12 did not elicit cross-reactive gp120 Abs in mice or rabbits.
Zwick2001a
(antibody binding site, mimotopes)
-
IgG1b12: Abs against the V3 loop (50.1, 58.2, 59.1, 257-D, 268-D, 447-52D), CD4BS (IgG1b12, 559-64D, F105), CD4i (17b), and to gp41 (2F5, F240) each showed similar binding efficiency to Env derived from related pairs of primary and TCLA lines (primary: 168P and 320SI, and TCLA: 168C and 320SI-C3.3), but the TCLA lines were much more susceptible to neutralization suggesting that the change in TCLA lines that make them more susceptible to NAbs alters some step after binding.
York2001
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: Primary isolates YU2 and ADA are more resistant to IgG1b12 neutralization than HXBc2: 90% Neutralization of HXBc2 is observed with 1.25 ug of IgG1b12, while ADA and YU2 require 2.5 and 5 ug respectively to achieve 50% neutralization, and 90% neutralization could not be achieved with 10 or 20 ug of IgG1b12, respectively.
Yang2001
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: This paper describes the biological implications of the crystal structure of b12 -- a remarkable feature of this antibody is a long protruding finger-like CDR H3 that can dock in the recessed CD4-binding site -- a contact residues in gp120 are modeled, with numbering based on the variable loop-deleted crystal structure of gp120.
Saphire2001b
(structure)
-
IgG1b12: This paper describes the technical aspects of the crystallization of b12 at a resolution of 2.7 angstroms with all 12 Ig domains resolved.
Saphire2001
(structure)
-
IgG1b12: Mutations in two glycosylation sites in the V2 region of HIV-1 ADA at positions 190 and 197 (187 DNTSYRLINCNTS) cause the virus to become CD4-independent and able to enter cells through CCR5 alone -- these same mutations tended to increase the neutralization sensitivity of the virus, except the mutation 197 S/R which resulted in a carbohydrate addition to 195 N that disrupts the IgG1b12 binding site.
Kolchinsky2001
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: SHIV-HXBc2 is a neutralization sensitive non-pathogenic virus, and several in vivo passages through monkey's yielded highly pathogenic SHIV KU-1 -- HXBc2 and the KU-1 clone HXBc2P3.2 differ in 12 amino acids in gp160 -- substitutions in both gp120 and gp41 reduced the ability of sCD4, IgG1b12, F105 and AG1121 to Env achieve saturation and full occupancy, and neutralize KU-1 -- 17b and 2F5 also bound less efficiently to HXBc2P3.2, although 2G12 was able to bind both comparably.
Si2001
-
IgG1b12: Fab b12 was used -- six mutations in MN change the virus from a high-infectivity neutralization resistant phenotype to low-infectivity neutralization sensitive -- V3, CD4BS, and CD4i MAbs are 20-100 fold more efficient at neutralizing the sensitive form -- the mutation L544P reduced binding of all MAbs against gp120 by causing conformational changes.
Park2000
-
IgG1b12: 26 HIV-1 group M isolates (clades A to H) were tested for binding to 47 MAbs, including 6 CD4BS MAbs -- CD4BS MAbs bound consistently to most isolates of clade D, but poorly to isolates of other clades with the exception of broadly reactive MAb IgG1b12, binding to 22 of 26 isolates tested -- 8 MAbs were tested for neutralization and MAb IgG1b12 was most potent, with 90% neutralization of 3/5 isolates tested.
Nyambi2000
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: SF162 is a neutralization-resistant HIV-1 isolate -- N-linked glycosylation modifications in the V2 loop of the SF162 gp120 revealed that these sites prevent neutralization by CD4BS MAbs (IgG1b12 and IgGCD4), and protect against neutralization by V3 MAbs (447-D and 391-95D) -- V2-region glycosylation site mutations did not enhance neutralization resistance to V2 MAbs (G3.4 and G3.136) or CD4i MAbs (17b and 48d) -- V2 glycosylation site modification allows increased infection of macrophages, probably due to glycosylated forms requiring fewer CCR5 molecules for viral entry.
Ly2000
(escape)
-
IgG1b12: To determine the antigenicity of virus killed by thermal and chemical inactivation, retention of conformation-dependent neutralization epitopes was examined, and exposure of CD4BS epitopes was found to be enhanced (MAbs IgG1b12, 205-46-9, and 205-43-1) -- binding to 2G12 and 447-52D epitopes was essentially unaltered -- the 17b CD4i epitope was also exposed.
Grovit-Ferbas2000
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: The MAbs with the broadest neutralizing activity, IgG1b12, 2G12 and 2F5, all have high affinity for the native trimer, indicating that they were raised in an immune response to the oligomer on the virion surface rather than dissociated subunits -- a disulfide linked gp120-gp41 (SOS gp140) was created by introducing A501C and T605C mutations to mimic the native conformation of Env and explore its potential as an immunogen -- SOS gp140 is recognized by NAbs IgG1b12, 2G12, and CD4-IgG2, and also by anti-V3 MAbs 19b and 83.1 -- SOSgp140 is not recognized by C4 region MAbs that neutralize only TCLA strains, G3-42 and G3-519 -- nor did it bind C11, 23A, and M90, MAbs that bind to gp120 C1 and C5, where it interacts with gp41 -- MAbs that bind CD4 inducible epitopes, 17b and A32 were very strongly induced by CD4 in SOS gp140 -- anti-gp41 MAbs that bind in the region that interacts with gp120, 7B2, 2.2B, T4, T15G1 and 4D4, did not bind to SOSgp140, in contrast to 2F5, which binds to the only gp41 epitope that is well exposed in native gp120-gp41 complexes.
Binley2000
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: Hu-PBL-SCID mice were infected with HIV-1s JRCSF and SF162 to study the effect of NAbs on an established infection -- at day 6 post infection, mice were given 50 mg/kg of b12, an amount that would have been protective if given up to 8 hours post-infection, and 100-fold higher than the amount required for 90% neutralization in vitro -- no significant differences in the initial rate of decrease in viral load or the plateau levels of viral RNA between the b12 treated and control mice were seen -- in most of the Ab treated mice escape mutants were observed with varying patterns of mutations -- a combination of b12, 2G12 and 2F5 protected 1/3 mice, and an isolate from one of the other two was resistant to neutralization by all three MAbs.
Poignard1999
(escape, immunotherapy)
-
IgG1b12: does not inhibit attachment of virus to cells and was used as a control of a study of neutralization by a MAb F58 based micro antibody.
Jackson1999
-
IgG1b12: A meeting summary presented results regarding neutralization -- D. Burton and J. Mascola presented results concerning passive immunization and protection of hu-PBL-SCID mice and macaques, respectively, and both found combinations of MAbs that were able to achieve 99% neutralization in vitro corresponded to efficacy in vivo.
Montefiori1999
(review)
-
IgG1b12: rgp120 derived from a R5X4 subtype B virus was used to vaccinate healthy volunteers and the resulting sera were compared with sera from HIV-1 positive subjects and neutralizing MAbs -- TCLA strains showed enhanced IgG1b12 neutralization sensitivity relative to PBMC-adapted lines -- IgG1b12 was able to bind, with low affinity, to the rgp120 monomer HIV-1 W61D.
Beddows1999
(co-receptor)
-
IgG1b12: The presence of leukocyte function-associated molecule 1 (LFA-1) promotes virus infectivity and hinders neutralization, and anti-LFA-1 MAbs can enhance the neutralizing effect of anti-HIV V3 MAb 447-52D and anti-HIV CD4BS MAb IgG1b12 -- non-neutralizing anti-HIV CD4BS MAb 654-D did not become neutralizing in the presence of anti-LFA-1 MAbs.
Hioe1999
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: Infection of dendritic cells cultured from CD14+ blood cells or from cadaveric human skin was blocked by neutralizing MAbs IgG1b12, or 2F5 and 2G12 delivered together, but not by control non-neutralizing anti-gp120 MAb 4.8D, indicating that NAbs could interrupt early mucosal transmission events.
Frankel1998
(antibody interactions, genital and mucosal immunity)
-
IgG1b12: Deleting the V2 loop of neutralization-resistant HIV-1 isolate SF162 does not abrogate its replication in PBMC or macrophages, but it enhances its neutralization sensitivity to sera from patients with B clade infection up to 170-fold, and also enhances sensitivity to sera from clades A through F -- deletion of V2, but not V1, diminished neutralization by CD4BS MAb IgG1b12, in contrast to 654.30D and IgGCD4.
Stamatatos1998
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: anti-C1 region MAb 87-135/9 blocks gp120 interaction with CD4+ cells -- blocking activity is additive when combined with antibodies which bind in the C4 region of gp120 (F105, 388/389, and b12).
Kropelin1998
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: Fab b12 -- the HIV-1 virus YU2 entry can be enhanced by MAbs binding to the CD4BS, V3 loop, and CD4i epitopes -- the activation for this enhanced entry state could be conferred on HxB2 by introducing the YU2 V3 loop, or the YU2 V3 and V1/V2 loops -- a similar effect is observed by sub-neutralizing concentrations of sCD4 and the effect is dependent of CCR5 -- Fab fragment b12 also enhances YU2 entry, ruling out Fc interactions or Env cross-linking as a mechanism, while neutralizing HXBc2.
Sullivan1998b
-
IgG1b12: MAbs 654-D100 and IgG1b12 neutralized viruses HIV-BRU and a mutated virus that lacks the V3 loop glycan equally effectively -- in contrast, sera from guinea pigs immunized with BRU gp120 neutralize viruses more effectively that lack the V3 glycan.
Schonning1998
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: Immunoprecipitation of gp120 and gp160 expressed from a rec Semliki Forest virus by F105 and IgG1b12 indicated that the SFV expressed HIV-1 Env was folded appropriately -- and SVF-HIV-1 Env vaccine gave the strongest anti-HIV-1 Env response in mice, when compared to an HIV-1 Env DNA vaccine and a rgp160 protein.
Brand1998
(vaccine antigen design)
-
IgG1b12: MAbs 2G12, 2F5 and b12 are broadly neutralizing, as are some human polyconal sera, but this paper describes a set of primary isolates that are resistant to all three MAbs and 2 broadly neutralizing sera -- results indicate that resistance levels of pediatric isolates might be higher than adult isolates -- resistance in general did not seem to be conferred by a loss of binding affinity for gp120 or gp41, rather by a more global perturbation of oligomeric Envelope.
Parren1998a
(variant cross-reactivity, responses in children)
-
IgG1b12: Induces Complement-mediated lysis in MN but not primary isolates -- primary isolates are refractive to CML.
Takefman1998
(complement)
-
IgG1b12: Binds JRSF oligomer with high affinity, as do 205-46-9 and 2G6, but IgG1b12 is neutralizing, the other two are not -- conclusions of this paper contrast with Parren98 -- authors propose a model where 205-46-9 and 2G6 may inhibit CD4 binding, but cause a conformational shift which enhances CCR5 binding and thus counteracts the neutralizing effect -- rank order of CD4BS antibodies oligomer binding is IgG1b12 = 2G6 = 205-46-9 > 205-43-1 = 205-42-15 > 15e = 21h = F91, and the only thing notably distinguishing about neutralizing IgG1b12 is that it depends on residues in V2.
Fouts1998
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: A panel of MAbs were shown to bind with similar or greater affinity and similar competition profiles to a deglycosylated or variable loop deleted core gp120 protein (Delta V1, V2, and V3), thus such a core protein produces a structure closely approximating full length folded monomer -- CD4BS MAbs 15e, F91 and IgG1b12 bound better to the deleted protein than to wild type.
Binley1998
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: Ab from gp120 vaccinated individuals prior to infection, who subsequently became HIV infected, could not achieve 90% neutralization of the primary virus by which the individuals were ultimately infected -- these viruses were not particularly refractive to neutralization, as determined by their susceptibility to neutralization by MAbs 2G12, IgG1b12, 2F5 and 447-52D.
Connor1998
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: IgG1b12, Fab b12 and 3B3 derived from b12 were all included in this study -- the rank order of Fab binding affinity to monomeric gp120 (Loop 2 > 3B3 > b12 = DO8i > b11 > b3 > b14 > b13 > DO142-10 > DA48 > L17) was markedly different than Fab binding affinity to the mature oligomeric form (3B3 > b12 > DO142-10 > Loop 2 > b11 > L17 > b6 > DO8i > b14 > DA48 > b3 > b13) and binding to oligomeric form and neutralization were correlated for both Fabs and MAbs -- authors suggest that neutralization is determined by the fraction of Ab sites occupied on a virion irrespective of the epitope -- binding affinity of divalent IgG1b12 is 17-fold greater than monovalent Fab b12.
Parren1998
(binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: Enhances binding of Hx10 to CD4 positive or negative HeLa cells, inhibits binding to CD4+ T-cell line A3.01 -- neutralizes HeLa and A3.01 cell Hx10 infection.
Mondor1998
-
IgG1b12: Summary of the implications of the crystal structure of the core of gp120 bound to CD4 and 17b with what is known about mutations that reduce NAb binding -- probable mechanism of neutralization by CD4BS Ab is direct interference with CD4 binding -- IgG1b12 is an unusual CD4BS antibody because it is particularly potent as a neutralizing antibody and it is susceptible to changes in the V1-V2 stem loop structure, and so it may disrupt an interaction between CD4 and conserved amino acids on the V1-V2 stem.
Wyatt1998
(structure)
-
IgG1b12: MAb was slightly more efficient at neutralization than Fab -- inhibits viral binding to cells and viral entry -- doesn't affect CD4-independent binding to T-cells.
Valenzuela1998
-
IgG1b12: Fab b12 is unusual in that it binds to gp140 and monomeric gp120 with similar affinities, and with a higher affinity to the native oligomer---authors propose this antibody may be exceptional because it binds the virus rather than viral debris---IgG1b12 can protect against infection prior to or shortly after challenge of hu-PBL-SCID mice with TCLA strains and primary strains, but the serum concentrations required in vivo were higher than for in vitro neutralization.
Parren1997a,Parren1997
(antibody binding site, immunoprophylaxis)
-
IgG1b12: Abs that recognize discontinuous epitopes can identify mimotopes from a phage peptide display library -- IgG1b12 blocks CD4 binding and is the most potent neutralizing Ab -- many 15 and 21-mer phage inserts were recognized, but it was not possible to derive a consensus -- common features were a W and at least one acidic residue, and one sequence was found multiple times: NWPRWWEEFVDKHSS, and this peptide could compete with gp120 -- two short stretches found in the phage peptides might mimic gp120 components of the epitope: positions 382-384, FFY(I), and 423-426 I(FV)I(V)NM.
Boots1997
(mimotopes)
-
IgG1b12: In this review, the technique and potential application of Fab expression and selection in phage display libraries, and subsequent production of IgG molecules is discussed -- b12 is exceptionally potent at neutralization and can successfully neutralize most B clade primary isolates, and many isolates from other subtypes as well -- 3B3 was derived from b12 by selection for higher affinity using the CDR walking strategy -- 3B3 has 8-fold enhancement of binding, a linear correlation was found between neutralization and affinity, and 3B3 can neutralize strains b12 cannot.
Parren1997c
(binding affinity, review)
-
IgG1b12: This is a review that includes a description of IgG1b12, noting approximately equivalent affinities for sgp120 and unprocessed gp160, and somewhat enhanced affinity for the native oligomer on TCLA viruses -- primary viruses have reduced affinity, but still in the useful range for neutralization -- there can be complete protection in hu-PBL-SCID mice with Ab even when administered several hours after viral challenge -- competes with sCD4, but unlike other CD4BS antibodies, it is sensitive to mutations in V2.
Burton1997
(review)
-
IgG1b12: Major deletions in C1 and C5 and deletions of the V1V2 and V3 loops do not diminish binding.
Wyatt1997
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: Viral binding inhibition by IgG1b12 strongly correlated with neutralization (all other neutralizing MAbs tested showed some correlation except 2F5).
Ugolini1997
-
IgG1b12: Review: MAbs 2F5, 2G12 and IgG1b12 have potential for use in combination with CD4-IgG2 as an immunotherapeutic or immunoprophylactic -- homologous MAbs to these are rare in humans and vaccine strategies should consider including constructs that may enhance exposure of these MAbs' epitopes.
Moore1997
(review)
-
IgG1b12: 35 primary isolates were tested and all were neutralized by IgG1b12 (including 4, UG270, RW92/026, ZB20, and 301727 which been had reported as not neutralized by IgG1b12 Trkola1995a) -- IgG1b12 could neutralize even when added after the virus to the culture -- selection for 400-fold increased affinity did not enhance neutralization by antibody -- IgG1b12 was more potent with greater breadth than MAb 2F5 Kessler1997.
Trkola1995a,Kessler1997
(variant cross-reactivity, subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: b12 was used in its IgG1 form -- of 14 human MAbs, the most potent neutralizer of SHIV-vpu+, which expressed HIV-1 IIIB env -- all Ab combinations tested showed synergistic neutralization -- b12 has a synergistic response with MAbs 694/98-D (anti-V3), 2F5, and 2G12.
Li1997
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: Study shows neutralization is not predicted by MAb binding to JRFL monomeric gp120, but is associated with oligomeric Env binding -- IgG1b12 bound monomer, oligomer, and neutralized JRFL.
Fouts1997
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: JRCSF was cultured in the presence of IgG1b12 until a 100-fold resistance to neutralization was selected -- resistance was due to three changes: V2 substitution D182N and C3 substitution P365L conferred resistance, and V2 D164N was also required for a viable virus -- IgG1b12 resistant virus remained sensitive to MAbs 2G12 and 2F5.
Mo1997
(escape)
-
IgG1b12: Inhibited some SI- and NSI-env chimeric viruses but enhanced one NSI-env chimeric virus 3 fold.
Schutten1997
(enhancing activity, variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: In a multilab evaluation of monoclonal antibodies, only IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5 could neutralize at least half of the 9 primary test isolates at a concentration of < 25 mug per ml for 90% viral inhibition -- IgG1b12 failed to neutralize only 1/9 primary isolates, although there was some variation between test sites.
DSouza1997
(assay or method development, variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: Review: Only four epitopes have been described which can stimulate a useful neutralizing response to a broad spectrum of primary isolates, represented by the binding sites of MAbs: 447-52-D, 2G12, Fab b12, and 2F5.
Sattentau1996
(review)
-
IgG1b12: Neutralizes JR-FL -- inhibits gp120 interaction with CCR-5 in a MIP-1beta-CCR-5 competition study.
Trkola1996b
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: Anti-CD4BS MAbs 15e, 21h, and IgG1b12 did not cause gp120 dissociation from virus, or exposure of the gp41 epitope of MAb 50-69, in contrast to CD4i MAb 48d and anti-V3 neutralizing MAbs.
Poignard1996b
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: Review: Unique among anti-CD4BS MAbs in terms of being potent against both lab adapted virus and primary isolates -- one of three MAbs (IgG1b12, 2G12, and 2F5) generally accepted as having significant potency against primary isolates.
Poignard1996
(review)
-
IgG1b12: Potent neutralizing ex vivo of virus taken directly from plasma of HIV-1 infected individuals -- little correlation between neutralization sensitivity of passaged virus and plasma derived virus -- more effective than MAb 19b.
Gauduin1996
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: Saturation mutagenesis of the complementarity-determining region and optimization strategies were used to create very high affinity versions of this Fab -- increased affinity was dominated by a slowing of the off rate.
Yang1995
(binding affinity)
-
IgG1b12: Fab b12 showed potent neutralization of T-cell-line-adapted strains, but much reduced neutralization of 3 primary isolates -- 2 of the 3 primary isolates also had reduced binding affinity, but the third was as efficiently immunoprecipitated as HXBc2.
Sullivan1995
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: Because Fab b12 shows reduction in binding when the V2 loop is deleted and when aa 183/184 PI/SG substitutions are made competition studies were done with Fab L78 and anti-V2 MAbs SC258 and 684-238 and they do not compete with IgG1b12.
Ditzel1995
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: Could potently neutralize primary isolates from within clade B, but showed a slight reduction in efficacy outside of clade B.
Trkola1995a
(subtype comparisons)
-
IgG1b12: Review: unusual properties for anti-CD4 BS MAb: sensitive to V2 substitutions, preferential recognition of the oligomer on the cell surface.
Moore1995c
(review)
-
IgG1b12: Called BM12 -- broad cross-clade neutralization of primary isolates -- additive neutralization in combination with MAb 2F5.
Kessler1995
(antibody interactions)
-
IgG1b12: Complete protection against HIV-1 infection was achieved in hu-PBL-SCID mice by passive immunization with physiologically relevant doses -- pharmacokinetics showed serum half-life of 30.2 +/- 1.3 hours for Fab b12 and 7.4 +/- 0.7 days for IgG1 b12 in mice, but IgG1 half-lives in human are generally between 21-23 days.
Parren1995,Parren1997c
(immunoprophylaxis)
-
IgG1b12: Anti-CD4 binding site MAb -- very potent neutralization of a number of primary isolates.
Moore1995b
-
IgG1b12: Formalin inactivation of virus at 0.1% formalin for 10 hours at 4 degrees was optimal for inactivation of virus while maintaining epitope integrity.
Sattentau1995
-
IgG1b12: Cross-reactive with some gp120s, (but not all), from clades A-D -- not reactive with gp120 from clades E or F.
Moore1994b
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: Very potent neutralization, of primary and lab strains, at concentrations that could be achieved by passive immunization -- reduced binding with A,C, and D clade viruses relative to B clade, poor reactivity with E clade -- isolates that were refractive to neutralization by sera from HIV-1+ donors could be neutralized by IgG1 b12.
Burton1994
(variant cross-reactivity)
-
IgG1b12: Anti-CD4 binding site Fab, potent neutralizing activity, greater affinity for a subpopulation of gp120 molecules suggested to be in a mature confirmation -- mutations in gp120 that abrogate binding: 368 D/R or D/T, 370 E/R, and 477 D/V, of clone HXBc2 of LAI -- sensitive to V1 and V2 substitutions.
Roben1994
(antibody binding site)
-
IgG1b12: The original Fab b12 was derived from IgG1b12, which was derived from a combinatorial phage library from bone marrow of an HIV-1 positive individual who had been asymptomatic for six years. It was subsequently sequenced by Barbas1993. Fab 3B3 was derived from Fab b12 by random mutagenesis and selected for increased affinity to sgp120.
Burton1991,Barbas1993
(antibody generation)
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J. Albert, F. Chiodi, and E. M. Fenyö. Introduction: HIV Neutralizing Antibodies: Relevance to Pathogenesis and Vaccines. J. Intern. Med., 262(1):2-4, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17598811.
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Alexandre2011
Kabamba Bankoledi Alexandre, Elin S. Gray, Ralph Pantophlet, Penny L. Moore, James B. McMahon, Ereck Chakauya, Barry R. O'Keefe, Rachel Chikwamba, and Lynn Morris. Binding of the Mannose-Specific Lectin, Griffithsin, to HIV-1 gp120 Exposes the CD4-Binding Site. J. Virol., 85(17):9039-9050, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21697467.
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Astronomo2016
Rena D. Astronomo, Sampa Santra, Lamar Ballweber-Fleming, Katharine G. Westerberg, Linh Mach, Tiffany Hensley-McBain, Laura Sutherland, Benjamin Mildenberg, Georgeanna Morton, Nicole L. Yates, Gregory J. Mize, Justin Pollara, Florian Hladik, Christina Ochsenbauer, Thomas N. Denny, Ranjit Warrier, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Sorachai Nitayapan, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Guido Ferrari, George M. Shaw, Shi-Mao Xia, Hua-Xin Liao, David C. Montefiori, Georgia D. Tomaras, Barton F. Haynes, and Juliana M. McElrath. Neutralization Takes Precedence Over IgG or IgA Isotype-related Functions in Mucosal HIV-1 Antibody-mediated Protection. EBioMedicine, 14:97-111, Dec 2016. PubMed ID: 27919754.
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Baan2013
Elly Baan, Anthony de Ronde, Martijn Stax, Rogier W. Sanders, Stanley Luchters, Joseph Vyankandondera, Joep M. Lange, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. HIV-1 Autologous Antibody Neutralization Associates with Mother to Child Transmission. PLoS One, 8(7):e69274, 2013. PubMed ID: 23874931.
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Babaahmady2008
Kaboutar Babaahmady, Lesley A. Bergmeier, and Thomas Lehner. Combining Human Antisera to Human Leukocyte Antigens, HIVgp120 and 70 kDa Heat Shock Protein Results in Broadly Neutralizing Activity to HIV-1. AIDS, 22(11):1267-1276, 11 Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18580605.
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Balazs2013
Alejandro B. Balazs and Anthony P. West, Jr. Antibody Gene Transfer for HIV Immunoprophylaxis. Nat. Immunol., 14(1):1-5, Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23238748.
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Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh2013
Sunita S. Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh, Davide Corti, Leo Heyndrickx, Elisabeth Willems, Katleen Vereecken, David Davis, and Guido Vanham. The N276 Glycosylation Site Is Required for HIV-1 Neutralization by the CD4 Binding Site Specific HJ16 Monoclonal Antibody. PLoS One, 8(7):e68863, 2013. PubMed ID: 23874792.
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Banerjee2009
Kaustuv Banerjee, Sofija Andjelic, Per Johan Klasse, Yun Kang, Rogier W. Sanders, Elizabeth Michael, Robert J. Durso, Thomas J. Ketas, William C. Olson, and John P. Moore. Enzymatic Removal of Mannose Moieties Can Increase the Immune Response to HIV-1 gp120 In Vivo. Virology, 389(1-2):108-121, 20 Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19410272.
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Barbas1992
C. F. Barbas III, E. Bjorling, F. Chiodi, N. Dunlop, D. Cababa, T. M. Jones, S. L. Zebedee, M. A. Persson, P. A. Nara, E. Norrby, and et. al. Recombinant human Fab fragments neutralize human type 1 immunodeficiency virus in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89:9339-9343, 1992. PubMed ID: 1384050.
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Barbas1993
C. F. Barbas III, T. A. Collet, P. Roben, J. Binley, W. Amberg, D. Hoekstra, D. Cabana, T. M. Jones, R. A. Williamson, G. R. Pilkington, N. L. Haigwood, A. C. Satterthwait, I. Sanz, and D. R. Burton. Molecular profile of an antibody response to HIV-1 as probed by combinatorial libraries. J. Mol. Biol., 230:812-823, 1993. PubMed ID: 8478936.
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Barbas1994
Carlos F. Barbas, III, Dana Hu, Nancy Dunlop, Lynette Sawyer, Doug Cababa, R. Michael Hendry, Peter L. Nara, and Dennis R. Burton. In Vitro Evolution of a Neutralizing Human Antibody to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 to Enhance Affinity and Broaden Strain Cross-Reactivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91(9):3809-3813, 26 Apr 1994. PubMed ID: 8170992.
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Barouch2013a
Dan H. Barouch, James B. Whitney, Brian Moldt, Florian Klein, Thiago Y. Oliveira, Jinyan Liu, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Hui-Wen Chang, Karthik Shekhar, Sanjana Gupta, Joseph P. Nkolola, Michael S. Seaman, Kaitlin M. Smith, Erica N. Borducchi, Crystal Cabral, Jeffrey Y. Smith, Stephen Blackmore, Srisowmya Sanisetty, James R. Perry, Matthew Beck, Mark G. Lewis, William Rinaldi, Arup K. Chakraborty, Pascal Poignard, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Dennis R. Burton. Therapeutic Efficacy of Potent Neutralizing HIV-1-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies in SHIV-Infected Rhesus Monkeys. Nature, 503(7475):224-228, 14 Nov 2013. PubMed ID: 24172905.
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Baum2010
Linda L. Baum. Role of Humoral Immunity in Host Defense Against HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep, 7(1):11-18, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 20425053.
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Beauparlant2017
David Beauparlant, Peter Rusert, Carsten Magnus, Claus Kadelka, Jacqueline Weber, Therese Uhr, Osvaldo Zagordi, Corinna Oberle, Maria J. Duenas-Decamp, Paul R. Clapham, Karin J. Metzner, Huldrych F. Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. Delineating CD4 Dependency of HIV-1: Adaptation to Infect Low Level CD4 Expressing Target Cells Widens Cellular Tropism But Severely Impacts on Envelope Functionality. PLoS Pathog., 13(3):e1006255, Mar 2017. PubMed ID: 28264054.
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Beck2011
Zoltan Beck, Bruce K. Brown, Gary R. Matyas, Victoria R. Polonis, Mangala Rao, and Carl R. Alving. Infection of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Erythrocyte-Bound HIV-1: Effects of Antibodies and Complement. Virology, 412(2):441-447, 10 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21334707.
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Beddows1999
S. Beddows, S. Lister, R. Cheingsong, C. Bruck, and J. Weber. Comparison of the Antibody Repertoire Generated in Healthy Volunteers following Immunization with a Monomeric Recombinant gp120 Construct Derived from a CCR5/CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate with Sera from Naturally Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 73:1740-1745, 1999. PubMed ID: 9882391.
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Beddows2005a
Simon Beddows, Natalie N. Zheng, Carolina Herrera, Elizabeth Michael, Kelly Barnes, John P. Moore, Rod S. Daniels, and Jonathan N. Weber. Neutralization Sensitivity of HIV-1 Env-Pseudotyped Virus Clones is Determined by Co-Operativity between Mutations Which Modulate the CD4-Binding Site and Those That Affect gp120-gp41 Stability. Virology, 337(1):136-148, 20 Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15914227.
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Beddows2007
Simon Beddows, Michael Franti, Antu K. Dey, Marc Kirschner, Sai Prasad N. Iyer, Danielle C. Fisch, Thomas Ketas, Eloisa Yuste, Ronald C. Desrosiers, Per Johan Klasse, Paul J. Maddon, William C. Olson, and John P. Moore. A Comparative Immunogenicity Study in Rabbits of Disulfide-Stabilized, Proteolytically Cleaved, Soluble Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp140, Trimeric Cleavage-Defective gp140 and Monomeric gp120. Virology, 360(2):329-340, 10 Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17126869.
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Belanger2010
Julie M. Belanger, Yossef Raviv, Mathias Viard, Michael Jason de la Cruz, Kunio Nagashima, and Robert Blumenthal. Characterization of the Effects of Aryl-Azido Compounds and UVA Irradiation on the Viral Proteins and Infectivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Photochem. Photobiol., 86(5):1099-1108, Sep-Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20630026.
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Berkower2008
Ira Berkower, Chiraag Patel, Yisheng Ni, Konstantin Virnik, Zhexin Xiang, and Angelo Spadaccini. Targeted Deletion in the beta20--beta21 Loop of HIV Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Exposes the CD4 Binding Site for Antibody Binding. Virology, 377(2):330-338, 1 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18519142.
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Berro2009
Reem Berro, Rogier W. Sanders, Min Lu, Per J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. Two HIV-1 Variants Resistant to Small Molecule CCR5 Inhibitors Differ in How They Use CCR5 for Entry. PLoS Pathog., 5(8):e1000548, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19680536.
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Bhattacharyya2010
Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Roshan Elizabeth Rajan, Yalla Swarupa, Ujjwal Rathore, Anjali Verma, Ranga Udaykumar, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Design of a Non-Glycosylated Outer Domain-Derived HIV-1 gp120 Immunogen That Binds to CD4 and Induces Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Biol. Chem., 285(35):27100-27110, 27 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20558728.
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Bianchi2010
Elisabetta Bianchi, Joseph G. Joyce, Michael D. Miller, Adam C. Finnefrock, Xiaoping Liang, Marco Finotto, Paolo Ingallinella, Philip McKenna, Michael Citron, Elizabeth Ottinger, Robert W. Hepler, Renee Hrin, Deborah Nahas, Chengwei Wu, David Montefiori, John W. Shiver, Antonello Pessi, and Peter S. Kim. Vaccination with Peptide Mimetics of the gp41 Prehairpin Fusion Intermediate Yields Neutralizing Antisera against HIV-1 Isolates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(23):10655-10660, 8 Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20483992.
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Billington2007
J. Billington, T. P. Hickling, G. H. Munro, C. Halai, R. Chung, G. G. Dodson, and R. S. Daniels. Stability of a Receptor-Binding Active Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Recombinant gp140 Trimer Conferred by Intermonomer Disulfide Bonding of the V3 Loop: Differential Effects of Protein Disulfide Isomerase on CD4 and Coreceptor Binding. J. Virol., 81(9):4604-4614, May 2007. PubMed ID: 17301129.
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Binley1998
J. M. Binley, R. Wyatt, E. Desjardins, P. D. Kwong, W. Hendrickson, J. P. Moore, and J. Sodroski. Analysis of the Interaction of Antibodies with a Conserved Enzymatically Deglycosylated Core of the HIV Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein 120. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:191-198, 1998. This paper helped showed the biological relevance of a deglycosylated variable loop deleted form of the core gp120. PubMed ID: 9491908.
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Binley2000
J. Binley, R. Sanders, B. Clas, N. Schuelke, A. Master, Y. Guo, F. Kajumo, D. Anselma, P. Maddon, W. Olson, and J. Moore. A Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein complex stabilized by an intramolecular disulfide bond between the gp120 and gp41 subunits is an antigenic mimic of the trimeric virion associated structure. J. Virol., 74:627-43, 1999. PubMed ID: 10623724.
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Binley2003
James M. Binley, Charmagne S. Cayanan, Cheryl Wiley, Norbert Schülke, William C. Olson, and Dennis R. Burton. Redox-Triggered Infection by Disulfide-Shackled Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pseudovirions. J. Virol., 77(10):5678-5684, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12719560.
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Binley2004
James M. Binley, Terri Wrin, Bette Korber, Michael B. Zwick, Meng Wang, Colombe Chappey, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Hermann Katinger, Christos J. Petropoulos, and Dennis R. Burton. Comprehensive Cross-Clade Neutralization Analysis of a Panel of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 78(23):13232-13252, Dec 2004. PubMed ID: 15542675.
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Binley2006
James M. Binley, Stacie Ngo-Abdalla, Penny Moore, Michael Bobardt, Udayan Chatterji, Philippe Gallay, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, John H. Elder, and Aymeric de Parseval. Inhibition of HIV Env Binding to Cellular Receptors by Monoclonal Antibody 2G12 as Probed by Fc-Tagged gp120. Retrovirology, 3:39, 2006. PubMed ID: 16817962.
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Binley2008
James M. Binley, Elizabeth A. Lybarger, Emma T. Crooks, Michael S. Seaman, Elin Gray, Katie L. Davis, Julie M. Decker, Diane Wycuff, Linda Harris, Natalie Hawkins, Blake Wood, Cory Nathe, Douglas Richman, Georgia D. Tomaras, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, James E. Robinson, Lynn Morris, George M. Shaw, David C. Montefiori, and John R. Mascola. Profiling the Specificity of Neutralizing Antibodies in a Large Panel of Plasmas from Patients Chronically Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes B and C. J. Virol., 82(23):11651-11668, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18815292.
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Binley2009
James Binley. Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Sera. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):364-372, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048699.
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Binley2010
James M Binley, Yih-En Andrew Ban, Emma T. Crooks, Dirk Eggink, Keiko Osawa, William R. Schief, and Rogier W. Sanders. Role of Complex Carbohydrates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Resistance to Antibody Neutralization. J. Virol., 84(11):5637-5655, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20335257.
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Biorn2004
Alyssa C. Biorn, Simon Cocklin, Navid Madani, Zhihai Si, Tijana Ivanovic, James Samanen, Donald I. Van Ryk, Ralph Pantophlet, Dennis R. Burton, Ernesto Freire, Joseph Sodroski, and Irwin M. Chaiken. Mode of Action for Linear Peptide Inhibitors of HIV-1 gp120 Interactions. Biochemistry, 43(7):1928-1938, 24 Feb 2004. PubMed ID: 14967033.
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Blay2007
Wendy M. Blay, Theresa Kasprzyk, Lynda Misher, Barbra A. Richardson, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Mutations in Envelope gp120 Can Impact Proteolytic Processing of the gp160 Precursor and Thereby Affect Neutralization Sensitivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pseudoviruses. J. Virol., 81(23):13037-13049, Dec 2007. PubMed ID: 17855534.
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Blish2007
Catherine A. Blish, Wendy M. Blay, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Julie Overbaugh. Transmission of HIV-1 in the Face of Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):578-587, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045114.
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Blish2008
Catherine A Blish, Minh-An Nguyen, and Julie Overbaugh. Enhancing Exposure of HIV-1 Neutralization Epitopes through Mutations in gp41. PLoS Med., 5(1):e9, 3 Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18177204.
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Blish2009
Catherine A. Blish, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Stephanie Rainwater, Minh-An Nguyen, Ozge C. Dogan, and Julie Overbaugh. Cross-Subtype Neutralization Sensitivity Despite Monoclonal Antibody Resistance among Early Subtype A, C, and D Envelope Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 83(15):7783-7788, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19474105.
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Bontjer2009
Ilja Bontjer, Aafke Land, Dirk Eggink, Erwin Verkade, Kiki Tuin, Chris Baldwin, Georgios Pollakis, William A. Paxton, Ineke Braakman, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Optimization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins with V1/V2 Deleted, Using Virus Evolution. J. Virol., 83(1):368-383, Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 18922866.
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Bontjer2010
Ilja Bontjer, Mark Melchers, Dirk Eggink, Kathryn David, John P. Moore, Ben Berkhout, and Rogier W. Sanders. Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers Lacking the V1V2 Domain, Obtained by Virus Evolution. J. Biol. Chem, 285(47):36456-36470, 19 Nov 2010. PubMed ID: 20826824.
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Boots1997
L. J. Boots, P. M. McKenna, B. A. Arnold, P. M. Keller, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, J. E. Robinson, and A. J. Conley. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 human monoclonal antibodies that bind discontinuous epitopes in the viral glycoproteins can identify mimotopes from recombinant phage peptide display libraries. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:1549-59, 1997. PubMed ID: 9430247.
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Borggren2011
Marie Borggren, Johanna Repits, Jasminka Sterjovski, Hannes Uchtenhagen, Melissa J. Churchill, Anders Karlsson, Jan Albert, Adnane Achour, Paul R. Gorry, Eva Maria Fenyö, and Marianne Jansson. Increased Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies of End-Stage Disease R5 HIV-1 Correlates with Evolution in Env Glycosylation and Charge. PLoS One, 6(6):e20135, 2011. PubMed ID: 21698221.
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Bosch2009
Valerie Bosch, Tanya Pfeiffer, Gerard Devitt, Ina Allespach, Thomas Ebensen, Vanessa Emerson, Carlos A. Guzman, and Oliver T. Keppler. HIV Pseudovirion Vaccine Exposing Env ``fusion intermediates''---Response to Immunisation in Human CD4/CCR5-Transgenic Rats. Vaccine, 27(16):2202-2212, 6 Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19428834.
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Bouvin-Pley2014
M. Bouvin-Pley, M. Morgand, L. Meyer, C. Goujard, A. Moreau, H. Mouquet, M. Nussenzweig, C. Pace, D. Ho, P. J. Bjorkman, D. Baty, P. Chames, M. Pancera, P. D. Kwong, P. Poignard, F. Barin, and M. Braibant. Drift of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 Toward Increased Neutralization Resistance over the Course of the Epidemic: A Comprehensive Study Using the Most Potent and Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(23):13910-13917, Dec 2014. PubMed ID: 25231299.
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Bowley2007
D. R. Bowley, A. F. Labrijn, M. B. Zwick, and D. R. Burton. Antigen Selection from an HIV-1 Immune Antibody Library Displayed on Yeast Yields Many Novel Antibodies Compared to Selection from the Same Library Displayed on Phage. Protein Eng. Des. Sel., 20(2):81-90, Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17242026.
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Bradley2016a
Todd Bradley, Ashley Trama, Nancy Tumba, Elin Gray, Xiaozhi Lu, Navid Madani, Fatemeh Jahanbakhsh, Amanda Eaton, Shi-Mao Xia, Robert Parks, Krissey E. Lloyd, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy M. Bowman, Susan Barnett, Salim S. Abdool-Karim, Scott D. Boyd, Bruno Melillo, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., Joseph Sodroski, Thomas B. Kepler, S. Munir Alam, Feng Gao, Mattia Bonsignori, Hua-Xin Liao, M Anthony Moody, David Montefiori, Sampa Santra, Lynn Morris, and Barton F. Haynes. Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region Control Virus Neutralization Sensitivity. EBioMedicine, 12:196-207, Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27612593.
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Braibant2006
Martine Braibant, Sylvie Brunet, Dominique Costagliola, Christine Rouzioux, Henri Agut, Hermann Katinger, Brigitte Autran, and Francis Barin. Antibodies to Conserved Epitopes of the HIV-1 Envelope in Sera from Long-Term Non-Progressors: Prevalence and Association with Neutralizing Activity. AIDS, 20(15):1923-30, 3 Oct 2006. PubMed ID: 16988513.
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Braibant2013
Martine Braibant, Eun-Yeung Gong, Jean-Christophe Plantier, Thierry Moreau, Elodie Alessandri, François Simon, and Francis Barin. Cross-Group Neutralization of HIV-1 and Evidence for Conservation of the PG9/PG16 Epitopes within Divergent Groups. AIDS, 27(8):1239-1244, 15 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23343910.
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Brand1998
D. Brand, F. Lemiale, I. Turbica, L. Buzelay, S. Brunet, and F. Barin. Comparative Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses to HIV Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins in Mice Immunized with a DNA Vaccine, Recombinant Semliki Forest Virus RNA, or Recombinant Semliki Forest Virus Particles. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:1369-1377, 1998. PubMed ID: 9788678.
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Bricault2019
Christine A. Bricault, Karina Yusim, Michael S. Seaman, Hyejin Yoon, James Theiler, Elena E. Giorgi, Kshitij Wagh, Maxwell Theiler, Peter Hraber, Jennifer P. Macke, Edward F. Kreider, Gerald H. Learn, Beatrice H. Hahn, Johannes F. Scheid, James M. Kovacs, Jennifer L. Shields, Christy L. Lavine, Fadi Ghantous, Michael Rist, Madeleine G. Bayne, George H. Neubauer, Katherine McMahan, Hanqin Peng, Coraline Chéneau, Jennifer J. Jones, Jie Zeng, Christina Ochsenbauer, Joseph P. Nkolola, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Bing Chen, S. Gnanakaran, Mattia Bonsignori, LaTonya D. Williams, Barton F. Haynes, Nicole Doria-Rose, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, Dan H. Barouch, and Bette Korber. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody Signatures and Application to Epitope-Targeted Vaccine Design. Cell Host Microbe, 25(1):59-72.e8, 9 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30629920.
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Brown2005a
Bruce K. Brown, Janice M. Darden, Sodsai Tovanabutra, Tamara Oblander, Julie Frost, Eric Sanders-Buell, Mark S. de Souza, Deborah L. Birx, Francine E. McCutchan, and Victoria R. Polonis. Biologic and Genetic Characterization of a Panel of 60 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates, Representing Clades A, B, C, D, CRF01\_AE, and CRF02\_AG, for the Development and Assessment of Candidate Vaccines. J. Virol., 79(10):6089-6101, May 2005. PubMed ID: 15857994.
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Brown2012
Bruce K. Brown, Lindsay Wieczorek, Gustavo Kijak, Kara Lombardi, Jeffrey Currier, Maggie Wesberry, John C. Kappes, Viseth Ngauy, Mary Marovich, Nelson Michael, Christina Ochsenbauer, David C Montefiori, and Victoria R. Polonis. The Role of Natural Killer (NK) Cells and NK Cell Receptor Polymorphisms in the Assessment of HIV-1 Neutralization. PLoS One, 7(4):e29454, 2012. PubMed ID: 22509241.
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Bunnik2007
Evelien M Bunnik, Esther D Quakkelaar, Ad C. van Nuenen, Brigitte Boeser-Nunnink, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Increased Neutralization Sensitivity of Recently Emerged CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains Compared to Coexisting CCR5-Using Variants from the Same Patient. J. Virol., 81(2):525-531, Jan 2007. PubMed ID: 17079299.
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Bunnik2009
Evelien M. Bunnik, Marit J. van Gils, Marilie S. D. Lobbrecht, Linaida Pisas, Ad C. van Nuenen, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Changing Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 of Primary Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants in the Natural Course of Infection. Virology, 390(2):348-355, 1 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19539340.
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Bunnik2010
Evelien M. Bunnik, Marit J. van Gils, Marilie S. D. Lobbrecht, Linaida Pisas, Nening M. Nanlohy, Debbie van Baarle, Ad C. van Nuenen, Ann J. Hessell, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Emergence of Monoclonal Antibody b12-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants during Natural Infection in the Absence of Humoral Or Cellular Immune Pressure. J. Gen. Virol., 91(5):1354-1364, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20053822.
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Bunnik2010a
Evelien M. Bunnik, Zelda Euler, Matthijs R. A. Welkers, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Adaptation of HIV-1 Envelope gp120 to Humoral Immunity at a Population Level. Nat. Med., 16(9):995-997, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20802498.
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Bures2002
Renata Bures, Lynn Morris, Carolyn Williamson, Gita Ramjee, Mark Deers, Susan A Fiscus, Salim Abdool-Karim, and David C. Montefiori. Regional Clustering of Shared Neutralization Determinants on Primary Isolates of Clade C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from South Africa. J. Virol., 76(5):2233-2244, Mar 2002. PubMed ID: 11836401.
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Burrer2005
Renaud Burrer, Sandrine Haessig-Einius, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Neutralizing as Well as Non-Neutralizing Polyclonal Immunoglobulin (Ig)G from Infected Patients Capture HIV-1 via Antibodies Directed against the Principal Immunodominant Domain of gp41. Virology, 333(1):102-113, 1 Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15708596.
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Burton1994
D. R. Burton, J. Pyati, R. Koduri, S. J. Sharp, G. B. Thornton, P. W. Parren, L. S. Sawyer, R. M. Hendry, N. Dunlop, and P. L. Nara. Efficient Neutralization of Primary Isolates of HIV-1 by a Recombinant Human Monoclonal Antibody. Science, 266:1024-1027, 1994. The MAb IgG1b12 showed very potent neutralization of a range of primary B subtype isolates. Binding with a variety of international isolates was tested; bound to most B isolates, 20\% of A, C and Ds, but hardly reacted with E clade. PubMed ID: 7973652.
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Burton1997
D. R. Burton and D. C. Montefiori. The antibody response in HIV-1 infection. AIDS, 11 Suppl A:S87-S98, 1997. An excellent review of Ab epitopes and the implications for Envelope structure, neutralization of HIV, the distinction between primary and TCLA strains, ADCC and its role in clearance, and the Ab response during the course of infection. PubMed ID: 9451972.
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Burton2005
Dennis R. Burton, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Antibody vs. HIV in a Clash of Evolutionary Titans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102(42):14943-14948, 18 Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16219699.
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Burton2010
Dennis R. Burton and Robin A. Weiss. A Boost for HIV Vaccine Design. Science, 329(5993):770-773, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20705840.
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Burton2011
Dennis R. Burton, Ann J. Hessell, Brandon F. Keele, Per Johan Klasse, Thomas A. Ketas, Brian Moldt, D. Cameron Dunlop, Pascal Poignard, Lara A. Doyle, Lisa Cavacini, Ronald S. Veazey, and John P. Moore. Limited or No Protection by Weakly or Nonneutralizing Antibodies against Vaginal SHIV Challenge of Macaques Compared with a Strongly Neutralizing Antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 108(27):11181-11186, 5 Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21690411.
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Burton2012
Dennis R. Burton, Pascal Poignard, Robyn L. Stanfield, and Ian A. Wilson. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Present New Prospects to Counter Highly Antigenically Diverse Viruses. Science, 337(6091):183-186, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22798606.
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Burton2016
Dennis R. Burton and Lars Hangartner. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV and Their Role in Vaccine Design. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 34:635-659, 20 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27168247.
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Canducci2009
Filippo Canducci, Maria Chiara Marinozzi, Michela Sampaolo, Stefano Berrè, Patrizia Bagnarelli, Massimo Degano, Giulia Gallotta, Benedetta Mazzi, Philippe Lemey, Roberto Burioni, and Massimo Clementi. Dynamic Features of the Selective Pressure on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 CD4-Binding Site in a Group of Long Term Non Progressor (LTNP) Subjects. Retrovirology, 6:4, 2009. PubMed ID: 19146663.
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Carbonetti2014
Sara Carbonetti, Brian G. Oliver, Jolene Glenn, Leonidas Stamatatos, and D. Noah Sather. Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens Derived from an Elite Neutralizer Elicit Cross-Reactive V1V2 Antibodies and Low Potency Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS One, 9(1):e86905, 2014. PubMed ID: 24466285.
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Cavacini2002
Lisa A. Cavacini, Mark Duval, James Robinson, and Marshall R. Posner. Interactions of Human Antibodies, Epitope Exposure, Antibody Binding and Neutralization of Primary Isolate HIV-1 Virions. AIDS, 16(18):2409-2417, 6 Dec 2002. Erratum in AIDS. 2003 Aug 15;17(12):1863. PubMed ID: 12461414.
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Cavacini2003
Lisa Cavacini, Mark Duval, Leslie Song, Rebecca Sangster, Shi-hua Xiang, Joseph Sodroski, and Marshall Posner. Conformational Changes in env Oligomer Induced by an Antibody Dependent on the V3 Loop Base. AIDS, 17(5):685-689, 28 Mar 2003. PubMed ID: 12646791.
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Chakrabarti2002
Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Wing-pui Kong, Bei-yue Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Jacques Friborg, Xu Ling, Steven R. King, David C. Montefiori, and Gary J. Nabel. Modifications of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Enhance Immunogenicity for Genetic Immunization. J. Virol., 76(11):5357-5368, Jun 2002. PubMed ID: 11991964.
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Chakrabarti2011
B. K. Chakrabarti, L. M. Walker, J. F. Guenaga, A. Ghobbeh, P. Poignard, D. R. Burton, and R. T. Wyatt. Direct Antibody Access to the HIV-1 Membrane-Proximal External Region Positively Correlates with Neutralization Sensitivity. J. Virol., 85(16):8217-8226, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21653673.
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Cham2006
Fatim Cham, Peng Fei Zhang, Leo Heyndrickx, Peter Bouma, Ping Zhong, Herman Katinger, James Robinson, Guido van der Groen, and Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr. Neutralization and Infectivity Characteristics of Envelope Glycoproteins from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Donors Whose Sera Exhibit Broadly Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Virology, 347(1):36-51, 30 Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16378633.
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Cheeseman2017
Hannah M. Cheeseman, Natalia J. Olejniczak, Paul M. Rogers, Abbey B. Evans, Deborah F. L. King, Paul Ziprin, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and Robin J. Shattock. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 91(1), 1 Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27795431.
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Chen2005
Hongying Chen, Xiaodong Xu, Alexandra Bishop, and Ian M. Jones. Reintroduction of the 2G12 Epitope in an HIV-1 Clade C gp120. AIDS, 19(8):833-835, 20 May 2005. PubMed ID: 15867500.
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Chen2007
Ping Chen, Wolfgang Hübner, Matthew A. Spinelli, and Benjamin K. Chen. Predominant Mode of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transfer between T Cells Is Mediated by Sustained Env-Dependent Neutralization-Resistant Virological Synapses. J. Virol., 81(22):12582-12595, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 17728240.
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Chen2007a
Hongying Chen, Xiaodong Xu, and Ian M Jones. Immunogenicity of the Outer Domain of a HIV-1 Clade C gp120. Retrovirology, 4:33, 2007. PubMed ID: 17509143.
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Chen2008a
Hongying Chen, Xiaodong Xu, Hsin-Hui Lin, Ssu-Hsien Chen, Anna Forsman, Marlen Aasa-Chapman, and Ian M. Jones. Mapping the Immune Response to the Outer Domain of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Clade C gp120. J. Gen. Virol., 89(10):2597-2604, Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18796729.
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Chen2009
Lei Chen, Young Do Kwon, Tongqing Zhou, Xueling Wu, Sijy O'Dell, Lisa Cavacini, Ann J. Hessell, Marie Pancera, Min Tang, Ling Xu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Mei-Yun Zhang, James Arthos, Dennis R. Burton, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Gary J. Nabel, Marshall R. Posner, Joseph Sodroski, Richard Wyatt, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Basis of Immune Evasion at the Site of CD4 Attachment on HIV-1 gp120. Science, 326(5956):1123-1127, 20 Nov 2009. PubMed ID: 19965434.
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Chen2009b
Weizao Chen and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Engineered Antibody Domains as HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(2):112-117, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19339949.
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Chenine2013
Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Maggie Wesberry, Teresa Towle, Devin M. Pillis, Sebastian Molnar, Robert McLinden, Tara Edmonds, Ivan Hirsch, Robert O'Connell, Francine E. McCutchan, David C. Montefiori, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Impact of HIV-1 Backbone on Neutralization Sensitivity: Neutralization Profiles of Heterologous Envelope Glycoproteins Expressed in Native Subtype C and CRF01\_AE Backbone. PLoS One, 8(11):e76104, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312165.
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Chenine2018
Agnes-Laurence Chenine, Melanie Merbah, Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Brendan Mann, Jenica Lee, Anne-Marie O'Sullivan, Meera Bose, Eric Sanders-Buell, Gustavo H. Kijak, Carolina Herrera, Robert McLinden, Robert J. O'Connell, Nelson L. Michael, Merlin L. Robb, Jerome H. Kim, Victoria R. Polonis, and Sodsai Tovanabutra. Neutralization Sensitivity of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Panel of Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 78(3):348-355, 1 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29528942.
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Ching2008
Lance K. Ching, Giorgos Vlachogiannis, Katherine A. Bosch, and Leonidas Stamatatos. The First Hypervariable Region of the gp120 Env Glycoprotein Defines the Neutralizing Susceptibility of Heterologous Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates to Neutralizing Antibodies Elicited by the SF162gp140 Immunogen. J. Virol., 82(2):949-956, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 18003732.
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Ching2010
Lance Ching and Leonidas Stamatatos. Alterations in the Immunogenic Properties of Soluble Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Proteins Induced by Deletion or Heterologous Substitutions of the V1 Loop. J. Virol., 84(19):9932-9946, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20660181.
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Chomont2008
Nicolas Chomont, Hakim Hocini, Jean-Chrysostome Gody, Hicham Bouhlal, Pierre Becquart, Corinne Krief-Bouillet, Michel Kazatchkine, and Laurent Bélec. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Do Not Inhibit Viral Transcytosis Through Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Virology, 370(2):246-254, 20 Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 17920650.
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Chong2008
Huihui Chong, Kunxue Hong, Chuntao Zhang, Jianhui Nie, Aijing Song, Wei Kong, and Youchun Wang. Genetic and Neutralization Properties of HIV-1 env Clones from Subtype B/BC/AE Infections in China. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 47(5):535-543, 15 Apr 2008. PubMed ID: 18209676.
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Choudhry2006
Vidita Choudhry, Mei-Yun Zhang, Ilia Harris, Igor A. Sidorov, Bang Vu, Antony S. Dimitrov, Timothy Fouts, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Increased Efficacy of HIV-1 Neutralization by Antibodies at Low CCR5 Surface Concentration. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 348(3):1107-1115, 29 Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 16904645.
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Choudhry2007
Vidita Choudhry, Mei-Yun Zhang, Igor A. Sidorov, John M. Louis, Ilia Harris, Antony S. Dimitrov, Peter Bouma, Fatim Cham, Anil Choudhary, Susanna M. Rybak, Timothy Fouts, David C. Montefiori, Christopher C. Broder, Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr., and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Selected by Screening of an Immune Human Phage Library Against an Envelope Glycoprotein (gp140) Isolated from a Patient (R2) with Broadly HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies. Virology, 363(1):79-90, 20 Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17306322.
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Chuang2013
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Priyamvada Acharya, Stephen D. Schmidt, Yongping Yang, Mark K. Louder, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Robert T. Bailer, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Michel C. Nussenzweig, John R. Mascola, Peter D. Kwong, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Residue-Level Prediction of HIV-1 Antibody Epitopes Based on Neutralization of Diverse Viral Strains. J. Virol., 87(18):10047-10058, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23843642.
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Chuang2017
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Hui Geng, Marie Pancera, Kai Xu, Cheng Cheng, Priyamvada Acharya, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Timothy G. Wanninger, Yongping Yang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Sijy O'Dell, Tongqing Zhou, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure-Based Design of a Soluble Prefusion-Closed HIV-1 Env Trimer with Reduced CD4 Affinity and Improved Immunogenicity. J. Virol., 91(10), 15 May 2017. PubMed ID: 28275193.
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Chuang2019
Gwo-Yu Chuang, Jing Zhou, Priyamvada Acharya, Reda Rawi, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Zizhang Sheng, Baoshan Zhang, Tongqing Zhou, Robert T. Bailer, Venkata P. Dandey, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark K. Louder, Krisha McKee, John R. Mascola, Lawrence Shapiro, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Survey of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Env Trimer Delineates Epitope Categories and Characteristics of Recognition. Structure, 27(1):196-206.e6, 2 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30471922.
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Chun2014
Tae-Wook Chun, Danielle Murray, Jesse S. Justement, Jana Blazkova, Claire W. Hallahan, Olivia Fankuchen, Kathleen Gittens, Erika Benko, Colin Kovacs, Susan Moir, and Anthony S. Fauci. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Suppress HIV in the Persistent Viral Reservoir. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 111(36):13151-13156, 9 Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25157148.
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Connor1998
R. I. Connor, B. T. Korber, B. S. Graham, B. H. Hahn, D. D. Ho, B. D. Walker, A. U. Neumann, S. H. Vermund, J. Mestecky, S. Jackson, E. Fenamore, Y. Cao, F. Gao, S. Kalams, K. J. Kunstman, D. McDonald, N. McWilliams, A. Trkola, J. P. Moore, and S. M. Wolinsky. Immunological and virological analyses of persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 while participating in trials of recombinant gp120 subunit vaccines. J. Virol., 72:1552-76, 1998. No gp120-vaccine induced antibodies in a human trial of gp120 MN and SF2 could neutralize the primary viruses that infected the vaccinees. The primary isolates from the infected vaccinees were shown not to be particularly refractive to neutralization by their susceptibility to a panel of neutralizing MAbs. PubMed ID: 9445059.
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Corti2010
Davide Corti, Johannes P. M. Langedijk, Andreas Hinz, Michael S. Seaman, Fabrizia Vanzetta, Blanca M. Fernandez-Rodriguez, Chiara Silacci, Debora Pinna, David Jarrossay, Sunita Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh, Betty Willems, Maria J. Zekveld, Hanna Dreja, Eithne O'Sullivan, Corinna Pade, Chloe Orkin, Simon A. Jeffs, David C. Montefiori, David Davis, Winfried Weissenhorn, Áine McKnight, Jonathan L. Heeney, Federica Sallusto, Quentin J. Sattentau, Robin A. Weiss, and Antonio Lanzavecchia. Analysis of Memory B Cell Responses and Isolation of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies with Neutralizing Breadth from HIV-1-Infected Individuals. PLoS One, 5(1):e8805, 2010. PubMed ID: 20098712.
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Crawford1999
John M.. Crawford, Patricia L. Earl, Bernard Moss, Kieth A. Reimann, Michael S. Wyand, Kelledy H. Manson, Miroslawa Bilska, Jin Tao Zhou, C. David Pauza, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Dennis R. Burton, Joseph G. Sodroski, Norman L. Letvin, and David C. Montefiori. Characterization of Primary Isolate-Like Variants of Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol., 73(12):10199-10207, Dec 1999. PubMed ID: 10559336.
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Crooks2005
Emma T. Crooks, Penny L. Moore, Douglas Richman, James Robinson, Jeffrey A. Crooks, Michael Franti, Norbert Schülke, and James M. Binley. Characterizing Anti-HIV Monoclonal Antibodies and Immune Sera by Defining the Mechanism of Neutralization. Hum Antibodies, 14(3-4):101-113, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720980.
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Crooks2007
Emma T. Crooks, Penny L. Moore, Michael Franti, Charmagne S. Cayanan, Ping Zhu, Pengfei Jiang, Robbert P. de Vries, Cheryl Wiley, Irina Zharkikh, Norbert Schülke, Kenneth H. Roux, David C. Montefiori, Dennis R. Burton, and James M. Binley. A Comparative Immunogenicity Study of HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Various Forms of Envelope Proteins, Particles Bearing no Envelope and Soluble Monomeric gp120. Virology, 366(2):245-262, 30 Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17580087.
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Crooks2008
Emma T. Crooks, Pengfei Jiang, Michael Franti, Sharon Wong, Michael B. Zwick, James A. Hoxie, James E. Robinson, Penny L. Moore, and James M. Binley. Relationship of HIV-1 and SIV Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer Occupation and Neutralization. Virology, 377(2):364-378, 1 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18539308.
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Crooks2011
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. Enzyme Digests Eliminate Nonfunctional Env from HIV-1 Particle Surfaces, Leaving Native Env Trimers Intact and Viral Infectivity Unaffected. J. Virol., 85(12):5825-5839, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21471242.
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Crooks2015
Ema T. Crooks, Tommy Tong, Bimal Chakrabarti, Kristin Narayan, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Sergey Menis, Xiaoxing Huang, Daniel Kulp, Keiko Osawa, Janelle Muranaka, Guillaume Stewart-Jones, Joanne Destefano, Sijy O'Dell, Celia LaBranche, James E. Robinson, David C. Montefiori, Krisha McKee, Sean X. Du, Nicole Doria-Rose, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, Ping Zhu, William R. Schief, Richard T. Wyatt, Robert G. Whalen, and James M. Binley. Vaccine-Elicited Tier 2 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Bind to Quaternary Epitopes Involving Glycan-Deficient Patches Proximal to the CD4 Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 11(5):e1004932, May 2015. PubMed ID: 26023780.
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Dacheux2004
Laurent Dacheux, Alain Moreau, Yasemin Ataman-Önal, François Biron, Bernard Verrier, and Francis Barin. Evolutionary Dynamics of the Glycan Shield of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope during Natural Infection and Implications for Exposure of the 2G12 Epitope. J. Virol., 78(22):12625-12637, Nov 2004. PubMed ID: 15507649.
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Davis2006
David Davis, Helen Donners, Betty Willems, Michel Ntemgwa, Tine Vermoesen, Guido van der Groen, and Wouter Janssens. Neutralization Kinetics of Sensitive and Resistant Subtype B Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates. J. Med. Virol., 78(7):864-786, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16721864.
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Davis2009
Katie L. Davis, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Hui Li, Julie M. Decker, Olaf Kutsch, Lynn Morris, Aidy Salomon, Abraham Pinter, James A. Hoxie, Beatrice H. Hahn, Peter D. Kwong, and George M. Shaw. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2)/HIV-1 Envelope Chimeras Detect High Titers of Broadly Reactive HIV-1 V3-Specific Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 83(3):1240-1259, Feb 2009. PubMed ID: 19019969.
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Decamp2014
Allan deCamp, Peter Hraber, Robert T. Bailer, Michael S. Seaman, Christina Ochsenbauer, John Kappes, Raphael Gottardo, Paul Edlefsen, Steve Self, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Xiaoju Daniell, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Celia C. LaBranche, John R. Mascola, Bette T. Korber, and David C. Montefiori. Global Panel of HIV-1 Env Reference Strains for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 88(5):2489-2507, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352443.
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Depetris2012
Rafael S Depetris, Jean-Philippe Julien, Reza Khayat, Jeong Hyun Lee, Robert Pejchal, Umesh Katpally, Nicolette Cocco, Milind Kachare, Evan Massi, Kathryn B. David, Albert Cupo, Andre J. Marozsan, William C. Olson, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, and John P Moore. Partial Enzymatic Deglycosylation Preserves the Structure of Cleaved Recombinant HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. J. Biol. Chem., 287(29):24239-24254, 13 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22645128.
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Derby2006
Nina R. Derby, Zane Kraft, Elaine Kan, Emma T. Crooks, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, James M. Binley, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Antibody Responses Elicited in Macaques Immunized with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) SF162-Derived gp140 Envelope Immunogens: Comparison with Those Elicited during Homologous Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVSF162P4 and Heterologous HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 80(17):8745-8762, Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 16912322.
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Derby2007
Nina R. Derby, Sean Gray, Elizabeth Wayner, Dwayne Campogan, Giorgos Vlahogiannis, Zane Kraft, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Isolation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Elicited by Trimeric HIV-1 Env gp140 Protein Immunogens. Virology, 366(2):433-445, 30 Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17560621.
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Dervillez2010
Xavier Dervillez, Volker Klaukien, Ralf Dürr, Joachim Koch, Alexandra Kreutz, Thomas Haarmann, Michaela Stoll, Donghan Lee, Teresa Carlomagno, Barbara Schnierle, Kalle Möbius, Christoph Königs, Christian Griesinger, and Ursula Dietrich. Peptide Ligands Selected with CD4-Induced Epitopes on Native Dualtropic HIV-1 Envelope Proteins Mimic Extracellular Coreceptor Domains and Bind to HIV-1 gp120 Independently of Coreceptor Usage. J. Virol., 84(19):10131-10138, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20660187.
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Dey2003
Barna Dey, Christie S. Del Castillo, and Edward A. Berger. Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by sCD4-17b, a Single-Chain Chimeric Protein, Based on Sequential Interaction of gp120 with CD4 and Coreceptor. J. Virol., 77(5):2859-2865, Mar 2003. PubMed ID: 12584309.
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Dey2007
Antu K. Dey, Kathryn B. David, Per J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. Specific Amino Acids in the N-Terminus of the gp41 Ectodomain Contribute to the Stabilization of a Soluble, Cleaved gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Virology, 360(1):199-208, 30 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17092531.
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Dey2007a
Barna Dey, Marie Pancera, Krisha Svehla, Yuuei Shu, Shi-Hua Xiang, Jeffrey Vainshtein, Yuxing Li, Joseph Sodroski, Peter D Kwong, John R Mascola, and Richard Wyatt. Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Monomeric and Trimeric gp120 Glycoproteins Stabilized in the CD4-Bound State: Antigenicity, Biophysics, and Immunogenicity. J Virol, 81(11):5579-5593, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17360741.
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Dey2008
Antu K. Dey, Kathryn B. David, Neelanjana Ray, Thomas J. Ketas, Per J. Klasse, Robert W. Doms, and John P. Moore. N-Terminal Substitutions in HIV-1 gp41 Reduce the Expression of Non-Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins on the Virus. Virology, 372(1):187-200, 1 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18031785.
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Dey2009
Barna Dey, Krisha Svehla, Ling Xu, Dianne Wycuff, Tongqing Zhou, Gerald Voss, Adhuna Phogat, Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Yuxing Li, George Shaw, Peter D. Kwong, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. Structure-Based Stabilization of HIV-1 gp120 Enhances Humoral Immune Responses to the Induced Co-Receptor Binding Site. PLoS Pathog, 5(5):e1000445, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19478876.
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Dhillon2007
Amandeep K. Dhillon, Helen Donners, Ralph Pantophlet, Welkin E. Johnson, Julie M. Decker, George M. Shaw, Fang-Hua Lee, Douglas D. Richman, Robert W. Doms, Guido Vanham, and Dennis R. Burton. Dissecting the Neutralizing Antibody Specificities of Broadly Neutralizing Sera from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Donors. J. Virol., 81(12):6548-6562, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17409160.
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Dieltjens2009
Tessa Dieltjens, Leo Heyndrickx, Betty Willems, Elin Gray, Lies Van Nieuwenhove, Katrijn Grupping, Guido Vanham, and Wouter Janssens. Evolution of Antibody Landscape and Viral Envelope Escape in an HIV-1 CRF02\_AG Infected Patient with 4E10-Like Antibodies. Retrovirology, 6:113, 2009. PubMed ID: 20003438.
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Dimitrov2007
Antony S. Dimitrov, Amy Jacobs, Catherine M. Finnegan, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, and Robert Blumenthal. Exposure of the Membrane-Proximal External Region of HIV-1 gp41 in the Course of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein-Mediated Fusion. Biochemistry, 46(5):1398-1401, 6 Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17260969.
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Ding2015
Shilei Ding, Maxime Veillette, Mathieu Coutu, Jérémie Prévost, Louise Scharf, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Guido Ferrari, James E. Robinson, Christina Stürzel, Beatrice H. Hahn, Daniel Sauter, Frank Kirchhoff, George K. Lewis, Marzena Pazgier, and Andrés Finzi. A Highly Conserved Residue of the HIV-1 gp120 Inner Domain Is Important for Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses Mediated by Anti-cluster A Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(4):2127-2134, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26637462.
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Diomede2012
L. Diomede, S. Nyoka, C. Pastori, L. Scotti, A. Zambon, G. Sherman, C. M. Gray, M. Sarzotti-Kelsoe, and L. Lopalco. Passively Transmitted gp41 Antibodies in Babies Born from HIV-1 Subtype C-Seropositive Women: Correlation between Fine Specificity and Protection. J. Virol., 86(8):4129-4138, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301151.
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Ditzel1995
H. J. Ditzel, J. M. Binley, J. P. Moore, J. Sodroski, N. Sullivan, L. S. W. Sawyer, R. M. Hendry, W.-P. Yang, C. F. Barbas III, and D. R. Burton. Neutralizing Recombinant Human Antibodies to a Conformational V2- and CD4-Binding Site-Sensitive Epitope of HIV-1 gp120 Isolated by Using an Epitope-Masking Procedure. J. Immunol., 154:893-906, 1995. A panel of Fabs was obtained from a library prepared from the bone marrow of a long-term asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive male donor. Four Fabs recognize the CD4BS. An additional four Fabs were retrieved after epitope masking gp120 with the CD4BS Fabs at the screening stage. 3/4 of these Fabs bind to a V2 dependent conformational epitope. PubMed ID: 7529290.
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Ditzel1997
H. J. Ditzel, P. W. Parren, J. M. Binley, J. Sodroski, J. P. Moore, C. F. Barbas, III, and D. R. Burton. Mapping the Protein Surface of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Using Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Phage Display Libraries. J. Mol. Biol., 267:684-695, 1997. (Genbank: U82767 U82768 U82769 U82770 U82771 U82772 U82942 U82943 U82944 U82945 U82946 U82947 U82948 U82949 U82950 U82951 U82952 U82961 U82962) Recombinant monoclonal antibodies from phage display libraries provide a method for Env surface epitope mapping. Diverse epitopes are accessed by presenting gp120 to the library in different forms, such as sequential masking of epitopes with existing MAbs or sCD4 prior to selection or by selection on peptides. Fabs identified by these methods have specificities associated with epitopes presented poorly on native multimeric envelope. PubMed ID: 9126846.
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Doores2010
Katie J. Doores and Dennis R. Burton. Variable Loop Glycan Dependency of the Broad and Potent HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies PG9 and PG16. J. Virol., 84(20):10510-10521, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20686044.
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Dorgham2005
Karim Dorgham, Ismaïl Dogan, Natacha Bitton, Christophe Parizot, Valerie Cardona, Patrice Debré, Oliver Hartley, and Guy Gorochov. Immunogenicity of HIV Type 1 gp120 CD4 Binding Site Phage Mimotopes. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 21(1):82-92, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15665647.
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Doria-Rose2010
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Rachel M. Klein, Marcus G. Daniels, Sijy O'Dell, Martha Nason, Alan Lapedes, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Stephen A. Migueles, Richard T. Wyatt, Bette T. Korber, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Breadth of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific Neutralizing Activity in Sera: Clustering Analysis and Association with Clinical Variables. J. Virol., 84(3):1631-1636, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 19923174.
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Doria-Rose2017
Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Han R. Altae-Tran, Ryan S. Roark, Stephen D. Schmidt, Matthew S. Sutton, Mark K. Louder, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Robert T. Bailer, Valerie Cortez, Rui Kong, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Felicia Wang, Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, Mark Connors, Barton F. Haynes, Malcolm A. Martin, David C. Montefiori, Lynn Morris, Julie Overbaugh, Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Ivelin S. Georgiev. Mapping Polyclonal HIV-1 Antibody Responses via Next-Generation Neutralization Fingerprinting. PLoS Pathog., 13(1):e1006148, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28052137.
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Douagi2010
Iyadh Douagi, Mattias N. E. Forsell, Christopher Sundling, Sijy O'Dell, Yu Feng, Pia Dosenovic, Yuxing Li, Robert Seder, Karin Loré, John R. Mascola, Richard T. Wyatt, and Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam. Influence of Novel CD4 Binding-Defective HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Immunogens on Neutralizing Antibody and T-Cell Responses in Nonhuman Primates. J. Virol., 84(4):1683-1695, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 19955308.
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Drummer2013
Heidi E. Drummer, Melissa K. Hill, Anne L. Maerz, Stephanie Wood, Paul A. Ramsland, Johnson Mak, and Pantelis Poumbourios. Allosteric Modulation of the HIV-1 gp120-gp41 Association Site by Adjacent gp120 Variable Region 1 (V1) N-Glycans Linked to Neutralization Sensitivity. PLoS Pathog., 9(4):e1003218, 2013. PubMed ID: 23592978.
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DSouza1997
M. P. D'Souza, D. Livnat, J. A. Bradac, S. H. Bridges, the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Antibody Selection Working Group, and Collaborating Investigators. Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates by neutralization assays: performance criteria for selecting candidate antibodies for clinical trials. J. Infect. Dis., 175:1056-1062, 1997. Five laboratories evaluated neutralization of nine primary B clade isolates by a coded panel of seven human MAbs to HIV-1 subtype B envelope. IgG1b12, 2G12, 2F5 showed potent and broadly cross-reactive neutralizing ability; F105, 447/52-D, 729-D, 19b did not neutralize the primary isolates. PubMed ID: 9129066.
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Du2009
Sean X. Du, Rebecca J. Idiart, Ellaine B. Mariano, Helen Chen, Peifeng Jiang, Li Xu, Kristin M. Ostrow, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, James M. Binley, Christos J. Petropoulos, John A. Ballantyne, and Robert G. Whalen. Effect of Trimerization Motifs on Quaternary Structure, Antigenicity, and Immunogenicity of a Noncleavable HIV-1 gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein. Virology, 395(1):33-44, 5 Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19815247.
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Duenas-Decamp2008
Maria José Duenas-Decamp, Paul Peters, Dennis Burton, and Paul R. Clapham. Natural Resistance of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 to the CD4bs Antibody b12 Conferred by a Glycan and an Arginine Residue Close to the CD4 Binding Loop. J. Virol., 82(12):5807-5814, Jun 2008. PubMed ID: 18385254.
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Duenas-Decamp2012
Maria J. Dueñas-Decamp, Olivia J. O'Connell, Davide Corti, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Paul R. Clapham. The W100 Pocket on HIV-1 gp120 Penetrated by b12 Is Not a Target for Other CD4bs Monoclonal Antibodies. Retrovirology, 9:9, 2012. PubMed ID: 22284192.
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Dunfee2007
Rebecca L. Dunfee, Elaine R. Thomas, Jianbin Wang, Kevin Kunstman, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Loss of the N-Linked Glycosylation Site at Position 386 in the HIV Envelope V4 Region Enhances Macrophage Tropism and Is Associated with Dementia. Virology, 367(1):222-234, 10 Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17599380.
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Dunfee2009
Rebecca L. Dunfee, Elaine R. Thomas, and Dana Gabuzda. Enhanced Macrophage Tropism of HIV in Brain and Lymphoid Tissues Is Associated with Sensitivity to the Broadly Neutralizing CD4 Binding Site Antibody b12. Retrovirology, 6:69, 2009. PubMed ID: 19619305.
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Easterhoff2017
David Easterhoff, M. Anthony Moody, Daniela Fera, Hao Cheng, Margaret Ackerman, Kevin Wiehe, Kevin O. Saunders, Justin Pollara, Nathan Vandergrift, Rob Parks, Jerome Kim, Nelson L. Michael, Robert J. O'Connell, Jean-Louis Excler, Merlin L. Robb, Sandhya Vasan, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Faruk Sinangil, James Tartaglia, Sanjay Phogat, Thomas B. Kepler, S. Munir Alam, Hua-Xin Liao, Guido Ferrari, Michael S. Seaman, David C. Montefiori, Georgia D. Tomaras, Stephen C. Harrison, and Barton F. Haynes. Boosting of HIV Envelope CD4 Binding Site Antibodies with Long Variable Heavy Third Complementarity Determining Region in the Randomized Double Blind RV305 HIV-1 Vaccine Trial. PLoS Pathog., 13(2):e1006182, Feb 2017. PubMed ID: 28235027.
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Edmonds2010
Tara G. Edmonds, Haitao Ding, Xing Yuan, Qing Wei, Kendra S. Smith, Joan A. Conway, Lindsay Wieczorek, Bruce Brown, Victoria Polonis, John T. West, David C. Montefiori, John C. Kappes, and Christina Ochsenbauer. Replication Competent Molecular Clones of HIV-1 Expressing Renilla Luciferase Facilitate the Analysis of Antibody Inhibition in PBMC. Virology, 408(1):1-13, 5 Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 20863545.
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EdwardsBH2002
Bradley H. Edwards, Anju Bansal, Steffanie Sabbaj, Janna Bakari, Mark J. Mulligan, and Paul A. Goepfert. Magnitude of Functional CD8+ T-Cell Responses to the Gag Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Correlates Inversely with Viral Load in Plasma. J. Virol., 76(5):2298-2305, Mar 2002. PubMed ID: 11836408.
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Emileh2011
Ali Emileh and Cameron F. Abrams. A Mechanism by Which Binding of the Broadly Neutralizing Antibody b12 Unfolds the Inner Domain alpha1 Helix in an Engineered HIV-1 gp120. Proteins, 79(2):537-546, Feb 2011. PubMed ID: 21117239.
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Euler2011
Zelda Euler, Evelien M. Bunnik, Judith A. Burger, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Marlous L. Grijsen, Jan M. Prins, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Activity of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Including PG9, PG16, and VRC01, against Recently Transmitted Subtype B HIV-1 Variants from Early and Late in the Epidemic. J. Virol., 85(14):7236-7245, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21561918.
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Evans2014
Mark C. Evans, Pham Phung, Agnes C. Paquet, Anvi Parikh, Christos J. Petropoulos, Terri Wrin, and Mojgan Haddad. Predicting HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Epitope Networks Using Neutralization Titers and a Novel Computational Method. BMC Bioinformatics, 15:77, 19 Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24646213.
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Falkowska2012
Emilia Falkowska, Alejandra Ramos, Yu Feng, Tongqing Zhou, Stephanie Moquin, Laura M. Walker, Xueling Wu, Michael S. Seaman, Terri Wrin, Peter D. Kwong, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. PGV04, an HIV-1 gp120 CD4 Binding Site Antibody, Is Broad and Potent in Neutralization but Does Not Induce Conformational Changes Characteristic of CD4. J. Virol., 86(8):4394-4403, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22345481.
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Feng2012
Yu Feng, Krisha McKee, Karen Tran, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen D. Schmidt, Adhuna Phogat, Mattias N. Forsell, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. Biochemically Defined HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Variant Immunogens Display Differential Binding and Neutralizing Specificities to the CD4-Binding Site. J. Biol. Chem., 287(8):5673-5686, 17 Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22167180.
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Fenyo2009
Eva Maria Fenyö, Alan Heath, Stefania Dispinseri, Harvey Holmes, Paolo Lusso, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Helen Donners, Leo Heyndrickx, Jose Alcami, Vera Bongertz, Christian Jassoy, Mauro Malnati, David Montefiori, Christiane Moog, Lynn Morris, Saladin Osmanov, Victoria Polonis, Quentin Sattentau, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ruengpung Sutthent, Terri Wrin, and Gabriella Scarlatti. International Network for Comparison of HIV Neutralization Assays: The NeutNet Report. PLoS One, 4(2):e4505, 2009. PubMed ID: 19229336.
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Ferrantelli2002
Flavia Ferrantelli and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV --- Back in the Major Leagues? Curr. Opin. Immunol., 14(4):495-502, Aug 2002. PubMed ID: 12088685.
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Ferrantelli2003
Flavia Ferrantelli, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Robert A. Rasmussen, Tao Wang, Weidong Xu, Pei-Lin Li, David C. Montefiori, Lisa A. Cavacini, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies Prevented SHIV89.6P Infection or Disease in Neonatal Macaques. AIDS, 17(3):301-309, 14 Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12556683.
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Ferrantelli2004a
Flavia Ferrantelli, Moiz Kitabwalla, Robert A. Rasmussen, Chuanhai Cao, Ting-Chao Chou, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Lisa A. Cavacini, Yun Bai, Joseph Cotropia, Kenneth E. Ugen, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Potent Cross-Group Neutralization of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Isolates with Monoclonal Antibodies--Implications for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Vaccine. J. Infect. Dis., 189(1):71-74, 1 Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14702155.
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Ferrantelli2007
Flavia Ferrantelli, Kathleen A. Buckley, Robert A. Rasmussen, Alistair Chalmers, Tao Wang, Pei-Lin Li, Alison L. Williams, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, David C. Montefiori, Lisa A. Cavacini, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Daniel C. Anderson, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Time Dependence of Protective Post-Exposure Prophylaxis with Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Pathogenic SHIV Challenge in Newborn Macaques. Virology, 358(1):69-78, 5 Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 16996554.
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Finton2013
Kathryn A. K. Finton, Kevin Larimore, H. Benjamin Larman, Della Friend, Colin Correnti, Peter B. Rupert, Stephen J. Elledge, Philip D. Greenberg, and Roland K. Strong. Autoreactivity and Exceptional CDR Plasticity (but Not Unusual Polyspecificity) Hinder Elicitation of the Anti-HIV Antibody 4E10. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003639, 2013. PubMed ID: 24086134.
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Finton2014
Kathryn A. K. Finton, Della Friend, James Jaffe, Mesfin Gewe, Margaret A. Holmes, H. Benjamin Larman, Andrew Stuart, Kevin Larimore, Philip D. Greenberg, Stephen J. Elledge, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Roland K. Strong. Ontogeny of Recognition Specificity and Functionality for the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody 4E10. PLoS Pathog., 10(9):e1004403, Sep 2014. PubMed ID: 25254371.
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Finzi2010
Andrés Finzi, Beatriz Pacheco, Xin Zeng, Young Do Kwon, Peter D. Kwong, and Joseph Sodroski. Conformational Characterization of Aberrant Disulfide-Linked HIV-1 gp120 Dimers Secreted from Overexpressing Cells. J Virol Methods, 168(1-2):155-161, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20471426.
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Forsell2005
Mattias N. E. Forsell, Yuxing Li, Maria Sundbäck, Krisha Svehla, Peter Liljeström, John R. Mascola, Richard Wyatt, and Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam. Biochemical and Immunogenic Characterization of Soluble Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers Expressed by Semliki Forest Virus. J Virol, 79(17):10902-10914, Sep 2005. PubMed ID: 16103142.
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Forsman2008
Anna Forsman, Els Beirnaert, Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman, Bart Hoorelbeke, Karolin Hijazi, Willie Koh, Vanessa Tack, Agnieszka Szynol, Charles Kelly, Áine McKnight, Theo Verrips, Hans de Haard, and Robin A Weiss. Llama Antibody Fragments with Cross-Subtype Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Neutralizing Properties and High Affinity for HIV-1 gp120. J. Virol., 82(24):12069-12081, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18842738.
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Forthal2009
Donald N. Forthal and Christiane Moog. Fc Receptor-Mediated Antiviral Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):388-393, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048702.
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Fouda2016
G. G. Fouda, J. Eudailey, E. L. Kunz, J. D. Amos, B. E. Liebl, J. Himes, F. Boakye-Agyeman, K. Beck, A. J. Michaels, M. Cohen-Wolkowiez, B. F. Haynes, K. A. Reimann, and S. R. Permar. Systemic Administration of an HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Dimeric IgA Yields Mucosal Secretory IgA and Virus Neutralization. Mucosal. Immunol., 10(1):228-237, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 27072605.
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Fouts1997
T. R. Fouts, J. M. Binley, A. Trkola, J. E. Robinson, and J. P. Moore. Neutralization of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolate JR-FL by Human Monoclonal Antibodies Correlates with Antibody Binding to the Oligomeric Form of the Envelope Glycoprotein Complex. J. Virol., 71:2779-2785, 1997. To test whether antibody neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates is correlated with the affinities for the oligomeric envelope glycoproteins, JRFL was used as a model primary virus and a panel of 13 human MAbs were evaluated for: half-maximal binding to rec monomeric JRFL gp120; half-maximal binding to oligomeric - JRFL Env expressed on the surface of transfected 293 cells; and neutralization of JRFL in a PBMC-based neutralization assay. Antibody affinity for oligomeric JRFL Env but not monomeric JRFL gp120 correlated with JRFL neutralization. PubMed ID: 9060632.
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Fouts1998
T. R. Fouts, A. Trkola, M. S. Fung, and J. P. Moore. Interactions of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Anti-Glycoprotein 120 Antibodies with Oligomeric Glycoprotein 120-Glycoprotein 41 Complexes of a Primary HIV Type 1 Isolate: Relationship to Neutralization. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:591-597, 1998. Ab reactivity to oligomeric forms of gp120 were compared to neutralization of the macrophage tropic primary virus JRFL, and did not always correlate. This builds upon studies which have shown that oligomer binding while required for neutralization, is not always sufficient. MAb 205-46-9 and 2G6 bind oligomer with high affinity, comparable to IgG1b12, but unlike IgG1b12, cannot neutralize JRFL. Furthermore, neutralizing and non-neutralizing sera from HIV-1 infected people are similar in their reactivities to oligomeric JRFL Envelope. PubMed ID: 9591713.
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Franke2006
Raimo Franke, Tatjana Hirsch, and Jutta Eichler. A Rationally Designed Synthetic Mimic of the Discontinuous CD4-Binding Site of HIV-1 gp120. J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res., 26(5-6):453-460, 2006. PubMed ID: 17118792.
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Franke2007
Raimo Franke, Tatjana Hirsch, Heike Overwin, and Jutta Eichler. Synthetic Mimetics of the CD4 Binding Site of HIV-1 gp120 for the Design of Immunogens. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 46(8):1253-1255, 2007. PubMed ID: 17211914.
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Frankel1998
S. S. Frankel, R. M. Steinman, N. L. Michael, S. R. Kim, N. Bhardwaj, M. Pope, M. K. Louder, P. K. Ehrenberg, P. W. Parren, D. R. Burton, H. Katinger, T. C. VanCott, M. L. Robb, D. L. Birx, and J. R. Mascola. Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Block Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Dendritic Cells and Transmission to T Cells. J. Virol., 72:9788-9794, 1998. Investigation of three human MAbs to elicit a neutralizing effect and block HIV-1 infection in human dendritic cells. Preincubation with NAbs IgG1b12 or a combination of 2F5/2G12 prevented infection of purified DC and transmission in DC/T-cell cultures. PubMed ID: 9811714.
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Freund2015
Natalia T. Freund, Joshua A. Horwitz, Lilian Nogueira, Stuart A. Sievers, Louise Scharf, Johannes F. Scheid, Anna Gazumyan, Cassie Liu, Klara Velinzon, Ariel Goldenthal, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Pamela J. Bjorkman, Michael S. Seaman, Bruce D. Walker, Florian Klein, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. A New Glycan-Dependent CD4-Binding Site Neutralizing Antibody Exerts Pressure on HIV-1 In Vivo. PLoS Pathog, 11(10):e1005238, Oct 2015. PubMed ID: 26516768.
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Frey2008
Gary Frey, Hanqin Peng, Sophia Rits-Volloch, Marco Morelli, Yifan Cheng, and Bing Chen. A Fusion-Intermediate State of HIV-1 gp41 Targeted by Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(10):3739-3744, 11 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18322015.
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Gach2013
Johannes S. Gach, Heribert Quendler, Tommy Tong, Kristin M. Narayan, Sean X. Du, Robert G. Whalen, James M. Binley, Donald N. Forthal, Pascal Poignard, and Michael B. Zwick. A Human Antibody to the CD4 Binding Site of gp120 Capable of Highly Potent but Sporadic Cross Clade Neutralization of Primary HIV-1. PLoS One, 8(8):e72054, 2013. PubMed ID: 23991039.
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Gao2005a
Feng Gao, Eric A. Weaver, Zhongjing Lu, Yingying Li, Hua-Xin Liao, Benjiang Ma, S Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, Laura L. Sutherland, Jae-Sung Yu, Julie M. Decker, George M. Shaw, David C. Montefiori, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Barton F. Haynes. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of a Synthetic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M Consensus Envelope Glycoprotein. J. Virol., 79(2):1154-1163, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15613343.
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Gao2007
Feng Gao, Hua-Xin Liao, Beatrice H. Hahn, Norman L. Letvin, Bette T. Korber, and Barton F. Haynes. Centralized HIV-1 Envelope Immunogens and Neutralizing Antibodies. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):572-577, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045113.
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Gao2009
Feng Gao, Richard M. Scearce, S. Munir Alam, Bhavna Hora, Shimao Xia, Julie E. Hohm, Robert J. Parks, Damon F. Ogburn, Georgia D. Tomaras, Emily Park, Woodrow E. Lomas, Vernon C. Maino, Susan A. Fiscus, Myron S. Cohen, M. Anthony Moody, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette T. Korber, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Cross-reactive Monoclonal Antibodies to Multiple HIV-1 Subtype and SIVcpz Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 394(1):91-98, 10 Nov 2009. PubMed ID: 19744690.
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Gauduin1996
M.-C. Gauduin, G. P. Allaway, P. J. Maddon, C. F. Barbas III, D. R. Burton, and R. A. Koup. Effective Ex Vivo Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Plasma by Recombinant Immunoglobulin Molecules. J. Virol., 70:2586-2592, 1996. Virus direct from plasma from six HIV-1 infected individuals was used for neutralization assay. MAb 19b could neutralize 2/6 plasma samples, while MAb IgG1b12 could neutralize 5/6 plasma samples. CD4-based molecules were also tested: CD4-IgG2 was effective in the it ex vivo assay, but sCD4 was not. Thus, MAbs IgG1b12 and CD4-IgG2 have broad and potent it in vitro and it ex vivo neutralizing activities. PubMed ID: 8642690.
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Gavrilyuk2013
Julia Gavrilyuk, Hitoshi Ban, Hisatoshi Uehara, Shannon J. Sirk, Karen Saye-Francisco, Angelica Cuevas, Elise Zablowsky, Avinash Oza, Michael S. Seaman, Dennis R. Burton, and Carlos F. Barbas, 3rd. Antibody Conjugation Approach Enhances Breadth and Potency of Neutralization of Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies and CD4-IgG. J. Virol., 87(9):4985-4993, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23427154.
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Geonnotti2010
Anthony R. Geonnotti, Miroslawa Bilska, Xing Yuan, Christina Ochsenbauer, Tara G. Edmonds, John C. Kappes, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, and David C. Montefiori. Differential Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and TZM-bl Cells by Endotoxin-Mediated Chemokine and Gamma Interferon Production. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 26(3):279-291, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20218881.
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Georgiev2013
Ivelin S. Georgiev, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Tongqing Zhou, Young Do Kwon, Ryan P. Staupe, Stephanie Moquin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Han R. Altae-Tran, Robert T. Bailer, Krisha McKee, Martha Nason, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Marie Pancera, Sanjay Srivatsan, Lawrence Shapiro, Mark Connors, Stephen A. Migueles, Lynn Morris, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Malcolm A. Martin, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Delineating Antibody Recognition in Polyclonal Sera from Patterns of HIV-1 Isolate Neutralization. Science, 340(6133):751-756, 10 May 2013. PubMed ID: 23661761.
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Georgiev2013a
Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Tongqing Zhou, and Peter D. Kwong. Elicitation of HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies against the CD4-Binding Site. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 8(5):382-392, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23924998.
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Giraud1999
A. Giraud, Y. Ataman-Onal, N. Battail, N. Piga, D. Brand, B. Mandrand, and B. Verrier. Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies to Native Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein by Immunization of Mice with Naked RNA. J. Virol. Methods, 79:75-84, 1999. PubMed ID: 10328537.
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Gnanakaran2010
S. Gnanakaran, Marcus G. Daniels, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Alan S. Lapedes, Anurag Sethi, Ming Li, Haili Tang, Kelli Greene, Hongmei Gao, Barton F. Haynes, Myron S. Cohen, George M. Shaw, Michael S. Seaman, Amit Kumar, Feng Gao, David C. Montefiori, and Bette Korber. Genetic Signatures in the Envelope Glycoproteins of HIV-1 That Associate with Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Comput. Biol., 6(10):e1000955, 2010. PubMed ID: 20949103.
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GoldingH2002
Hana Golding, Marina Zaitseva, Eve de Rosny, Lisa R. King, Jody Manischewitz, Igor Sidorov, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, and Carol D. Weiss. Dissection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry with Neutralizing Antibodies to gp41 Fusion Intermediates. J. Virol., 76(13):6780-6790, Jul 2002. PubMed ID: 12050391.
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Gonzalez2010
Nuria Gonzalez, Amparo Alvarez, and Jose Alcami. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and their Significance for HIV-1 Vaccines. Curr. HIV Res., 8(8):602-612, Dec 2010. PubMed ID: 21054253.
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Gopi2008
Hosahudya Gopi, M. Umashankara, Vanessa Pirrone, Judith LaLonde, Navid Madani, Ferit Tuzer, Sabine Baxter, Isaac Zentner, Simon Cocklin, Navneet Jawanda, Shendra R. Miller, Arne Schön, Jeffrey C. Klein, Ernesto Freire, Fred C. Krebs, Amos B. Smith, Joseph Sodroski, and Irwin Chaiken. Structural Determinants for Affinity Enhancement of a Dual Antagonist Peptide Entry Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1. J. Med. Chem., 51(9):2638-2647, 8 May 2008. PubMed ID: 18402432.
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Gorny2005
Miroslaw K. Gorny, Leonidas Stamatatos, Barbara Volsky, Kathy Revesz, Constance Williams, Xiao-Hong Wang, Sandra Cohen, Robert Staudinger, and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Identification of a New Quaternary Neutralizing Epitope on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virus Particles. J. Virol., 79(8):5232-5237, Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 15795308.
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Gorny2006
Miroslaw K. Gorny, Constance Williams, Barbara Volsky, Kathy Revesz, Xiao-Hong Wang, Sherri Burda, Tetsuya Kimura, Frank A. J. Konings, Arthur Nádas, Christopher A. Anyangwe, Phillipe Nyambi, Chavdar Krachmarov, Abraham Pinter, and Susan Zolla-Pazner. Cross-Clade Neutralizing Activity of Human Anti-V3 Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from the Cells of Individuals Infected with Non-B Clades of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 80(14):6865-6872, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16809292.
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Gorny2009
Miroslaw K. Gorny, Xiao-Hong Wang, Constance Williams, Barbara Volsky, Kathy Revesz, Bradley Witover, Sherri Burda, Mateusz Urbanski, Phillipe Nyambi, Chavdar Krachmarov, Abraham Pinter, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Arthur Nadas. Preferential Use of the VH5-51 Gene Segment by the Human Immune Response to Code for Antibodies against the V3 Domain of HIV-1. Mol. Immunol., 46(5):917-926, Feb 2009. PubMed ID: 18952295.
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Gorry2002
Paul R. Gorry, Joann Taylor, Geoffrey H. Holm, Andrew Mehle, Tom Morgan, Mark Cayabyab, Michael Farzan, Hui Wang, Jeanne E. Bell, Kevin Kunstman, John P. Moore, Steven M. Wolinsky, and Dana Gabuzda. Increased CCR5 Affinity and Reduced CCR5/CD4 Dependence of a Neurovirulent Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate. J. Virol., 76(12):6277-6292, Jun 2002. PubMed ID: 12021361.
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Gray2006
Elin Solomonovna Gray, Tammy Meyers, Glenda Gray, David Charles Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Insensitivity of Paediatric HIV-1 Subtype C Viruses to Broadly Neutralising Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Subtype B. PLoS Med., 3(7):e255, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16834457.
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Gray2007a
Elin S. Gray, Penny L. Moore, Ralph A. Pantophlet, and Lynn Morris. N-Linked Glycan Modifications in gp120 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Render Partial Sensitivity to 2G12 Antibody Neutralization. J. Virol., 81(19):10769-10776, Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17634239.
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Grovit-Ferbas2000
K. Grovit-Ferbas, J. F. Hsu, J. Ferbas, V. Gudeman, and I. S. Chen. Enhanced binding of antibodies to neutralization epitopes following thermal and chemical inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol., 74(13):5802-9, Jul 2000. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/74/13/5802. PubMed ID: 10846059.
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Grundner2002
Christoph Grundner, Tajib Mirzabekov, Joseph Sodroski, and Richard Wyatt. Solid-Phase Proteoliposomes Containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 76(7):3511-3521, Apr 2002. PubMed ID: 11884575.
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Guan2013
Yongjun Guan, Marzena Pazgier, Mohammad M. Sajadi, Roberta Kamin-Lewis, Salma Al-Darmarki, Robin Flinko, Elena Lovo, Xueji Wu, James E. Robinson, Michael S. Seaman, Timothy R. Fouts, Robert C. Gallo, Anthony L. DeVico, and George K. Lewis. Diverse Specificity and Effector Function Among Human Antibodies to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Epitopes Exposed by CD4 Binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(1):E69-E78, 2 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23237851.
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Guenaga2015
Javier Guenaga, Natalia de Val, Karen Tran, Yu Feng, Karen Satchwell, Andrew B. Ward, and Richard T. Wyatt. Well-Ordered Trimeric HIV-1 Subtype B and C Soluble Spike Mimetics Generated by Negative Selection Display Native-Like Properties. PLoS Pathog., 11(1):e1004570, Jan 2015. PubMed ID: 25569572.
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Gupta2013
Sandeep Gupta, Johannes S. Gach, Juan C. Becerra, Tran B. Phan, Jeffrey Pudney, Zina Moldoveanu, Sarah B. Joseph, Gary Landucci, Medalyn Jude Supnet, Li-Hua Ping, Davide Corti, Brian Moldt, Zdenek Hel, Antonio Lanzavecchia, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Dennis R. Burton, Jiri Mestecky, Deborah J. Anderson, and Donald N. Forthal. The Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Transcytosis across Epithelial Cells. PLoS Pathog., 9(11):e1003776, Nov 2013. PubMed ID: 24278022.
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Haigwood2009
Nancy L. Haigwood and Vanessa M. Hirsch. Blocking and Tackling HIV. Nat. Med., 15(8):841-842, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19661984.
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Haim2007
Hillel Haim, Israel Steiner, and Amos Panet. Time Frames for Neutralization during the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry Phase, as Monitored in Synchronously Infected Cell Cultures. J. Virol., 81(7):3525-3534, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17251303.
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Haim2011
Hillel Haim, Bettina Strack, Aemro Kassa, Navid Madani, Liping Wang, Joel R. Courter, Amy Princiotto, Kathleen McGee, Beatriz Pacheco, Michael S. Seaman, Amos B. Smith, 3rd., and Joseph Sodroski. Contribution of Intrinsic Reactivity of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins to CD4-Independent Infection and Global Inhibitor Sensitivity. PLoS Pathog., 7(6):e1002101, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21731494.
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Haldar2011
Bijayesh Haldar, Sherri Burda, Constance Williams, Leo Heyndrickx, Guido Vanham, Miroslaw K. Gorny, and Phillipe Nyambi. Longitudinal Study of Primary HIV-1 Isolates in Drug-Naïve Individuals Reveals the Emergence of Variants Sensitive to Anti-HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS One, 6(2):e17253, 2011. PubMed ID: 21383841.
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Halper-Stromberg2016
Ariel Halper-Stromberg and Michel C Nussenzweig. Towards HIV-1 Remission: Potential Roles for Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Clin. Invest., 126(2):415-423, Feb 2016. PubMed ID: 26752643.
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Hammond2010
Philip W. Hammond. Accessing the Human Repertoire for Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. MAbs, 2(2):157-164, Mar-Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20168075.
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Hart2003
Melanie L. Hart, Mohammed Saifuddin, and Gregory T. Spear. Glycosylation Inhibitors and Neuraminidase Enhance Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Binding and Neutralization by Mannose-Binding Lectin. J. Gen. Virol., 84(Pt 2):353-360, Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12560567.
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Haynes2005
Barton F. Haynes, Judith Fleming, E. William St. Clair, Herman Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Renate Kunert, James Robinson, Richard M. Scearce, Kelly Plonk, Herman F. Staats, Thomas L. Ortel, Hua-Xin Liao, and S. Munir Alam. Cardiolipin Polyspecific Autoreactivity in Two Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. Science, 308(5730):1906-1908, 24 Jun 2005. Comment in Science 2005 Jun 24;308(5730):1878-9. PubMed ID: 15860590.
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Haynes2005a
Barton F. Haynes, M. Anthony Moody, Laurent Verkoczy, Garnett Kelsoe, and S. Munir Alam. Antibody Polyspecificity and Neutralization of HIV-1: A Hypothesis. Hum. Antibodies, 14(3-4):59-67, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720975.
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Haynes2006a
Barton F. Haynes and David C. Montefiori. Aiming to Induce Broadly Reactive Neutralizing Antibody Responses with HIV-1 Vaccine Candidates. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 5(4):579-595, Aug 2006. PubMed ID: 16989638.
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Haynes2008
Barton F. Haynes and Robin J. Shattock. Critical Issues in Mucosal Immunity for HIV-1 Vaccine Development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 122(1):3-9, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18468671.
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Haynes2012
Barton F. Haynes, Garnett Kelsoe, Stephen C. Harrison, and Thomas B. Kepler. B-Cell-Lineage Immunogen Design in Vaccine Development with HIV-1 as a Case Study. Nat. Biotechnol., 30(5):423-433, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22565972.
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Haynes2012a
Barton F. Haynes, Peter B. Gilbert, M. Juliana McElrath, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Georgia D. Tomaras, S. Munir Alam, David T. Evans, David C. Montefiori, Chitraporn Karnasuta, Ruengpueng Sutthent, Hua-Xin Liao, Anthony L. DeVico, George K. Lewis, Constance Williams, Abraham Pinter, Youyi Fong, Holly Janes, Allan DeCamp, Yunda Huang, Mangala Rao, Erik Billings, Nicos Karasavvas, Merlin L. Robb, Viseth Ngauy, Mark S. de Souza, Robert Paris, Guido Ferrari, Robert T. Bailer, Kelly A. Soderberg, Charla Andrews, Phillip W. Berman, Nicole Frahm, Stephen C. De Rosa, Michael D. Alpert, Nicole L. Yates, Xiaoying Shen, Richard A. Koup, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Jaranit Kaewkungwal, Sorachai Nitayaphan, Supachai Rerks-Ngarm, Nelson L. Michael, and Jerome H. Kim. Immune-Correlates Analysis of an HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy Trial. N. Engl. J. Med., 366(14):1275-1286, 5 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22475592.
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He2018
Linling He, Sonu Kumar, Joel D. Allen, Deli Huang, Xiaohe Lin, Colin J. Mann, Karen L. Saye-Francisco, Jeffrey Copps, Anita Sarkar, Gabrielle S. Blizard, Gabriel Ozorowski, Devin Sok, Max Crispin, Andrew B. Ward, David Nemazee, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, and Jiang Zhu. HIV-1 Vaccine Design through Minimizing Envelope Metastability. Sci. Adv., 4(11):eaau6769, Nov 2018. PubMed ID: 30474059.
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Heap2005a
Caroline J. Heap, Steven A. Reading, and Nigel J. Dimmock. An Antibody Specific for the C-Terminal Tail of the gp41 Transmembrane Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mediates Post-Attachment Neutralization, Probably Through Inhibition of Virus-Cell Fusion. J. Gen. Virol., 86(5):1499-1507, May 2005. PubMed ID: 15831963.
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Herrera2003
Carolina Herrera, Catherine Spenlehauer, Michael S. Fung, Dennis R. Burton, Simon Beddows, and John P. Moore. Nonneutralizing Antibodies to the CD4-Binding Site on the gp120 Subunit of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Do Not Interfere with the Activity of a Neutralizing Antibody against the Same Site. J. Virol., 77(2):1084-1091, Jan 2003. PubMed ID: 12502824.
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Herrera2005
Carolina Herrera, Per Johan Klasse, Elizabeth Michael, Shivani Kake, Kelly Barnes, Christopher W. Kibler, Lila. Campbell-Gardener, Zhihai Si, Joseph Sodroski, John P. Moore, and Simon Beddows. The Impact of Envelope Glycoprotein Cleavage on the Antigenicity, Infectivity, and Neutralization Sensitivity of Env-Pseudotyped Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particles. Virology, 338(1):154-172, 20 Jul 2005. PubMed ID: 15932765.
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Herrera2006
Carolina Herrera, Per Johan Klasse, Christopher W. Kibler, Elizabeth Michael, John P. Moore, and Simon Beddows. Dominant-Negative Effect of Hetero-Oligomerization on the Function of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Complex. Virology, 351(1):121-132, 20 Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16616288.
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Hessell2009
Ann J. Hessell, Eva G. Rakasz, Pascal Poignard, Lars Hangartner, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Wayne C. Koff, David I. Watkins, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing Human Anti-HIV Antibody 2G12 Is Effective in Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge Even at Low Serum Neutralizing Titers. PLoS Pathog., 5(5):e1000433, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19436712.
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Hessell2009a
Ann J. Hessell, Pascal Poignard, Meredith Hunter, Lars Hangartner, David M. Tehrani, Wim K. Bleeker, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Preston A. Marx, and Dennis R. Burton. Effective, Low-Titer Antibody Protection against Low-Dose Repeated Mucosal SHIV Challenge in Macaques. Nat. Med., 15(8):951-954, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19525965.
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Hessell2010
Ann J. Hessell, Eva G. Rakasz, David M. Tehrani, Michael Huber, Kimberly L. Weisgrau, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, David I. Watkins, and Dennis R. Burton. Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 Directed Against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Membrane-Proximal External Region Protect against Mucosal Challenge by Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVBa-L. J. Virol., 84(3):1302-1313, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 19906907.
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Hezareh2001
Marjan Hezareh, Ann J. Hessell, Richard C. Jensen, Jan G. J. van de Winkel, and Paul W. H. I. Parren. Effector Function Activities of a Panel of Mutants of a Broadly Neutralizing Antibody against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 75(24):12161-12168, Dec 2001. PubMed ID: 11711607.
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Hicar2010
Mark D. Hicar, Xuemin Chen, Bryan Briney, Jason Hammonds, Jaang-Jiun Wang, Spyros Kalams, Paul W. Spearman, and James E. Crowe, Jr. Pseudovirion Particles Bearing Native HIV Envelope Trimers Facilitate a Novel Method for Generating Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Against HIV. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 54(3):223-235, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20531016.
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Hinz2010
Andreas Hinz, David Lutje Hulsik, Anna Forsman, Willie Wee-Lee Koh, Hassan Belrhali, Andrea Gorlani, Hans de Haard, Robin A. Weiss, Theo Verrips, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Crystal Structure of the Neutralizing Llama V(HH) D7 and Its Mode of HIV-1 gp120 Interaction. PLoS One, 5(5):e10482, 2010. PubMed ID: 20463957.
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Hioe1999
C. E. Hioe, J. E. Hildreth, and S. Zolla-Pazner. Enhanced HIV Type 1 Neutralization by Human Anti-Glycoprotein 120 Monoclonal Antibodies in the Presence of Monoclonal Antibodies to Lymphocyte Function-Associated Molecule 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 15:523-531, 1999. PubMed ID: 10221529.
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Hoffenberg2013
Simon Hoffenberg, Rebecca Powell, Alexei Carpov, Denise Wagner, Aaron Wilson, Sergei Kosakovsky Pond, Ross Lindsay, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Sanjay Phogat, Pascal Poignard, Steven P. Fling, Melissa Simek, Celia LaBranche, David Montefiori, Terri Wrin, Pham Phung, Dennis Burton, Wayne Koff, C. Richter King, Christopher L. Parks, and Michael J. Caulfield. Identification of an HIV-1 Clade A Envelope That Exhibits Broad Antigenicity and Neutralization Sensitivity and Elicits Antibodies Targeting Three Distinct Epitopes. J. Virol., 87(10):5372-5383, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23468492.
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HofmannLehmann2001
R. Hofmann-Lehmann, J. Vlasak, R. A. Rasmussen, B. A. Smith, T. W. Baba, V. Liska, F. Ferrantelli, D. C. Montefiori, H. M. McClure, D. C. Anderson, B. J. Bernacky, T. A. Rizvi, R. Schmidt, L. R. Hill, M. E. Keeling, H. Katinger, G. Stiegler, L. A. Cavacini, M. R. Posner, T. C. Chou, J. Andersen, and R. M. Ruprecht. Postnatal passive immunization of neonatal macaques with a triple combination of human monoclonal antibodies against oral simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge. J. Virol., 75(16):7470--80, Aug 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/16/7470. PubMed ID: 11462019.
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Hogan2018
Michael J. Hogan, Angela Conde-Motter, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Lifei Yang, Brad Cleveland, Wenjin Guo, Josephine Romano, Houping Ni, Norbert Pardi, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Shiu-Lok Hu, James A. Hoxie, and Drew Weissman. Increased Surface Expression of HIV-1 Envelope Is Associated with Improved Antibody Response in Vaccinia Prime/Protein Boost Immunization. Virology, 514:106-117, 15 Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29175625.
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Holl2006
Vincent Holl, Maryse Peressin, Thomas Decoville, Sylvie Schmidt, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Nonneutralizing Antibodies Are Able To Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Macrophages and Immature Dendritic Cells. J. Virol., 80(12):6177-6181, Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16731957.
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Holl2006a
Vincent Holl, Maryse Peressin, Sylvie Schmidt, Thomas Decoville, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Anne-Marie Aubertin, and Christiane Moog. Efficient Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication in Human Immature Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells by Purified Anti-HIV-1 IgG without Induction of Maturation. Blood, 107(11):4466-4474, 1 Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16469871.
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Hong2007
Patrick W.-P. Hong, Sandra Nguyen, Sophia Young, Stephen V. Su, and Benhur Lee. Identification of the Optimal DC-SIGN Binding Site on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120. J. Virol., 81(15):8325-8336, Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17522223.
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Honnen2007
W. J. Honnen, C. Krachmarov, S. C. Kayman, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and A. Pinter. Type-Specific Epitopes Targeted by Monoclonal Antibodies with Exceptionally Potent Neutralizing Activities for Selected Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Map to a Common Region of the V2 Domain of gp120 and Differ Only at Single Positions from the Clade B Consensus Sequence. J. Virol., 81(3):1424-1432, Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17121806.
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Hoot2013
Sam Hoot, Andrew T. McGuire, Kristen W. Cohen, Roland K. Strong, Lars Hangartner, Florian Klein, Ron Diskin, Johannes F. Scheid, D. Noah Sather, Dennis R. Burton, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Recombinant HIV Envelope Proteins Fail to Engage Germline Versions of Anti-CD4bs bNAbs. PLoS Pathog., 9(1):e1003106, Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23300456.
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Hoxie2010
James A. Hoxie. Toward an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine. Annu. Rev. Med., 61:135-52, 2010. PubMed ID: 19824826.
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Hraber2014
Peter Hraber, Michael S. Seaman, Robert T. Bailer, John R. Mascola, David C. Montefiori, and Bette T. Korber. Prevalence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic HIV-1 Infection. AIDS, 28(2):163-169, 14 Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 24361678.
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Hu2007
Qinxue Hu, Naheed Mahmood, and Robin J. Shattock. High-Mannose-Specific Deglycosylation of HIV-1 gp120 Induced by Resistance to Cyanovirin-N and the Impact on Antibody Neutralization. Virology, 368(1):145-154, 10 Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 17658575.
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Hua2016
Casey K. Hua and Margaret E. Ackerman. Engineering Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention and Therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 103:157-173, 1 Aug 2016. PubMed ID: 26827912.
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Huang2007
Li Huang, Weihong Lai, Phong Ho, and Chin Ho Chen. Induction of a Nonproductive Conformational Change in gp120 by a Small Molecule HIV Type 1 Entry Inhibitor. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 23(1):28-32, Jan 2007. PubMed ID: 17263629.
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Huang2010
Kuan-Hsiang G. Huang, David Bonsall, Aris Katzourakis, Emma C. Thomson, Sarah J. Fidler, Janice Main, David Muir, Jonathan N. Weber, Alexander J. Frater, Rodney E. Phillips, Oliver G. Pybus, Philip J. R. Goulder, Myra O. McClure, Graham S. Cooke, and Paul Klenerman. B-Cell Depletion Reveals a Role for Antibodies in the Control of Chronic HIV-1 Infection. Nat. Commun., 1:102, 2010. PubMed ID: 20981030.
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Huang2017a
Xun Huang, Qianqian Zhu, Xiaoxing Huang, Lifei Yang, Yufeng Song, Ping Zhu, and Paul Zhou. In Vivo Electroporation in DNA-VLP Prime-Boost Preferentially Enhances HIV-1 Envelope-Specific IgG2a, Neutralizing Antibody and CD8 T Cell Responses. Vaccine, 35(16):2042-2051, 11 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28318765.
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Huber2007
M. Huber and A. Trkola. Humoral Immunity to HIV-1: Neutralization and Beyond. J. Intern. Med., 262(1):5-25, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17598812.
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Jackson1999
N. A. Jackson, M. Levi, B. Wahren, and N. J. Dimmock. Properties and Mechanism of Action of a 17 Amino Acid, V3 Loop-Specific Microantibody That Binds to and Neutralizes Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions. J. Gen. Virol., 80(Pt 1):225-236, 1999. PubMed ID: 9934706.
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Jeffs2004
S. A. Jeffs, S. Goriup, B. Kebble, D. Crane, B. Bolgiano, Q. Sattentau, S. Jones, and H. Holmes. Expression and Characterisation of Recombinant Oligomeric Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Primary Isolates of HIV-1. Vaccine, 22(8):1032-1046, 25 Feb 2004. PubMed ID: 15161081.
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Jenabian2010
Mohammad-Ali Jenabian, Héla Saïdi, Charlotte Charpentier, Hicham Bouhlal, Dominique Schols, Jan Balzarini, Thomas W. Bell, Guido Vanham, and Laurent Bélec. Differential Activity of Candidate Microbicides against Early Steps of HIV-1 Infection upon Complement Virus Opsonization. AIDS Res. Ther., 7:16, 2010. PubMed ID: 20546571.
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Jiang2006
Pengfei Jiang, Yanxia Liu, Xiaolei Yin, Fei Yuan, YuChun Nie, Min Luo, Zheng Aihua, Du Liyin, Mingxiao Ding, and Hongkui Deng. Elicitation of Neutralizing Antibodies by Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 339(2):526-352, 13 Jan 2006. PubMed ID: 16313884.
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Johnson2017
Jacklyn Johnson, Yinjie Zhai, Hamid Salimi, Nicole Espy, Noah Eichelberger, Orlando DeLeon, Yunxia O'Malley, Joel Courter, Amos B. Smith, III, Navid Madani, Joseph Sodroski, and Hillel Haim. Induction of a Tier-1-Like Phenotype in Diverse Tier-2 Isolates by Agents That Guide HIV-1 Env to Perturbation-Sensitive, Nonnative States. J. Virol., 91(15), 1 Aug 2017. PubMed ID: 28490588.
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Joubert2010
Marisa K. Joubert, Nichole Kinsley, Alexio Capovilla, B. Trevor Sewell, Mohamed A. Jaffer, and Makobetsa Khati. A Modeled Structure of an Aptamer-gp120 Complex Provides Insight into the Mechanism of HIV-1 Neutralization. Biochemistry, 49(28):5880-5890, 20 Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20527993.
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Joyner2011
Amanda S. Joyner, Jordan R. Willis, James E.. Crowe, Jr., and Christopher Aiken. Maturation-Induced Cloaking of Neutralization Epitopes on HIV-1 Particles. PLoS Pathog., 7(9):e1002234, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21931551.
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Kalia2005
Vandana Kalia, Surojit Sarkar, Phalguni Gupta, and Ronald C. Montelaro. Antibody Neutralization Escape Mediated by Point Mutations in the Intracytoplasmic Tail of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41. J. Virol., 79(4):2097-2107, Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15681412.
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Kang2005
Sang-Moo Kang, Fu Shi Quan, Chunzi Huang, Lizheng Guo, Ling Ye, Chinglai Yang, and Richard W. Compans. Modified HIV Envelope Proteins with Enhanced Binding to Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. Virology, 331(1):20-32, 5 Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15582650.
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Kang2009
Yun Kenneth Kang, Sofija Andjelic, James M. Binley, Emma T. Crooks, Michael Franti, Sai Prasad N. Iyer, Gerald P. Donovan, Antu K. Dey, Ping Zhu, Kenneth H. Roux, Robert J. Durso, Thomas F. Parsons, Paul J. Maddon, John P. Moore, and William C. Olson. Structural and Immunogenicity Studies of a Cleaved, Stabilized Envelope Trimer Derived from Subtype A HIV-1. Vaccine, 27(37):5120-5132, 13 Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19567243.
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Keele2008
Brandon F. Keele, Elena E. Giorgi, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Julie M. Decker, Kimmy T. Pham, Maria G. Salazar, Chuanxi Sun, Truman Grayson, Shuyi Wang, Hui Li, Xiping Wei, Chunlai Jiang, Jennifer L. Kirchherr, Feng Gao, Jeffery A. Anderson, Li-Hua Ping, Ronald Swanstrom, Georgia D. Tomaras, William A. Blattner, Paul A. Goepfert, J. Michael Kilby, Michael S. Saag, Eric L. Delwart, Michael P. Busch, Myron S. Cohen, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Brian Gaschen, Gayathri S. Athreya, Ha Y. Lee, Natasha Wood, Cathal Seoighe, Alan S. Perelson, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Bette T. Korber, Beatrice H. Hahn, and George M. Shaw. Identification and Characterization of Transmitted and Early Founder Virus Envelopes in Primary HIV-1 Infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(21):7552-7557, 27 May 2008. PubMed ID: 18490657.
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Kelker2010
Hanna C. Kelker, Vincenza R. Itri, and Fred T. Valentine. A Strategy for Eliciting Antibodies against Cryptic, Conserved, Conformationally Dependent Epitopes of HIV Envelope Glycoprotein. PLoS One, 5(1):e8555, 2010. PubMed ID: 20052405.
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Kessler1995
J. A. Kessler, II, P. M. McKenna, E. A. Emini, and A. J. Conley. In vitro assessment of the therapeutic potential of anti-HIV-1 monoclonal neutralizing antibodies. Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., 95:586, T-25, 1995. Aidsline: 96050622 Abstract.
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Kessler1997
J. A. Kessler II, P. M. McKenna, E. A. Emini, C. P. Chan, M. D. Patel, S. K. Gupta, G. E. Mark III, C. F. Barbas III, D. R. Burton, and A. J. Conley. Recombinant human monoclonal antibody IgG1b12 neutralizes diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:575-82, 1997. Anti-CD4 binding domain antibodies generally do not neutralize primary HIV-1 isolates, with the exception of IgG1b12. Many primary isolates were shown to be neutralized by IgG1b12, including several non-B clade international isolates. Neutralization of a primary isolate with MAb IgG1b12 did not require continuous exposure to the antibody. A complete IgG1 molecule of a selected b12 FAb mutant with a > 400-fold increase in affinity was assembled and evaluated in the infectivity reduction assay in comparative studies with the parent IgG1b12 antibody. The mutant did not retain the level of primary isolate neutralization potency of IgG1b12, despite the increase in affinity for gp120. PubMed ID: 9135875.
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Kim2005
Mikyung Kim, Zhi-Song Qiao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Ellis L. Reinherz, and Hua-Xin Liao. Comparison of HIV Type 1 ADA gp120 Monomers Versus gp140 Trimers as Immunogens for the Induction of Neutralizing Antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 21(1):58-67, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15665645.
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Kishko2011
Michael Kishko, Mohan Somasundaran, Frank Brewster, John L. Sullivan, Paul R. Clapham, and Katherine Luzuriaga. Genotypic and Functional Properties of Early Infant HIV-1 Envelopes. Retrovirology, 8:67, 2011. PubMed ID: 21843318.
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Kitabwalla2003
Moiz Kitabwalla, Flavia Ferrantelli, Tao Wang, Alistair Chalmers, Hermann Katinger, Gabriela Stiegler, Lisa A. Cavacini, Ting-Chao Chou, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Primary African HIV Clade A and D Isolates: Effective Cross-Clade Neutralization with a Quadruple Combination of Human Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Clade B. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 19(2):125-131, Feb 2003. PubMed ID: 12639248.
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Klasse2002
P. J. Klasse and Q. J. Sattentau. Occupancy and Mechanism in Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of Animal Viruses. J. Gen. Virol., 83(9):2091-2108, Sep 2002. PubMed ID: 12185262.
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Klein2009
Joshua S. Klein, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Rachel P. Galimidi, Christopher P. Foglesong, Anthony P. West, Jr., and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Examination of the Contributions of Size and Avidity to the Neutralization Mechanisms of the Anti-HIV Antibodies b12 and 4E10. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106(18):7385-7390, 5 May 2009. PubMed ID: 19372381.
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Klein2010
Joshua S. Klein and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Few and Far Between: How HIV May Be Evading Antibody Avidity. PLoS Pathog., 6(5):e1000908, May 2010. PubMed ID: 20523901.
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Klein2012
Florian Klein, Christian Gaebler, Hugo Mouquet, D. Noah Sather, Clara Lehmann, Johannes F. Scheid, Zane Kraft, Yan Liu, John Pietzsch, Arlene Hurley, Pascal Poignard, Ten Feizi, Lynn Morris, Bruce D. Walker, Gerd Fätkenheuer, Michael S. Seaman, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Broad Neutralization by a Combination of Antibodies Recognizing the CD4 Binding Site and a New Conformational Epitope on the HIV-1 Envelope Protein. J. Exp. Med., 209(8):1469-1479, 30 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22826297.
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Koh2010a
Willie W. L. Koh, Anna Forsman, Stéphane Hué, Gisela J. van der Velden, David L. Yirrell, Áine McKnight, Robin A. Weiss, and Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Novel Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelopes Cloned Directly from Plasma: Coreceptor Usage and Neutralization Phenotypes. J. Gen. Virol., 91(9):2374-2380, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20484560.
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Kolchinsky2001
P. Kolchinsky, E. Kiprilov, P. Bartley, R. Rubinstein, and J. Sodroski. Loss of a single N-linked glycan allows CD4-independent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by altering the position of the gp120 V1/V2 variable loops. J. Virol., 75(7):3435--43, Apr 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/7/3435. PubMed ID: 11238869.
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Korber2009
Bette Korber and S. Gnanakaran. The Implications of Patterns in HIV Diversity for Neutralizing Antibody Induction and Susceptibility. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):408-417, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048705.
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Korkut2012
Anil Korkut and Wayne A. Hendrickson. Structural Plasticity and Conformational Transitions of HIV Envelope Glycoprotein gp120. PLoS One, 7(12):e52170, 2012. PubMed ID: 23300605.
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Kothe2007
Denise L. Kothe, Julie M Decker, Yingying Li, Zhiping Weng, Frederic Bibollet-Ruche, Kenneth P. Zammit, Maria G. Salazar, Yalu Chen, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Zina Moldoveanu, Jiri Mestecky, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, George M. Shaw, Mark Muldoon, Bette T. M. Korber, and Beatrice H. Hahn. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of HIV-1 Consensus Subtype B Envelope Glycoproteins. Virology, 360(1):218-234, 30 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17097711.
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Kovacs2012
James M. Kovacs, Joseph P. Nkolola, Hanqin Peng, Ann Cheung, James Perry, Caroline A. Miller, Michael S. Seaman, Dan H. Barouch, and Bing Chen. HIV-1 Envelope Trimer Elicits More Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses than Monomeric gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):12111-12116, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22773820.
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Krachmarov2005
Chavdar Krachmarov, Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Phillipe N. Nyambi, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. Antibodies That Are Cross-Reactive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clade A and Clade B V3 Domains Are Common in Patient Sera from Cameroon, but Their Neutralization Activity Is Usually Restricted by Epitope Masking. J. Virol., 79(2):780-790, Jan 2005. PubMed ID: 15613306.
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Krachmarov2006
C. P. Krachmarov, W. J. Honnen, S. C. Kayman, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and Abraham Pinter. Factors Determining the Breadth and Potency of Neutralization by V3-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies Derived from Subjects Infected with Clade A or Clade B Strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 80(14):7127-7135, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16809318.
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Kraft2007
Zane Kraft, Nina R. Derby, Ruth A. McCaffrey, Rachel Niec, Wendy M. Blay, Nancy L. Haigwood, Eirini Moysi, Cheryl J. Saunders, Terri Wrin, Christos J. Petropoulos, M. Juliana McElrath, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Macaques Infected with a CCR5-Tropic Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) Develop Broadly Reactive Anti-HIV Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 81(12):6402-6411, Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17392364.
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Kramer2007
Victor G. Kramer, Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Passive Immunization as Tool to Identify Protective HIV-1 Env Epitopes. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):642-55, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045119.
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Kropelin1998
M. Kropelin, C. Susal, V. Daniel, and G. Opelz. Inhibition of HIV-1 rgp120 Binding to CD4+ T Cells by Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against the gp120 C1 or C4 Region. Immunol. Lett., 63:19-25, 1998. PubMed ID: 9719434.
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Kulkarni2009
Smita S. Kulkarni, Alan Lapedes, Haili Tang, S. Gnanakaran, Marcus G. Daniels, Ming Zhang, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, Ming Li, Victoria R. Polonis, Francine E. McCutchan, Lynn Morris, Dennis Ellenberger, Salvatore T. Butera, Robert C. Bollinger, Bette T. Korber, Ramesh S. Paranjape, and David C. Montefiori. Highly Complex Neutralization Determinants on a Monophyletic Lineage of Newly Transmitted Subtype C HIV-1 Env Clones from India. Virology, 385(2):505-520, 15 Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19167740.
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Kumar2018
Amit Kumar, Claire E. P. Smith, Elena E. Giorgi, Joshua Eudailey, David R. Martinez, Karina Yusim, Ayooluwa O. Douglas, Lisa Stamper, Erin McGuire, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Genevieve G. Fouda, Feng Gao, and Sallie R. Permar. Infant Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 Viruses from Peripartum Transmission Are Neutralization Resistant to Paired Maternal Plasma. PLoS Pathog., 14(4):e1006944, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29672607.
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Kwon2012
Young Do Kwon, Andrés Finzi, Xueling Wu, Cajetan Dogo-Isonagie, Lawrence K. Lee, Lucas R. Moore, Stephen D. Schmidt, Jonathan Stuckey, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, David A. Vicic, Asim K. Debnath, Lawrence Shapiro, Carole A. Bewley, John R. Mascola, Joseph G. Sodroski, and Peter D. Kwong. Unliganded HIV-1 gp120 Core Structures Assume the CD4-Bound Conformation with Regulation by Quaternary Interactions and Variable Loops. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(15):5663-5668, 10 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22451932.
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Kwon2015
Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Priyamvada Acharya, Ivelin S. Georgiev, Emma T. Crooks, Jason Gorman, M. Gordon Joyce, Miklos Guttman, Xiaochu Ma, Sandeep Narpala, Cinque Soto, Daniel S. Terry, Yongping Yang, Tongqing Zhou, Goran Ahlsen, Robert T. Bailer, Michael Chambers, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Aliaksandr Druz, Mark A. Hallen, Adam Harned, Tatsiana Kirys, Mark K. Louder, Sijy O'Dell, Gilad Ofek, Keiko Osawa, Madhu Prabhakaran, Mallika Sastry, Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Jonathan Stuckey, Paul V. Thomas, Tishina Tittley, Constance Williams, Baoshan Zhang, Hong Zhao, Zhou Zhou, Bruce R. Donald, Lawrence K. Lee, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Ulrich Baxa, Arne Schön, Ernesto Freire, Lawrence Shapiro, Kelly K. Lee, James Arthos, James B. Munro, Scott C. Blanchard, Walther Mothes, James M. Binley, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Crystal Structure, Conformational Fixation and Entry-Related Interactions of Mature Ligand-Free HIV-1 Env. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 22(7):522-531, Jul 2015. PubMed ID: 26098315.
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Kwong2002
Peter D. Kwong, Michael L. Doyle, David J. Casper, Claudia Cicala, Stephanie A. Leavitt, Shahzad Majeed, Tavis D. Steenbeke, Miro Venturi, Irwin Chaiken, Michael Fung, Hermann Katinger, Paul W. I. H. Parren, James Robinson, Donald Van Ryk, Liping Wang, Dennis R. Burton, Ernesto Freire, Richard Wyatt, Joseph Sodroski, Wayne A. Hendrickson, and James Arthos. HIV-1 Evades Antibody-Mediated Neutralization through Conformational Masking of Receptor-Binding Sites. Nature, 420(6916):678-682, 12 Dec 2002. Comment in Nature. 2002 Dec 12;420(6916):623-4. PubMed ID: 12478295.
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Kwong2009a
Peter D. Kwong and Ian A. Wilson. HIV-1 and Influenza Antibodies: Seeing Antigens in New Ways. Nat. Immunol., 10(6):573-578, Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19448659.
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Kwong2011
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Rational Design of Vaccines to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 1(1):a007278, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 22229123.
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Kwong2012
Peter D. Kwong and John R. Mascola. Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies. Immunity, 37(3):412-425, 21 Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22999947.
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Kwong2013
Peter D. Kwong, John R. Mascola, and Gary J. Nabel. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and the Search for an HIV-1 Vaccine: The End of the Beginning. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13(9):693-701, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 23969737.
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Laakso2007
Meg M. Laakso, Fang-Hua Lee, Beth Haggarty, Caroline Agrawal, Katrina M. Nolan, Mark Biscone, Josephine Romano, Andrea P. O. Jordan, George J. Leslie, Eric G. Meissner, Lishan Su, James A. Hoxie, and Robert W. Doms. V3 Loop Truncations in HIV-1 Envelope Impart Resistance to Coreceptor Inhibitors and Enhanced Sensitivity to Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 3(8):e117, 24 Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17722977.
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Lagenaur2010
Laurel A. Lagenaur, Vadim A. Villarroel, Virgilio Bundoc, Barna Dey, and Edward A. Berger. sCD4-17b Bifunctional Protein: Extremely Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 Env Pseudotyped Viruses from Genetically Diverse Primary Isolates. Retrovirology, 7:11, 2010. PubMed ID: 20158904.
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Lai2012
Rachel P. J. Lai, Michael S. Seaman, Paul Tonks, Frank Wegmann, David J. Seilly, Simon D. W. Frost, Celia C. LaBranche, David C. Montefiori, Antu K. Dey, Indresh K. Srivastava, Quentin Sattentau, Susan W. Barnett, and Jonathan L. Heeney. Mixed Adjuvant Formulations Reveal a New Combination That Elicit Antibody Response Comparable to Freund's Adjuvants. PLoS One, 7(4):e35083, 2012. PubMed ID: 22509385.
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Lambotte2009
Olivier Lambotte, Guido Ferrari, Christiane Moog, Nicole L. Yates, Hua-Xin Liao, Robert J. Parks, Charles B. Hicks, Kouros Owzar, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, and Jean-François Delfraissy. Heterogeneous Neutralizing Antibody and Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity Responses in HIV-1 Elite Controllers. AIDS, 23(8):897-906, 15 May 2009. PubMed ID: 19414990.
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Lavine2012
Christy L. Lavine, Socheata Lao, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology (CHAVI). High-Mannose Glycan-Dependent Epitopes Are Frequently Targeted in Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(4):2153-2164, Feb 2012. PubMed ID: 22156525.
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Law2007
Mansun Law, Rosa M. F. Cardoso, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Antigenic and Immunogenic Study of Membrane-Proximal External Region-Grafted gp120 Antigens by a DNA Prime-Protein Boost Immunization Strategy. J. Virol., 81(8):4272-4285, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17267498.
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Leaman2010
Daniel P. Leaman, Heather Kinkead, and Michael B. Zwick. In-Solution Virus Capture Assay Helps Deconstruct Heterogeneous Antibody Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 84(7):3382-3395, Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20089658.
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Leaman2013
Daniel P. Leaman and Michael B. Zwick. Increased Functional Stability and Homogeneity of Viral Envelope Spikes through Directed Evolution. PLoS Pathog., 9(2):e1003184, Feb 2013. PubMed ID: 23468626.
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Lewis2002a
Anne D. Lewis, Ruju Chen, David C. Montefiori, Philip R. Johnson, and K. Reed Clark. Generation of Neutralizing Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Serum by Antibody Gene Transfer. J. Virol., 76(17):8769-8775, Sep 2002. PubMed ID: 12163597.
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George K. Lewis. Challenges of Antibody-Mediated Protection against HIV-1. Expert Rev. Vaccines, 9(7):683-687, Jul 2010. PubMed ID: 20624038.
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Li1997
A. Li, T. W. Baba, J. Sodroski, S. Zolla-Pazner, M. K. Gorny, J. Robinson, M. R. Posner, H. Katinger, C. F. Barbas III, D. R. Burton, T.-C. Chou, and R. M Ruprecht. Synergistic Neutralization of a Chimeric SIV/HIV Type 1 Virus with Combinations of Human Anti-HIV Type 1 Envelope Monoclonal Antibodies or Hyperimmune Globulins. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:647-656, 1997. Multiple combinations of MAbs were tested for their ability to synergize neutralization of a SHIV construct containing HIV IIIB env. All of the MAb combinations tried were synergistic, suggesting such combinations may be useful for passive immunotherapy or immunoprophylaxis. Because SHIV can replicate in rhesus macaques, such approaches can potentially be studied in an it in vivo monkey model. PubMed ID: 9168233.
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Li2005a
Ming Li, Feng Gao, John R. Mascola, Leonidas Stamatatos, Victoria R. Polonis, Marguerite Koutsoukos, Gerald Voss, Paul Goepfert, Peter Gilbert, Kelli M. Greene, Miroslawa Bilska, Denise L Kothe, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Xiping Wei, Julie M. Decker, Beatrice H. Hahn, and David C. Montefiori. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env Clones from Acute and Early Subtype B Infections for Standardized Assessments of Vaccine-Elicited Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 79(16):10108-10125, Aug 2005. PubMed ID: 16051804.
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Li2006a
Ming Li, Jesus F. Salazar-Gonzalez, Cynthia A. Derdeyn, Lynn Morris, Carolyn Williamson, James E. Robinson, Julie M. Decker, Yingying Li, Maria G. Salazar, Victoria R. Polonis, Koleka Mlisana, Salim Abdool Karim, Kunxue Hong, Kelli M. Greene, Miroslawa Bilska, Jintao Zhou, Susan Allen, Elwyn Chomba, Joseph Mulenga, Cheswa Vwalika, Feng Gao, Ming Zhang, Bette T. M. Korber, Eric Hunter, Beatrice H. Hahn, and David C. Montefiori. Genetic and Neutralization Properties of Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Molecular env Clones from Acute and Early Heterosexually Acquired Infections in Southern Africa. J. Virol., 80(23):11776-11790, Dec 2006. PubMed ID: 16971434.
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Li2007a
Yuxing Li, Stephen A. Migueles, Brent Welcher, Krisha Svehla, Adhuna Phogat, Mark K. Louder, Xueling Wu, George M. Shaw, Mark Connors, Richard T. Wyatt, and John R. Mascola. Broad HIV-1 Neutralization Mediated by CD4-Binding Site Antibodies. Nat. Med., 13(9):1032-1034, Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17721546.
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Li2009c
Yuxing Li, Krisha Svehla, Mark K. Louder, Diane Wycuff, Sanjay Phogat, Min Tang, Stephen A. Migueles, Xueling Wu, Adhuna Phogat, George M. Shaw, Mark Connors, James Hoxie, John R. Mascola, and Richard Wyatt. Analysis of Neutralization Specificities in Polyclonal Sera Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals. J Virol, 83(2):1045-1059, Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19004942.
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Li2012
Yuxing Li, Sijy O'Dell, Richard Wilson, Xueling Wu, Stephen D. Schmidt, Carl-Magnus Hogerkorp, Mark K. Louder, Nancy S. Longo, Christian Poulsen, Javier Guenaga, Bimal K. Chakrabarti, Nicole Doria-Rose, Mario Roederer, Mark Connors, John R. Mascola, and Richard T. Wyatt. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Display Dual Recognition of the Primary and Coreceptor Binding Sites and Preferential Binding to Fully Cleaved Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 86(20):11231-11241, Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22875963.
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Liang2016
Yu Liang, Miklos Guttman, James A. Williams, Hans Verkerke, Daniel Alvarado, Shiu-Lok Hu, and Kelly K. Lee. Changes in Structure and Antigenicity of HIV-1 Env Trimers Resulting from Removal of a Conserved CD4 Binding Site-Proximal Glycan. J. Virol., 90(20):9224-9236, 15 Oct 2016. PubMed ID: 27489265.
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Liao2006
Hua-Xin Liao, Laura L. Sutherland, Shi-Mao Xia, Mary E. Brock, Richard M. Scearce, Stacie Vanleeuwen, S. Munir Alam, Mildred McAdams, Eric A. Weaver, Zenaido Camacho, Ben-Jiang Ma, Yingying Li, Julie M. Decker, Gary J. Nabel, David C. Montefiori, Beatrice H. Hahn, Bette T. Korber, Feng Gao, and Barton F. Haynes. A Group M Consensus Envelope Glycoprotein Induces Antibodies That Neutralize Subsets of Subtype B and C HIV-1 Primary Viruses. Virology, 353(2):268-282, 30 Sep 2006. PubMed ID: 17039602.
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Liao2013c
Hua-Xin Liao, Chun-Yen Tsao, S. Munir Alam, Mark Muldoon, Nathan Vandergrift, Ben-Jiang Ma, Xiaozhi Lu, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Cindy Bowman, Robert Parks, Haiyan Chen, Julie H. Blinn, Alan Lapedes, Sydeaka Watson, Shi-Mao Xia, Andrew Foulger, Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Ron Swanstrom, David C. Montefiori, Feng Gao, Barton F. Haynes, and Bette Korber. Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Transmitted/Founder, Consensus, and Chronic Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 87(8):4185-4201, Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23365441.
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Lin2007
George Lin and Peter L. Nara. Designing Immunogens to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein. Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):514-541, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045109.
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Ling2002
Hong Ling, Xiao-Yan Zhang, Osamu Usami, and Toshio Hattori. Activation of gp120 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus by Their V3 Loop-Derived Peptides. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 297(3):625-631, 27 Sep 2002. PubMed ID: 12270140.
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Liu2002
Xiao Song Liu, Wen Jun Liu, Kong Nan Zhao, Yue Hua Liu, Graham Leggatt, and Ian H. Frazer. Route of Administration of Chimeric BPV1 VLP Determines the Character of the Induced Immune Responses. Immunol. Cell Biol., 80(1):21-9, Feb 2002. PubMed ID: 11869359.
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Liu2008
Jun Liu, Alberto Bartesaghi, Mario J. Borgnia, Guillermo Sapiro, and Sriram Subramaniam. Molecular Architecture of Native HIV-1 gp120 Trimers. Nature, 455(7209):109-113, 4 Sep 2008. PubMed ID: 18668044.
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Liu2011
Lihong Liu, Michael Wen, Weiming Wang, Shumei Wang, Lifei Yang, Yong Liu, Mengran Qian, Linqi Zhang, Yiming Shao, Jason T. Kimata, and Paul Zhou. Potent and Broad Anti-HIV-1 Activity Exhibited by a Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol-Anchored Peptide Derived from the CDR H3 of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody PG16. J. Virol., 85(17):8467-8476, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21715497.
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Louder2005
Mark K. Louder, Anna Sambor, Elena Chertova, Tai Hunte, Sarah Barrett, Fallon Ojong, Eric Sanders-Buell, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Francine E. McCutchan, James D. Roser, Dana Gabuzda, Jeffrey D. Lifson, and John R. Mascola. HIV-1 Envelope Pseudotyped Viral Vectors and Infectious Molecular Clones Expressing the Same Envelope Glycoprotein Have a Similar Neutralization Phenotype, but Culture in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is Associated with Decreased Neutralization Sensitivity. Virology, 339(2):226-238, 1 Sep 2005. PubMed ID: 16005039.
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Lovelace2011
Erica Lovelace, Hengyu Xu, Catherine A. Blish, Roland Strong, and Julie Overbaugh. The Role of Amino Acid Changes in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmembrane Domain in Antibody Binding and Neutralization. Virology, 421(2):235-244, 20 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22029936.
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Luo2006
Min Luo, Fei Yuan, Yanxia Liu, Siming Jiang, Xijun Song, Pengfei Jiang, Xiaolei Yin, Mingxiao Ding, and Hongkui Deng. Induction of Neutralizing Antibody against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) by Immunization with gp41 Membrane-Proximal External Region (MPER) Fused with Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) p15E Fragment. Vaccine, 24(4):4354-4342, 23 Jan 2006. PubMed ID: 16143433.
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Luo2009
Xin M. Luo, Emily Maarschalk, Ryan M. O'Connell, Pin Wang, Lili Yang, and David Baltimore. Engineering Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells to Produce a Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody after In Vitro Maturation to Human B Lymphocytes. Blood, 113(7):1422-1431, 12 Feb 2009. PubMed ID: 19059876.
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Lusso2005
Paolo Lusso, Patricia L. Earl, Francesca Sironi, Fabio Santoro, Chiara Ripamonti, Gabriella Scarlatti, Renato Longhi, Edward A. Berger, and Samuele E. Burastero. Cryptic Nature of a Conserved, CD4-Inducible V3 Loop Neutralization Epitope in the Native Envelope Glycoprotein Oligomer of CCR5-Restricted, but not CXCR4-Using, Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains. J. Virol., 79(11):6957-6968, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890935.
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Ly2000
A. Ly and L. Stamatatos. V2 Loop Glycosylation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 SF162 Envelope Facilitates Interaction of this Protein with CD4 and CCR5 Receptors and Protects the Virus from Neutralization by Anti-V3 Loop and Anti-CD4 Binding Site Antibodies. J. Virol., 74:6769-6776, 2000. PubMed ID: 10888615.
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Lynch2011
John B. Lynch, Ruth Nduati, Catherine A. Blish, Barbra A. Richardson, Jennifer M. Mabuka, Zahra Jalalian-Lechak, Grace John-Stewart, and Julie Overbaugh. The Breadth and Potency of Passively Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Do Not Correlate with the Risk of Infant Infection. J. Virol., 85(11):5252-5261, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21411521.
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Lynch2012
Rebecca M. Lynch, Lillian Tran, Mark K. Louder, Stephen D. Schmidt, Myron Cohen, CHAVI 001 Clinical Team Members, Rebecca DerSimonian, Zelda Euler, Elin S. Gray, Salim Abdool Karim, Jennifer Kirchherr, David C. Montefiori, Sengeziwe Sibeko, Kelly Soderberg, Georgia Tomaras, Zhi-Yong Yang, Gary J. Nabel, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Lynn Morris, Barton F. Haynes, and John R. Mascola. The Development of CD4 Binding Site Antibodies during HIV-1 Infection. J. Virol., 86(14):7588-7595, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22573869.
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Lyumkis2013
Dmitry Lyumkis, Jean-Philippe Julien, Natalia de Val, Albert Cupo, Clinton S. Potter, Per-Johan Klasse, Dennis R. Burton, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, Bridget Carragher, Ian A. Wilson, and Andrew B. Ward. Cryo-EM Structure of a Fully Glycosylated Soluble Cleaved HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. Science, 342(6165):1484-1490, 20 Dec 2013. PubMed ID: 24179160.
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Ma2011
Ben-Jiang Ma, S. Munir Alam, Eden P. Go, Xiaozhi Lu, Heather Desaire, Georgia D. Tomaras, Cindy Bowman, Laura L. Sutherland, Richard M. Scearce, Sampa Santra, Norman L. Letvin, Thomas B. Kepler, Hua-Xin Liao, and Barton F. Haynes. Envelope Deglycosylation Enhances Antigenicity of HIV-1 gp41 Epitopes for Both Broad Neutralizing Antibodies and Their Unmutated Ancestor Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 7(9):e1002200, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21909262.
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Magnus2010
Carsten Magnus and Roland R. Regoes. Estimating the Stoichiometry of HIV Neutralization. PLoS Comput. Biol., 6(3):e1000713, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20333245.
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Magnus2016
Carsten Magnus, Lucia Reh, and Alexandra Trkola. HIV-1 Resistance to Neutralizing Antibodies: Determination of Antibody Concentrations Leading to Escape Mutant Evolution. Virus Res., 218:57-70, 15 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 26494166.
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Malherbe2011
Delphine C. Malherbe, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Lynda Misher, Travis Beckett, Wendy Blay Puryear, Jason T. Schuman, Zane Kraft, Jean O'Malley, Motomi Mori, Indresh Srivastava, Susan Barnett, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Sequential Immunization with a Subtype B HIV-1 Envelope Quasispecies Partially Mimics the In Vivo Development of Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(11):5262-5274, Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21430056.
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Malherbe2014
Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, D. Noah Sather, Biwei Guo, Shilpi Pandey, William F. Sutton, Andrew B. Stuart, Harlan Robins, Byung Park, Shelly J. Krebs, Jason T. Schuman, Spyros Kalams, Ann J. Hessell, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Envelope variants circulating as initial neutralization breadth developed in two HIV-infected subjects stimulate multiclade neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. J Virol, 88(22):12949-67 doi, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25210191
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Mantis2007
Nicholas J. Mantis, Jana Palaia, Ann J. Hessell, Simren Mehta, Zhiyi Zhu, Blaise Corthésy, Marian R. Neutra, Dennis R. Burton, and Edward N. Janoff. Inhibition of HIV-1 Infectivity and Epithelial Cell Transfer by Human Monoclonal IgG and IgA Antibodies Carrying the b12 V Region. J. Immunol., 179(5):3144-3152, 1 Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17709529.
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Mao2012
Youdong Mao, Liping Wang, Christopher Gu, Alon Herschhorn, Shi-Hua Xiang, Hillel Haim, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Subunit Organization of the Membrane-Bound HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 19(9):893-899, Sep 2012. PubMed ID: 22864288.
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Martin2008
Grégoire Martin, Yide Sun, Bernadette Heyd, Olivier Combes, Jeffrey B Ulmer, Anne Descours, Susan W Barnett, Indresh K Srivastava, and Loïc Martin. A Simple One-Step Method for the Preparation of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Immunogens Based on a CD4 Mimic Peptide. Virology, 381(2):241-250, 25 Nov 2008. PubMed ID: 18835005.
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Martin2011
Grégoire Martin, Brian Burke, Robert Thaï, Antu K. Dey, Olivier Combes, Bernadette Heyd, Anthony R. Geonnotti, David C. Montefiori, Elaine Kan, Ying Lian, Yide Sun, Toufik Abache, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Hocine Madaoui, Raphaël Guérois, Susan W. Barnett, Indresh K. Srivastava, Pascal Kessler, and Loïc Martin. Stabilization of HIV-1 Envelope in the CD4-Bound Conformation through Specific Cross-Linking of a CD4 Mimetic. J. Biol. Chem., 286(24):21706-21716, 17 Jun 2011. PubMed ID: 21487012.
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Martinez2009
Valérie Martinez, Marie-Claude Diemert, Martine Braibant, Valérie Potard, Jean-Luc Charuel, Francis Barin, Dominique Costagliola, Eric Caumes, Jean-Pierre Clauvel, Brigitte Autran, Lucile Musset, and ALT ANRS CO15 Study Group. Anticardiolipin Antibodies in HIV Infection Are Independently Associated with Antibodies to the Membrane Proximal External Region of gp41 and with Cell-Associated HIV DNA and Immune Activation. Clin. Infect. Dis., 48(1):123-32, 1 Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19035778.
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Martin-Garcia2005
Julio Martín-García, Simon Cocklin, Irwin M. Chaiken, and Francisco González-Scarano. Interaction with CD4 and Antibodies to CD4-Induced Epitopes of the Envelope gp120 from a Microglial Cell-Adapted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate. J. Virol., 79(11):6703-6713, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890908.
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Mascola2003a
John R. Mascola. Defining the Protective Antibody Response for HIV-1. Curr. Mol. Med., 3(3):209-216, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12699358.
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Mascola2010
John R. Mascola and David C. Montefiori. The Role of Antibodies in HIV Vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 28:413-444, Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20192810.
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Massanella2009
Marta Massanella, Isabel Puigdomènech, Cecilia Cabrera, Maria Teresa Fernandez-Figueras, Anne Aucher, Gerald Gaibelet, Denis Hudrisier, Elisabet García, Margarita Bofill, Bonaventura Clotet, and Julià Blanco. Antigp41 Antibodies Fail to Block Early Events of Virological Synapses but Inhibit HIV Spread between T Cells. AIDS, 23(2):183-188, 14 Jan 2009. PubMed ID: 19098487.
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McCaffrey2004
Ruth A McCaffrey, Cheryl Saunders, Mike Hensel, and Leonidas Stamatatos. N-Linked Glycosylation of the V3 Loop and the Immunologically Silent Face of gp120 Protects Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 SF162 from Neutralization by Anti-gp120 and Anti-gp41 Antibodies. J. Virol., 78(7):3279-3295, Apr 2004. PubMed ID: 15016849.
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McCann2005
C. M. Mc Cann, R. J. Song, and R. M. Ruprecht. Antibodies: Can They Protect Against HIV Infection? Curr. Drug Targets Infect. Disord., 5(2):95-111, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15975016.
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McCoy2015
Laura E. McCoy, Emilia Falkowska, Katie J. Doores, Khoa Le, Devin Sok, Marit J. van Gils, Zelda Euler, Judith A. Burger, Michael S. Seaman, Rogier W. Sanders, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, and Dennis R. Burton. Incomplete Neutralization and Deviation from Sigmoidal Neutralization Curves for HIV Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 11(8):e1005110, Aug 2015. PubMed ID: 26267277.
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McGuire2013
Andrew T. McGuire, Sam Hoot, Anita M. Dreyer, Adriana Lippy, Andrew Stuart, Kristen W. Cohen, Joseph Jardine, Sergey Menis, Johannes F. Scheid, Anthony P. West, William R. Schief, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Engineering HIV Envelope Protein To Activate Germline B Cell Receptors of Broadly Neutralizing Anti-CD4 Binding Site Antibodies. J. Exp. Med., 210(4):655-663, 8 Apr 2013. PubMed ID: 23530120.
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McGuire2014
Andrew T. McGuire, Jolene A. Glenn, Adriana Lippy, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Diverse Recombinant HIV-1 Envs Fail to Activate B Cells Expressing the Germline B Cell Receptors of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies PG9 and 447-52D. J. Virol., 88(5):2645-2657, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352455.
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McKeating1996c
J. A. McKeating. Biological Consequences of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Polymorphism: Does Variation Matter? 1995 Fleming Lecture. J. Gen. Virol., 77:2905-2919, 1996. PubMed ID: 9000081.
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McKnight2007
Aine McKnight and Marlen M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Clade Specific Neutralising Vaccines for HIV: An Appropriate Target? Curr. HIV Res., 5(6):554-560, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18045111.
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McLinden2013
Robert J. McLinden, Celia C. LaBranche, Agnès-Laurence Chenine, Victoria R. Polonis, Michael A. Eller, Lindsay Wieczorek, Christina Ochsenbauer, John C. Kappes, Stephen Perfetto, David C. Montefiori, Nelson L. Michael, and Jerome H. Kim. Detection of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in a Human CD4+/CXCR4+/CCR5+ T-Lymphoblastoid Cell Assay System. PLoS One, 8(11):e77756, 2013. PubMed ID: 24312168.
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Melchers2012
Mark Melchers, Ilja Bontjer, Tommy Tong, Nancy P. Y. Chung, Per Johan Klasse, Dirk Eggink, David C. Montefiori, Maurizio Gentile, Andrea Cerutti, William C. Olson, Ben Berkhout, James M. Binley, John P. Moore, and Rogier W. Sanders. Targeting HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers to B Cells by Using APRIL Improves Antibody Responses. J. Virol., 86(5):2488-2500, Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22205734.
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Metlas2007
Radmila Metlas, Tanja Srdic, and Veljko Veljkovic. Anti-IgG Antibodies from Sera of Healthy Individuals Neutralize HIV-1 Primary Isolates. Curr. HIV Res., 5(2):261-265, Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17346139.
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Meyerson2013
Joel R. Meyerson, Erin E. H. Tran, Oleg Kuybeda, Weizao Chen, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Andrea Gorlani, Theo Verrips, Jeffrey D. Lifson, and Sriram Subramaniam. Molecular Structures of Trimeric HIV-1 Env in Complex with Small Antibody Derivatives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(2):513-518, 8 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23267106.
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Miglietta2014
Riccardo Miglietta, Claudia Pastori, Assunta Venuti, Christina Ochsenbauer, and Lucia Lopalco. Synergy in Monoclonal Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1 Pseudoviruses and Infectious Molecular Clones. J. Transl. Med., 12:346, 2014. PubMed ID: 25496375.
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Miller2005
Michael D. Miller, Romas Geleziunas, Elisabetta Bianchi, Simon Lennard, Renee Hrin, Hangchun Zhang, Meiqing Lu, Zhiqiang An, Paolo Ingallinella, Marco Finotto, Marco Mattu, Adam C. Finnefrock, David Bramhill, James Cook, Debra M. Eckert, Richard Hampton, Mayuri Patel, Stephen Jarantow, Joseph Joyce, Gennaro Ciliberto, Riccardo Cortese, Ping Lu, William Strohl, William Schleif, Michael McElhaugh, Steven Lane, Christopher Lloyd, David Lowe, Jane Osbourn, Tristan Vaughan, Emilio Emini, Gaetano Barbato, Peter S. Kim, Daria J. Hazuda, John W. Shiver, and Antonello Pessi. A Human Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes Diverse HIV-1 Isolates By Binding a Critical gp41 Epitope. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 102(41):14759-14764, 11 Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16203977.
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Miranda2007
Luis R. Miranda, Mark Duval, Heather Doherty, Michael S. Seaman, Marshall R. Posner, and Lisa A. Cavacini. The Neutralization Properties of a HIV-Specific Antibody Are Markedly Altered by Glycosylation Events Outside the Antigen-Binding Domain. J. Immunol., 178(11):7132-7138, 1 Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17513762.
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Mo1997
H. Mo, L. Stamatatos, J. E. Ip, C. F. Barbas, P. W. H. I. Parren, D. R. Burton, J. P. Moore, and D. D. Ho. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutants That Escape Neutralization by Human Monoclonal Antibody IgG1b12. J. Virol., 71:6869-6874, 1997. A JRCSF resistant variant was selected by culturing in the presence of IgG1b12. The resistant virus remained sensitive to 2G12 and 2F5 and to CD4-IgG, encouraging for the possibility of combination therapy. PubMed ID: 9261412.
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Moldt2012
Brian Moldt, Mami Shibata-Koyama, Eva G. Rakasz, Niccole Schultz, Yutaka Kanda, D. Cameron Dunlop, Samantha L. Finstad, Chenggang Jin, Gary Landucci, Michael D. Alpert, Anne-Sophie Dugast, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Falk Nimmerjahn, David T. Evans, Galit Alter, Donald N. Forthal, Jörn E. Schmitz, Shigeru Iida, Pascal Poignard, David I. Watkins, Ann J. Hessell, and Dennis R. Burton. A Nonfucosylated Variant of the Anti-HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibody b12 Has Enhanced Fc-gamma-RIIIa-Mediated Antiviral Activity In Vitro but Does Not Improve Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge in Macaques. J. Virol., 86(11):6189-6196, Jun 2012. PubMed ID: 22457527.
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Moldt2012a
Brian Moldt, Eva G. Rakasz, Niccole Schultz, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Kristine Swiderek, Kimberly L. Weisgrau, Shari M. Piaskowski, Zachary Bergman, David I. Watkins, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Highly Potent HIV-Specific Antibody Neutralization In Vitro Translates into Effective Protection against Mucosal SHIV Challenge In Vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(46):18921-18925, 13 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23100539.
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Mondor1998
I. Mondor, S. Ugolini, and Q. J. Sattentau. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Attachment to HeLa CD4 Cells Is CD4 Independent and Gp120 Dependent and Requires Cell Surface Heparans. J. Virol., 72:3623-3634, 1998. PubMed ID: 9557643.
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Montefiori1999
D. Montefiori and T. Evans. Toward an HIV Type 1 Vaccine That Generates Potent Broadly Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 15:689-698, 1999. PubMed ID: 10357464.
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Montefiori2003
David C. Montefiori, Marcus Altfeld, Paul K. Lee, Miroslawa Bilska, Jintao Zhou, Mary N. Johnston, Feng Gao, Bruce D. Walker, and Eric S. Rosenberg. Viremia Control Despite Escape from a Rapid and Potent Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Response after Therapy Cessation in an HIV-1-Infected Individual. J. Immunol., 170(7):3906-3914, Apr 2003. PubMed ID: 12646660.
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Montefiori2005
David C. Montefiori. Neutralizing Antibodies Take a Swipe at HIV In Vivo. Nat. Med., 11(6):593-594, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15937465.
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Montefiori2009
David C. Montefiori and John R. Mascola. Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV-1: Can We Elicit Them with Vaccines and How Much Do We Need? Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):347-351, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048696.
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Moody2010
M. Anthony Moody, Hua-Xin Liao, S. Munir Alam, Richard M. Scearce, M. Kelly Plonk, Daniel M. Kozink, Mark S. Drinker, Ruijun Zhang, Shi-Mao Xia, Laura L. Sutherland, Georgia D. Tomaras, Ian P. Giles, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer-Jambor, Tara G. Edmonds, Melina Soares, Gustavo Barbero, Donald N. Forthal, Gary Landucci, Connie Chang, Steven W. King, Anita Kavlie, Thomas N. Denny, Kwan-Ki Hwang, Pojen P. Chen, Philip E. Thorpe, David C. Montefiori, and Barton F. Haynes. Anti-Phospholipid Human Monoclonal Antibodies Inhibit CCR5-Tropic HIV-1 and Induce beta-Chemokines. J. Exp. Med., 207(4):763-776, 12 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20368576.
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Moog2014
C. Moog, N. Dereuddre-Bosquet, J.-L. Teillaud, M. E. Biedma, V. Holl, G. Van Ham, L. Heyndrickx, A. Van Dorsselaer, D. Katinger, B. Vcelar, S. Zolla-Pazner, I. Mangeot, C. Kelly, R. J. Shattock, and R. Le Grand. Protective Effect of Vaginal Application of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Inhibitory Antibodies Against Vaginal SHIV Challenge in Macaques. Mucosal Immunol., 7(1):46-56, Jan 2014. PubMed ID: 23591718.
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Moore1994b
J. P. Moore, F. E. McCutchan, S.-W. Poon, J. Mascola, J. Liu, Y. Cao, and D. D. Ho. Exploration of Antigenic Variation in gp120 from Clades A through F of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Using Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 68:8350-8364, 1994. Four of five anti-V3 MAbs were slightly cross-reactive within clade B, but not very reactive outside clade B. Two discontinuous CD4 binding site Mabs appear to be pan-reactive. Anti-V2 MAbs were only sporadically reactive inside and outside of clade B. PubMed ID: 7525988.
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Moore1995b
J. P. Moore, Y. Cao, L. Qing, Q. J. Sattentau, J. Pyati, R. Koduri, J. Robinson, C. F. Barbas III, D. R. Burton, and D. D. Ho. Primary Isolates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Are Relatively Resistant to Neutralization by Monoclonal Antibodies to gp120, and Their Neutralization Is Not Predicted by Studies with Monomeric gp120. J. Virol., 69:101-109, 1995. A panel of anti-gp120 MAbs and sera from HIV-1 infected individuals was tested for its ability to neutralize primary isolates. Most MAbs bound with high affinity to gp120 monomers from the various isolates, but were not effective at neutralizing. The MAb IgG1b12, which binds to a discontinuous anti-CD4 binding site epitope, was able to neutralize most of the primary isolates. PubMed ID: 7527081.
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Moore1995c
J. P. Moore and D. D. Ho. HIV-1 Neutralization: The Consequences of Adaptation to Growth on Transformed T-Cells. AIDS, 9(suppl A):S117-S136, 1995. This review considers the relative importance of a neutralizing antibody response for the development of a vaccine, and for disease progression during the chronic phase of HIV-1 infection. It suggests that T-cell immunity may be more important. The distinction between MAbs that can neutralize primary isolates, and those that are effective at neutralizing only laboratory adapted strains is discussed in detail. Alternative conformations of envelope and non-contiguous interacting domains in gp120 are discussed. The suggestion that soluble monomeric gp120 may serve as a viral decoy that diverts the humoral immune response it in vivo is put forth. PubMed ID: 8819579.
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Moore1996
J. P. Moore and J. Sodroski. Antibody cross-competition analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein. J. Virol., 70:1863-1872, 1996. 46 anti-gp120 monomer MAbs were used to create a competition matrix, and MAb competition groups were defined. The data suggests that there are two faces of the gp120 glycoprotein: a face occupied by the CD4BS, which is presumably also exposed on the oligomeric envelope glycoprotein complex, and a second face which is presumably inaccessible on the oligomer and interacts with a number of nonneutralizing antibodies. PubMed ID: 8627711.
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Moore1997
J. Moore and A. Trkola. HIV Type 1 Coreceptors, Neutralization Serotypes and Vaccine Development. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 13:733-736, 1997. PubMed ID: 9171216.
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Moore2006
Penny L. Moore, Emma T. Crooks, Lauren Porter, Ping Zhu, Charmagne S. Cayanan, Henry Grise, Paul Corcoran, Michael B. Zwick, Michael Franti, Lynn Morris, Kenneth H. Roux, Dennis R. Burton, and James M. Binley. Nature of Nonfunctional Envelope Proteins on the Surface of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 80(5):2515-2528, Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16474158.
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Moore2009
Penny L. Moore, Elin S. Gray, and Lynn Morris. Specificity of the Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Response. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):358-363, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048698.
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Mouquet2011
Hugo Mouquet, Florian Klein, Johannes F. Scheid, Malte Warncke, John Pietzsch, Thiago Y. K. Oliveira, Klara Velinzon, Michael S. Seaman, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Memory B Cell Antibodies to HIV-1 gp140 Cloned from Individuals Infected with Clade A and B Viruses. PLoS One, 6(9):e24078, 2011. PubMed ID: 21931643.
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Mouquet2012a
Hugo Mouquet, Louise Scharf, Zelda Euler, Yan Liu, Caroline Eden, Johannes F. Scheid, Ariel Halper-Stromberg, Priyanthi N. P. Gnanapragasam, Daniel I. R. Spencer, Michael S. Seaman, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Ten Feizi, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Complex-Type N-Glycan Recognition by Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 109(47):E3268-E3277, 20 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23115339.
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Moyo2018
Thandeka Moyo, June Ereño-Orbea, Rajesh Abraham Jacob, Clara E. Pavillet, Samuel Mundia Kariuki, Emily N. Tangie, Jean-Philippe Julien, and Jeffrey R. Dorfman. Molecular Basis of Unusually High Neutralization Resistance in Tier 3 HIV-1 Strain 253-11. J. Virol., 92(14), 15 Jul 2018. PubMed ID: 29618644.
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Mufhandu2012
Hazel T. Mufhandu, Elin S. Gray, Maphuti C. Madiga, Nancy Tumba, Kabamba B. Alexandre, Thandeka Khoza, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Penny L. Moore, Lynn Morris, and Makobetsa Khati. UCLA1, a Synthetic Derivative of a gp120 RNA Aptamer, Inhibits Entry of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C. J. Virol., 86(9):4989-4999, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22379083.
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Musich2011
Thomas Musich, Paul J. Peters, Maria José Duenas-Decamp, Maria Paz Gonzalez-Perez, James Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Jonathan K. Ball, Katherine Luzuriaga, and Paul R. Clapham. A Conserved Determinant in the V1 Loop of HIV-1 Modulates the V3 Loop to Prime Low CD4 Use and Macrophage Infection. J. Virol., 85(5):2397-2405, Mar 2011. PubMed ID: 21159865.
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Nabatov2004
Alexey A. Nabatov, Georgios Pollakis, Thomas Linnemann, Aletta Kliphius, Moustapha I. M. Chalaby, and William A. Paxton. Intrapatient Alterations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 V1V2 and V3 Regions Differentially Modulate Coreceptor Usage, Virus Inhibition by CC/CXC Chemokines, Soluble CD4, and the b12 and 2G12 Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 78(1):524-530, Jan 2004. PubMed ID: 14671134.
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Nandi2010
Avishek Nandi, Christine L. Lavine, Pengcheng Wang, Inna Lipchina, Paul A. Goepfert, George M. Shaw, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, Barton F. Haynes, Philippa Easterbrook, James E. Robinson, Joseph G. Sodroski, Xinzhen Yang, and NIAID Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology. Epitopes for Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses during Chronic Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Virology, 396(2):339-348, 20 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19922969.
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Narayan2013
Kristin M. Narayan, Nitish Agrawal, Sean X. Du, Janelle E. Muranaka, Katherine Bauer, Daniel P. Leaman, Pham Phung, Kay Limoli, Helen Chen, Rebecca I. Boenig, Terri Wrin, Michael B. Zwick, and Robert G. Whalen. Prime-Boost Immunization of Rabbits with HIV-1 gp120 Elicits Potent Neutralization Activity against a Primary Viral Isolate. PLoS One, 8(1):e52732, 9 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23326351.
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Negi2009
Surendra S. Negi and Werner Braun. Automated Detection of Conformational Epitopes Using Phage Display Peptide Sequences. Bioinform. Biol. Insights, 3:71-81, 2009. PubMed ID: 20140073.
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Nelson2008
Josh D. Nelson, Heather Kinkead, Florence M. Brunel, Dan Leaman, Richard Jensen, John M. Louis, Toshiaki Maruyama, Carole A. Bewley, Katherine Bowdish, G. Marius Clore, Philip E. Dawson, Shana Frederickson, Rose G. Mage, Douglas D. Richman, Dennis R. Burton, and Michael B. Zwick. Antibody Elicited against the gp41 N-Heptad Repeat (NHR) Coiled-Coil Can Neutralize HIV-1 with Modest Potency but Non-Neutralizing Antibodies Also Bind to NHR Mimetics. Virology, 377(1):170-183, 20 Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18499210.
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Ng2010
Cherie T. Ng, J. Pablo Jaworski, Pushpa Jayaraman, William F. Sutton, Patrick Delio, LaRene Kuller, David Anderson, Gary Landucci, Barbra A. Richardson, Dennis R. Burton, Donald N. Forthal, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Passive Neutralizing Antibody Controls SHIV Viremia and Enhances B Cell Responses in Infant Macaques. Nat. Med., 16(10):1117-1119, Oct 2010. PubMed ID: 20890292.
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Nie2010
Jianhui Nie, Chuntao Zhang, Wei Liu, Xueling Wu, Feng Li, Suting Wang, Fuxiong Liang, Aijing Song, and Youchun Wang. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE env Molecular Clones from Infections in China. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 53(4):440-450, 1 Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20090544.
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Nie2020
Jianhui Nie, Weijin Huang, Qiang Liu, and Youchun Wang. HIV-1 Pseudoviruses Constructed in China Regulatory Laboratory. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 9(1):32-41, 2020. PubMed ID: 31859609.
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Nishiyama2009
Yasuhiro Nishiyama, Stephanie Planque, Yukie Mitsuda, Giovanni Nitti, Hiroaki Taguchi, Lei Jin, Jindrich Symersky, Stephane Boivin, Marcin Sienczyk, Maria Salas, Carl V. Hanson, and Sudhir Paul. Toward Effective HIV Vaccination: Induction of Binary Epitope Reactive Antibodies with Broad HIV Neutralizing Activity. J. Biol. Chem., 284(44):30627-30642, 30 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19726674.
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Nolan2009
Katrina M. Nolan, Gregory Q. Del Prete, Andrea P. O. Jordan, Beth Haggarty, Josephine Romano, George J. Leslie, and James A. Hoxie. Characterization of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 V3 Deletion Mutation That Confers Resistance to CCR5 Inhibitors and the Ability to Use Aplaviroc-Bound Receptor. J. Virol., 83(8):3798-3809, Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19193800.
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Nyambi2000
P. N. Nyambi, H. A. Mbah, S. Burda, C. Williams, M. K. Gorny, A. Nadas, and S. Zolla-Pazner. Conserved and Exposed Epitopes on Intact, Native, Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions of Group M. J. Virol., 74:7096-7107, 2000. PubMed ID: 10888650.
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Ofek2004
Gilad Ofek, Min Tang, Anna Sambor, Hermann Katinger, John R. Mascola, Richard Wyatt, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure and Mechanistic Analysis of the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2F5 in Complex with Its gp41 Epitope. J. Virol., 78(19):10724-10737, Oct 2004. PubMed ID: 15367639.
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ORourke2009
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, William G. Scott, Terri Wrin, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Faruk Sinangil, and Phillip W. Berman. Novel Ring Structure in the gp41 Trimer of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 That Modulates Sensitivity and Resistance to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 83(15):7728-7738, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19474108.
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ORourke2010
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Karianne Terry, Terri Wrin, Faruk Sinangil, and Phillip W. Berman. Mutation at a Single Position in the V2 Domain of the HIV-1 Envelope Protein Confers Neutralization Sensitivity to a Highly Neutralization-Resistant Virus. J. Virol., 84(21):11200-11209, Nov 2010. PubMed ID: 20702624.
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ORourke2012
Sara M. O'Rourke, Becky Schweighardt, Pham Phung, Kathryn A. Mesa, Aaron L. Vollrath, Gwen P. Tatsuno, Briana To, Faruk Sinangil, Kay Limoli, Terri Wrin, and Phillip W. Berman. Sequences in Glycoprotein gp41, the CD4 Binding Site, and the V2 Domain Regulate Sensitivity and Resistance of HIV-1 to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 86(22):12105-12114, Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 22933284.
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Overbaugh2012
Julie Overbaugh and Lynn Morris. The Antibody Response against HIV-1. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med., 2(1):a007039, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22315717.
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Ozorowski2017
Gabriel Ozorowski, Jesper Pallesen, Natalia de Val, Dmitry Lyumkis, Christopher A. Cottrell, Jonathan L. Torres, Jeffrey Copps, Robyn L. Stanfield, Albert Cupo, Pavel Pugach, John P. Moore, Ian A. Wilson, and Andrew B. Ward. Open and Closed Structures Reveal Allostery and Pliability in the HIV-1 Envelope Spike. Nature, 547(7663):360-363, 20 Jul 2017. PubMed ID: 28700571.
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Pacheco2008
Beatriz Pacheco, Stephane Basmaciogullari, Jason A. Labonte, Shi-Hua Xiang, and Joseph Sodroski. Adaptation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins to New World Monkey Receptors. J. Virol., 82(1):346-357, Jan 2008. PubMed ID: 17959679.
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Pahar2006
Bapi Pahar, Mayra A. Cantu, Wei Zhao, Marcelo J. Kuroda, Ronald S. Veazey, David C. Montefiori, John D. Clements, Pyone P. Aye, Andrew A. Lackner, Karin Lovgren-Bengtsson, and Karol Sestak. Single Epitope Mucosal Vaccine Delivered via Immuno-Stimulating Complexes Induces Low Level of Immunity Against Simian-HIV. Vaccine, 24(47-48):6839-6849, 17 Nov 2006. PubMed ID: 17050045.
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Pancera2005
Marie Pancera and Richard Wyatt. Selective Recognition of Oligomeric HIV-1 Primary Isolate Envelope Glycoproteins by Potently Neutralizing Ligands Requires Efficient Precursor Cleavage. Virology, 332(1):145-156, 5 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15661147.
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Pancera2005a
Marie Pancera, Jacob Lebowitz, Arne Schön, Ping Zhu, Ernesto Freire, Peter D. Kwong, Kenneth H. Roux, Joseph Sodroski, and Richard Wyatt. Soluble Mimetics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Viral Spikes Produced by Replacement of the Native Trimerization Domain with a Heterologous Trimerization Motif: Characterization and Ligand Binding Analysis. J. Virol., 79(15):9954-9969, Aug 2005. PubMed ID: 16014956.
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Pancera2010a
Marie Pancera, Shahzad Majeed, Yih-En Andrew Ban, Lei Chen, Chih-chin Huang, Leopold Kong, Young Do Kwon, Jonathan Stuckey, Tongqing Zhou, James E. Robinson, William R. Schief, Joseph Sodroski, Richard Wyatt, and Peter D. Kwong. Structure of HIV-1 gp120 with gp41-Interactive Region Reveals Layered Envelope Architecture and Basis of Conformational Mobility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(3):1166-1171, 19 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 20080564.
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Pantophlet2003
Ralph Pantophlet, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Pascal Poignard, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Fine Mapping of the Interaction of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies with the CD4 Binding Site of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120. J. Virol., 77(1):642-658, Jan 2003. PubMed ID: 12477867.
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Pantophlet2003b
Ralph Pantophlet, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Hyperglycosylated Mutants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Monomeric gp120 as Novel Antigens for HIV Vaccine Design. J. Virol., 77(10):5889-8901, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12719582.
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Pantophlet2004
R. Pantophlet, I. A. Wilson, and D. R. Burton. Improved Design of an Antigen with Enhanced Specificity for the Broadly HIV-Neutralizing Antibody b12. Protein Eng. Des. Sel., 17(10):749-758, Oct 2004. PubMed ID: 15542540.
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Pantophlet2006
Ralph Pantophlet and Dennis R. Burton. GP120: Target for Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 24:739-769, 2006. PubMed ID: 16551265.
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Pantophlet2007
Ralph Pantophlet, Rowena O. Aguilar-Sino, Terri Wrin, Lisa A. Cavacini, and Dennis R. Burton. Analysis of the Neutralization Breadth of the Anti-V3 Antibody F425-B4e8 and Re-assessment of its Epitope Fine Specificity by Scanning Mutagenesis. Virology, 364(2):441-453, 1 Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17418361.
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Pantophlet2009
Ralph Pantophlet, Meng Wang, Rowena O. Aguilar-Sino, and Dennis R. Burton. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Spike of Primary Viruses Can Suppress Antibody Access to Variable Regions. J. Virol., 83(4):1649-1659, Feb 2009. PubMed ID: 19036813.
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Pantophlet2010
Ralph Pantophlet. Antibody Epitope Exposure and Neutralization of HIV-1. Curr. Pharm. Des., 16(33):3729-3743, 2010. PubMed ID: 21128886.
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Park2000
E. J. Park, M. K. Gorny, S. Zolla-Pazner, and G. V. Quinnan. A global neutralization resistance phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is determined by distinct mechanisms mediating enhanced infectivity and conformational change of the envelope complex. J. Virol., 74:4183-91, 2000. PubMed ID: 10756031.
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Parren1995
P. W. Parren, H. J. Ditzel, R. J. Gulizia, J. M. Binley, C. F. Barbas 3rd, D. R. Burton, and D. E. Mosier. Protection against HIV-1 Infection in hu-PBL-SCID Mice by Passive Immunization with a Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody against the gp120 CD4-Binding Site. AIDS, 9:F1-F6, 1995. The Fab b12, at 1.9 mg/kg, was able to protect 25\% of hu-PBL-SCID mice from HIV-1 infection showing that complete protection against HIV-1 infection can be achieved in the hu-PBL-SCID model by passive immunization with physiologically relevant doses of antibody. PubMed ID: 7662189.
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Parren1997
P. W. Parren, M. C. Gauduin, R. A. Koup, P. Poignard, Q. J. Sattentau, P. Fisicaro, and D. R. Burton. Erratum to Relevance of the Antibody Response against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope to Vaccine Design. Immunol. Lett., 58:125-132, 1997. corrected and republished article originally printed in Immunol. Lett. 1997 Jun;57(1-3):105-112. PubMed ID: 9271324.
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Parren1997a
P. W. Parren, M. C. Gauduin, R. A. Koup, P. Poignard, P. Fisicaro, D. R. Burton, and Q. J. Sattentau. Relevance of the Antibody Response against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope to Vaccine Design. Immunol. Lett., 57:105-112, 1997. corrected and republished in Immunol. Lett. 1997 Jul;58(2):125-132. PubMed ID: 9232434.
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Parren1997c
P. W. Parren and D. Burton. Antibodies Against HIV-1 from Phage Display Library: Mapping of an Immune Response and Progress toward Antiviral Immunotherapy. Chem. Immunol., 65:18-56, 1997. Editor, J. D. Capra. An excellent review of the potential for antiviral immune therapy using anti-HIV human monoclonal antibodies, emphasizing phage display library technology, and application to HIV. Fabs to gp120 and gp41 are summarized. The methodology of selection for enhanced affinity is discussed, and affinity shown to be related to neutralization. Fabs expressed in phage display libraries were generally converted to IgG molecules only if they show neutralization potential in vitro, and this conversion to an IgG enhances neutralizing potential for immunotherapeutics. The use of phage display libraries to assess vaccines is discussed. gp120, gp160 and gp140-oligomeric vaccines were compared as antigen for selection from phage display libraries. Despite the fact that CD4BS, V3 loop, and CD4BS-V2 loop directed Abs were obtained in vaccinees, none of these vaccines efficiently selected neutralizing Abs from long-term asymptomatic donors in phage display libraries. The protein with the best potential using this method was found to be native oligomeric HIV-1 Envelope expressed on infected cells. The possibility of using 2G12, IgG1 b12 and 2F5 in combination for immunotherapy is discussed. PubMed ID: 9018871.
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Parren1998
P. W. Parren, I. Mondor, D. Naniche, H. J. Ditzel, P. J. Klasse, D. R. Burton, and Q. J. Sattentau. Neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by antibody to gp120 is determined primarily by occupancy of sites on the virion irrespective of epitope specificity. J. Virol., 72:3512-9, 1998. The authors propose that the occupancy of binding sites on HIV-1 virions is the major factor in determining neutralization, irrespective of epitope specificity. Neutralization was assayed T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1 isolates. Binding of Fabs to monomeric rgp120 was not correlated with binding to functional oligomeric gp120 or neutralization, while binding to functional oligomeric gp120 was highly correlated with neutralization. The ratios of oligomer binding/neutralization were similar for antibodies to different neutralization epitopes, with a few exceptions. PubMed ID: 9557629.
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Parren1998a
P. W. Parren, M. Wang, A. Trkola, J. M. Binley, M. Purtscher, H. Katinger, J. P. Moore, and D. R. Burton. Antibody neutralization-resistant primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol., 72:10270-4, 1998. PubMed ID: 9811774.
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Parren2001a
P. W. Parren, P. A. Marx, A. J. Hessell, A. Luckay, J. Harouse, C. Cheng-Mayer, J. P. Moore, and D. R. Burton. Antibody protects macaques against vaginal challenge with a pathogenic R5 simian/human immunodeficiency virus at serum levels giving complete neutralization in vitro. J. Virol., 75(17):8340--7, Sep 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/17/8340. PubMed ID: 11483779.
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Pastore2007
Cristina Pastore, Rebecca Nedellec, Alejandra Ramos, Oliver Hartley, John L. Miamidian, Jacqueline D. Reeves, and Donald E. Mosier. Conserved Changes in Envelope Function during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Coreceptor Switching. J. Virol., 81(15):8165-8179, Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17507486.
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Pegu2017
Amarendra Pegu, Ann J. Hessell, John R. Mascola, and Nancy L. Haigwood. Use of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Prevention. Immunol. Rev., 275(1):296-312, Jan 2017. PubMed ID: 28133803.
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Perdomo2008
Maria F. Perdomo, Michael Levi, Matti Sällberg, and Anders Vahlne. Neutralization of HIV-1 by Redirection of Natural Antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105(34):12515-12520, 26 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18719129.
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Peressin2011
M. Peressin, V. Holl, S. Schmidt, T. Decoville, D. Mirisky, A. Lederle, M. Delaporte, K. Xu, A. M. Aubertin, and C. Moog. HIV-1 Replication in Langerhans and Interstitial Dendritic Cells Is Inhibited by Neutralizing and Fc-Mediated Inhibitory Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(2):1077-1085, Jan 2011. PubMed ID: 21084491.
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Perez2009
Lautaro G. Perez, Matthew R. Costa, Christopher A. Todd, Barton F. Haynes, and David C. Montefiori. Utilization of Immunoglobulin G Fc Receptors by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: A Specific Role for Antibodies against the Membrane-Proximal External Region of gp41. J. Virol., 83(15):7397-7410, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19458010.
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Perez2013
Lautaro G. Perez, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and David C. Montefiori. Antibody-Dependent, Fc-gamma-RI-Mediated Neutralization of HIV-1 in TZM-bl Cells Occurs Independently of Phagocytosis. J. Virol., 87(9):5287-5290, May 2013. PubMed ID: 23408628.
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Peters2008a
Paul J. Peters, Maria J. Duenas-Decamp, W. Matthew Sullivan, Richard Brown, Chiambah Ankghuambom, Katherine Luzuriaga, James Robinson, Dennis R. Burton, Jeanne Bell, Peter Simmonds, Jonathan Ball, and Paul R. Clapham. Variation in HIV-1 R5 Macrophage-Tropism Correlates with Sensitivity to Reagents that Block Envelope: CD4 Interactions But Not with Sensitivity to Other Entry Inhibitors. Retrovirology, 5:5, 2008. PubMed ID: 18205925.
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Phogat2007
S. Phogat, R. T. Wyatt, and G. B. Karlsson Hedestam. Inhibition of HIV-1 Entry by Antibodies: Potential Viral and Cellular Targets. J. Intern. Med., 262(1):26-43, Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17598813.
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Pietzsch2010a
John Pietzsch, Johannes F. Scheid, Hugo Mouquet, Florian Klein, Michael S. Seaman, Mila Jankovic, Davide Corti, Antonio Lanzavecchia, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Human Anti-HIV-Neutralizing Antibodies Frequently Target a Conserved Epitope Essential for Viral Fitness. J. Exp. Med., 207(9):1995-2002, 30 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20679402.
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Pinter2004
Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Yuxian He, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. The V1/V2 Domain of gp120 Is a Global Regulator of the Sensitivity of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates to Neutralization by Antibodies Commonly Induced upon Infection. J. Virol., 78(10):5205-5215, May 2004. PubMed ID: 15113902.
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Pinter2005
Abraham Pinter, William J. Honnen, Paul D'Agostino, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Samuel C. Kayman. The C108g Epitope in the V2 Domain of gp120 Functions as a Potent Neutralization Target When Introduced into Envelope Proteins Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolates. J. Virol., 79(11):6909-6917, Jun 2005. PubMed ID: 15890930.
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Platt2012
Emily J. Platt, Michelle M. Gomes, and David Kabat. Kinetic Mechanism for HIV-1 Neutralization by Antibody 2G12 Entails Reversible Glycan Binding That Slows Cell Entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(20):7829-7834, 15 May 2012. PubMed ID: 22547820.
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Pluckthun2010
Andreas Plückthun. HIV: Antibodies with a Split Personality. Nature, 467(7315):537-538, 30 Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20882002.
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Poignard1996
P. Poignard, P. J. Klasse, and Q. J. Sattentau. Antibody Neutralization of HIV-1. Immunol. Today, 17:239-246, 1996. Comprehensive review of HIV envelope gp120 and gp41 antibody binding domains, and different cross-reactivity groups of MAbs ability to neutralize primary isolates. The distinction between neutralization of laboratory strains and primary isolates is discussed. The only three epitopes that have confirmed broad neutralization against a spectrum of isolates are gp120 epitopes for IgG1b12 and 2G12, and the gp41 epitope of 2F5. PubMed ID: 8991386.
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Poignard1996b
P. Poignard, T. Fouts, D. Naniche, J. P. Moore, and Q. J. Sattentau. Neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 induce envelope glycoprotein subunit dissociation. J. Exp. Med., 183:473-484, 1996. Binding of Anti-V3 and the CD4I neutralizing MAbs induces shedding of gp120 on cells infected with the T-cell line-adapted HIV-1 molecular clone Hx10. This was shown by significant increases of gp120 in the supernatant, and exposure of a gp41 epitope that is masked in the oligomer. MAbs binding either to the V2 loop or to CD4BS discontinuous epitopes do not induce gp120 dissociation. This suggests HIV neutralization probably is caused by several mechanisms, and one of the mechanisms may involve gp120 dissociation. PubMed ID: 8627160.
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Poignard1999
P. Poignard, R. Sabbe, G. R. Picchio, M. Wang, R. J. Gulizia, H. Katinger, P. W. Parren, D. E. Mosier, and D. R. Burton. Neutralizing Antibodies Have Limited Effects on the Control of Established HIV-1 Infection In Vivo. Immunity, 10:431-438, 1999. PubMed ID: 10229186.
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Poignard2001
P. Poignard, E. O. Saphire, P. W. Parren, and D. R. Burton. gp120: Biologic aspects of structural features. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 19:253--74, 2001. URL: http://immunol.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/full/19/1/253. PubMed ID: 11244037.
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Poignard2003
Pascal Poignard, Maxime Moulard, Edwin Golez, Veronique Vivona, Michael Franti, Sara Venturini, Meng Wang, Paul W. H. I. Parren, and Dennis R. Burton. Heterogeneity of Envelope Molecules Expressed on Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Particles as Probed by the Binding of Neutralizing and Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 77(1):353-365, Jan 2003. PubMed ID: 12477840.
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Pollara2013
Justin Pollara, Mattia Bonsignori, M. Anthony Moody, Marzena Pazgier, Barton F. Haynes, and Guido Ferrari. Epitope Specificity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Responses. Curr. HIV Res., 11(5):378-387, Jul 2013. PubMed ID: 24191939.
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Polonis2008
Victoria R. Polonis, Bruce K. Brown, Andrew Rosa Borges, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Mei-Yun Zhang, Susan W. Barnett, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Gabriella Scarlatti, Eva-Maria Fenyö, David C. Montefiori, Francine E. McCutchan, and Nelson L. Michael. Recent Advances in the Characterization of HIV-1 Neutralization Assays for Standardized Evaluation of the Antibody Response to Infection and Vaccination. Virology, 375(2):315-320, 5 Jun 2008. PubMed ID: 18367229.
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Prabakaran2006
Ponraj Prabakaran, Jianhua Gan, You-Qiang Wu, Mei-Yun Zhang, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, and Xinhua Ji. Structural Mimicry of CD4 by a Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody with CDR-H2 and H3 Containing Unique Motifs. J. Mol. Biol., 357(1):82-99, 17 Mar 2006. PubMed ID: 16426633.
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Prigent2018
Julie Prigent, Annaëlle Jarossay, Cyril Planchais, Caroline Eden, Jérémy Dufloo, Ayrin Kök, Valérie Lorin, Oxana Vratskikh, Thérèse Couderc, Timothée Bruel, Olivier Schwartz, Michael S. Seaman, Ohlenschläger, Jordan D. Dimitrov, and Hugo Mouquet. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep., 23(9):2568-2581, 29 May 2018. PubMed ID: 29847789.
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Provine2012
Nicholas M. Provine, Valerie Cortez, Vrasha Chohan, and Julie Overbaugh. The Neutralization Sensitivity of Viruses Representing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Diverse Subtypes from Early in Infection Is Dependent on Producer Cell, as Well as Characteristics of the Specific Antibody and Envelope Variant. Virology, 427(1):25-33, 25 May 2012. PubMed ID: 22369748.
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Pugach2004
Pavel Pugach, Shawn E. Kuhmann, Joann Taylor, Andre J. Marozsan, Amy Snyder, Thomas Ketas, Steven M. Wolinsky, Bette T. Korber, and John P. Moore. The Prolonged Culture of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Primary Lymphocytes Increases its Sensitivity to Neutralization by Soluble CD4. Virology, 321(1):8-22, 30 Mar 2004. PubMed ID: 15033560.
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Pugach2008
Pavel Pugach, Thomas J. Ketas, Elizabeth Michael, and John P. Moore. Neutralizing Antibody and Anti-Retroviral Drug Sensitivities of HIV-1 Isolates Resistant to Small Molecule CCR5 Inhibitors. Virology, 377(2):401-407, 1 Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18519143.
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Pugach2015
Pavel Pugach, Gabriel Ozorowski, Albert Cupo, Rajesh Ringe, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Ronald Derking, Helen J. Kim, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de Los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, P. J. Klasse, Andrew B. Ward, and John P. Moore. A Native-Like SOSIP.664 Trimer Based on an HIV-1 Subtype B env Gene. J. Virol., 89(6):3380-3395, Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25589637.
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Purwar2018
Mansi Purwar, Jonathan K. Pokorski, Pranveer Singh, Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Heather Arendt, Joanne DeStefano, Celia C. La Branche, David C. Montefiori, M. G. Finn, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Design, Display and Immunogenicity of HIV1 gp120 Fragment Immunogens on Virus-Like Particles. Vaccine, 36(42):6345-6353, 8 Oct 2018. PubMed ID: 30220462.
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Quakkelaar2007
Esther D. Quakkelaar, Evelien M. Bunnik, Floris P. J. van Alphen, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Ad C. van Nuenen, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Escape of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Is Not Associated with a Reduction of Viral Replicative Capacity In Vitro. Virology, 363(2):447-453, 5 Jul 2007. PubMed ID: 17355886.
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Quakkelaar2007a
Esther D. Quakkelaar, Floris P. J. van Alphen, Brigitte D. M. Boeser-Nunnink, Ad C. van Nuenen, Ralph Pantophlet, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Susceptibility of Recently Transmitted Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 81(16):8533-8542, Aug 2007. PubMed ID: 17522228.
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Rainwater2007
Stephanie M. J. Rainwater, Xueling Wu, Ruth Nduati, Rebecca Nedellec, Donald Mosier, Grace John-Stewart, Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha, and Julie Overbaugh. Cloning and Characterization of Functional Subtype A HIV-1 Envelope Variants Transmitted Through Breastfeeding. Curr. HIV Res., 5(2):189-197, Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17346133.
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Raja2003
Aarti Raja, Miro Venturi, Peter Kwong, and Joseph Sodroski. CD4 Binding Site Antibodies Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein Interaction with CCR5. J. Virol., 77(1):713-718, Jan 2003. PubMed ID: 12477875.
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Rathore2017
Ujjwal Rathore, Piyali Saha, Sannula Kesavardhana, Aditya Arun Kumar, Rohini Datta, Sivasankar Devanarayanan, Raksha Das, John R. Mascola, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Glycosylation of the Core of the HIV-1 Envelope Subunit Protein gp120 Is Not Required for Native Trimer Formation or Viral Infectivity. J. Biol. Chem., 292(24):10197-10219, 16 Jun 2017. PubMed ID: 28446609.
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Raviv2005
Yossef Raviv, Mathias Viard, Julian W. Bess, Jr., Elena Chertova, and Robert Blumenthal. Inactivation of Retroviruses with Preservation of Structural Integrity by Targeting the Hydrophobic Domain of the Viral Envelope. J. Virol., 79(19):12394-12400, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16160166.
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Reeves2005
Jacqueline D. Reeves, Fang-Hua Lee, John L. Miamidian, Cassandra B. Jabara, Marisa M. Juntilla, and Robert W. Doms. Enfuvirtide Resistance Mutations: Impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Function, Entry Inhibitor Sensitivity, and Virus Neutralization. J. Virol., 79(8):4991-4999, Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 15795284.
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Ren2005
Xinping Ren, Joseph Sodroski, and Xinzhen Yang. An Unrelated Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Binding to an Artificial Epitope Engineered in a Functionally Neutral Region of the Viral Envelope Glycoproteins. J. Virol., 79(9):5616-5624, May 2005. PubMed ID: 15827176.
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Revilla2011
Ana Revilla, Elena Delgado, Elizabeth C. Christian, Justin Dalrymple, Yolanda Vega, Cristina Carrera, Maria González-Galeano, Antonio Ocampo, Rafael Ojea de Castro, Maria J. Lezaún, Raúl Rodriguez, Ana Mariño, Patricia Ordóñez, Gustavo Cilla, Ramón Cisterna, Juan M. Santamaria, Santiago Prieto, Aza Rakhmanova, Anna Vinogradova, Maritza Ríos, Lucía Pérez-Álvarez, Rafael Nájera, David C. Montefiori, Michael S. Seaman, and Michael M. Thomson. Construction and Phenotypic Characterization of HIV Type 1 Functional Envelope Clones of subtypes G and F. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 27(8):889-901, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21226626.
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Ringe2010
Rajesh Ringe, Madhuri Thakar, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Variations in Autologous Neutralization and CD4 Dependence of b12 Resistant HIV-1 Clade C env Clones Obtained at Different Time Points from Antiretroviral Naïve Indian Patients with Recent Infection. Retrovirology, 7:76, 2010. PubMed ID: 20860805.
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Ringe2011
Rajesh Ringe, Deepak Sharma, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Sanjay Phogat, Arun Risbud, Madhuri Thakar, Ramesh Paranjape, and Jayanta Bhattacharya. A Single Amino Acid Substitution in the C4 Region in gp120 Confers Enhanced Neutralization of HIV-1 by Modulating CD4 Binding Sites and V3 Loop. Virology, 418(2):123-132, 30 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21851958.
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Ringe2012a
Rajesh Ringe and Jayanta Bhattacharya. Association of Enhanced HIV-1 Neutralization by a Single Y681H Substitution in gp41 with Increased gp120-CD4 Interaction and Macrophage Infectivity. PLoS One, 7(5):e37157, 2012. PubMed ID: 22606344.
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Rits-Volloch2006
Sophia Rits-Volloch, Gary Frey, Stephen C. Harrison, and Bing Chen. Restraining the Conformation of HIV-1 gp120 by Removing a Flexible Loop. EMBO J., 25(20):5026-5035, 18 Oct 2006. PubMed ID: 17006538.
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Roben1994
P. Roben, J. P. Moore, M. Thali, J. Sodroski, C. F. Barbas III, and D. R. Burton. Recognition Properties of a Panel of Human Recombinant Fab Fragments to the CD4 Binding Site of gp120 That Show Differing Abilities to Neutralize Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 68:4821-4828, 1994. PubMed ID: 7518527.
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Robinson2010
James E. Robinson, Kelly Franco, Debra Holton Elliott, Mary Jane Maher, Ashley Reyna, David C. Montefiori, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Zane Kraft, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Quaternary Epitope Specificities of Anti-HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Generated in Rhesus Macaques Infected by the Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus SHIVSF162P4. J. Virol., 84(7):3443-3453, Apr 2010. PubMed ID: 20106929.
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Rosenberg2015
Yvonne Rosenberg, Markus Sack, David Montefiori, Celia Labranche, Mark Lewis, Lori Urban, Lingjun Mao, Rainer Fischer, and Xiaoming Jiang. Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Monoclonal Antibodies in Macaques. PLoS One, 10(3):e0120451, 25 Mar 2015. PubMed ID: 25807114.
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Ruprecht2011
Claudia R. Ruprecht, Anders Krarup, Lucy Reynell, Axel M. Mann, Oliver F. Brandenberg, Livia Berlinger, Irene A. Abela, Roland R. Regoes, Huldrych F. Günthard, Peter Rusert, and Alexandra Trkola. MPER-Specific Antibodies Induce gp120 Shedding and Irreversibly Neutralize HIV-1. J. Exp. Med., 208(3):439-454, 14 Mar 2011. PubMed ID: 21357743.
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Rusert2005
Peter Rusert, Herbert Kuster, Beda Joos, Benjamin Misselwitz, Cornelia Gujer, Christine Leemann, Marek Fischer, Gabriela Stiegler, Hermann Katinger, William C Olson, Rainer Weber, Leonardo Aceto, Huldrych F Günthard, and Alexandra Trkola. Virus Isolates during Acute and Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Show Distinct Patterns of Sensitivity to Entry Inhibitors. J. Virol., 79(13):8454-8469, Jul 2005. PubMed ID: 15956589.
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Rusert2009
Peter Rusert, Axel Mann, Michael Huber, Viktor von Wyl, Huldrych F. Günthar, and Alexandra Trkola. Divergent Effects of Cell Environment on HIV Entry Inhibitor Activity. AIDS, 23(11):1319-1327, 17 Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19579289.
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Russell2011
Elizabeth S. Russell, Jesse J. Kwiek, Jessica Keys, Kirston Barton, Victor Mwapasa, David C. Montefiori, Steven R. Meshnick, and Ronald Swanstrom. The Genetic Bottleneck in Vertical Transmission of Subtype C HIV-1 Is Not Driven by Selection of Especially Neutralization-Resistant Virus from the Maternal Viral Population. J Virol, 85(16):8253-8262, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21593171.
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Sabin2010
Charles Sabin, Davide Corti, Victor Buzon, Mike S. Seaman, David Lutje Hulsik, Andreas Hinz, Fabrizia Vanzetta, Gloria Agatic, Chiara Silacci, Lara Mainetti, Gabriella Scarlatti, Federica Sallusto, Robin Weiss, Antonio Lanzavecchia, and Winfried Weissenhorn. Crystal Structure and Size-Dependent Neutralization Properties of HK20, a Human Monoclonal Antibody Binding to the Highly Conserved Heptad Repeat 1 of gp41. PLoS Pathog., 6(11):e1001195, 2010. PubMed ID: 21124990.
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Safrit2004
Jeffrey T. Safrit, Ruth Ruprecht, Flavia Ferrantelli, Weidong Xu, Moiz Kitabwalla, Koen Van Rompay, Marta Marthas, Nancy Haigwood, John R. Mascola, Katherine Luzuriaga, Samuel Adeniyi Jones, Bonnie J. Mathieson, Marie-Louise Newell, and Ghent IAS Working Group on HIV in Women Children. Immunoprophylaxis to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 35(2):169-177, 1 Feb 2004. PubMed ID: 14722451.
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Sagar2012
Manish Sagar, Hisashi Akiyama, Behzad Etemad, Nora Ramirez, Ines Freitas, and Suryaram Gummuluru. Transmembrane Domain Membrane Proximal External Region but Not Surface Unit-Directed Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Can Restrict Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Trans-Infection. J. Infect. Dis., 205(8):1248-1257, 15 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22396600.
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Saha2012
Piyali Saha, Sanchari Bhattacharyya, Sannula Kesavardhana, Edward Roshan Miranda, P. Shaik Syed Ali, Deepak Sharma, and Raghavan Varadarajan. Designed Cyclic Permutants of HIV-1 gp120: Implications for Envelope Trimer Structure and Immunogen Design. Biochemistry, 51(9):1836-1847, 6 Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22329717.
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Sajadi2012
Mohammad M. Sajadi, George K. Lewis, Michael S. Seaman, Yongjun Guan, Robert R. Redfield, and Anthony L. DeVico. Signature Biochemical Properties of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies in Human Plasma. J. Virol., 86(9):5014-5025, May 2012. PubMed ID: 22379105.
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Sanders2002
Rogier W. Sanders, Miro Venturi, Linnea Schiffner, Roopa Kalyanaraman, Hermann Katinger, Kenneth O. Lloyd, Peter D. Kwong, and John P. Moore. The Mannose-Dependent Epitope for Neutralizing Antibody 2G12 on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein gp120. J. Virol., 76(14):7293-7305, Jul 2002. PubMed ID: 12072528.
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Sanders2002a
Rogier W. Sanders, Mika Vesanen, Norbert Schuelke, Aditi Master, Linnea Schiffner, Roopa Kalyanaraman, Maciej Paluch, Ben Berkhout, Paul J. Maddon, William C. Olson, Min Lu, and John P. Moore. Stabilization of the Soluble, Cleaved, Trimeric Form of the Envelope Glycoprotein Complex of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 76(17):8875-8889, Sep 2002. PubMed ID: 12163607.
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Sanders2013
Rogier W. Sanders, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Anila Yasmeen, Natalia de Val, Helen J. Kim, Claudia Blattner, Alba Torrents de la Peña, Jacob Korzun, Michael Golabek, Kevin de los Reyes, Thomas J. Ketas, Marit J. van Gils, C. Richter King, Ian A. Wilson, Andrew B. Ward, P. J. Klasse, and John P. Moore. A Next-Generation Cleaved, Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimer, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, Expresses Multiple Epitopes for Broadly Neutralizing but not Non-Neutralizing Antibodies. PLoS Pathog., 9(9):e1003618, Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24068931.
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Saphire2001
E. O. Saphire, P. W. Parren, C. F. Barbas III, D. R. Burton, and I. A. Wilson. Crystallization and preliminary structure determination of an intact human immunoglobulin, b12: an antibody that broadly neutralizes primary isolates of HIV-1. Acta Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr., 57(Pt 1):168--71, Jan 2001. PubMed ID: 11134947.
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Saphire2001b
E. O. Saphire, P. W. Parren, R. Pantophlet, M. B. Zwick, G. M. Morris, P. M. Rudd, R. A. Dwek, R. L. Stanfield, D. R. Burton, and I. A. Wilson. Crystal structure of a neutralizing human IGG against HIV-1: a template for vaccine design. Science, 293(5532):1155--9, 10 Aug 2001. URL: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/293/5532/1155. PubMed ID: 11498595.
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Saphire2002
Erica Ollmann Saphire, Robyn L. Stanfield, M. D. Max Crispin, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Pauline M. Rudd, Raymond A. Dwek, Dennis R. Burton, and Ian A. Wilson. Contrasting IgG Structures Reveal Extreme Asymmetry and Flexibility. J. Mol. Biol., 319(1):9-18, 24 May 2002. PubMed ID: 12051932.
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Saphire2007
Erica Ollmann Saphire, Marinieve Montero, Alfredo Menendez, Nienke E. van Houten, Melita B. Irving, Ralph Pantophlet, Michael B. Zwick, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Dennis R. Burton, Jamie K. Scott, and Ian A. Wilson. Structure of a High-Affinity ``mimotope'' Peptide Bound to HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody b12 Explains Its Inability to Elicit gp120 Cross-Reactive Antibodies. J. Mol. Biol., 369(3):696-709, 8 Jun 2007. PubMed ID: 17445828.
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Sather2012
D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Jenny Kehayia, Zane Kraft, Iliyana Mikell, Johannes F. Scheid, Florian Klein, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Developed by an HIV-Positive Elite Neutralizer Exact a Replication Fitness Cost on the Contemporaneous Virus. J. Virol., 86(23):12676-12685, Dec 2012. PubMed ID: 22973035.
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Sather2014
D. Noah Sather, Sara Carbonetti, Delphine C. Malherbe, Franco Pissani, Andrew B. Stuart, Ann J. Hessell, Mathew D. Gray, Iliyana Mikell, Spyros A. Kalams, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Emergence of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Viral Coevolution in Two Subjects during the Early Stages of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 88(22):12968-12981, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25122781.
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Q. J. Sattentau, S. Zolla-Pazner, and P. Poignard. Epitope Exposure on Functional, Oligomeric HIV-1 gp41 Molecules. Virology, 206:713-717, 1995. Most gp41 epitopes are masked when associated with gp120 on the cell surface. Weak binding of anti-gp41 MAbs can be enhanced by treatment with sCD4. MAb 2F5 binds to a membrane proximal epitope which binds in the presence of gp120 without sCD4. PubMed ID: 7530400.
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Q. J. Sattentau. Conservation of HIV-1 gp120 Neutralizing Epitopes after Formalin Inactivation. AIDS, 9:1383-1385, 1995. PubMed ID: 8605064.
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Q. J. Sattentau. Neutralization of HIV-1 by Antibody. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 8:540-545, 1996. Review. PubMed ID: 8794008.
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Quentin J. Sattentau and Andrew J. McMichael. New Templates for HIV-1 Antibody-Based Vaccine Design. F1000 Biol. Rep., 2:60, 2010. PubMed ID: 21173880.
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Christopher N. Scanlan, Ralph Pantophlet, Mark R. Wormald, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Robyn Stanfield, Ian A. Wilson, Hermann Katinger, Raymond A. Dwek, Pauline M. Rudd, and Dennis R. Burton. The Broadly Neutralizing Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2G12 Recognizes a Cluster of Alpha1→2 Mannose Residues on the Outer Face of gp120. J. Virol., 76(14):7306-7321, Jul 2002. PubMed ID: 12072529.
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Scheepers2015
Cathrine Scheepers, Ram K. Shrestha, Bronwen E. Lambson, Katherine J. L. Jackson, Imogen A. Wright, Dshanta Naicker, Mark Goosen, Leigh Berrie, Arshad Ismail, Nigel Garrett, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Penny L. Moore, Simon A. Travers, and Lynn Morris. Ability to Develop Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Is Not Restricted by the Germline Ig Gene Repertoire. J. Immunol., 194(9):4371-4378, 1 May 2015. PubMed ID: 25825450.
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Scheid2009
Johannes F. Scheid, Hugo Mouquet, Niklas Feldhahn, Michael S. Seaman, Klara Velinzon, John Pietzsch, Rene G. Ott, Robert M. Anthony, Henry Zebroski, Arlene Hurley, Adhuna Phogat, Bimal Chakrabarti, Yuxing Li, Mark Connors, Florencia Pereyra, Bruce D. Walker, Hedda Wardemann, David Ho, Richard T. Wyatt, John R. Mascola, Jeffrey V. Ravetch, and Michel C. Nussenzweig. Broad Diversity of Neutralizing Antibodies Isolated from Memory B Cells in HIV-Infected Individuals. Nature, 458(7238):636-640, 2 Apr 2009. PubMed ID: 19287373.
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Scherer2010
Erin M. Scherer, Daniel P. Leaman, Michael B. Zwick, Andrew J. McMichael, and Dennis R. Burton. Aromatic Residues at the Edge of the Antibody Combining Site Facilitate Viral Glycoprotein Recognition through Membrane Interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(4):1529-1534, 26 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 20080706.
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William R. Schief, Yih-En Andrew Ban, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Challenges for Structure-Based HIV Vaccine Design. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 4(5):431-440, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 20048708.
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Schiffner2018
Torben Schiffner, Jesper Pallesen, Rebecca A. Russell, Jonathan Dodd, Natalia de Val, Celia C. LaBranche, David Montefiori, Georgia D. Tomaras, Xiaoying Shen, Scarlett L. Harris, Amin E. Moghaddam, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Rogier W. Sanders, Laura E. McCoy, John P. Moore, Andrew B. Ward, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Structural and Immunologic Correlates of Chemically Stabilized HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. PLoS Pathog., 14(5):e1006986, May 2018. PubMed ID: 29746590.
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K. Schonning, A. Bolmstedt, J. Novotny, O. S. Lund, S. Olofsson, and J. E. Hansen. Induction of Antibodies against Epitopes Inaccessible on the HIV Type 1 Envelope Oligomer by Immunization with Recombinant Monomeric Glycoprotein 120. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14:1451-1456, 1998. PubMed ID: 9824323.
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Norbert Schulke, Mika S. Vesanen, Rogier W. Sanders, Ping Zhu, Min Lu, Deborah J. Anselma, Anthony R. Villa, Paul W. H. I. Parren, James M. Binley, Kenneth H. Roux, Paul J. Maddon, John P. Moore, and William C. Olson. Oligomeric and Conformational Properties of a Proteolytically Mature, Disulfide-Stabilized Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp140 Envelope Glycoprotein. J. Virol., 76(15):7760-76, Aug 2002. PubMed ID: 12097589.
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Schultz2018
Anke Schultz, Anja Germann, Martina Fuss, Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Daniel A. Ozaki, David C. Montefiori, Heiko Zimmermann, and Hagen von Briesen. Validation of an Automated System for Aliquoting of HIV-1 Env-Pseudotyped Virus Stocks. PLoS One, 13(1):1-20, Jan 2018. PubMed ID: 29300769.
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M. Schutten, A. C. Andeweg, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, and A. D. Osterhaus. Modulation of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein-mediated entry by human antibodies. J. Gen. Virol., 78:999-1006, 1997. A series of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from related primary virus isolates of different SI phenotypes, together with chimeras of these proteins, were tested in an envelope trans-complementation assay for their sensitivity to either antibody mediated inhibition or enhancement of HIV-1 entry. In contrast to the inhibition of HIV-1 entry, antibody mediated enhancement was not temperature dependent and could not be mediated by F(ab) fragments, implicating cross-linking as an important step. Enhancement or inhibition seemed to be determined by virus isolate rather than by the specificity of the antiserum used. 2F5 was the only MAb that inhibited the entry of all viruses. PubMed ID: 9152416.
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Schweighardt2007
Becky Schweighardt, Yang Liu, Wei Huang, Colombe Chappey, Yolanda S. Lie, Christos J. Petropoulos, and Terri Wrin. Development of an HIV-1 Reference Panel of Subtype B Envelope Clones Isolated from the Plasma of Recently Infected Individuals. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 46(1):1-11, 1 Sep 2007. PubMed ID: 17514017.
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George Sellhorn, Zane Kraft, Zachary Caldwell, Katharine Ellingson, Christine Mineart, Michael S. Seaman, David C. Montefiori, Eliza Lagerquist, and Leonidas Stamatatos. Engineering, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Stable Clade A/B Recombinant Soluble Heterotrimeric gp140 Proteins. J. Virol., 86(1):128-142, Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 22031951.
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Suganya Selvarajah, Bridget Puffer, Ralph Pantophlet, Mansun Law, Robert W. Doms, and Dennis R. Burton. Comparing Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Engineered gp120. J. Virol., 79(19):12148-12163, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16160142.
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Amy Sexton, Sarah Harman, Robin J. Shattock, and Julian K.-C. Ma. Design, Expression, and Characterization of a Multivalent, Combination HIV Microbicide. FASEB J., 23(10):3590-3600, Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19470798.
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Meimei Shan, Per Johan Klasse, Kaustuv Banerjee, Antu K Dey, Sai Prasad N. Iyer, Robert Dionisio, Dustin Charles, Lila Campbell-Gardener, William C. Olson, Rogier W. Sanders, and John P. Moore. HIV-1 gp120 Mannoses Induce Immunosuppressive Responses from Dendritic Cells. PLoS Pathog., 3(11):e169, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 17983270.
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Hong Shang, Xiaoxu Han, Xuanling Shi, Teng Zuo, Mark Goldin, Dan Chen, Bing Han, Wei Sun, Hao Wu, Xinquan Wang, and Linqi Zhang. Genetic and Neutralization Sensitivity of Diverse HIV-1 env Clones from Chronically Infected Patients in China. J. Biol. Chem., 286(16):14531-14541, 22 Apr 2011. PubMed ID: 21325278.
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Victoria A. Sharma, Elaine Kan, Yide Sun, Ying Lian, Jimna Cisto, Verna Frasca, Susan Hilt, Leonidas Stamatatos, John J. Donnelly, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Susan W. Barnett, and Indresh K. Srivastava. Structural Characteristics Correlate with Immune Responses Induced by HIV Envelope Glycoprotein Vaccines. Virology, 10 Jun 2006. PubMed ID: 16769099.
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Shen2010
Xiaoying Shen, S. Moses Dennison, Pinghuang Liu, Feng Gao, Frederick Jaeger, David C. Montefiori, Laurent Verkoczy, Barton F. Haynes, S. Munir Alam, and Georgia D. Tomaras. Prolonged Exposure of the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region with L669S Substitution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107(13):5972-5977, 30 Mar 2010. PubMed ID: 20231447.
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Neil C. Sheppard, Sarah L. Davies, Simon A. Jeffs, Sueli M. Vieira, and Quentin J. Sattentau. Production and Characterization of High-Affinity Human Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins in a Mouse Model Expressing Human Immunoglobulins. Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 14(2):157-167, Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17167037.
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Shibata2007
Junji Shibata, Kazuhisa Yoshimura, Akiko Honda, Atsushi Koito, Toshio Murakami, and Shuzo Matsushita. Impact of V2 Mutations on Escape from a Potent Neutralizing Anti-V3 Monoclonal Antibody during In Vitro Selection of a Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate. J. Virol., 81(8):3757-3768, Apr 2007. PubMed ID: 17251298.
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Sholukh2012
Anton M. Sholukh, Muhammad M. Mukhtar, Michael Humbert, Sosthène S. Essono, Jennifer D. Watkins, Hemant K. Vyas, Vivekanandan Shanmuganathan, Girish Hemashettar, Maria Kahn, Shiu-Lok Hu, David C. Montefiori, Victoria R. Polonis, Peter H. Schur, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Isolation of Monoclonal Antibodies with Predetermined Conformational Epitope Specificity. PLoS One, 7(6):e38943, 2012. PubMed ID: 22737224.
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Zhihai Si, Mark Cayabyab, and Joseph Sodroski. Envelope Glycoprotein Determinants of nEutralization Resistance in a Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV-HXBc2P 3.2) Derived by Passage in Monkeys. J. Virol., 75(9):4208-4218, May 2001. PubMed ID: 11287570.
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Siddappa2010
Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, Jennifer D. Watkins, Klemens J. Wassermann, Ruijiang Song, Wendy Wang, Victor G. Kramer, Samir Lakhashe, Michael Santosuosso, Mark C. Poznansky, Francis J. Novembre, François Villinger, James G. Else, David C. Montefiori, Robert A. Rasmussen, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. R5 Clade C SHIV Strains with Tier 1 or 2 Neutralization Sensitivity: Tools to Dissect Env Evolution and to Develop AIDS Vaccines in Primate Models. PLoS One, 5(7):e11689, 2010. PubMed ID: 20657739.
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Simek2009
Melissa D. Simek, Wasima Rida, Frances H. Priddy, Pham Pung, Emily Carrow, Dagna S. Laufer, Jennifer K. Lehrman, Mark Boaz, Tony Tarragona-Fiol, George Miiro, Josephine Birungi, Anton Pozniak, Dale A. McPhee, Olivier Manigart, Etienne Karita, André Inwoley, Walter Jaoko, Jack DeHovitz, Linda-Gail Bekker, Punnee Pitisuttithum, Robert Paris, Laura M. Walker, Pascal Poignard, Terri Wrin, Patricia E. Fast, Dennis R. Burton, and Wayne C. Koff. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Elite Neutralizers: Individuals with Broad and Potent Neutralizing Activity Identified by Using a High-Throughput Neutralization Assay together with an Analytical Selection Algorithm. J. Virol., 83(14):7337-7348, Jul 2009. PubMed ID: 19439467.
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Simonich2016
Cassandra A. Simonich, Katherine L. Williams, Hans P. Verkerke, James A. Williams, Ruth Nduati, Kelly K. Lee, and Julie Overbaugh. HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies with Limited Hypermutation from an Infant. Cell, 166(1):77-87, 30 Jun 2016. PubMed ID: 27345369.
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Adjoa Smalls-Mantey, Nicole Doria-Rose, Rachel Klein, Andy Patamawenu, Stephen A. Migueles, Sung-Youl Ko, Claire W. Hallahan, Hing Wong, Bai Liu, Lijing You, Johannes Scheid, John C. Kappes, Christina Ochsenbauer, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Mark Connors. Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against Primary HIV-Infected CD4+ T Cells Is Directly Associated with the Magnitude of Surface IgG Binding. J. Virol., 86(16):8672-8680, Aug 2012. PubMed ID: 22674985.
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Sok2013
Devin Sok, Uri Laserson, Jonathan Laserson, Yi Liu, Francois Vigneault, Jean-Philippe Julien, Bryan Briney, Alejandra Ramos, Karen F. Saye, Khoa Le, Alison Mahan, Shenshen Wang, Mehran Kardar, Gur Yaari, Laura M. Walker, Birgitte B. Simen, Elizabeth P. St. John, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Kristine Swiderek, Steven H. Kleinstein, Galit Alter, Michael S. Seaman, Arup K. Chakraborty, Daphne Koller, Ian A. Wilson, George M. Church, Dennis R. Burton, and Pascal Poignard. The Effects of Somatic Hypermutation on Neutralization and Binding in the PGT121 Family of Broadly Neutralizing HIV Antibodies. PLoS Pathog, 9(11):e1003754, 2013. PubMed ID: 24278016.
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Ashish K. Solanki, Christopher D. Boone, and Joanna K. Krueger. Global Structure of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody IgG1 b12 Is Asymmetric. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 391(1):947-951, 1 Jan 2010. PubMed ID: 19995532.
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Spencer2021
David A. Spencer, Delphine C. Malherbe, Nestor Vazquez Bernat, Monika Adori, Benjamin Goldberg, Nicholas Dambrauskas, Heidi Henderson, Shilpi Pandey, Tracy Cheever, Philip Barnette, William F. Sutton, Margaret E. Ackerman, James J. Kobie, D. Noah Sather, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam, Nancy L. Haigwood, and Ann J. Hessell. Polyfunctional Tier 2-Neutralizing Antibodies Cloned following HIV-1 Env Macaque Immunization Mirror Native Antibodies in a Human Donor. J Immunol, 206(5):999-1012 doi, Mar 2021. PubMed ID: 33472907
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C. Spenlehauer, C. A. Gordon, A. Trkola, and J. P. Moore. A luciferase-reporter gene-expressing T-cell line facilitates neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays that use either R5 or X4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Virology, 280(2):292--300, 15 Feb 2001. PubMed ID: 11162843.
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Srivastava2002
Indresh K. Srivastava, Leonidas Stamatatos, Harold Legg, Elaine Kan, Anne Fong, Stephen R. Coates, Louisa Leung, Mark Wininger, John J. Donnelly, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, and Susan W. Barnett. Purification and Characterization of Oligomeric Envelope Glycoprotein from a Primary R5 Subtype B Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J. Virol., 76(6):2835-2847, Mar 2002. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/76/6/2835. PubMed ID: 11861851.
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Indresh K. Srivastava, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, and Susan W. Barnett. Role of Neutralizing Antibodies in Protective Immunity Against HIV. Hum. Vaccin., 1(2):45-60, Mar-Apr 2005. PubMed ID: 17038830.
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Indresh K. Srivastava, Elaine Kan, Yide Sun, Victoria A. Sharma, Jimna Cisto, Brian Burke, Ying Lian, Susan Hilt, Zohar Biron, Karin Hartog, Leonidas Stamatatos, Ruben Diaz-Avalos, R Holland Cheng, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, and Susan W. Barnett. Comparative Evaluation of Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Derived from Subtype C and B HIV-1 R5 Isolates. Virology, 372(2):273-290, 15 Mar 2008. PubMed ID: 18061231.
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L. Stamatatos, S. Zolla-Pazner, M. K. Gorny, and C. Cheng-Mayer. Binding of Antibodies to Virion-Associated gp120 Molecules of Primary-Like Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Isolates: Effect on HIV-1 Infection of Macrophages and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Virology, 229:360-369, 1997. PubMed ID: 9126249.
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L. Stamatatos and C. Cheng-Mayer. An Envelope Modification That Renders a Primary, Neutralization-Resistant Clade B Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate Highly Susceptible to Neutralization by Sera from Other Clades. J. Virol., 72:7840-7845, 1998. PubMed ID: 9733820.
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Leonidas Stamatatos, Lynn Morris, Dennis R. Burton, and John R. Mascola. Neutralizing Antibodies Generated during Natural HIV-1 Infection: Good News for an HIV-1 Vaccine? Nat. Med., 15(8):866-870, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19525964.
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Robyn L. Stanfield and Ian A. Wilson. Structural Studies of Human HIV-1 V3 Antibodies. Hum Antibodies, 14(3-4):73-80, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720977.
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Jasminka Sterjovski, Melissa J. Churchill, Anne Ellett, Steve L. Wesselingh, Paul A. Ramsland, and Paul R. Gorry. Structural Elements of Primary CCR5-Using HIV-1 gp120 Proteins Influencing Sensitivity and Resistance to the Broadly Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody b12. Virology, 432(2):394-404, 25 Oct 2012. PubMed ID: 22818780.
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Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Cinque Soto, Thomas Lemmin, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Aliaksandr Druz, Rui Kong, Paul V. Thomas, Kshitij Wagh, Tongqing Zhou, Anna-Janina Behrens, Tatsiana Bylund, Chang W. Choi, Jack R. Davison, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Young Do Kwon, Marie Pancera, Justin Taft, Yongping Yang, Baoshan Zhang, Sachin S. Shivatare, Vidya S. Shivatare, Chang-Chun D. Lee, Chung-Yi Wu, Carole A. Bewley, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Mark Connors, Max Crispin, Ulrich Baxa, Bette T. Korber, Chi-Huey Wong, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Trimeric HIV-1-Env Structures Define Glycan Shields from Clades A, B, and G. Cell, 165(4):813-826, 5 May 2016. PubMed ID: 27114034.
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Nika Strokappe, Agnieszka Szynol, Marlèn Aasa-Chapman, Andrea Gorlani, Anna Forsman Quigley, David Lutje Hulsik, Lei Chen, Robin Weiss, Hans de Haard, and Theo Verrips. Llama Antibody Fragments Recognizing Various Epitopes of the CD4bs Neutralize a Broad Range of HIV-1 Subtypes A, B and C. PLoS One, 7(3):e33298, 15 Mar 2012. PubMed ID: 22438910.
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N. Sullivan, Y. Sun, J. Li, W. Hofmann, and J. Sodroski. Replicative Function and Neutralization Sensitivity of Envelope Glycoproteins from Primary and T-Cell Line-Passaged Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates. J. Virol., 69:4413-4422, 1995. Three gp120 molecules derived from primary isolates were compared to T-cell adapted lines HXBc2 and MN. Complementation experiments showed viral entry into peripheral blood mononuclear cell targets was five-fold less efficient for primary isolates. Anti-CD4 binding site neutralizing MAbs were far less potent against primary isolates, and the single anti-V3 MAb tested was 3-fold less potent. The differences in neutralization efficiency could not be attributed to differences in affinity for monomeric gp120, but were related to binding to the oligomeric complex. Enhanced infectivity of primary isolates was observed using sCD4 and MAb F105, which can neutralize T-cell adapted strains. PubMed ID: 7769703.
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Youxiang Sun, Yuanyuan Qiao, Yuanmei Zhu, Huihui Chong, and Yuxian He. Identification of a Novel HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody from a CRF07\_BC-Infected Chinese Donor. Oncotarget, 8(38):63047-63063, 8 Sep 2017. PubMed ID: 28968970.
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Christopher Sundling, Yuxing Li, Nick Huynh, Christian Poulsen, Richard Wilson, Sijy O'Dell, Yu Feng, John R. Mascola, Richard T. Wyatt, and Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam. High-Resolution Definition of Vaccine-Elicited B Cell Responses Against the HIV Primary Receptor Binding Site. Sci. Transl. Med., 4(142):142ra96, 11 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22786681.
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Suzie Thenin, Tanawan Samleerat, Elsa Tavernier, Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong, Gonzague Jourdain, Marc Lallemant, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Envelope Glycoproteins of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Issued from Mother-Infant Pairs Display a Wide Spectrum of Biological Properties. Virology, 426(1):12-21, 25 Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22310702.
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Suzie Thenin, Emmanuelle Roch, Tanawan Samleerat, Thierry Moreau, Antoine Chaillon, Alain Moreau, Francis Barin, and Martine Braibant. Naturally Occurring Substitutions of Conserved Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants of Different Clades Are Involved in PG9 and PG16 Resistance to Neutralization. J. Gen. Virol., 93(7):1495-1505, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22492917.
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Thida2019
Win Thida, Takeo Kuwata, Yosuke Maeda, Tetsu Yamashiro, Giang Van Tran, Kinh Van Nguyen, Masafumi Takiguchi, Hiroyuki Gatanaga, Kazuki Tanaka, and Shuzo Matsushita. The Role of Conventional Antibodies Targeting the CD4 Binding Site and CD4-Induced Epitopes in the Control of HIV-1 CRF01\_AE Viruses. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 508(1):46-51, 1 Jan 2019. PubMed ID: 30470571.
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Christopher A. Todd, Kelli M. Greene, Xuesong Yu, Daniel A. Ozaki, Hongmei Gao, Yunda Huang, Maggie Wang, Gary Li, Ronald Brown, Blake Wood, M. Patricia D'Souza, Peter Gilbert, David C. Montefiori, and Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe. Development and Implementation of an International Proficiency Testing Program for a Neutralizing Antibody Assay for HIV-1 in TZM-bl Cells. J. Immunol. Methods, 375(1-2):57-67, 31 Jan 2012. PubMed ID: 21968254.
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Georgia D. Tomaras, Nicole L. Yates, Pinghuang Liu, Li Qin, Genevieve G. Fouda, Leslie L. Chavez, Allan C. Decamp, Robert J. Parks, Vicki C. Ashley, Judith T. Lucas, Myron Cohen, Joseph Eron, Charles B. Hicks, Hua-Xin Liao, Steven G. Self, Gary Landucci, Donald N. Forthal, Kent J. Weinhold, Brandon F. Keele, Beatrice H. Hahn, Michael L. Greenberg, Lynn Morris, Salim S. Abdool Karim, William A. Blattner, David C. Montefiori, George M. Shaw, Alan S. Perelson, and Barton F. Haynes. Initial B-Cell Responses to Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Virion-Binding Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG Antibodies Followed by Plasma Anti-gp41 Antibodies with Ineffective Control of Initial Viremia. J. Virol., 82(24):12449-12463, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18842730.
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Georgia D. Tomaras and Barton F. Haynes. Strategies for Eliciting HIV-1 Inhibitory Antibodies. Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS, 5(5):421-427, Sep 2010. PubMed ID: 20978384.
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Georgia D. Tomaras, James M. Binley, Elin S. Gray, Emma T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, Penny L. Moore, Nancy Tumba, Tommy Tong, Xiaoying Shen, Nicole L. Yates, Julie Decker, Constantinos Kurt Wibmer, Feng Gao, S. Munir Alam, Philippa Easterbrook, Salim Abdool Karim, Gift Kamanga, John A. Crump, Myron Cohen, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, and Lynn Morris. Polyclonal B Cell Responses to Conserved Neutralization Epitopes in a Subset of HIV-1-Infected Individuals. J. Virol., 85(21):11502-11519, Nov 2011. PubMed ID: 21849452.
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Tommy Tong, Ema T. Crooks, Keiko Osawa, and James M. Binley. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Bearing Pure Env Trimers Expose Neutralizing Epitopes but Occlude Nonneutralizing Epitopes. J. Virol., 86(7):3574-3587, Apr 2012. PubMed ID: 22301141.
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Chitra Upadhyay, Luzia M. Mayr, Jing Zhang, Rajnish Kumar, Miroslaw K. Gorny, Arthur Nádas, Susan Zolla-Pazner, and Catarina E. Hioe. Distinct Mechanisms Regulate Exposure of Neutralizing Epitopes in the V2 and V3 Loops of HIV-1 Envelope. J. Virol., 88(21):12853-12865, Nov 2014. PubMed ID: 25165106.
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Piraporn Utachee, Piyamat Jinnopat, Panasda Isarangkura-na-ayuthaya, U. Chandimal de Silva, Shota Nakamura, Uamporn Siripanyaphinyo, Nuanjun Wichukchinda, Kenzo Tokunaga, Teruo Yasunaga, Pathom Sawanpanyalert, Kazuyoshi Ikuta, Wattana Auwanit, and Masanori Kameoka. Phenotypic Studies on Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Containing CRF01\_AE env Gene Derived from HIV-1-Infected Patient, Residing in Central Thailand. Microbes Infect., 11(3):334-343, Mar 2009. PubMed ID: 19136072.
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Michael Vaine, Shixia Wang, Qin Liu, James Arthos, David Montefiori, Paul Goepfert, M. Juliana McElrath, and Shan Lu. Profiles of Human Serum Antibody Responses Elicited by Three Leading HIV Vaccines Focusing on the Induction of Env-Specific Antibodies. PLoS One, 5(11):e13916, 2010. PubMed ID: 21085486.
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Tom L. G. M. van den Kerkhof, K. Anton Feenstra, Zelda Euler, Marit J. van Gils, Linda W. E. Rijsdijk, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Jaap Heringa, Hanneke Schuitemaker, and Rogier W. Sanders. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Signatures That Correlate with the Development of Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity. Retrovirology, 10:102, 23 Sep 2013. PubMed ID: 24059682.
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Marit J. van Gils, Evelien M. Bunnik, Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink, Judith A. Burger, Marijke Terlouw-Klein, Naomi Verwer, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Longer V1V2 Region with Increased Number of Potential N-Linked Glycosylation Sites in the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Protects against HIV-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies. J. Virol., 85(14):6986-6995, Jul 2011. PubMed ID: 21593147.
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Marit J. van Gils, Diana Edo-Matas, Emma J. Bowles, Judith A. Burger, Guillaume B. Stewart-Jones, and Hanneke Schuitemaker. Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in a Patient with Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Activity in Serum. J. Virol., 85(16):8443-8438, Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21653664.
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Thijs van Montfort, Alexey A. Nabatov, Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Efficient Capture of Antibody Neutralized HIV-1 by Cells Expressing DC-SIGN and Transfer to CD4+ T Lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 178(5):3177-85, 1 Mar 2007. PubMed ID: 17312166.
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Thijs van Montfort, Adri A. M. Thomas, Georgios Pollakis, and William A. Paxton. Dendritic Cells Preferentially Transfer CXCR4-Using Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants to CD4+ T Lymphocytes in trans. J. Viro.l, 82(16):7886-7896, Aug 2008. PubMed ID: 18524826.
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Maxime Veillette, Anik Désormeaux, Halima Medjahed, Nour-Elhouda Gharsallah, Mathieu Coutu, Joshua Baalwa, Yongjun Guan, George Lewis, Guido Ferrari, Beatrice H. Hahn, Barton F. Haynes, James E. Robinson, Daniel E. Kaufmann, Mattia Bonsignori, Joseph Sodroski, and Andres Finzi. Interaction with Cellular CD4 Exposes HIV-1 Envelope Epitopes Targeted by Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. J. Virol., 88(5):2633-2644, Mar 2014. PubMed ID: 24352444.
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Cherelyn Vella, Natalie N. Zheng, Philippa Easterbrook, and Rod S. Daniels. Herpesvirus saimiri-Immortalized Human Lymphocytes: Novel Hosts for Analyzing HIV Type 1 in Vitro Neutralization. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 18(13):933-946, 1 Sep 2002. PubMed ID: 12230936.
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Kurt Vermeire, Kristel Van Laethem, Wouter Janssens, Thomas W. Bell, and Dominique Schols. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Escape from Cyclotriazadisulfonamide-Induced CD4-Targeted Entry Inhibition Is Associated with Increased Neutralizing Antibody Susceptibility. J. Virol., 83(18):9577-9583, Sep 2009. PubMed ID: 19570853.
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Benjamin von Bredow, Juan F. Arias, Lisa N. Heyer, Brian Moldt, Khoa Le, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Dennis R. Burton, and David T. Evans. Comparison of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Virus Neutralization by HIV-1 Env-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. J. Virol., 90(13):6127-6139, 1 Jul 2016. PubMed ID: 27122574.
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Laura M. Walker, Sanjay K. Phogat, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Denise Wagner, Pham Phung, Julie L. Goss, Terri Wrin, Melissa D. Simek, Steven Fling, Jennifer L. Mitcham, Jennifer K. Lehrman, Frances H. Priddy, Ole A. Olsen, Steven M. Frey, Phillip W . Hammond, Protocol G Principal Investigators, Stephen Kaminsky, Timothy Zamb, Matthew Moyle, Wayne C. Koff, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. Broad and Potent Neutralizing Antibodies from an African Donor Reveal a new HIV-1 Vaccine Target. Science, 326(5950):285-289, 9 Oct 2009. PubMed ID: 19729618.
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Laura M. Walker, Diana R. Bowley, and Dennis R. Burton. Efficient Recovery of High-Affinity Antibodies from a Single-Chain Fab Yeast Display Library. J. Mol. Biol., 389(2):365-375, 5 Jun 2009. PubMed ID: 19376130.
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Laura M. Walker, Melissa D. Simek, Frances Priddy, Johannes S. Gach, Denise Wagner, Michael B. Zwick, Sanjay K. Phogat, Pascal Poignard, and Dennis R. Burton. A Limited Number of Antibody Specificities Mediate Broad and Potent Serum Neutralization in Selected HIV-1 Infected Individuals. PLoS Pathog., 6(8), 2010. PubMed ID: 20700449.
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Laura M. Walker and Dennis R. Burton. Rational Antibody-Based HIV-1 Vaccine Design: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22(3):358-366, Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20299194.
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Laura M. Walker, Michael Huber, Katie J. Doores, Emilia Falkowska, Robert Pejchal, Jean-Philippe Julien, Sheng-Kai Wang, Alejandra Ramos, Po-Ying Chan-Hui, Matthew Moyle, Jennifer L. Mitcham, Phillip W. Hammond, Ole A. Olsen, Pham Phung, Steven Fling, Chi-Huey Wong, Sanjay Phogat, Terri Wrin, Melissa D. Simek, Protocol G. Principal Investigators, Wayne C. Koff, Ian A. Wilson, Dennis R. Burton, and Pascal Poignard. Broad Neutralization Coverage of HIV by Multiple Highly Potent Antibodies. Nature, 477(7365):466-470, 22 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21849977.
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Laura M. Walker, Devin Sok, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Olivia Donau, Reza Sadjadpour, Rajeev Gautam, Masashi Shingai, Robert Pejchal, Alejandra Ramos, Melissa D. Simek, Yu Geng, Ian A. Wilson, Pascal Poignard, Malcolm A. Martin, and Dennis R. Burton. Rapid development of Glycan-Specific, Broad, and Potent Anti-HIV-1 gp120 Neutralizing Antibodies in an R5 SIV/HIV Chimeric Virus Infected Macaque. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 108(50):20125-20129, 13 Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 22123961.
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Aaron Wallace and Leonidas Stamatatos. Introduction of Exogenous Epitopes in the Variable Regions of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein: Effect on Viral Infectivity and the Neutralization Phenotype. J. Virol., 83(16):7883-7893, Aug 2009. PubMed ID: 19494007.
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Lai-Xi Wang. Bioorganic Approaches towards HIV Vaccine Design. Curr. Pharm. Des., 9(22):1771-87, 2003. PubMed ID: 12871196.
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Bao-Zhong Wang, Weimin Liu, Sang-Moo Kang, Munir Alam, Chunzi Huang, Ling Ye, Yuliang Sun, Yingying Li, Denise L. Kothe, Peter Pushko, Terje Dokland, Barton F. Haynes, Gale Smith, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Richard W. Compans. Incorporation of High Levels of Chimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins into Virus-Like Particles. J. Virol., 81(20):10869-10878, Oct 2007. PubMed ID: 17670815.
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Shixia Wang, Michael Kishko, Shengqin Wan, Yan Wang, Frank Brewster, Glenda E. Gray, Avye Violari, John L. Sullivan, Mohan Somasundaran, Katherine Luzuriaga, and Shan Lu. Pilot Study on the Immunogenicity of Paired Env Immunogens from Mother-to-Child Transmitted HIV-1 Isolates. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 8(11):1638-1647, 1 Nov 2012. PubMed ID: 23151449.
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Wenbo Wang, Jianhui Nie, Courtney Prochnow, Carolyn Truong, Zheng Jia, Suting Wang, Xiaojiang S. Chen, and Youchun Wang. A Systematic Study of the N-Glycosylation Sites of HIV-1 Envelope Protein on Infectivity and Antibody-Mediated Neutralization. Retrovirology, 10:14, 2013. PubMed ID: 23384254.
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Qian Wang, Lihong Liu, Wuze Ren, Agegnehu Gettie, Hua Wang, Qingtai Liang, Xuanling Shi, David C. Montefiori, Tongqing Zhou, and Linqi Zhang. A Single Substitution in gp41 Modulates the Neutralization Profile of SHIV during In Vivo Adaptation. Cell Rep., 27(9):2593-2607.e5, 28 May 2019. PubMed ID: 31141685.
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Jennifer D. Watkins, Juan Diaz-Rodriguez, Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa, Davide Corti, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Efficiency of Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the CD4-Binding Site: Influence of Conformational Masking by the V2 Loop in R5-Tropic Clade C Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Virol, 85(23):12811-12814, Dec 2011. PubMed ID: 21957314.
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Wen2018
Yingxia Wen, Hung V. Trinh, Christine E Linton, Chiara Tani, Nathalie Norais, DeeAnn Martinez-Guzman, Priyanka Ramesh, Yide Sun, Frank Situ, Selen Karaca-Griffin, Christopher Hamlin, Sayali Onkar, Sai Tian, Susan Hilt, Padma Malyala, Rushit Lodaya, Ning Li, Gillis Otten, Giuseppe Palladino, Kristian Friedrich, Yukti Aggarwal, Celia LaBranche, Ryan Duffy, Xiaoying Shen, Georgia D. Tomaras, David C. Montefiori, William Fulp, Raphael Gottardo, Brian Burke, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Hua-Xin Liao, Barton F. Haynes, Nelson L. Michael, Jerome H. Kim, Mangala Rao, Robert J. O'Connell, Andrea Carfi, and Susan W. Barnett. Generation and Characterization of a Bivalent Protein Boost for Future Clinical Trials: HIV-1 Subtypes CR01\_AE and B gp120 Antigens with a Potent Adjuvant. PLoS One, 13(4):e0194266, 2018. PubMed ID: 29698406.
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Anthony P. West, Jr., Ron Diskin, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Structural Basis for Germ-Line Gene Usage of a Potent Class of Antibodies Targeting the CD4-Binding Site of HIV-1 gp120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 109(30):E2083-E2090, 24 Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22745174.
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Anthony P. West, Jr., Louise Scharf, Joshua Horwitz, Florian Klein, Michel C. Nussenzweig, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Computational Analysis of Anti-HIV-1 Antibody Neutralization Panel Data to Identify Potential Functional Epitope Residues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110(26):10598-10603, 25 Jun 2013. PubMed ID: 23754383.
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White2010
Tommi A. White, Alberto Bartesaghi, Mario J. Borgnia, Joel R. Meyerson, M. Jason V. de la Cruz, Julian W. Bess, Rachna Nandwani, James A. Hoxie, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Jacqueline L. S. Milne, and Sriram Subramaniam. Molecular Architectures of Trimeric SIV and HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins on Intact Viruses: Strain-Dependent Variation in Quaternary Structure. PLoS Pathog, 6(12):e1001249, 2010. PubMed ID: 21203482.
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Wieczorek2023
Lindsay Wieczorek, Eric Sanders-Buell, Michelle Zemil, Eric Lewitus, Erin Kavusak, Jonah Heller, Sebastian Molnar, Mekhala Rao, Gabriel Smith, Meera Bose, Amy Nguyen, Adwitiya Dhungana, Katherine Okada, Kelly Parisi, Daniel Silas, Bonnie Slike, Anuradha Ganesan, Jason Okulicz, Tahaniyat Lalani, Brian K. Agan, Trevor A. Crowell, Janice Darden, Morgane Rolland, Sandhya Vasan, Julie Ake, Shelly J. Krebs, Sheila Peel, Sodsai Tovanabutra, and Victoria R. Polonis. Evolution of HIV-1 envelope towards reduced neutralization sensitivity, as demonstrated by contemporary HIV-1 subtype B from the United States. PLoS Pathog, 19(12):e1011780 doi, Dec 2023. PubMed ID: 38055771
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Wilen2011
Craig B. Wilen, Nicholas F. Parrish, Jennifer M. Pfaff, Julie M. Decker, Elizabeth A. Henning, Hillel Haim, Josiah E. Petersen, Jason A. Wojcechowskyj, Joseph Sodroski, Barton F. Haynes, David C. Montefiori, John C. Tilton, George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, and Robert W. Doms. Phenotypic and Immunologic Comparison of Clade B Transmitted/Founder and Chronic HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. J Virol, 85(17):8514-8527, Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21715507.
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Wilkinson2005
Royce A. Wilkinson, Chayne Piscitelli, Martin Teintze, Lisa A. Cavacini, Marshall R. Posner, and C. Martin Lawrence. Structure of the Fab Fragment of F105, a Broadly Reactive Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Antibody That Recognizes the CD4 Binding Site of HIV Type 1 gp120. J. Virol., 79(20):13060-13069, Oct 2005. PubMed ID: 16189008.
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Wilkinson2007
Royce A. Wilkinson, Jody R. Evans, Jon M. Jacobs, Dustin Slunaker, Seth H. Pincus, Abraham Pinter, Charles A. Parkos, James B. Burritt, and Martin Teintze. Peptides Selected from a Phage Display Library with an HIV-Neutralizing Antibody Elicit Antibodies to HIV gp120 in Rabbits, But Not to The Same Epitope. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 23(11):1416-1427, Nov 2007. PubMed ID: 18184085.
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Willey2008
Suzanne Willey and Marlén M. I. Aasa-Chapman. Humoral Immunity to HIV-1: Neutralisation and Antibody Effector Functions. Trends Microbiol., 16(12):596-604, Dec 2008. PubMed ID: 18964020.
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Wu2006a
Xueling Wu, Adam B. Parast, Barbra A. Richardson, Ruth Nduati, Grace John-Stewart, Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha, Stephanie M. J. Rainwater, and Julie Overbaugh. Neutralization escape variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are transmitted from mother to infant. J Virol, 80(2):835-44 doi, Jan 2006. PubMed ID: 16378985
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Wu2008
Xueling Wu, Anna Sambor, Martha C. Nason, Zhi-Yong Yang, Lan Wu, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Gary J. Nabel, and John R. Mascola. Soluble CD4 Broadens Neutralization of V3-Directed Monoclonal Antibodies and Guinea Pig Vaccine Sera against HIV-1 Subtype B and C Reference Viruses. Virology, 380(2):285-295, 25 Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18804254.
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Wu2009
Xueling Wu, Tongqing Zhou, Sijy O'Dell, Richard T. Wyatt, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. Mechanism of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Resistance to Monoclonal Antibody b12 That Effectively Targets the Site of CD4 Attachment. J. Virol., 83(21):10892-10907, Nov 2009. PubMed ID: 19692465.
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Wu2009a
Lan Wu, Tongqing Zhou, Zhi-yong Yang, Krisha Svehla, Sijy O'Dell, Mark K. Louder, Ling Xu, John R. Mascola, Dennis R. Burton, James A. Hoxie, Robert W. Doms, Peter D. Kwong, and Gary J. Nabel. Enhanced Exposure of the CD4-Binding Site to Neutralizing Antibodies by Structural Design of a Membrane-Anchored Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Domain. J. Virol., 83(10):5077-5086, May 2009. PubMed ID: 19264769.
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Wu2010
Xueling Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Yuxing Li, Carl-Magnus Hogerkorp, William R. Schief, Michael S. Seaman, Tongqing Zhou, Stephen D. Schmidt, Lan Wu, Ling Xu, Nancy S. Longo, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Mark K. Louder, Diane L. Wycuff, Yu Feng, Martha Nason, Nicole Doria-Rose, Mark Connors, Peter D. Kwong, Mario Roederer, Richard T. Wyatt, Gary J. Nabel, and John R. Mascola. Rational Design of Envelope Identifies Broadly Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies to HIV-1. Science, 329(5993):856-861, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20616233.
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Wu2011
Xueling Wu, Tongqing Zhou, Jiang Zhu, Baoshan Zhang, Ivelin Georgiev, Charlene Wang, Xuejun Chen, Nancy S. Longo, Mark Louder, Krisha McKee, Sijy O'Dell, Stephen Perfetto, Stephen D. Schmidt, Wei Shi, Lan Wu, Yongping Yang, Zhi-Yong Yang, Zhongjia Yang, Zhenhai Zhang, Mattia Bonsignori, John A. Crump, Saidi H. Kapiga, Noel E. Sam, Barton F. Haynes, Melissa Simek, Dennis R. Burton, Wayne C. Koff, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Mark Connors, NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, James C. Mullikin, Gary J. Nabel, Mario Roederer, Lawrence Shapiro, Peter D. Kwong, and John R. Mascola. Focused Evolution of HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies Revealed by Structures and Deep Sequencing. Science, 333(6049):1593-1602, 16 Sep 2011. PubMed ID: 21835983.
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Wyatt1997
R. Wyatt, E. Desjardin, U. Olshevsky, C. Nixon, J. Binley, V. Olshevsky, and J. Sodroski. Analysis of the Interaction of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein with the gp41 Transmembrane Glycoprotein. J. Virol., 71:9722-9731, 1997. This study characterized the binding of gp120 and gp41 by comparing Ab reactivity to soluble gp120 and to a soluble complex of gp120 and gp41 called sgp140. The occlusion of gp120 epitopes in the sgp140 complex provides a guide to the gp120 domains that interact with gp41, localizing them in C1 and C5 of gp120. Mutations that disrupt the binding of the occluded antibodies do not influence NAb binding or CD4 binding, thus if the gp41 binding domain is deleted, the immunologically desirable features of gp120 for vaccine design are still intact. PubMed ID: 9371638.
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Wyatt1998
R. Wyatt, P. D. Kwong, E. Desjardins, R. W. Sweet, J. Robinson, W. A. Hendrickson, and J. G. Sodroski. The Antigenic Structure of the HIV gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein. Nature, 393:705-711, 1998. Comment in Nature 1998 Jun 18;393(6686):630-1. The spatial organization of the neutralizing epitopes of gp120 is described, based on epitope maps interpreted in the context of the X-ray crystal structure of a ternary complex that includes a gp120 core, CD4 and a neutralizing antibody. PubMed ID: 9641684.
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Xiang2002
Shi-Hua. Xiang, Peter D. Kwong, Rishi Gupta, Carlo D. Rizzuto, David J. Casper, Richard Wyatt, Liping Wang, Wayne A. Hendrickson, Michael L. Doyle, and Joseph Sodroski. Mutagenic Stabilization and/or Disruption of a CD4-Bound State Reveals Distinct Conformations of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein. J. Virol., 76(19):9888-9899, Oct 2002. PubMed ID: 12208966.
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Xiao2009
Xiaodong Xiao, Weizao Chen, Yang Feng, Zhongyu Zhu, Ponraj Prabakaran, Yanping Wang, Mei-Yun Zhang, Nancy S. Longo, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Germline-Like Predecessors of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Lack Measurable Binding to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins: Implications for Evasion of Immune Responses and Design of Vaccine Immunogens. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 390(3):404-409, 18 Dec 2009. PubMed ID: 19748484.
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Xu2001
W. Xu, B. A. Smith-Franklin, P. L. Li, C. Wood, J. He, Q. Du, G. J. Bhat, C. Kankasa, H. Katinger, L. A. Cavacini, M. R. Posner, D. R. Burton, T. C. Chou, and R. M. Ruprecht. Potent neutralization of primary human immunodeficiency virus clade C isolates with a synergistic combination of human monoclonal antibodies raised against clade B. J Hum Virol, 4(2):55--61, Mar-Apr 2001. PubMed ID: 11437315.
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Xu2002
Weidong Xu, Regina Hofmann-Lehmann, Harold M. McClure, and Ruth M. Ruprecht. Passive Immunization with Human Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies: Correlates of Protective Immunity against HIV. Vaccine, 20(15):1956-1960, 6 May 2002. PubMed ID: 11983253.
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Yamamoto2008
Hiroyuki Yamamoto and Tetsuro Matano. Anti-HIV Adaptive Immunity: Determinants for Viral Persistence. Rev. Med. Virol., 18(5):293-303, Sep-Oct 2008. PubMed ID: 18416450.
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Yang1995
W.-P. Yang, K. Green, S. Pinz-Sweeney, A. T. Briones, D. R. Burton, and C.F. Barbas, III. CDR Walking Mutagenesis for the Affinity Maturation of a Potent Human Anti-HIV-1 Antibody into the Picomolar Range. J. Mol. Biol., 254:392-403, 1997. PubMed ID: 7490758.
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Yang2001
X. Yang, R. Wyatt, and J. Sodroski. Improved elicitation of neutralizing antibodies against primary human immunodeficiency viruses by soluble stabilized envelope glycoprotein trimers. J. Virol., 75(3):1165--71, Feb 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/3/1165. PubMed ID: 11152489.
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Yang2002
Xinzhen Yang, Juliette Lee, Erin M. Mahony, Peter D. Kwong, Richard Wyatt, and Joseph Sodroski. Highly Stable Trimers Formed by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins Fused with the Trimeric Motif of T4 Bacteriophage Fibritin. J. Virol., 76(9):4634-4642, 1 May 2002. PubMed ID: 11932429.
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Yang2005b
Xinzhen Yang, Svetla Kurteva, Sandra Lee, and Joseph Sodroski. Stoichiometry of Antibody Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. J. Virol., 79(6):3500-3508, Mar 2005. PubMed ID: 15731244.
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Yang2006
Xinzhen Yang, Inna Lipchina, Simon Cocklin, Irwin Chaiken, and Joseph Sodroski. Antibody Binding Is a Dominant Determinant of the Efficiency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralization. J. Virol., 80(22):11404-11408, Nov 2006. PubMed ID: 16956933.
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Yang2012
Lifei Yang, Yufeng Song, Xiaomin Li, Xiaoxing Huang, Jingjing Liu, Heng Ding, Ping Zhu, and Paul Zhou. HIV-1 Virus-Like Particles Produced by Stably Transfected Drosophila S2 Cells: A Desirable Vaccine Component. J. Virol., 86(14):7662-7676, Jul 2012. PubMed ID: 22553333.
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Yang2014
Lili Yang and Pin Wang. Passive Immunization against HIV/AIDS by Antibody Gene Transfer. Viruses, 6(2):428-447, Feb 2014. PubMed ID: 24473340.
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Yang2018
Zheng Yang, Xi Liu, Zehua Sun, Jingjing Li, Weiguo Tan, Weiye Yu, and Meiyun Zhang. Identification of a HIV gp41-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibody with Potent Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front. Immunol., 9:2613, 2018. PubMed ID: 30519238.
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Yang2022
Zhi Yang, Kim-Marie A. Dam, Michael D. Bridges, Magnus A. G. Hoffmann, Andrew T. DeLaitsch, Harry B. Gristick, Amelia Escolano, Rajeev Gautam, Malcolm A. Martin, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Wayne L. Hubbell, and Pamela J. Bjorkman. Neutralizing Antibodies Induced in Immunized Macaques Recognize the CD4-Binding Site on an Occluded-Open HIV-1 Envelope Trimer. Nat. Commun., 13(1):732, 8 Feb 2022. PubMed ID: 35136084.
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Yasmeen2014
Anila Yasmeen, Rajesh Ringe, Ronald Derking, Albert Cupo, Jean-Philippe Julien, Dennis R. Burton, Andrew B. Ward, Ian A. Wilson, Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore, and Per Johan Klasse. Differential Binding of Neutralizing and Non-Neutralizing Antibodies to Native-Like Soluble HIV-1 Env Trimers, Uncleaved Env Proteins, and Monomeric Subunits. Retrovirology, 11:41, 2014. PubMed ID: 24884783.
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Yee2011
Michael Yee, Krystyna Konopka, Jan Balzarini, and Nejat Düzgüneş. Inhibition of HIV-1 Env-Mediated Cell-Cell Fusion by Lectins, Peptide T-20, and Neutralizing Antibodies. Open Virol. J., 5:44-51, 2011. PubMed ID: 21660189.
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York2001
J. York, K. E. Follis, M. Trahey, P. N. Nyambi, S. Zolla-Pazner, and J. H. Nunberg. Antibody binding and neutralization of primary and T-cell line-adapted isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol., 75(6):2741--52, Mar 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/6/2741. PubMed ID: 11222697.
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Yoshimura2010
Kazuhisa Yoshimura, Shigeyoshi Harada, Junji Shibata, Makiko Hatada, Yuko Yamada, Chihiro Ochiai, Hirokazu Tamamura, and Shuzo Matsushita. Enhanced Exposure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolate Neutralization Epitopes through Binding of CD4 Mimetic Compounds. J. Virol., 84(15):7558-7568, Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20504942.
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Yu2010
Bin Yu, Dora P. A. J. Fonseca, Sara M. O'Rourke, and Phillip W. Berman. Protease Cleavage Sites in HIV-1 gp120 Recognized by Antigen Processing Enzymes Are Conserved and Located at Receptor Binding Sites. J. Virol., 84(3):1513-1526, Feb 2010. PubMed ID: 19939935.
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Yu2012
Kenneth K. Yu, Kiefer Aguilar, Jonathan Tsai, Rachel Galimidi, Priyanthi Gnanapragasam, Lili Yang, and David Baltimore. Use of Mutated Self-Cleaving 2A Peptides as a Molecular Rheostat to Direct Simultaneous Formation of Membrane and Secreted Anti-HIV Immunoglobulins. PLoS One, 7(11):e50438, 2012. PubMed ID: 23209743.
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Yu2013
Xiaocong Yu, Daniel Pollock, Mark Duval, Christopher Lewis, Kristin Joseph, Harry Meade, and Lisa Cavacini. Neutralization of HIV by Milk Expressed Antibody. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 62(1):10-16, 1 Jan 2013. PubMed ID: 23269241.
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Yu2018
Wen-Han Yu, Peng Zhao, Monia Draghi, Claudia Arevalo, Christina B. Karsten, Todd J. Suscovich, Bronwyn Gunn, Hendrik Streeck, Abraham L. Brass, Michael Tiemeyer, Michael Seaman, John R. Mascola, Lance Wells, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, and Galit Alter. Exploiting Glycan Topography for Computational Design of Env Glycoprotein Antigenicity. PLoS Comput. Biol., 14(4):e1006093, Apr 2018. PubMed ID: 29677181.
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Yuan2005
Wen Yuan, Stewart Craig, Xinzhen Yang, and Joseph Sodroski. Inter-Subunit Disulfide Bonds in Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Trimers. Virology, 332(1):369-383, 5 Feb 2005. PubMed ID: 15661168.
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Yuan2006
Wen Yuan, Jessica Bazick, and Joseph Sodroski. Characterization of the Multiple Conformational States of Free Monomeric and Trimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins after Fixation by Cross-Linker. J. Virol., 80(14):6725-6737, Jul 2006. PubMed ID: 16809278.
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Yuan2011
Tingting Yuan, Jingjing Li, and Mei-Yun Zhang. A Single Mutation Turns a Non-Binding Germline-Like Predecessor of Broadly Neutralizing Antibody into a Binding Antibody to HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins. mAbs, 3(4):402-7, Jul-Aug 2011. PubMed ID: 21540646.
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ZederLutz2001
G. Zeder-Lutz, J. Hoebeke, and M. H. Van Regenmortel. Differential recognition of epitopes present on monomeric and oligomeric forms of gp160 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by human monoclonal antibodies. Eur. J. Biochem., 268(10):2856--66, May 2001. PubMed ID: 11358501.
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Zhang2002
Peng Fei Zhang, Peter Bouma, Eun Ju Park, Joseph B. Margolick, James E. Robinson, Susan Zolla-Pazner, Michael N. Flora, and Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr. A Variable Region 3 (V3) Mutation Determines a Global Neutralization Phenotype and CD4-Independent Infectivity of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Associated with a Broadly Cross-Reactive, Primary Virus-Neutralizing Antibody Response. J. Virol., 76(2):644-655, Jan 2002. PubMed ID: 11752155.
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Zhang2003
Mei-Yun Zhang, Yuuei Shu, Sanjay Phogat, Xiaodong Xiao, Fatim Cham, Peter Bouma, Anil Choudhary, Yan-Ru Feng, Inaki Sanz, Susanna Rybak, Christopher C. Broder, Gerald V. Quinnan, Thomas Evans, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Fab Selected by Sequential Antigen Panning of a Phage Display Library. J. Immunol. Methods, 283(1-2):17-25, Dec 2003. PubMed ID: 14659896.
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Zhang2007
Mei-Yun Zhang and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Novel Approaches for Identification of Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1 Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Improvement of Their Potency. Curr. Pharm. Des., 13(2):203-212, 2007. PubMed ID: 17269928.
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Zhang2008
Mei-Yun Zhang, Bang K. Vu, Anil Choudhary, Hong Lu, Michael Humbert, Helena Ong, Munir Alam, Ruth M. Ruprecht, Gerald Quinnan, Shibo Jiang, David C. Montefiori, John R. Mascola, Christopher C. Broder, Barton F. Haynes, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Cross-Reactive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody That Recognizes a Novel Conformational Epitope on gp41 and Lacks Reactivity against Self-Antigens. J. Virol., 82(14):6869-6879, Jul 2008. PubMed ID: 18480433.
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Zhang2010
Mei-Yun Zhang, Andrew Rosa Borges, Roger G. Ptak, Yanping Wang, Antony S. Dimitrov, S. Munir Alam, Lindsay Wieczorek, Peter Bouma, Timothy Fouts, Shibo Jiang, Victoria R. Polonis, Barton F. Haynes, Gerald V. Quinnan, David C. Montefiori, and Dimiter S. Dimitrov. Potent and Broad Neutralizing Activity of a Single Chain Antibody Fragment against Cell-Free and Cell-Associated HIV-1. mAbs, 2(3):266-274, May-Jun 2010. PubMed ID: 20305395.
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Zhang2010a
Hong Zhang, Marzena Rola, John T. West, Damien C. Tully, Piotr Kubis, Jun He, Chipepo Kankasa, and Charles Wood. Functional Properties of the HIV-1 Subtype C Envelope Glycoprotein Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission. Virology, 400(2):164-174, 10 May 2010. PubMed ID: 20096914.
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Zhang2013
Yu Zhang, Tingting Yuan, Jingjing Li, Yanyu Zhang, Jianqing Xu, Yiming Shao, Zhiwei Chen, and Mei-Yun Zhang. The Potential of the Human Immune System to Develop Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies: Implications for Vaccine Development. AIDS, 27(16):2529-2539, 23 Oct 2013. PubMed ID: 24100711.
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Zhou2007
Tongqing Zhou, Ling Xu, Barna Dey, Ann J. Hessell, Donald Van Ryk, Shi-Hua Xiang, Xinzhen Yang, Mei-Yun Zhang, Michael B. Zwick, James Arthos, Dennis R. Burton, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Joseph Sodroski, Richard Wyatt, Gary J. Nabel, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Definition of a Conserved Neutralization Epitope on HIV-1 gp120. Nature, 445(7129):732-737, 15 Feb 2007. PubMed ID: 17301785.
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Zhou2010
Tongqing Zhou, Ivelin Georgiev, Xueling Wu, Zhi-Yong Yang, Kaifan Dai, Andrés Finzi, Young Do Kwon, Johannes F. Scheid, Wei Shi, Ling Xu, Yongping Yang, Jiang Zhu, Michel C. Nussenzweig, Joseph Sodroski, Lawrence Shapiro, Gary J. Nabel, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Structural Basis for Broad and Potent Neutralization of HIV-1 by Antibody VRC01. Science, 329(5993):811-817, 13 Aug 2010. PubMed ID: 20616231.
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Zhou2017
Tongqing Zhou, Nicole A. Doria-Rose, Cheng Cheng, Guillaume B. E. Stewart-Jones, Gwo-Yu Chuang, Michael Chambers, Aliaksandr Druz, Hui Geng, Krisha McKee, Young Do Kwon, Sijy O'Dell, Mallika Sastry, Stephen D. Schmidt, Kai Xu, Lei Chen, Rita E. Chen, Mark K. Louder, Marie Pancera, Timothy G. Wanninger, Baoshan Zhang, Anqi Zheng, S. Katie Farney, Kathryn E. Foulds, Ivelin S. Georgiev, M. Gordon Joyce, Thomas Lemmin, Sandeep Narpala, Reda Rawi, Cinque Soto, John-Paul Todd, Chen-Hsiang Shen, Yaroslav Tsybovsky, Yongping Yang, Peng Zhao, Barton F. Haynes, Leonidas Stamatatos, Michael Tiemeyer, Lance Wells, Diana G. Scorpio, Lawrence Shapiro, Adrian B. McDermott, John R. Mascola, and Peter D. Kwong. Quantification of the Impact of the HIV-1-Glycan Shield on Antibody Elicitation. Cell Rep., 19(4):719-732, 25 Apr 2017. PubMed ID: 28445724.
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Zhu2003
Chongbin Zhu, Thomas J. Matthews, and Chin Ho Chen. Neutralization Epitopes of the HIV-1 Primary Isolate DH012. Vaccine, 21(23):3301-3306, 4 Jul 2003. PubMed ID: 12804861.
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Zipeto2005
Donato Zipeto, Andrea Matucci, Chiara Ripamonti, Gabriella Scarlatti, Paola Rossolillo, Marco Turci, Silvia Sartoris, Giuseppe Tridente, and Umberto Bertazzoni. Induction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Using Fusion Complexes. Microbes Infect., 2005. PubMed ID: 16039896.
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Zolla-Pazner2005
Susan Zolla-Pazner. Improving on Nature: Focusing the Immune Response on the V3 Loop. Hum. Antibodies, 14(3-4):69-72, 2005. PubMed ID: 16720976.
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Zwick2001a
M. B. Zwick, L. L. Bonnycastle, A. Menendez, M. B. Irving, C. F. Barbas III, P. W. Parren, D. R. Burton, and J. K. Scott. Identification and characterization of a peptide that specifically binds the human, broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody b12. J. Virol., 75(14):6692--9, Jul 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/14/6692. PubMed ID: 11413337.
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Zwick2001b
M. B. Zwick, A. F. Labrijn, M. Wang, C. Spenlehauer, E. O. Saphire, J. M. Binley, J. P. Moore, G. Stiegler, H. Katinger, D. R. Burton, and P. W. Parren. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeted to the membrane-proximal external region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein gp41. J. Virol., 75(22):10892--905, Nov 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/22/10892. PubMed ID: 11602729.
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Zwick2001c
M. B. Zwick, M. Wang, P. Poignard, G. Stiegler, H. Katinger, D. R. Burton, and P. W. Parren. Neutralization synergy of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates by cocktails of broadly neutralizing antibodies. J. Virol., 75(24):12198--208, Dec 2001. URL: http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/75/24/12198. PubMed ID: 11711611.
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Zwick2003
Michael B. Zwick, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Erica O. Saphire, Sarah Church, Meng Wang, Jamie K. Scott, Philip E. Dawson, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. Molecular Features of the Broadly Neutralizing Immunoglobulin G1 b12 Required for Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120. J. Virol., 77(10):5863-5876, May 2003. PubMed ID: 12719580.
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Zwick2003a
Michael B. Zwick, Robert Kelleher, Richard Jensen, Aran F. Labrijn, Meng Wang, Gerald V. Quinnan, Jr., Paul W. H. I. Parren, and Dennis R. Burton. A Novel Human Antibody against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Is V1, V2, and V3 Loop Dependent and Helps Delimit the Epitope of the Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Immunoglobulin G1 b12. J. Virol., 77(12):6965-6978, Jun 2003. PubMed ID: 12768015.
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Zwick2004a
Michael B. Zwick, H. Kiyomi Komori, Robyn L. Stanfield, Sarah Church, Meng Wang, Paul W. H. I. Parren, Renate Kunert, Hermann Katinger, Ian A. Wilson, and Dennis R. Burton. The Long Third Complementarity-Determining Region of the Heavy Chain is Important in the Activity of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2F5. J. Virol., 78(6):3155-3161, Mar 2004. PubMed ID: 14990736.
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Sengupta2023
Srona Sengupta, Josephine Zhang, Madison C. Reed, Jeanna Yu, Aeryon Kim, Tatiana N. Boronina, Nathan L. Board, James O. Wrabl, Kevin Shenderov, Robin A. Welsh, Weiming Yang, Andrew E. Timmons, Rebecca Hoh, Robert N. Cole, Steven G. Deeks, Janet D. Siliciano, Robert F. Siliciano, and Scheherazade Sadegh-Nasseri. A cell-free antigen processing system informs HIV-1 epitope selection and vaccine design. J Exp Med, 220(7):e20221654 doi, Jul 2023. PubMed ID: 37058141
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